Academic literature on the topic 'Eudyptula minor'
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Journal articles on the topic "Eudyptula minor"
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Raidal, Shane R., Patrick L. Shearer, Belinda L. Cannell, and Richard Jde B. Norman. "Micromelia in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742(2006)20[258:milpem]2.0.co;2.
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Warham, John. "THE NESTING OF THE LITTLE PENGUIN EUDYPTULA MINOR." Ibis 100, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1958.tb07963.x.
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Boerner, Leslie, Kathleen R. Nevis, Lynn S. Hinckley, E. Scott Weber, and Salvatore Frasca. "ErysipelothrixSepticemia in a Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula Minor)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16, no. 2 (March 2004): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870401600209.
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Daniel, T. A., A. Chiaradia, M. Logan, G. P. Quinn, and R. D. Reina. "Synchronized group association in little penguins, Eudyptula minor." Animal Behaviour 74, no. 5 (November 2007): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.01.029.
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Gales, Rosemary, and Brian Green. "The Annual Energetics Cycle of Little Penguins (Eudyptula Minor)." Ecology 71, no. 6 (December 1990): 2297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938641.
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Schulz, Martin. "Observations of Feeding of a Little Penguin Eudyptula minor." Emu - Austral Ornithology 87, no. 3 (September 1987): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9870186.
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Costa, Daniel P., Peter Dann, and William Disher. "Energy requirements of free ranging little penguin, eudyptula minor." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 85, no. 1 (January 1986): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90474-3.
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Knight, C., and T. Rogers. "Factors influencing fledgling production in little penguins (Eudyptula minor)." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03071.
Full textAbstract:
An eight-year study was conducted on the breeding biology of the little penguin population at Lion Island. Forwards-selection Poisson regressions were used to determine whether variables such as year, date of lay, years since banding of each parent (indicator of age) and habitat influenced the fledgling numbers and average fledgling weight for adult pairs. 'Date of lay' provided the most significant model of fledgling numbers, while 'habitat' and 'year' as single-variable models also significantly influenced fledgling numbers. 'Date of lay' provided the most significant model of average fledgling weight. Future monitoring of the Lion Island colony therefore should focus on monitoring egg laying at the start of the breeding season, and maintaining high-quality nesting habitat.
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Tuxbury, Kathryn A., Charles J. Innis, Tuddow Thaiwong, Annabel G. Wise, Roger Maes, Michael M. Garner, and Matti Kiupel. "Herpesvirus Encephalitis in a Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor)." Veterinary Pathology 57, no. 4 (May 21, 2020): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985820926678.
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An 11-day-old little blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor) died unexpectedly. Prior to hatching, the egg experienced trauma and resultant defects were repaired. The chick hatched without complication and was clinically normal prior to death. Necropsy revealed congested lungs. Histologic examination showed moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis with focally extensive neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in neurons within necrotic foci. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in brain tissue with a generic herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing demonstrated 100% and 98% sequence homology to sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 and penguin herpesvirus 2, respectively. In situ hybridization demonstrated large amounts of herpesvirus nucleic acid in intranuclear inclusions and neuronal nuclei. Combined histology, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization results were most consistent with herpesviral encephalitis, most likely caused by sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus infection causing encephalitis in a penguin and the first report of herpesvirus in this species.
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MISKELLY, COLIN M., LARA D. SHEPHERD, and ALAN J. D. TENNYSON. "Designation of a neotype for Eudyptula minor (Aves: Spheniscidae)." Zootaxa 5228, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.6.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Eudyptula minor"
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Waas, Joseph Rupert. "Agonistic and sexual communication in the little blue penguins, Eudyptula minor." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5827.
Full textAbstract:
The little blue penguin, Eudyptua minor, was used to examine three specific issues in animal communication.
(1) Ethologists have traditionally viewed social repertoires as being fixed and invariable. In contrast, my analysis of agonistic behaviour of little blue penguins occupying two different habitats revealed significant variation in repertoire size and form. Cave-dwellers, which had large and complex repertoires, occupied open colonies characterized by high interaction rates. Burrow-dwellers, which had small repertoires, occupied colonies in which conspecifics were isolated from one another and rarely interacted. Despite higher interaction rates, cave-dwellers attacked one another less often and used overtly aggressive behaviours with shorter durations than did burrow-dwellers. The results suggest that the size and form of repertoires may be mediated by the social and physical properties of occupied habitats. Large repertoires may reduce the proportion of encounters leading to overt aggression where interaction rates are high.
(2) Theoretical models of aggressive communication suggest that animals are unlikely to use aggressive displays to signal motivation. Using lag sequential analysis, I examined over 2000 agonistic interactions between cave-dwelling penguins. The results suggested that aggressive displays differ in how costly they are to perform (i.e. as measured by the risk of
escalation) and that high cost displays were more effective in deterring opponents than low cost displays. I argue that animals can signal motivation by taking risks during interactions, as demonstrated by their choice of display.
(3) The social facilitation of courtship behaviour is a widely assumed but rarely demonstrated process thought to be related to breeding synchrony. Using a playback experiment, I demonstrated that the acoustic components of penguin displays facilitated courtship behaviour from perceiving conspecifics. I argue that social facilitation may alter the availability of social stimuli and cluster acts of copulation, both of which may influence the timing and synchrony of breeding.
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Braidwood, Jasmine. "Breeding biology and threats to the blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) in South Westland, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1556.
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The Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor) is assumed to be declining over much of its range, largely due to introduced predators. Anecdotal evidence suggests that one of the areas of declining population is the West Coast of the South Island. The purpose of this study was to determine the reasons for the assumed decline of blue penguins in South Westland. This was done by studying breeding ecology at several blue penguin colonies to assess the importance of breeding success and adult mortality on the penguin population. Three blue penguin colonies in South Westland, at Five Mile and Three Mile beaches south of Okarito, and at the Wanganui River mouth near Harihari, were monitored throughout the 2008/09 breeding season. During each burrow visit the number of eggs and chicks were recorded as well as the date of laying, hatching or fledging. Five colonies of blue penguin were also monitored in Buller over the same breeding season in a study conducted by the West Coast Blue Penguin Trust, a community trust based on the West Coast. The results of both studies were compared to determine the effect of predator control on breeding parameters, such as breeding success. Of 137 eggs laid in South Westland, 108 chicks survived until fledging, giving an overall breeding success of 78.8%. In Buller, 64 chicks survived to fledging from 101 eggs laid, resulting in an overall breeding success of 63.4%. Breeding success was significantly higher at penguin colonies in South Westland, compared to the Buller colonies. There was no evidence that predator control had an effect on breeding success in South Westland or Buller. The mean number of chicks fledged per pair that produced eggs was 1.55 in South Westland and 1.16 in Buller. The overall proportion of occupied breeding burrows compared to the total number of suitable burrows at the South Westland sites was 73.8% (n = 103). At the Buller sites, only 60.3 % (n = 151) of the total number of burrows was occupied. Road kills are a major threat to blue penguins in Buller due to the proximity of colonies to the state highway. Fortunately, incidences of road death in South Westland are rare and due to the distance from roads, do not pose a significant threat to South Westland blue penguins. Further study of blue penguin colonies in South Westland is needed to learn more about annual variation in breeding productivity and to determine if breeding success is consistently high over an extended time period. If this is the case, then the cause of blue penguin decline on the West Coast is unlikely to be due to problems with breeding as the breeding success during this study is one of the highest recorded for blue penguins. Although there was no apparent effect of predator control on breeding productivity during this study there is evidence from other locations that predators, in particular stoats, have contributed to the decline of blue penguin populations. More research into the impact of predators on penguins over a longer period of time is needed on the West Coast before a change is made to how predators are managed.
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Wienecke, Barbara C. "The size and breeding patterns of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia: A comparative study." Thesis, Wienecke, Barbara C. (1993) The size and breeding patterns of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia: A comparative study. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1993. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53080/.
Full textAbstract:
The breeding regime of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor was studied on Penguin Island, Western Australia, from January 1990 to December 1992. Data from 1986 to 1989 were also available for analysis. Little Penguins at Penguin Island laid eggs over a very protracted period, which commonly extended from late April to early November. Two peaks of laying occurred in several of the years studied. The onset of first laying was strongly influenced by temperatures over 30° C but was independent of breeding success in the previous season. Body condition in adults was correlated with total rainfall, possibly through storm events.
The sizes and weights of eggs did not differ significantly between years nor differ between the first and second eggs in a clutch. The numbers of eggs which hatched and the numbers of chicks which fledged varied significantly between years. Overall breeding success was less than 50 % (21 - 48 %). On average, each breeding adult produced 0.48 young per year.
Annual survival of adults was estimated as 75 % giving an average breeding life time of 4.8 years. Of those banded as chicks, 67.5 % returned at two or three years old. Banding recoveries were up to 283 km distant but 69 % were within 10 km of the colony.
Significantly more individuals returned to the same nest when they remained with the same partner and when they bred successfully in the previous year.
Growth constants of chicks did not differ significantly between years or between first and second chick in a brood. The tarsus grew faster than the flipper and beak.
Morphometric analyses showed that Little Penguins from Penguin Island arid the White-flippered Penguins from New Zealand both to be larger than Little Penguins from Tasmania and the eastern mainland of Australia. The most similar, morphometrically, were those at Jarvis Bay, Phillip Island, Tasmania and Albany. Comparison of DNA of Little Penguins appeared to support this scenario although genetic results are necessarily tentative due to the small sample sizes.
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Povah, Ryan S. "Sex-ratio of Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) on Penguin Island and Garden Island, Western Australia." Thesis, Povah, Ryan S. (2021) Sex-ratio of Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) on Penguin Island and Garden Island, Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61632/.
Full textAbstract:
Sex-ratio is an important demographic parameter, however, the literature surrounding bird and mammal sex-ratio is incredibly inconsistent. Some bird and mammal species provide strong evidence for sex-ratio adjustment because observed sex-ratio results match the predictions of sex manipulation hypotheses. However, some bird and mammal species exhibit sex-ratio results that conflict with the predictions of sex manipulation hypotheses. The need to rectify bird and mammal sex-ratio inconsistencies is paramount when considering many conserved populations face demographic collapse in the presence of climate change. Therefore, this study has reviewed all known bird and mammal sex manipulation hypotheses, and chosen to examine a species that theoretically displays few sex manipulation hypotheses for a simple study design. Displaying two sex manipulation hypotheses, Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) were predicted to exhibit an even sex-ratio; whether they possessed the means to adjust sex-ratio or not.
To test the above prediction, Little Penguin blood samples were retrieved from chicks nesting on Penguin Island and Garden Island and sexed via the CHDI genetic sexing technique, using the established PL/PR primer pair. Little Penguin chick weight and foot length data were also recorded and examined via the logistic growth curve to determine whether the study’s assumption of ‘equal net costs associated with raising either offspring sex’ was true. The sex-ratio for Little Penguin populations on Penguin Island and Garden Island was marginally female-biased, (P = 0.092 and 0.096 respectively). Possible reasons why the predicted sex-ratio of 1:1 was not observed are;(1) the prediction was based on inaccurate species knowledge as the assumption of ‘equal net costs associated with raising either offspring sex’ was determined false, (2) a small sample size for both Penguin Island and Garden Island (41 and 19 respectively), or (3) aspects beyond those covered in sex manipulation hypotheses influenced what the most adaptive brood sex-ratio is for the species, such as sex manipulation constraints, a lagged processes, or cryptic benefits.
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Fortescue, Martin. "Breeding biology and management of the little penguin, Eudyptula minor (Forster), 1780, on Bowen Island, Jervis Bay." Connect to this title online, 1991. http://cicada.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20041206.131223/.
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Clitheroe, Erin. "Can artificial habitat mitigate impacts of climate change? Quantifying nesting habitat microclimate and use by little penguins (Eudyptula minor)." Thesis, Clitheroe, Erin (2021) Can artificial habitat mitigate impacts of climate change? Quantifying nesting habitat microclimate and use by little penguins (Eudyptula minor). PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/59866/.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change continues to have significant effects on seabird species globally. Extensive work has linked variability in marine climate with changes in phenology, reproductive success and distribution for a wide range of taxa. Despite the reliance of seabirds on island and coastal habitats for breeding, comparatively few studies address the compounding effects terrestrial climate change may have on reproductive success and survival, particularly for populations breeding at the warm edges of a species’ range. Edge populations may be key for not only predicting species’ responses to expected change in climate but also for maintaining long term adaptive capacity of a species. For edge populations, conservation may rely on the intensive management and restoration of terrestrial habitat to facilitate population resilience and buffer the adverse effects of climate change. Among the critical elements of successful conservation planning for long term species persistence is a comprehensive understanding of habitat use, microhabitat conditions and climate change impacts at range edges.
This thesis investigated the use and microclimate conditions of nesting habitat used by a disjunct rear edge population of little penguins (Eudyptula minor), seeking to identify implications of terrestrial climate change for this species. To achieve this, I characterised little penguin nesting habitat on Penguin Island, Western Australia and quantified relationships between nest attributes, microclimate (temperature and humidity), nest use and reproductive success. I monitored 50 natural nests and 113 existing nest boxes fortnightly for nesting activity and reproductive success over three little penguin breeding cycles (2013 - 2016). Nest characteristic data were collected, and microclimate measurements recorded using temperature and humidity loggers. Subsequently, I implemented a manipulative study testing artificial nest design and shading treatments to determine how to most effectively emulate the microclimate of natural cavities.
Little penguins did not select nest sites randomly, but instead based nest site selection on topographical, vegetation and nest site attributes. Natural nests were preferentially selected at sites with taller vegetation, close to a known landfall site and with a south-westerly facing entrance. In contrast, nest box use was predominately driven by the structure of the box, with longer boxes more likely to be used. Neither landscape nor nest site attributes were found to influence the overall success of either natural or artificial nests.
Nest boxes were ineffective at replicating microclimate conditions of natural nests. Nest boxes experienced consistently higher daily maximum temperature (~2 ˚C) and maintained temperatures above little penguins’ upper thermoneutral limits (30 ˚C and 35 ˚C) for around one hour longer than natural nests. After accounting for ambient temperature, relative humidity and wind, fine scale biotic and abiotic nest characteristics also influenced the maximum daily nest temperature and hours of exposure to upper thermoneutral limits (reducing time of exposure by up to two hours in natural nests and three hours in nest boxes). To further investigate the potential impact of climate change on temperatures within nests, I fitted models which simulated a 2 ˚C temperature increase scenario. The number of days annually where natural and artificial nest conditions exceeded thermally stressful conditions (≥30 ˚C) are predicted to increase by approximately 37% and 56% and the number of days exceeding hyperthermic conditions (≥ 35 ˚C) are predicted to increase by approximately 41% and 49% respectively. Such changes will expose penguins to dangerous and potentially fatal thermal conditions, particularly during the late breeding and moulting phases of their annual cycle.
Experimental manipulation of boxes and shading revealed nest design and shading methods were effective at reducing nest temperature. Shaded timber boxes and buried plastic tunnels had thermal profiles either comparable to, or up to 2 ˚C cooler than, natural nests. Compared to exposed boxes, artificial shading and shading vegetation had the greatest buffering effect, significantly lowering maximum nest temperature by around 4.5 ˚C and reducing the time of exposure to upper thermoneutral limits by approximately one hour.
Results here provide critical insight into how predicted changes in terrestrial climate may compound marine climate change impacts on seabird colonies at latitudinal margins, providing a more complete understanding of the climate limitations and management implications of edge populations. This thesis revealed that current and future thermal environments of little penguin terrestrial habitat on Penguin Island can exceed physiological limits for this species. Intervention to improve artificial nests and better quantify consequences is urgently needed given recent estimates of a declining population could lead to the local extinction of this colony. I outline the potential to use well-designed artificial nests as a method for increasing the resilience of vulnerable populations. Crucially, this thesis reveals that management to ameliorate climate change impacts must be purposive and thoughtful and highlights the potential for poorly designed or positioned artificial nests to become not only ineffective but present an ecological trap, potentially accelerating population decline.
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Fortescue, Martin, and n/a. "The marine and terrestrial ecology of a northern population of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula minor, from Bowen Island, Jervis Bay." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060710.125940.
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The breeding success of the Little Penguin was significantly higher in northern
populations compared with documented southern colonies. Several southern colonies
including Phillip Island in Victoria and colonies in Tasmania, have been characterised by
poor breeding success, increasingly later commencement of breeding, and declining
populations. This study aimed to compare and contrast the ecological attributes of a
thriving northern population with other documented colonies. I collected long term data
on breeding success (1987 to 1997) of the Little Penguin on Bowen Island, and related
variability in breeding success to ocean currents and climate patterns, foraging behaviour
and diet, nesting habitat, and inter-specific and fisheries competition. The benefits of
successional changes to nesting habitat on Bowen Island since active habitat management
commenced in 1989 were examined, including the importance of burrow depth, aspect,
distance to water from the burrow, and vegetation type on breeding success of the Little
Penguin.
Morphological measurements of east coast penguins indicated a north-south
cline, similar to that described in New Zealand. The Little Penguin was larger at higher
latitudes. Whilst adults were sedentary and displayed a high degree of nest site fidelity,
juveniles dispersed widely in their first three years, but then returned to the colony,
sometimes to their natal burrow, to breed. This appears to be an adaptive mechanism,
which selects for high quality nesting habitat. The study confirmed earlier findings that
mature vegetation assemblages, namely woodland and forest, support higher breeding
success than structurally simpler grassland and herbland habitat. This may contribute to
observed differences in breeding success between northern and southern colonies,
because many of the southern colonies have degraded nesting habitat.
Most important to the diet of the Little Penguin were clupeoids, which dominated
the fish species of Jervis Bay. The substantial clupeoid resources were targeted by the
tuna fishery for bait, in the same areas and coinciding with maximum demands (chick
raising and fledging), as penguins. The potential quantity of baitfish taken from Jervis
Bay was over 10, 000 tonnes per year, which was well beyond the quantities raising
concerns in other regions, although the fishery remains unregulated. Nevertheless, the
foraging range of Bowen Island penguins was smaller than has previously been
described Little Penguins on Bowen Island had a heavy reliance on relatively shallow
waters of the Bay, within 5 km of the island. Daily foraging distances exceeding 20 km
coincided with low breeding success, sometimes below that required for population
replacement. Greater daily foraging range during the breeding season in southern
Victoria may explain in part why these populations are declining.
The principal mechanism for nutrient enrichment of Jervis Bay waters was the
East Australia Current (EAC). This is a large and powerful, warm water boundary
current of 250 km diameter and 1000 feet depth, which promoted slope water intrusion
through upwelling along the New South Wales coast during the study, particularly
during the penguin breeding season. The EAC effects northern colonies, but less so
southern colonies.
The Bowen Island colony was prone to periodic breeding failure, which was
related to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, indicated in Australia
by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). ENSO warm events, corresponding with
negative values of the SOI, depressed the EAC and caused downwelling, leading in some
seasons to increased breeding failure. There was a correlation between both fledging
success and adult mortality, and the SOI. The mean breeding success of the Bowen
Island colony, at 1.46 chicks per pair over the ten-year study, was the highest recorded
for the Little Penguin, and the population was increasing.
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Campbell, Kamahl. "An investigation of an infection with a protozoan parasite causing mortalities in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Thesis, Campbell, Kamahl (2015) An investigation of an infection with a protozoan parasite causing mortalities in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Penguin Island, Western Australia. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/28175/.
Full textAbstract:
Since at least 2001, routine post mortems of deceased penguins from Penguin Island, Western Australia, have been conducted at Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital (MUVH). In late 2011 and early 2012, a cluster of 12 cases presented with similar and characteristic gross and microscopic changes, namely birds in good body condition with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, multifocal hepatic and splenic necrosis and numerous, small, 1-2μm diameter protozoan parasites within the necrotic foci. A review of earlier reports in the MUVH archive identified isolated similar cases from 2006 and 2008, which had been provisionally diagnosed as Avian Malaria, that is, Plasmodium spp. infection. An investigation was established in order to: a) definitively identify the parasite causing the mortalities, with the additional aims of: b) evaluating the live population of Penguin Island Little Penguins for the presence of parasitaemia, and c) investigating the possibility that another bird species present on Penguin Island might represent a reservoir of infection.
Ninety-four blood smears were made from 79 individual Little Penguins collected from winter to summer of 2012 and in the early spring of 2013. One smear identified intraerythrocytic organisms consistent with the blood stages of an apicomplexan parasite, for example, merozoites or early gametocytes of Haemoproteus or Plasmodium, or merozoites or sporozoites of Babesia. Fifty-one blood smears were made from 51 Bridled Terns (Sterna anaethetus) captured during two visits to the island in November 2012 and March 2013, with no parasites detected in these smears. Electron microscopy of the protozoan parasite identified it as belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Further identification to the level of genus was not possible.
Molecular identification of the parasite using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methodology gave inconsistent results. PCR performed by an independent laboratory identified a novel Haemoproteus spp. organism in 4 of 10 cases from this group; however, these results could not be replicated in our laboratory. Additional PCR using a variety of primers aimed at detecting members of the Apicomplexa identified a parasite from the family Sarcocystidae, which was subsequently identified as Toxoplasma. Immunohistochemistry of formalin fixed tissues also identified Toxoplasma in the hepatic and splenic lesions.
The distinctive mortalities which were observed in this group of penguins, and which have occurred sporadically since, appear to be attributable to a fulminant toxoplasmosis, with or without a concurrent haemoproteosis in some cases. The significance of the apparent polyparasitism in some of the birds is unknown, as the relative contribution of concurrent Haemoproteus infection to the lesion aetiopathogenesis cannot be quantified at this time. Though the clinical signs of infection are unknown, the gross and microscopic appearance at post mortem is sufficiently characteristic to allow a diagnosis to be made on these features. Definitive confirmation of infection may be made by immunohistochemistry or PCR.
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Sidhu, Leesa A. Physical Environmental & Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Analysis of recovery-recapture data for little penguins." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38738.
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This thesis analyses yearly mark-recapture-recovery information collected over a 36- year period, from 1968 to 2003, for 23 686 flipper-banded Little Penguins Eudyptula minor of Phillip Island, in south-eastern Australia. Such a long-term data set is extremely rare for any species. Few studies of any animal have been able to model age dependence for the survival, recapture and recovery probabilities simultaneously. I successfully apply such a modelling scheme and obtain biologically realistic age structures for the parameters. I also provide illustrations of erroneous results that may arise when analyses fail to consider simultaneous age dependence, or fail to detect annual variations that may mask age dependence. I obtain a low survival estimate of 17% in the first year of life, increasing to 71% in the second year, and around 80% thereafter, and declining gradually after age nine years. First-year survival increases with number of chicks fledged per pair, increases with annual average fledging weight and decreases with mean laying date. An increase in first-year survival is associated with warmer sea surface temperatures in the summer and autumn of the previous year, which agrees with biological considerations. Irrespective of this inter-year variation, birds born early in the breeding season, relative to the rest of their cohort, have greatly enhanced first-year survival, when compared to birds born late in that season. Fledglings survive better in years in which the mean fledgling weight is higher, and fledglings of above average weight have a better chance of survival than their underweight counterparts. I next analyse seven years of recapture data from a separate experiment studying the effect of banding on adult Little Penguins. In the year following marking, the i survival probability of banded birds is 6% lower than that of unbanded birds, while in subsequent years the survival is 4% lower for banded birds. Band loss is negligible. Finally, I compare the survival estimates for Phillip Island with those obtained for a six-year study in New Zealand. While first-year survival is significantly higher for New Zealand, there is a marked decline over time, coinciding with an increase in population size.
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Shaw, Tracy Ruth. "Sexual differences in the diet of little Penguins Eudyptula minor." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27196.
Full textAbstract:
Sexual differences in the diet of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor at four geographically isolated colonies in Victoria, Australia were investigated over 12 breeding seasons, between 1985 and 2005. The weighted relative occurrence of each prey species consumed was calculated and compared at a seasonal, annual as well as locational scale, and differences in prey size were examined. Penguin body masses differed significantly between sexes and locations, with males consistently being the significantly heavier sex, whereas stomach content masses varied significantly between locations, with samples from males usually being heavier. Fish was the principal prey group in the diet of penguins at all sites, and was more dominant in the diet of males overall. Females tended to take slightly more cephalopods and crustaceans than did males. The contribution of fish to the diet varied between locations, with Rabbit Island and St Kilda penguins feeding almost exclusively on fish, while Phillip Island and Port Campbell birds consumed more cephalopods and crustaceans. Prey composition differed both annually and between breeding stages at Phillip Island, with males and females utilizing different food resources between certain years and breeding stages. Dietary resources were segregated by prey size, with males generally preying on significantly larger Anchovy Engraulis australis and Gould’s Squid Nototodarus gouldi at all sites than did females. Such local and sexual differences in diet composition and prey size suggest a considerable separation in feeding niche between the sexes. Partitioning of foraging depths and temporal prey availability may be implied as the proximate cause, and sexual dimorphism in bill and body size, as the ultimate cause behind the observed dietary variation. CopyrightDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Zoology and Entomology
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Books on the topic "Eudyptula minor"
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Little Penguin: The Life of Eudyptula Minor. Hachette Australia, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Eudyptula minor"
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Bourne, J., and N. I. Klomp. "Ecology and Management of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Sydney Harbour." In Urban Wildlife, 131–37. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2004.089.
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WAAS, JOSEPH R. "An Analysis of Communication during the Aggressive Interactions of Little Blue Penguins (Eudyptula minor)." In Penguin Biology, 345–76. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-057106-5.50025-5.
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DANN, PETER, and J. M. CULLEN. "Survival, Patterns of Reproduction, and Lifetime Reproductive Output in Little Blue Penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia." In Penguin Biology, 63–84. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-057106-5.50010-3.
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