Dissertations / Theses: 'Eucalyptus'

1

Holman, James, and n/a. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030527.124144.

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Two eucalypt clines were examined using morphological, ecophysiological and molecular analyses. The species complexes examined were an ironbark complex (Eucalyptus melanophloia x E. whitei) and a box complex (E. brownii x E. populnea). Both of these complexes demonstrate continuous morphological variation across their clines. The origin of these morphological clines has previously been interpreted as the product of secondary contact between allopatric species. In this study, an analysis of morphological variation across the clines did not identify an increase in trait variance in the intermediate populations, which suggests that previous theories concerning the origin of these clines may not be valid. Genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA was examined across the clines to investigate whether the morphological clines were the product of secondary contact between two independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the clines represent a single evolutionary lineage that has undergone primary differentiation. The microsatellite analyses indicated that there was little genetic structuring across either cline, and that there were only low levels of population differentiation. The lack of hierarchical structuring in the distribution of nuclear genetic variation suggests that these clines are unlikely to be the product of recent gene flow between two formerly allopatric species/populations. A nested clade analysis of the JLA+ region of the cpDNA provides additional evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the morphospecies classifications represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Instead the analyses indicate that each cline represents a single cohesion species and a single evolutionary lineage. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A more cogent explanation for the clines, based on the genetic data, is that they have arisen through the process of continuous morphological diversification that has been promoted by a directional selection gradient. Drought experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to investigate whether differences in physiological performance under water stress helps to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline. Under increasing water stress, the morphotypes showed differences in their ability to maintain water status and photosynthetic rates, yet there was no obvious pattern to these differences across the cline. Physiological differences are therefore inadequate to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline and highlight the compensatory role that morphological variation may play in alleviating water stress. The value of adopting the cohesion species concept and a hypothesis-testing framework to assess species status is demonstrated in this study. This framework provided a statistical approach to distinguish independent evolutionary lineages from interspecific populations and provides evidence to refute the current species status of the species complexes studied. Eucalypt classification is predominantly based on morphology, which results in taxonomic classification that may not reflect genealogical relationships. This is due to the disparity between morphological and phylogenetic relationships. I therefore suggest that current presumptions regarding the prevalence and importance of hybridisation within the genus may reflect taxonomic classification. An accurate assessment of the prevalence and importance of hybridisation requires species classification to be based on genealogical relationships.

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2

Holman, James. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365394.

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Two eucalypt clines were examined using morphological, ecophysiological and molecular analyses. The species complexes examined were an ironbark complex (Eucalyptus melanophloia x E. whitei) and a box complex (E. brownii x E. populnea). Both of these complexes demonstrate continuous morphological variation across their clines. The origin of these morphological clines has previously been interpreted as the product of secondary contact between allopatric species. In this study, an analysis of morphological variation across the clines did not identify an increase in trait variance in the intermediate populations, which suggests that previous theories concerning the origin of these clines may not be valid. Genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA was examined across the clines to investigate whether the morphological clines were the product of secondary contact between two independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the clines represent a single evolutionary lineage that has undergone primary differentiation. The microsatellite analyses indicated that there was little genetic structuring across either cline, and that there were only low levels of population differentiation. The lack of hierarchical structuring in the distribution of nuclear genetic variation suggests that these clines are unlikely to be the product of recent gene flow between two formerly allopatric species/populations. A nested clade analysis of the JLA+ region of the cpDNA provides additional evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the morphospecies classifications represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Instead the analyses indicate that each cline represents a single cohesion species and a single evolutionary lineage. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A more cogent explanation for the clines, based on the genetic data, is that they have arisen through the process of continuous morphological diversification that has been promoted by a directional selection gradient. Drought experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to investigate whether differences in physiological performance under water stress helps to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline. Under increasing water stress, the morphotypes showed differences in their ability to maintain water status and photosynthetic rates, yet there was no obvious pattern to these differences across the cline. Physiological differences are therefore inadequate to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline and highlight the compensatory role that morphological variation may play in alleviating water stress. The value of adopting the cohesion species concept and a hypothesis-testing framework to assess species status is demonstrated in this study. This framework provided a statistical approach to distinguish independent evolutionary lineages from interspecific populations and provides evidence to refute the current species status of the species complexes studied. Eucalypt classification is predominantly based on morphology, which results in taxonomic classification that may not reflect genealogical relationships. This is due to the disparity between morphological and phylogenetic relationships. I therefore suggest that current presumptions regarding the prevalence and importance of hybridisation within the genus may reflect taxonomic classification. An accurate assessment of the prevalence and importance of hybridisation requires species classification to be based on genealogical relationships.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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3

Jackson, Sarah. "Infection of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla by Mycosphaerella species." Thesis, Jackson, Sarah (2001) Infection of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla by Mycosphaerella species. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32765/.

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4

King, Rachel, and n/a. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050113.091713.

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In this study, the relative influences of selection, gene flow, and other evolutionary forces on the spatial structure of genetic variation within a eucalypt species complex (the spotted gums: genus Corymbia, section Politaria) were assessed. The study investigated the spatial genetic structure among four putative species of spotted gum (broad-scale), as well as within a single population (fine-scale)of one species, using both molecular and quantitative markers. The spotted gum complex occurs naturally across a range of 2500 km in eastern Australia. Spatial genetic variation within and between the four putative spotted gum species was examined using both chloroplast and nuclear markers. No significant differentiation was found between the three northern species of the complex, C. citriodora, C. variegata and C. henryi. The southern species, C. maculata, shared no haplotypes with any of the three northern species. These results disagree in part with those reported in a previous allozyme based study in which C. henryi was found to be significantly divergent from C. variegata (with which it is sympatric) and more closely aligned with C. maculata. Re-analysis of the allozyme data provided evidence of selection acting at the PGM2 locus within populations of C. variegata and C. henryi. The exclusion of this locus from the data set led to concordance between the cpDNA and nDNA analyses. Restricted gene flow and evidence of isolation by distance were identified as the dominant processes influencing the contemporary distribution of the cpDNA haplotypes. No geographic structure of haplotypes was found and complex genealogical relationships between haplotypes indicated the combined effects of past fragmentation, range expansion and possible long distance dispersal events. The variation and spatial structure in both neutral molecular markers and quantitative genetic traits were compared to explore the relative influences of dispersal and selection within a single eucalypt population. Both mature trees (n=130) from a natural population of C. variegata and their progeny (n=127) were sampled. A very high outcrossing rate (98%) was estimated for the population based on data from seven microsatellite loci. This suggested regular pollenmediated gene flow into the population, further supported by the observed high levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. Significant positive spatial structure was found between parent trees occurring up to 150 m apart in the natural forest, although genetic distance between these individuals suggested limited relatedness (i.e. less than half-sib relatedness). The effect of pollen-mediated gene flow appears, therefore, to swamp any effect of nearest neighbour inbreeding which has been reported in other studies of eucalypt populations and has been attributed to limited seed dispersal. Resistance to the fungal disease Sporothrix pitereka (Ramularia Shoot Blight) was measured on progeny from each of the population study trees. Substantial resistance variability was found, along with a high estimate in heritability of resistance (0.44 ± 0.06), indicating significant additive genetic variation within the population. Spatial analysis showed no significant spatial structure with resistant and susceptible genotypes apparently distributed randomly throughout the population. The lack of concordance between the molecular and quantitative markers suggests that there may be a cost to resistance. Temporal variation in the severity of disease outbreaks may have then led to differential selection of seedlings across many generations, maintaining variability in disease resistance and facilitating the apparent random distribution of disease resistant and susceptible genotypes throughout the population. C. variegata is an important commercial forestry species. The identification of strong genetic control in the disease resistance trait, as well as significant adverse genetic and phenotypic correlations between susceptibility and growth traits, will aid future breeding programs. Controlled crosses between resistant genotypes from this population should result in strong genetic gains in both resistance and growth, with little costs associated with inbreeding depression due to the highly outcrossed nature of the population.

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5

King, Rachel. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365496.

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Abstract:

In this study, the relative influences of selection, gene flow, and other evolutionary forces on the spatial structure of genetic variation within a eucalypt species complex (the spotted gums: genus Corymbia, section Politaria) were assessed. The study investigated the spatial genetic structure among four putative species of spotted gum (broad-scale), as well as within a single population (fine-scale)of one species, using both molecular and quantitative markers. The spotted gum complex occurs naturally across a range of 2500 km in eastern Australia. Spatial genetic variation within and between the four putative spotted gum species was examined using both chloroplast and nuclear markers. No significant differentiation was found between the three northern species of the complex, C. citriodora, C. variegata and C. henryi. The southern species, C. maculata, shared no haplotypes with any of the three northern species. These results disagree in part with those reported in a previous allozyme based study in which C. henryi was found to be significantly divergent from C. variegata (with which it is sympatric) and more closely aligned with C. maculata. Re-analysis of the allozyme data provided evidence of selection acting at the PGM2 locus within populations of C. variegata and C. henryi. The exclusion of this locus from the data set led to concordance between the cpDNA and nDNA analyses. Restricted gene flow and evidence of isolation by distance were identified as the dominant processes influencing the contemporary distribution of the cpDNA haplotypes. No geographic structure of haplotypes was found and complex genealogical relationships between haplotypes indicated the combined effects of past fragmentation, range expansion and possible long distance dispersal events. The variation and spatial structure in both neutral molecular markers and quantitative genetic traits were compared to explore the relative influences of dispersal and selection within a single eucalypt population. Both mature trees (n=130) from a natural population of C. variegata and their progeny (n=127) were sampled. A very high outcrossing rate (98%) was estimated for the population based on data from seven microsatellite loci. This suggested regular pollen–mediated gene flow into the population, further supported by the observed high levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. Significant positive spatial structure was found between parent trees occurring up to 150 m apart in the natural forest, although genetic distance between these individuals suggested limited relatedness (i.e. less than half-sib relatedness). The effect of pollen-mediated gene flow appears, therefore, to swamp any effect of nearest neighbour inbreeding which has been reported in other studies of eucalypt populations and has been attributed to limited seed dispersal. Resistance to the fungal disease Sporothrix pitereka (Ramularia Shoot Blight) was measured on progeny from each of the population study trees. Substantial resistance variability was found, along with a high estimate in heritability of resistance (0.44 ± 0.06), indicating significant additive genetic variation within the population. Spatial analysis showed no significant spatial structure with resistant and susceptible genotypes apparently distributed randomly throughout the population. The lack of concordance between the molecular and quantitative markers suggests that there may be a cost to resistance. Temporal variation in the severity of disease outbreaks may have then led to differential selection of seedlings across many generations, maintaining variability in disease resistance and facilitating the apparent random distribution of disease resistant and susceptible genotypes throughout the population. C. variegata is an important commercial forestry species. The identification of strong genetic control in the disease resistance trait, as well as significant adverse genetic and phenotypic correlations between susceptibility and growth traits, will aid future breeding programs. Controlled crosses between resistant genotypes from this population should result in strong genetic gains in both resistance and growth, with little costs associated with inbreeding depression due to the highly outcrossed nature of the population.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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6

Ngugi, Michael R. "Physiological responses to environmental stress in eucalyptus cloeziana and eucalyptus argophloia /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17409.pdf.

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7

Yang, Zhi. "Vegetative propagation and genetic fingerprinting of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus amplifolia." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024073.

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8

Morais, Alaine Patrícia da Silva [UNESP]. "Efeito do processo de auto-hidrólise e caracterização química da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132178.

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A indústria papeleira vem focando em estudos atuais que buscam alternativas para separar a madeira em seus componentes, celulose, hemiceluloses, lignina e extrativos, pois eles que escondem as diversas oportunidades da biorrefinaria integrando processos produtivos de combustíveis e produtos químicos a partir da biomassa. A solubilização das hemiceluloses por auto-hidrólise tem sido proposta como o primeiro passo da biorrefinaria. E os materiais extraídos com a auto-hidrólise (licores auto-hidrolisados) podem ser usados na produção de produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da temperatura e do tempo na auto-hidrólise da serragem do Eucalyptus urograndis e do Eucalyptus grandis para obtenção de possíveis dados cinéticos do comportamento dos componentes químicos (extrativos, lignina, holocelulose, celulose e hemiceluloses) e ainda o rendimento e o índice de cristalinidade, visando estabelecer os pontos de máxima extração das hemiceluloses do material pré-hidrolisado. Os experimentos foram realizados em amostras de serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis tidas como controle (não-hidrolisadas) e pré-hidrolisadas. O material foi auto-hidrolisado em minirreatores em diferentes temperaturas (110, 130, 150, 170 e 190 °C) até atingir os diferentes tempos (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 150 minutos). Em cada reator foi usada à relação licor:madeira (10:1 L:kg de madeira seca). Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis (temperatura e tempo) influenciam no rendimento; com a diminuição do teor de lignina da serragem auto-hidrolisada ocorreu um aumento do teor de extrativos; apenas uma pequena quantidade de celulose foi removida em comparação às hemiceluloses e uma rápida diferença ocorreu no índice de cristalinidade da celulose, entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que com a auto-hidrólise da serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis é possível ...
The paper industry has been focusing on current studies that seek alternatives for separating wood into its components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives; they hiding the various biorefinery opportunities by integrating production processes of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The solubilization of hemicelluloses by auto-hydrolysis has been proposed as the first step in biorefinery. And the extracted materials with autohydrolysis (auttohydrolysed liquors) can be used to produce biofuels and chemicals. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of temperature and time in autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus grandis possible to obtain kinetic data on the behavior of chemicals (extractives, lignin, holocellulose, hemicelluloses and cellulose) and also income and crystallinity index, to establish the points of maximum extraction of hemicelluloses prehydrolysed material. The experiments were performed in E. urograndis and E. grandis samples taken as a control (non-hydrolyzed) and prehydrolyzed. The material was autohydrolyzed minirreatores at different temperatures (110, 130, 150, 170 and 190 °C) to achieve different times (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 150 minutes). In each minireactor was used to liquor ratio: wood (10: 1 L: kg dry wood). The results showed that the variables (temperature and time), influence on the yield; with decreasing lignin content of the sawdust was autohydrolyzed an increase in the extractives content; only a small amount of cellulose is removed compared hemicelluloses and a quick difference occurred in the cellulose crystallinity index between treatments. It is concluded that with E. urograndis and E. grandis sawdust autohydrolysis can drastically affect treatment without lignin and cellulose.

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9

Morais, Alaine Patrícia da Silva 1980. "Efeito do processo de auto-hidrólise e caracterização química da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132178.

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Orientador: Cláudio Angeli Sansígolo
Banca: Jose Claudio Caraschi
Banca: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo
Banca: Mario de Oliveira Neto
Banca: Adriana Lima Moro
Resumo: A indústria papeleira vem focando em estudos atuais que buscam alternativas para separar a madeira em seus componentes, celulose, hemiceluloses, lignina e extrativos, pois eles que escondem as diversas oportunidades da biorrefinaria integrando processos produtivos de combustíveis e produtos químicos a partir da biomassa. A solubilização das hemiceluloses por auto-hidrólise tem sido proposta como o primeiro passo da biorrefinaria. E os materiais extraídos com a auto-hidrólise (licores auto-hidrolisados) podem ser usados na produção de produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da temperatura e do tempo na auto-hidrólise da serragem do Eucalyptus urograndis e do Eucalyptus grandis para obtenção de possíveis dados cinéticos do comportamento dos componentes químicos (extrativos, lignina, holocelulose, celulose e hemiceluloses) e ainda o rendimento e o índice de cristalinidade, visando estabelecer os pontos de máxima extração das hemiceluloses do material pré-hidrolisado. Os experimentos foram realizados em amostras de serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis tidas como controle (não-hidrolisadas) e pré-hidrolisadas. O material foi auto-hidrolisado em minirreatores em diferentes temperaturas (110, 130, 150, 170 e 190 °C) até atingir os diferentes tempos (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 150 minutos). Em cada reator foi usada à relação licor:madeira (10:1 L:kg de madeira seca). Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis (temperatura e tempo) influenciam no rendimento; com a diminuição do teor de lignina da serragem auto-hidrolisada ocorreu um aumento do teor de extrativos; apenas uma pequena quantidade de celulose foi removida em comparação às hemiceluloses e uma rápida diferença ocorreu no índice de cristalinidade da celulose, entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que com a auto-hidrólise da serragem de E. urograndis e do E. grandis é possível ...
Abstract: The paper industry has been focusing on current studies that seek alternatives for separating wood into its components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives; they hiding the various biorefinery opportunities by integrating production processes of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The solubilization of hemicelluloses by auto-hydrolysis has been proposed as the first step in biorefinery. And the extracted materials with autohydrolysis (auttohydrolysed liquors) can be used to produce biofuels and chemicals. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of temperature and time in autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus grandis possible to obtain kinetic data on the behavior of chemicals (extractives, lignin, holocellulose, hemicelluloses and cellulose) and also income and crystallinity index, to establish the points of maximum extraction of hemicelluloses prehydrolysed material. The experiments were performed in E. urograndis and E. grandis samples taken as a control (non-hydrolyzed) and prehydrolyzed. The material was autohydrolyzed minirreatores at different temperatures (110, 130, 150, 170 and 190 °C) to achieve different times (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 150 minutes). In each minireactor was used to liquor ratio: wood (10: 1 L: kg dry wood). The results showed that the variables (temperature and time), influence on the yield; with decreasing lignin content of the sawdust was autohydrolyzed an increase in the extractives content; only a small amount of cellulose is removed compared hemicelluloses and a quick difference occurred in the cellulose crystallinity index between treatments. It is concluded that with E. urograndis and E. grandis sawdust autohydrolysis can drastically affect treatment without lignin and cellulose.
Doutor

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10

Milla, Moreno Estefanía Alejandra. "Efecto del déficit hídrico en algunas respuestas fisiológicas de Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh y Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151656.

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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal
El agua es el principal factor limitante para el desarrollo de especies de cultivo agrícola y especies forestales. En Chile más de tres cuartos de la superficie continental corresponde a zonas áridas y semiáridas. Diversos estudios han demostrado que las especies del género Eucaliptus, poseen un amplio potencial en la tolerancia a condiciones de pluviometría limitada. Por esta razón, se evalúa el efecto de la disponibilidad de agua en algunas respuestas fisiológicas de tres especies de Eucaliptos: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis y Eucalyptus cladocalyx. El estudio comprende un total de 90 plantas de eucaliptos, 30 de cada especie, las cuales se disponen en un diseño factorial de cinco bloques al azar. Las plantas fueron sometidas a tres niveles de disponibilidad de agua, definidos como: sin estrés, estrés moderado y estrés severo. Las plantas se mantuvieron bajo condiciones semi-controladas en invernadero y las respuestas fueron evaluadas durante dos ciclos de desecamiento, el primero de cinco semanas y el segundo de nueve semanas. Al finalizar cada ciclo, las plantas fueron rehidratadas durante una semana.

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Sereghetti, Guilherme Corrêa [UNESP]. "Biomassa inicial do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla vs. Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes espaçamentos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99741.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A utilização da biomassa como insumo energético é uma tendência mundial. No Brasil, dentre as espécies florestais utilizadas, o eucalipto pode ser considerado a mais promissora em decorrência de uma silvicultura avançada e eficiente. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio de um clone de eucalipto. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Sarapuí, estado de São Paulo, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, contendo três blocos, com nove tratamentos quanto ao espaçamento de plantio, variando a área útil de cada planta entre 2,0 e 8,0 m². A área das parcelas era de 72 m², determinando a quantia de 9 a 36 plantas por parcela, além de uma bordadura dupla. Aos doze meses foram realizadas medições do diâmetro de colo e altura total de todas as plantas de cada parcela para determinação do volume, e foram derrubadas 1 árvore por parcela para cubagem rigorosa e coleta dos discos de madeiras à 0%, 12,5%, 37,5% e 62,5%, a fim de se determinar a densidade básica e porcentagem de casca. Aplicando-se ANOVA para as variáveis volume, densidade básica da madeira, densidade básica da casca e porcentagem de casca, obteve-se diferença significativa ao nível de 5% de significância apenas para as variáveis volume e porcentagem de casca. Com relação ao volume, os menores espaçamentos apresentaram maiores volumes por hectare. Para a variável porcentagem de casca houve certa correlação com a densidade básica da madeira. O tratamento 2x1 apresentou o maior volume por ha
The use of biomass as energy input is a worldwide trend. In Brazil, among the forest species, eucalyptus can be considered the most promising due to an advanced and efficient forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the initial development in different planting spacings of a Eucalyptus clone. The experiment was conducted in the city of Sarapuí in São Paulo state, using a randomized complete block design containing three blocks with nine treatments for planting space, varying the floor area of each plant between 2.0 and 8.0 m². The area of plots was 72 m², determining the amount of 9-36 plants per plot, plus a double border. At twelve months have been carried out measurements of stem diameter and total height of all plants in each plot to determine the volume, and were cut down one tree per plot for cubing and collection of disks of wood at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5% and 62.5% in order to determine the basic density and percentage of bark. Applying ANOVA for the variables volume, basic wood density, basic density of bark and bark percentage, obtained a significant difference at 5% significance level only for the variables volume and percentage of bark. With respect to volume, the smallest spacings had higher volumes per hectare. For the variable percentage of bark there was some correlation with basic density. Treatment 2x1 showed the largest amount per ha

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Guia, Ana Filipa Fontinha. "Efeito da rega e fertilização no híbrido Eucalyptus globulus x Eucalyptus cypellocarpa." Master's thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21505.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
A Eucalyptus globulus Labill. é uma das espécies que ocupa maior área florestal em Portugal, ocupando assim um lugar de destaque no quadro económico português. No entanto, tendo em consideração o clima mediterrânico que caracteriza o território nacional, a seca severa no verão afeta negativamente o seu crescimento e produtividade. Neste sentido, estudar as características morfológicas e fisiológicas em resposta ao stress hídrico do material vegetal melhorado torna-se essencial para compreender como as plantas reagem à seca. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em estudar o efeito da disponibilidade de água e nutrientes na estrutura e funcionamento de árvores do híbrido Eucalyptus globulus x Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (YG15), em árvores com nove meses de idade a crescer em condições de fertirrega e controlo (s/fertirrigação). A maior disponibilidade de água e nutrientes, permitiu um melhor estado hídrico bem como um maior crescimento do híbrido. As diferenças de crescimento encontradas devem-se ao fecho dos estomas, que levou à restrição da entrada de CO₂ e consequentemente ao declínio da concentração dos hidratos de carbono não estruturais. Observou-se um decréscimo acentuado do potencial de madrugada e do meio-dia nas árvores fertirrigadas entre a primavera e o verão, sugerindo que a água disponível nos meses de julho e agosto foi deficitária. Além disso, o decréscimo da área foliar específica (SLA) observado indica uma adaptação ao stress hídrico. No entanto, os valores de potencial hídrico não se refletiram no conteúdo relativo em água (RWC) que se manteve constante, indicando que as árvores foram eficientes na gestão e uso da água. Para a eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II, não encontramos diferenças entre tratamentos indicando que o sistema fotossintético não foi afetado pelo stress hídrico sazonal. Em suma, este híbrido apresentou alguma tolerância à privação de água através da diminuição da SLA e a manutenção de valores elevados de RWC
N/A

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Moreira, Jorge Felipe Quintana. "Uso de antraquinona en cocción kraft de Eucalyptus globulus y Eucalyptus nitens." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5926.

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Foi analisada, experimentalmente, o efeito da adição de antraquinona ao processo kraft convencional para produção de celulose de mistura de Eucalyptus globulus e Eucalyptus nitens. Foram analisados aumentos da velocidade da reação de deslignificação e estabilidade dos carboidratos, utilizando condições industriais de cozimento batch da Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion SA, Planta Arauco. Para alcançar kappa constante (15 e 17) foram modificados os tempos de cozimentos e foram utilizadas diferentes dosagens de antraquinona. Foram estabelecidas relações lineares entre a dosagem de antraquinona e o rendimento depurado, o teor de rejeitos, o alcali residual e o teor de sólidos no licor residual. Para a dosagem máxima de AQ utilizada (0,10%) foram obtidos, para ambos os níveis de kappa, aumentos de 1,95% e 1,32% nos rendimentos depurados, economias de 14,2% e 50,4% nas cargas de álcali e decréscimos nos tempos de cozimento de 13 e 11 minutos para kappa 15 e 17, respectivamente.
En la presente disertación se verificó de manera experimental el efecto de la adición de Antraquinona al proceso de cocción batch convencional para una mezcla industrial de Eucalyptus globulus E. nitens.; en lo que respecta a su capacidad de aumentar la velocidad de la reacción de deslignificación y proporcionar estabilidad a las hemicelulosas y celulosas de la fibra. Lo anterior se logró con experiencias de laboratorio fijando las condiciones de cocción de acuerdo a la operación de los digestores batch de Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A., Planta Arauco. Donde para obtener un kappa constante (15 y 17) se modificó el Factor H mediante el tiempo de cocción, en distintos niveles de carga de Antraquinona. Se pudo establecer una relación lineal entre la dosificación de Antraquinona y los parámetros estudiados: rendimiento clasificado, rechazos, álcali residual, tiempo de cocción y sólidos en el licor negro. Particularmente, para la máxima dosificación de AQ utilizada en este estudio (0,1% bms) se obtuvo para ambos niveles de Kappa respecto al blanco o testigo- un aumento de 1.95% y 1.32 de rendimiento clasificado, un ahorro de álcali de 14.2% y 50.4% y una disminución de tiempo de cocción de 13 min y 11 min para Kappa 15 y 17, respectivamente.

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Sereghetti, Guilherme Corrêa 1987. "Biomassa inicial do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla vs. Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes espaçamentos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99741.

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Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Banca:Marcos Antonio de Rezende
Banca: José Mauro Santana da Silva
Resumo: A utilização da biomassa como insumo energético é uma tendência mundial. No Brasil, dentre as espécies florestais utilizadas, o eucalipto pode ser considerado a mais promissora em decorrência de uma silvicultura avançada e eficiente. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio de um clone de eucalipto. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Sarapuí, estado de São Paulo, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, contendo três blocos, com nove tratamentos quanto ao espaçamento de plantio, variando a área útil de cada planta entre 2,0 e 8,0 m². A área das parcelas era de 72 m², determinando a quantia de 9 a 36 plantas por parcela, além de uma bordadura dupla. Aos doze meses foram realizadas medições do diâmetro de colo e altura total de todas as plantas de cada parcela para determinação do volume, e foram derrubadas 1 árvore por parcela para cubagem rigorosa e coleta dos discos de madeiras à 0%, 12,5%, 37,5% e 62,5%, a fim de se determinar a densidade básica e porcentagem de casca. Aplicando-se ANOVA para as variáveis volume, densidade básica da madeira, densidade básica da casca e porcentagem de casca, obteve-se diferença significativa ao nível de 5% de significância apenas para as variáveis volume e porcentagem de casca. Com relação ao volume, os menores espaçamentos apresentaram maiores volumes por hectare. Para a variável porcentagem de casca houve certa correlação com a densidade básica da madeira. O tratamento 2x1 apresentou o maior volume por ha
Abstract: The use of biomass as energy input is a worldwide trend. In Brazil, among the forest species, eucalyptus can be considered the most promising due to an advanced and efficient forestry. This study aimed to evaluate the initial development in different planting spacings of a Eucalyptus clone. The experiment was conducted in the city of Sarapuí in São Paulo state, using a randomized complete block design containing three blocks with nine treatments for planting space, varying the floor area of each plant between 2.0 and 8.0 m². The area of plots was 72 m², determining the amount of 9-36 plants per plot, plus a double border. At twelve months have been carried out measurements of stem diameter and total height of all plants in each plot to determine the volume, and were cut down one tree per plot for cubing and collection of disks of wood at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5% and 62.5% in order to determine the basic density and percentage of bark. Applying ANOVA for the variables volume, basic wood density, basic density of bark and bark percentage, obtained a significant difference at 5% significance level only for the variables volume and percentage of bark. With respect to volume, the smallest spacings had higher volumes per hectare. For the variable percentage of bark there was some correlation with basic density. Treatment 2x1 showed the largest amount per ha
Mestre

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Ngusya, Musyoka. "Aspects of Eucalyptus waferboard." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28294.

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Eucalyptus species is already well established in the pulp and paper industry. The species noted fast growth, especially in the tropical regions, provides a special resource for utilization in providing shelter in these regions, which have some of the highest growth in population rates. Waferboard industry, though well established in most developed countries, is rare in most developing countries. The fact that waferboard requires relatively low quality wood, as opposed to plywood, is an important factor and makes it more appealing for development in these regions. Technical information on utilization of Eucalyptus for waferboard is lacking in most aspects, and most of the experimentation has mainly been conducted on preliminary levels only. The study was carried out to fill that gap and provide data which can lead to increased utilization of the species in the waferboard industry. This was achieved by the making of panels under standard conditions and performing standard tests on the specimens cut from the laboratory made panels.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

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Joubert, Jan-Erns. "Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80179.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent times, governments around the world have placed increasing focus on cleaner technologies and sustainable methods of power generation in an attempt to move away from fossil fuel derived power, which is deemed unsustainable and unfriendly to the environment. This trend has also been supported by the South African government, with clear intentions to diversify the country’s power generation by including, among others, biomass as a renewable resource for electricity generation. Woody biomass and associated forestry residues in particular, could potentially be used as such a renewable resource when considering the large amount of fast growing hardwood species cultivated in South Africa. Approximately 6.3 million ton of Eucalyptus grandis is sold annually for pulp production while a further 7 million ton of Eucalyptus species are sold as round wood. With these tree species reaching commercial maturity within 7 – 9 years in the South African climate, there is real potential in harnessing woody biomass as a renewable energy source. In this study, pyrolysis was investigated as a method to condense and upgrade E.grandis into energy and chemical rich products. The pyrolysis of E.grandis is the study of the thermal degradation of the biomass, in the absence of oxygen, to produce char and bio-oil. The thermal degradation behaviour of E.grandis was studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany and subsequently used to determine the isoconversional kinetic constants for E.grandis and its main lignocellulosic components. Slow, Vacuum and Fast Pyrolysis were investigated and optimised to maximise product yields and to identify the key process variables affecting product quality. The Fast Pyrolysis of E.grandis was investigated and compared on bench (KIT0.1 kg/h), laboratory (SU1 kg/h) and pilot plant scale (KIT10 kg/h), using Fast Pyrolysis reactors at Stellenbosch University (SU) in South Africa and at KIT in Germany. The Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis of E.grandis was investigated and compared using a packed bed reactor at Stellenbosch University. The TGA revealed that biomass particle size had a negligible effect on the thermal degradation behaviour of E.grandis at a heating rate set point of 50 °C/min. It was also shown that increasing the furnace heating rates shifted the thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves towards higher temperatures while also increasing the maximum rate of volatilisation. Lignin resulted in the largest specific char yield and also reacted across the widest temperature range of all the samples investigated. The average activation energies found for the samples investigated were 177.8, 141.0, 106.2 and 170.4 kJ/mol for holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, Klason lignin and raw E.grandis, respectively. Bio-oil yield was optimised at 76 wt. % (daf) for the SU1 kg/h Fast Pyrolysis plant using an average biomass particle size of 570 μm and a reactor temperature of 470 °C. Differences in the respective condensation chains of the various Fast Pyrolysis reactor configurations investigated resulted in higher gas and char yields for the KIT reactor configurations compared to the SU1 kg/h Fast Pyrolysis plant. Differences in the vapour residence time between Slow (>400 s) and Vacuum Pyrolysis (< 2 s) resulted in a higher liquid and lower char yield for Vacuum Pyrolysis. Local liquid yield maxima of 41.1 and 64.4 wt. % daf were found for Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis, respectively (achieved at a reactor temperature of 450 °C and a heating rate of 17 °C/min). Even though char yields were favoured at low reactor temperatures (269 – 300 °C), the higher heating values of the char were favoured at high reactor temperatures (29 – 34 MJ/kg for 375 – 481 °C). Reactor temperature had the most significant effects on product yield and quality for the respective Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis experimental runs. The bio-oils yielded for SP and VP were found to be rich in furfural and acetic acid.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Regerings regoor die wêreld het in die afgelope tyd toenemende fokus geplaas op skoner tegnologie en volhoubare metodes van kragopwekking in 'n poging om weg te beweeg van fossielbrandstof gebasseerde energie, wat geag word as nie volhoubaar nie en skadelik vir die omgewing. Hierdie tendens is ook ondersteun deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, met 'n duidelike bedoeling om die land se kragopwekking te diversifiseer deur, onder andere, biomassa as 'n hernubare bron vir die opwekking van elektrisiteit te gebruik. Houtagtige biomassa en verwante bosbou afval in die besonder, kan potensieel gebruik word as so 'n hernubare hulpbron, veral aangesien ‘n groot aantal vinnig groeiende hardehout spesies tans in Suid-Afrika verbou word. Ongeveer 6,3 miljoen ton Eucalyptus grandis word jaarliks verkoop vir pulp produksie, terwyl 'n verdere 7 miljoen ton van Eucalyptus spesies verkoop word as paal hout. Met hierdie boom spesies wat kommersiële volwassenheid bereik binne 7 - 9 jaar in die Suid-Afrikaanse klimaat, is daar werklike potensiaal vir die benutting van houtagtige biomassa as 'n hernubare energiebron. In hierdie studie is pirolise ondersoek as 'n metode om E.grandis te kondenseer en op te gradeer na energie en chemikalie ryke produkte. Die pirolise van E.grandis is die proses van termiese afbreking van die biomassa, in die afwesigheid van suurstof, om houtskool en bio-olie te produseer. Die termiese afbrekingsgedrag van E.grandis is bestudeer deur gebruik te maak van termo-gravimetriese analise (TGA) by die Karlsruhe Instituut van Tegnologie in Duitsland en daarna gebruik om die kinetiese konstantes vir die iso-omskakeling van E.grandis en sy hoof komponente te bepaal. Stadige, Vakuum en Snel pirolise is ondersoek en geoptimiseer om produk opbrengste te maksimeer en die sleutel proses veranderlikes wat die kwaliteit van die produk beïnvloed te identifiseer. Die Snel Pirolise van E.grandis is ondersoek en vergelyk op bank- (KIT0.1 kg / h), laboratorium- (SU1 kg / h) en proefaanlegskaal (KIT10 kg / h) deur gebruik te maak van Snel pirolise reaktore by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (US) in Suid-Afrika en die Karlsruhe Instituut van Tegnologie (KIT) in Duitsland. Die Stadige en Vakuum Pirolise van E.grandis is ondersoek en vergelyk met behulp van 'n gepakte bed reaktor aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Die TGA studie het openbaar dat biomassa deeltjiegrootte 'n onbeduidende uitwerking op die termiese afbrekingsgedrag van E.grandis het by 'n verhittings tempo van 50 ° C / min. Dit is ook bewys dat die verhoging van die oond verwarming tempo die termo-gravimetriese (TG) en differensiële termo-gravimetriese (DTG) kurwes na hoër temperature verskuif, terwyl dit ook die maksimum tempo van vervlugtiging laat toeneem het. Lignien het gelei tot die grootste spesifieke houtskool opbrengs en het ook oor die wydste temperatuur interval gereageer van al die monsters wat ondersoek is. Die gemiddelde aktiveringsenergieë vir die monsters wat ondersoek is, was 177,8, 141,0, 106,2 en 170,4 kJ / mol, onderskeidelik vir holosellulose, alpha-sellulose, Klason lignien en rou E.grandis. Bio-olie opbrengs is geoptimeer teen 76 wt. % (DAF) vir die SU1 kg / h Snel Pirolise aanleg met behulp van 'n gemiddelde biomassa deeltjiegrootte van 570 μm en 'n reaktor temperatuur van 470 ° C. Verskille in die onderskeie kondensasie kettings van die verskillende Snel Pirolise aanlegte wat ondersoek is, het gelei tot hoër gas- en houtskool opbrengste vir die KIT reaktor konfigurasies in vergelyking met die SU1kg/h FP plant. Verskille in die damp retensie tyd tussen Stadige (> 400 s) en Vakuum pirolise (<2 s) het gelei tot 'n hoër vloeistof en laer houtskool opbrengs vir Vakuum Pirolise. Plaaslike vloeistof opbrengs maksima van 41,1 en 64,4 wt. % (daf) is gevind vir Stadig en Vakuum pirolise onderskeidelik, bereik by 'n reaktor temperatuur van 450 ° C en 'n verhittingstempo van 17 ° C / min. Selfs al is houtskool opbrengste bevoordeel by lae reaktor temperature (269 - 300 ° C), is die hoër warmte waardes van die houtskool bevoordeel deur hoë reaktor temperature (29 - 34 MJ / kg vir 375 - 481 ° C). Reaktor temperatuur het die mees beduidende effek op die produk opbrengs en kwaliteit vir die onderskeie Stadige Pirolise en Vakuum Pirolise eksperimentele lopies gehad. Die bio-olies geproduseer tydens Stadige en Vakuum Pirolise was ryk aan furfuraal en asynsuur.

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Braz, Rafael Leite. "Influência das tensões de crescimento e da poda sobre a qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus dunnil, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/37912.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos
Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcio Pereira Rocha
Co-orientador : Prof. Dr. José Guilherme Prata
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa: Curitiba, 12/12/2014
Inclui referências
Área de concentração : Tecnologia e utilização de produtos florestais
Resumo: No Brasil, as espécies do gênero Eucalyptus são as mais plantadas, sendo amplamente empregadas em diversos setores de base florestal e madeireira. Um dos problemas encontrados no uso da madeira para obtenção de produtos sólidos são as tensões de crescimento e a presença de nós. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência das tensões de crescimento e da poda sobre a qualidade da madeira destinada à geração de produtos sólidos de espécies do gênero Eucalyptus, entre elas o Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis e o Eucalytus saligna, através do uso de metodologias não destrutivas e convencionais. O material utilizado para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi proveniente de plantios florestais da empresa GRANFLOR, localizados na região de Rosário do Sul - RS, com 28, 40, 52 e 65 meses de idade. A avaliação da qualidade da madeira foi realizada em duas etapas: Capítulo 1: Avaliação das tensões de crescimento sobre a qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus para geração de produtos sólidos. Neste capítulo, avaliaram-se as tensões de crescimento da madeira, através da deformação residual longitudinal (DRL), analisando, também, as variáveis de crescimento da árvore, bem como algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira. As informações foram obtidas por métodos convencionais de acordo com normas já estabelecidas e por técnicas não destrutivas para mensuração da DRL e análise por espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo. Com base nos resultados foram realizadas analises estatísticas, com o intuito de determinar e agrupar as informações a respeito da qualidade tecnológica da madeira e suas perspectivas. Capítulo 2: Efeito da poda sobre a qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus. Avaliou-se o sistema de poda empregado pela empresa, verificando a qualidade da cicatrização interna dos nós, bem como a extensão do núcleo nodoso e a estimativa da madeira limpa. De modo geral, os métodos utilizados, tanto convencionais quanto os não destrutivos, demostraram ser promissores e apresentaram-se como uma possível ferramenta para a caracterização da madeira. Os resultados colaboraram para a obtenção de infomações e na indicação de material que tendem a apresentar as caracterísiticas de maior interesse, visando à obtenção de uma madeira com maior valor agregado e livre de defeitos, destinada à geração de produtos sólidos. Palavras-chave: Eucalyptus. Deformação residual longitudinal. Nós. Produtos sólidos.
Abstract: In Brazil, species of Eucalyptus are commonly grown, is widely employed in various sectors of based forest industries. One of the problems found in the use of wood to obtain solid products are growth stresses and the presence of knots. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate of the influence of growth stresses and pruning on the wood quality of for the making of solid products of Eucalyptus species, among them the Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna using nondestructive and conventional methodologies. The material used for the development of the research came from forest plantations the GRANFLOR company located in the region of Rosário do Sul - RS, with 28, 40, 52 and 65 months of age. Evaluation wood quality was performed in two stages: Chapter 1: Evaluation of growth stress on quality of Eucalyptus wood for making of solid products. This chapter analized the growth stresses in wood by longitudinal residual strain, also analyzing the variables of tree growth, the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Information has been obtained by conventional methods according to established standards and through non-destructive techniques used to measure the longitudinal residual strain and analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy. Based on the results were performed statistical analyzes in order to determine and cluster the information about the technological quality of the wood and its perspectives. Chapter 2: Effect of pruning on quality of Eucalyptus wood. Evaluated the system of pruning employed by the company, checking the quality of the internal healing of the knots as well as the extent of the knotty core and the estimation of clear wood. In general, the methods used in both conventional and non-destructive be demonstrated promising and presented as a possible tool for characterization of timber. The results contributed to obtain information and indication of material that to present more characteristic tend to have higher interest, in order a superior wood with higher value addedand free from defects intended for making solid products. Keywords: Eucalyptus. Longitudinal residual strain. Knots. Solid products.

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Brondani, Gilvano Ebling. "Miniestaquia e micropropagaçao de Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage X Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/15815.

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No Brasil as espécies de Eucalyptus possuem grande destaque na silvicultura, devido a importância econômica, adaptabilidade, diversidade e rapidez no crescimento. No entanto, poucas espécies apresentam aptidão ao cultivo em regiões com ocorrência de baixas temperaturas e geadas freqüentes, como as existentes no sul do Brasil. Devido a adaptabilidade a essas condições, o E. benthamii e o E. dunnii são espécies alternativas ao plantio, principalmente para o abastecimento energético e sólidos madeiráveis. Adicionalmente, híbridos entre os materiais citados poderão apresentar boa opção para futuros programas de plantios florestais. No entanto, não existem informações quanto a obtenção de mudas do híbrido com padrão de qualidade e quantidade desejáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar as técnicas de miniestaquia e micropropagação como métodos de clonagem do híbrido E. benthamii x E. dunnii. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos. O primeiro referiu-se a miniestaquia com a realização de 27 coletas sucessivas de brotações ao longo de um ano de experimento, considerando-se as quatro estações: primavera, verão, outono e inverno. Avaliou-se também o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) na promoção dos processos rizogênicos das miniestacas. O segundo estudo incluiu a micropropagação, sendo avaliadas as respostas dos materiais genéticos nas fases de estabelecimento de segmentos nodais in vitro, proliferação de gemas adventícias e o alongamento das brotações. Em ambos os estudos, utilizaram-se propágulos de minicepas dos clones H12, H19 e H20 que foram manejadas em minijardim clonal sob sistema semi-hidropônico em leito de areia. Como principais resultados pode-se destacar a grande variabilidade de respostas entre os materiais genéticos. Na miniestaquia, o efeito da sazonalidade e as oscilações da temperatura influenciaram de forma determinante quanto ao sucesso da técnica. A maior produção de miniestacas ocorreu nas estações mais quentes, porém, os melhores índices de enraizamento foram registrados nas estações mais frias. A aplicação do AIB promoveu resultados positivos ao enraizamento das miniestacas. Na micropropagação, os clones apresentaram estabelecimento satisfatório, no entanto, o clone H19 expressou elevada recalcitrância ao cultivo in vitro. Para os clones H12 e H20 foi possível estabelecer as combinações mais eficientes dos fitorreguladores benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) na fase de multiplicação de gemas e, de BAP e ácido giberélico (GA3) no alongamento de brotações. O padrão de resposta para as características avaliadas dependeu da composição básica do meio de cultura, sendo que o ½MS proporcionou as melhores respostas para as características analisadas

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Smit, Norman Hein. "Weathering behaviour of Colorado (Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis) and Balau (Shorea spp.)." Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4202.

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Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Balau, a group consisting of 21 Shorea species, is widely used for outdoor application. In South Africa, Balau is one of the most popular materials used for decking. Due to the increasing scarcity of Balau, it is of economic importance to investigate the possibility of a substitute timber for decking material. One possible timber could be Colorado, a mixture containing one or more of the following: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus tereticornis and their hybrids. These two species and their hybrids are extensively cultivated in countries such as Australia, India and parts of South America because of their short rotation period and easy adaptability to a wide variety of soil and climatic factors. The timber was initially utilized as raw material for the pulp and paper industry but is now gaining importance in structural uses like furniture, flooring and decking. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate relevant material properties and to examine the natural and accelerated weathering behaviour of Colorado and Balau to predict Colorado’s suitability as decking material. It was found that Colorado had smaller vessel lumina, fewer vessels/m2 and smaller rays than Balau and had a higher density than Balau. Although both timbers had a relatively low FSP, Colorado’s FSP was 2.3 percentage points higher than Balau’s. The swelling coefficients (radial and tangential) of Colorado were slightly higher than Balau’s but Colorado’s lower swelling anisotropy can result in a lower tendency to twist in service. Colorado had a higher water soluble extractive content than Balau, which can lead to the rapid initial colour changes when the timber is exposed uncoated. The weathering performance of Colorado and Balau was investigated by exposing samples in a QUV accelerated weathering apparatus and to natural weathering at an inland and a marine location. During weathering Colorado showed a slightly higher colour change ( E*) than Balau. Balau showed a higher increase in roughness (Rz), surface checking and check formation than Colorado. Colorado showed slightly more cup than Balau, however, Balau showed much larger amounts of twisting than Colorado. No statistically significant differences were found between the hydrophobicity of the two timbers. A coating was effective in increasing the initial hydrophobicity of samples and could maintain a relatively hydrophobic surface during weathering. No statistically significant differences were found in the effect of sample cut on timber species surface wettability. Although only long term exposure studies and using substantially more samples can confirm its weathering performance, the results of this exploratory weathering study indicated that Colorado can successfully be used as a substitute decking material for Balau.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Balau, ‘n houtsoort wat ongeveer 21 Shorea-spesies verteenwoordig, word wyd in buitenshuise aanwendings benut. In Suid-Afrika is Balau een van die mees gewilde materiale wat vir dek-doeleindes gebruik word. As gevolg van die toenemende skaarsheid van Balau, is dit van ekonomiese belang om die gebruik van ‘n moontlik plaasvervangende houtsoort vir dek-materiaal te ondersoek. Colorado, ‘n mengsel van een of meer van die volgende: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus tereticornis en hibriede daarvan, kan as ‘n moontlike plaasvervanger gebruik word. Hierdie twee spesies en hulle hibriede word op groot skaal in lande soos Australië, Indië en dele van Suid-Amerika gekweek vanweë hul kort rotasieperiode en goeie aanpasbaarheid by ‘n wye verskeidenheid grond- en klimaatsfaktore. Die spesies is aanvanklik as grondstof in die pulp- en papierbedryf gebruik maar word tans al hoe belangriker in strukturele aanwendings soos byv. meubels, vloer- en dek-materiaal. Die doel van hierdie verkennende studie was om relevante materiaaleienskappe te ondersoek en om die versnelde en natuurlike verweringsgedrag van Colorado en Balau vas te stel om sodoende ‘n aanduiding van die geskiktheid van Colorado as dek-materiaal te kan kry. Daar is gevind dat Colorado kleiner vat-lumina, minder vate/m2 en kleiner strale as Balau besit en dat Colorado ‘n hoër digtheid het as Balau. Alhoewel beide houtsoorte relatiewe lae veselversadigingspunte (VVP) besit, is Colorado se VVP 2.3% persentasiepunte hoër as dié van Balau. Die swellingskoëffisiente (radiaal en tangensiaal) van Colorado is effens hoër as dié van Balau, maar Colorado se laer swellingsanisotropie kan op ‘n kleiner neiging tot skeeftrek dui. Colorado het ‘n hoër wateroplosbare ekstrakstofinhoud as Balau bevat, wat tot aanvanklik vinnige kleurveranderings kan lei wanneer die hout sonder oppervlaktemiddel blootgestel word. Die verweringsgedrag van Colorado en Balau is ondersoek deur monsters aan versnelde en natuurlike verwering bloot te stel. Eersgenoemde is in ‘n QUV versnelde verweringsapparaat uitgevoer en laasgenoemde in ‘n binnelandse en ‘n mariene lokaliteit. Tydens verwering het Colorado ‘n effens hoër kleurverandering ( E*) as Balau getoon. Balau het ‘n hoër toename in rofheid (Rz), oppervlaktekrake en kraakvorming as Colorado getoon. Colorado het effens meer kromgetrek terwyl Balau meer skeefgetrek het as Colorado. Geen statisties beduidende verskille kon tussen die waterwerende eienskappe van die twee houtsoorte vasgestel word nie. ‘n Oppervlakbedekking was effektief om die aanvanklike toename in waterwerende vermoë te verhoog en gedurende verwering te kon behou. Geen statisties beduidende verskille kon tussen die invloed van snit van die monster op die oppervlaktebenatbaarheid van die houtsoorte vasgestel word nie. Alhoewel slegs langtermyn blootstellingstudies en die gebruik van beduidend veel meer monsters die verweringsgedrag kan bevestig, dui die resultate van hierdie verkennende ondersoek aan dat Colorado suksesvol as ‘n plaasvervangende dekmateriaal vir Balau gebruik kan word.

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Favaro, Jaqueline Silveira Comelato [UNESP]. "Estudos da polpação kraft, branqueamento e refino de eucalyptus grandis x eucalyptus urophylla." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132735.

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A indústria de polpa de celulose kraft de eucalipto no Brasil possui grande importância para a economia do setor de celulose e papel. Os parâmetros de carga alcalina e de temperatura devem ser controlados durante o processo de polpação e otimizados para que se obtenha polpa de alta qualidade e alto rendimento. A etapa de refino é uma das que mais consome energia nas indústrias e deve ser bem controlada para a economia de custos, podendo-se atrelar as variáveis de cozimento com a necessidade de refino da polpa. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a influência da carga alcalina e da temperatura da polpação kraft de eucalipto na branqueabilidade e refino. O material utilizado foi uma amostra de cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Os cavacos foram caracterizados e submetidos a cozimentos com as temperaturas de 155 °C, 160 °C e 165 °C, e para cada um deles, foi aplicada a carga alcalina para que se obtivesse polpas com número kappa de 13, 15 e 17. Posteriormente, parte das amostras foi branqueada pela sequência OAHTD(Ep)D. Ambas polpas, branqueada e nãobranqueada, foram refinadas em moinho PFI para diferentes níveis de refino e realizados testes físico-mecânicos. Este trabalho está dividido em quatro Capítulos, a saber: (1) avaliação do efeito da temperatura e da carga alcalina na classificação de fibras, refino e testes físicomecânicos da polpa marrom; (2) impacto da polpação na branqueabilidade e no refino da polpa celulósica branqueada de eucalipto; (3) potencial da sequência curta de branqueamento AHTDP de polpa kraft de eucalipto para a obtenção de 90% ISO de alvura; (4) composição química da lignina residual de polpas kraft de eucalipto, provenientes de cozimentos realizados em 155, 160 e 165 °C por métodos da oxidação por nitrobenzeno e ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
The eucalyptus kraft industry in Brazil has great importance for the sectors economy. The alkali charge and temperature parameters must be controlled during the kraft pulping and optimized in order to obtain high quality and high yield pulp. The refining is the process that consumes most energy in the mill and should be well controlled to the capital reduction. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of alkali load and final temperature of eucalyptus kraft pulping on refining and bleachability. Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla chips were characterized and cooked to different temperatures of 155 °C, 160° and 165 °C, and for each of them, the alkali charge that was applied to obtain pulps with a kappa number of 13, 15 and 17. Subsequently, part of the samples was bleached by the sequence OAHTD(Ep)D. Both bleached and unbleached pulps were refined in PFI mill and physical and mechanical tests were performed. This work is divided into four chapters, namely: (1) evaluation of temperature, alkali charge and its influence on fiber fractionation, refining and physical-mechanical testing; (2) the impact of the pulping parameters on its bleachability and refining; (3) the potential of a short sequence bleaching, AHTDP, of kraft eucalyptus pulp to 90% ISO brightness; (4) analysis of the chemical composition of the residual lignin in kraft eucalyptus pulp by nitrobenzene oxidation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The main conclusions of these chapters are: Chapter 1: lower cooking temperatures are beneficial to the cooking performance, selectivity, viscosity, and preservation of xylans. The use of low alkalinity in pulping increased the mechanical strength of the paper due to better preservation of carbohydrates; the final cooking temperature did not affect the refining with the same intensity as the alkali charge; Chapter 2: higher ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Favaro, Jaqueline Silveira Comelato. "Estudos da polpação kraft, branqueamento e refino de eucalyptus grandis x eucalyptus urophylla /." Guaratinguetá, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132735.

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Orientador: Gustavo Ventorim
Coorientador: José Cláudio Caraschi
Banca: Augusto Batagin Neto
Banca: Claudio Angeli Sansigolo
Banca: Dalton Longue Júnior
Banca: Danielle Goveia
Este trabalho contou com o depósito de Patente no instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial sob número de registro BR1020140166920 em 04/jul/2014, através da Agencia Unesp de Inovação
Resumo: A indústria de polpa de celulose kraft de eucalipto no Brasil possui grande importância para a economia do setor de celulose e papel. Os parâmetros de carga alcalina e de temperatura devem ser controlados durante o processo de polpação e otimizados para que se obtenha polpa de alta qualidade e alto rendimento. A etapa de refino é uma das que mais consome energia nas indústrias e deve ser bem controlada para a economia de custos, podendo-se atrelar as variáveis de cozimento com a necessidade de refino da polpa. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a influência da carga alcalina e da temperatura da polpação kraft de eucalipto na branqueabilidade e refino. O material utilizado foi uma amostra de cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Os cavacos foram caracterizados e submetidos a cozimentos com as temperaturas de 155 °C, 160 °C e 165 °C, e para cada um deles, foi aplicada a carga alcalina para que se obtivesse polpas com número kappa de 13, 15 e 17. Posteriormente, parte das amostras foi branqueada pela sequência OAHTD(Ep)D. Ambas polpas, branqueada e nãobranqueada, foram refinadas em moinho PFI para diferentes níveis de refino e realizados testes físico-mecânicos. Este trabalho está dividido em quatro Capítulos, a saber: (1) avaliação do efeito da temperatura e da carga alcalina na classificação de fibras, refino e testes físicomecânicos da polpa marrom; (2) impacto da polpação na branqueabilidade e no refino da polpa celulósica branqueada de eucalipto; (3) potencial da sequência curta de branqueamento AHTDP de polpa kraft de eucalipto para a obtenção de 90% ISO de alvura; (4) composição química da lignina residual de polpas kraft de eucalipto, provenientes de cozimentos realizados em 155, 160 e 165 °C por métodos da oxidação por nitrobenzeno e ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The eucalyptus kraft industry in Brazil has great importance for the sectors economy. The alkali charge and temperature parameters must be controlled during the kraft pulping and optimized in order to obtain high quality and high yield pulp. The refining is the process that consumes most energy in the mill and should be well controlled to the capital reduction. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of alkali load and final temperature of eucalyptus kraft pulping on refining and bleachability. Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla chips were characterized and cooked to different temperatures of 155 °C, 160° and 165 °C, and for each of them, the alkali charge that was applied to obtain pulps with a kappa number of 13, 15 and 17. Subsequently, part of the samples was bleached by the sequence OAHTD(Ep)D. Both bleached and unbleached pulps were refined in PFI mill and physical and mechanical tests were performed. This work is divided into four chapters, namely: (1) evaluation of temperature, alkali charge and its influence on fiber fractionation, refining and physical-mechanical testing; (2) the impact of the pulping parameters on its bleachability and refining; (3) the potential of a short sequence bleaching, AHTDP, of kraft eucalyptus pulp to 90% ISO brightness; (4) analysis of the chemical composition of the residual lignin in kraft eucalyptus pulp by nitrobenzene oxidation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The main conclusions of these chapters are: Chapter 1: lower cooking temperatures are beneficial to the cooking performance, selectivity, viscosity, and preservation of xylans. The use of low alkalinity in pulping increased the mechanical strength of the paper due to better preservation of carbohydrates; the final cooking temperature did not affect the refining with the same intensity as the alkali charge; Chapter 2: higher ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Afroze, Sharmeen. "Aqueous phase adsorption of organic/inorganic contaminants by eucalyptus bark (eucalyptus sheathiana) biomass." Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1561.

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This research demonstrates the adsorption characteristics of raw and chemically treated eucalyptus bark (Eucalyptus sheathiana) biomass as a cost effective agricultural solid waste adsorbent in the removal of organic/inorganic contaminants from their aqueous phase. Mechanism of adsorption and identification of various process parameters and their optimum values have been explored here. The research outcomes are to show large potential of eucalyptus bark to treat dye and metal bearing wastewaters alternative to many costly commercial adsorbents.

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Interamnense, Marcio Torreão. "Utilização das madeiras de Eucalyptus cloeziana (F. Muell), Eucalyptus maculata (Hook) e Eucalyptus punctata DC var. punctata para produção de paineis compensados." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/25186.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a utilização da madeira de Eucalyptus cloeziana (F. MUELL), Eucalyptus maculata (1100K) e Eucalyptus punctata DC var. punctata na produção de lâminas e compensados. A madeira foi coletada em plantios experimentais do Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo com aproximadamente 25 anos. O número total de árvores coletadas foi nove, três por espécie. Ainda no campo as toras receberam tratamento de topo, anelamento com motoserra, cintamento metálico e selador no sentido de minimizar as tensões de crescimento. O experimento foi completamente casualizado com arranjo fatorial dos dados, sendo a análise realizada por espécie. As lâminas foram produzidas na Indústria Karson Ltda à uma espessura de 2 mm. A qualidade das lâminas está de acordo com a ABIMCE. Foram estudados dois tempos de prensagem (7 e 13 minutos) e as temperaturas de prensagem foram divididas por resinas, uréia-formol (90 e 1100 C) e fenol-formol (135 e 155° C) com um total de dezesseis tratamentos, sendo oito por espécie. Foram produzidos oitenta painéis de 0,50 x 0,50 m. Os valores de densidade básica para o Eucalyptus cloeziana foi de 0,80 (g/cm2), Eucalyptus maculata de 0,78 (g/cm2) e Eucalyptus punctata de 0,76 (g/cm2). As perdas observadas com laminação foram de 49,57% para o Eucalyptus cloeziana, 55,14% para o Eucalyptus maculata e de 82,43% para o Eucalyptus punctata, o que inviabilizou a produção de lâminas inteiras e compensados desta espécie. No ensaio de recuperação da espessura e inchamento mais recuperação de Eucalyptus cloeziana os fatores examinados não apresentaram diferenças significativas para ambos adesivos, para o Eucalyptus maculata no adesivo uréia- formol não apresentou diferença significativa, no adesivo fenol-formol a recuperação em espessura foi de 4,22% e o inchamento mais recuperação em espessura de 11,43%. O ensaio de flexão estática paralela à grã, Eucalyptus cloeziana, adesivo uréia- formol o MOE não apresentou diferença significativa e o MOR valores superiores à 883 kgf/cm2, no adesivo fenol-formol o MOE apresentou valores superiores 171103 kgf/cm2, na flexão estática perpendicular os fatores examinados não apresentaram diferenças significativas para ambos adesivos. Para o Eucalyptus maculata, paralela à grã adesivo uréia-formol o MOE apresentou valores superiores à. 165647 kgf/cm2 e o MOR superiores à 805 kgf/cm2, no adesivo fenol-formol o MOE e o MOR apresentaram valores acima de 160327 kgf/cm2 e 706 kgf/cm2, respectivamente. Na flexão estática perpendicular à grã, adesivo uréia-formol o MOE e o MOR não apresentaram diferenças significativas, no adesivo fenol-formol o MOE apresentou valores superiores à 44714 kg/cm2 e o MOR não apresentou diferenças significativas. No ensaio de resistência da linha de cola os fatores examinados não apresentaram diferenças significativas para ambas espécies e adesivos, e os valores de falha na madeira tanto para o ensaio seco, úmido e fervura apresentaram-se similares há outras espécies. Com base nos resultados obtidos, os painéis produzidos tem potencial para serem utilizados comercialmente.

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Gruber, Yanê Borges Garcia. "Otimização da lâmina de irrigação na produção de mudas clonais de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus urophylla var. plathyphylla)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-19062006-153010/.

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Com o objetivo de otimizar a lâmina de irrigação aplicada durante a produção de mudas clonais de eucalipto, por intermédio de avaliações morfológicas, foram conduzidos três experimentos (E1 verão 2003, E2 inverno 2003 e E3 verão 2004) no viveiro de mudas da empresa Eucatex S/A, em pátio de pleno sol, por 56 dias e apresentaram delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema de faixas. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de 4 lâminas de irrigação (H0 testemunha, H1, H2 e H3), aspergidas sobre o dossel e 2 clones (E. urophylla x E. grandis CA e E. urophylla var. plathyphylla CB). Foram avaliados: diâmetro de caule (DC), altura da parte aérea (HPA), área foliar (AF), massa seca foliar (MSF), caulinar (MSC), da parte aérea (MSPA), radicular (MSR) e total (MST), em função da idade (dias após estaquia) e por meio dos rendimentos na produtividade, proporcionados pelos níveis de lâmina total aplicada. Os parâmetros climáticos coletados foram: temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, evaporação e chuva. Os tratamentos influenciaram no crescimento das mudas. Durante E1, a lâmina irrigada (LI) variou entre 292,54 mm no nível H0 e 65,09 mm no nível H3. Com o acréscimo da chuva (304,6 mm), a lâmina total (LT) aplicada sobre o dossel variou entre 597,14 e 369,69 mm nos níveis H0 e H3, respectivamente. A chuva ocorrida no período influenciou muito na irrigação. O clone CB proporcionou o maior crescimento, sendo a LT H2 considerada a mais adequada (426,46 mm). A faixa de água responsável pela máxima produtividade variou entre 369,69 mm (MSR) e 508,22 mm (MSC) para o clone CA e entre 435,49 mm (MSC) e 475,01 mm (HPA) para o clone B. Recomenda-se a aplicação de uma lâmina diária estimada (LDE) em torno de 7,6 mm.dia-1. Durante E2, a LI variou entre 399,934 mm no nível H0 e 69,92 mm no nível H3. A lâmina de chuva (LC) foi de 55 mm elevando a LT para 443,93 e 124,92 mm nos níveis H0 e H3, respectivamente. A irrigação foi a principal fonte de aplicação de água. O clone CA garantiu o maior crescimento, sendo a LT do nível H1 (330,75 mm) responsável pelos incrementos superiores. Os pontos de ótimo produtivo foram obtidos com a lâmina máxima (Lmax) entre 328,49 mm (MSF) e 359,69 mm (HPA) para CA e entre 338,47 mm (MSF) e 388,55 mm (DC) para CB. É recomendada a utilização de uma LDE de 6 mm.dia-1. No E3, a LI variou entre 402,90 e 69,35 mm para os níveis H0 e H3, respectivamente. A LC foi de 235,08 mm. A LT variou entre 638,73 mm em H0 e 305,13 mm em H3. O melhor nível de aplicação hídrica foi o H1, com LT de 520,47 mm, sendo o CA o clone com maior crescimento. As Lmax responsáveis pela maior rentabilidade foram entre 523,48 mm e 564,97 mm, para os parâmetros HPA e DC, respectivamente, no caso do clone CA e entre 511,23 mm (MSR) e 544,24 mm (MSF) para o clone CB. A LDE recomendada foi em torno de 9,3 mm.dia-1. Durante a fase de crescimento, conclui-se que a água aplicada pela testemunha (H0) é maior do que as necessidades hídricas das mudas de eucalipto.
With the purpose of optimizing the applied irrigation depth during the production of eucalypts (clone seedlings), through morphologic evaluations, three experiments (E1 - summer 2003, E2 - winter 2003 and E3 - summer 2004), during 56 days, were carried out in the nursery forest (opened field) of the Eucatex S/A Company, using randomized blocks statistical design (with sub-plots in strips). The treatments were constituted of 4 irrigation depth (H0 - control, H1, H2 and H3), sprinkled on the canopy and 2 clones (E. urophylla x E. grandis - CA and E. urophylla var. plathyphylla - CB). The stem diameter (DC), the height of the aerial part (HPA), the leaf area (AF) and the dry mass of leaf (MSF), stem (MSC), aerial part (MSPA), root (MSR) and total (MST) were evaluated in function of the age (days after cutting) and through the incomes in the productivity, proportionate for the levels of applied total sheet. The collected climatic parameters were: temperature of the air, relative humidity of the air, evaporation and rain. The treatments influenced in the growth of the seedlings. During E1, the irrigated depth (LI) it varied among 292.54 mm in the level H0 and 65.09 mm in the level H3. With the increment of the rain (304.6 mm), the total sheet (LT) applied on the dossal it varied between 597.14 and 369.69 mm in the levels H0 and H3, respectively. The rain happened in the period influenced a lot in the irrigation. The clone CB provided the largest growth, being LT considered H2 the most appropriate (426.46 mm). The strip of responsible water for the maxim productivity varied among 369.69 mm (MSR) and 508.22 mm (MSC) for the clone CA and among 435.49 mm (MSC) and 475.01 mm (HPA) for the clone B. the application of a dear daily sheet is Recommended (LDE) around 7.6 mm.day-1. During E2, LI varied among 399.934 mm in the level H0 and 69.92 mm in the level H3. The rain sheet (LC) it was of 55 mm elevating LT for 443.93 and 124.92 mm in the levels H0 and H3, respectively. The irrigation was the main source of application of water. The clone CA guaranteed the largest growth, being it LT of the level H1 (330.75 mm) responsible for the superior increments. The points of great productive they were obtained with the maximum sheet (Lmax) among 328.49 mm (MSF) and 359.69 mm (HPA) for CA and among 338.47 mm (MSF) and 388.55 mm (DC) for CB. The use of a LDE of 6 mm.day-1 is recommended. In E3, LI varied between 402.90 and 69.35 mm for the levels H0 and H3, respectively. LC was of 235.08 mm. LT varied among 638.73 mm in H0 and 305.13 mm in H3. The best level of water application was H1, with LT of 520.47 mm, being CA the clone with larger growth. Responsible Lmax for the largest profitability were between 523.48 mm and 564.97 mm, for the parameters HPA and DC, respectively, in the case of the clone CA and among 511.23 mm (MSR) and 544.24 mm (MSF) for the clone CB. Recommended LDE and around 9.3 mm.day-1. During the growth phase, it is ended that the applied water for the witness (H0) it is larger than the water needs of the eucalyptus seedlings.

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Garcia, Felipe Manente [UNESP]. "Rendimento de polpa kraft após remoção parcial das hemiceluloses por auto-hidrólise em cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151199.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A indústria papeleira vem focando em estudos atuais, alternativas para separar a madeira em seus componentes, celulose, hemiceluloses, lignina e extrativos, pois eles que restringem as diversas oportunidades da biorrefinaria integrando processos produtivos de combustíveis e produtos químicos a partir da biomassa. A solubilização das hemiceluloses por auto hidrólise tem sido proposta como o primeiro passo da biorrefinaria, e os materiais extraídos com a auto hidrólise podem ser usados na produção de produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da temperatura (120°C,140°C,160°C) na auto hidrólise, e posteriormente no rendimento da polpação Kraft em diferentes cargas de álcali ativo (12%,13%,14%) em cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que com o incremento da temperatura no processo de auto hidrólise o rendimento apresenta alteração para ambas espécies; reações com maiores valores de temperaturas afetam negativamente o rendimento do processo de auto hidrolise; a utilização da Eucalyptus grandis mostrou mais eficaz no processo de auto hidrolise quando comparado ao híbrido E. grandis x E. urophylla. Conclui-se que, a auto hidrólise apresentou eficácia removendo a maior parte das hemiceluloses e apenas atacando ligeiramente a lignina e a celulose.
The paper industry has been focusing on current studies alternatives for separating wood into its components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives, as they that hide the various biorefinery opportunities integrating production processes of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The solubilization of hemicelluloses by auto-hydrolysis has been proposed as the first step in biorefinery. And the materials extracted with the Auto-hydrolysis can be used in the production of chemicals and biofuels. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of temperature (120 ° C, 140 ° C, 160 ° C) in the auto-hydrolysis and Kraft pulping yield in different loads of active alkali (12%, 13%, 14%) in Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis chips. The survey results showed that with the increase of temperature in the process of hydrolysis yield self presents to both species; reactions with highest rates of temperatures affect negatively the performance of the hydrolysis process; the use of Eucalyptus grandis showed more effective in hydrolysis process when compared the hibrid E. grandis x E. urophylla and concluded that , the hydrolysis showed effectiveness by removing most of the hemicelluloses and attacking only slightly the lignin and cellulose.

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Garcia, Felipe Manente 1986. "Rendimento de polpa kraft após remoção parcial das hemiceluloses por auto-hidrólise em cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis /." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151199.

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Orientador: Claudio Angeli Sansígolo
Banca: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo
Banca: Ezer Dias de Oliveira Junior
Banca: Tatiana Paula Marques de Arruda
Banca: Edjair Augusto Dal Bem
Resumo: A indústria papeleira vem focando em estudos atuais, alternativas para separar a madeira em seus componentes, celulose, hemiceluloses, lignina e extrativos, pois eles que restringem as diversas oportunidades da biorrefinaria integrando processos produtivos de combustíveis e produtos químicos a partir da biomassa. A solubilização das hemiceluloses por auto hidrólise tem sido proposta como o primeiro passo da biorrefinaria, e os materiais extraídos com a auto hidrólise podem ser usados na produção de produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da temperatura (120°C,140°C,160°C) na auto hidrólise, e posteriormente no rendimento da polpação Kraft em diferentes cargas de álcali ativo (12%,13%,14%) em cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que com o incremento da temperatura no processo de auto hidrólise o rendimento apresenta alteração para ambas espécies; reações com maiores valores de temperaturas afetam negativamente o rendimento do processo de auto hidrolise; a utilização da Eucalyptus grandis mostrou mais eficaz no processo de auto hidrolise quando comparado ao híbrido E. grandis x E. urophylla. Conclui-se que, a auto hidrólise apresentou eficácia removendo a maior parte das hemiceluloses e apenas atacando ligeiramente a lignina e a celulose.
Abstract: The paper industry has been focusing on current studies alternatives for separating wood into its components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives, as they that hide the various biorefinery opportunities integrating production processes of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The solubilization of hemicelluloses by auto-hydrolysis has been proposed as the first step in biorefinery. And the materials extracted with the Auto-hydrolysis can be used in the production of chemicals and biofuels. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of temperature (120 ° C, 140 ° C, 160 ° C) in the auto-hydrolysis and Kraft pulping yield in different loads of active alkali (12%, 13%, 14%) in Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis chips. The survey results showed that with the increase of temperature in the process of hydrolysis yield self presents to both species; reactions with highest rates of temperatures affect negatively the performance of the hydrolysis process; the use of Eucalyptus grandis showed more effective in hydrolysis process when compared the hibrid E. grandis x E. urophylla and concluded that, the hydrolysis showed effectiveness by removing most of the hemicelluloses and attacking only slightly the lignin and cellulose ...
Doutor

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Torres-Dini, Diego Gabriel [UNESP]. "Detection of QTLs associated to DBH in a Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus Globulus monoprogeny." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148905.

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Outra
In Uruguay, reforestation with Eucalyptus sp. is of fundamental importance to produce paper, pulp and wood. The productivity of these continually grows due to application of breeding techniques, such as hybridization. This study aimed to investigate genetic parameters, productivity, stability, adaptability and to identify SNP markers associated with the diameter breast height (DBH) for to select Eucalypts grandis x Eucalyptus globulus full-sibs hybrid clones. The study was conducted in a clonal test, repeated at two different soils, in the state of Rio Negro, Uruguay. The population was phenotypically characterized to the DBH at 48 months of age and cambium tissues of each individual were sampled for genotyping with EuCHIP60K chip. The mean growth in DBH was similar between both places. The genotype-environment interaction was the simple type, with high genotype correlation in clones’ performance between environments (0.708), indicating the possibility of the same clones being selected for both places. Mean heritability between clones (0.724), coefficient of individual genetic variation (10.9%) and relative variation (0.916), showed the possibility of obtaining gains by selecting clones with higher growth, which was estimated in 3.1% for both sites together. A total of 15,196 markers SNPs were used in the genomic selection for the DBH, but after cleaning of SNPs data, the number was reduced for 15,196 (23.5%). The predictive capacity was expected to be low or negative (-0.15) for this population given the population size (78 individuals). We used the model rrBLUP with a validation of Jackknife. The model do not showed precision to predict the DBH. These results were consistent with theoretical expectations, which indicate that it is necessary to have an improvement population of at least 1,000 phenotyped and genotyped individuals. The DBH is the most important trait in the breeding of the genus Eucalyptus. However its quantitative nature added to the time necessary for this phenotype to develop makes the early detection of this trait are difficult. The identification of molecular markers associated with quantitative phenotypes is a good choice for the identification of QTLs that will help the early detection of individuals with high DBH. Significant markers associated to DBH , were indentificated into the chromosome 6, suggesting the presence of a QTL in this chromosome. Since they are clones originated from vegetative propagation and a full-sibs single-progeny, they should preferably be used for reforestation based on their cloning, since mating between clones can generate endogamy by biparental inbreeding. The utilization of SNPs helped to confirm the degree of parentage between the clones as well as clonal identity control.

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Collins, Angela Joyce. "Maturation-related genes from eucalyptus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365297.

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Flynn, Helen J. "KNOX like genes from Eucalyptus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419313.

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Duarte, Francismara Aparecida Sanches. "Avaliação da madeira de Betula pendula, Eucalyptus globulus e de híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla destinadas à produção de polpa celulósica Kraft." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-04072007-104504/.

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A madeira é a principal variável de custo na produção de polpa celulósica. A polpa celulósica obtida a partir da madeira de folhosas é principalmente utilizada para produção de papéis de escrita e impressão assim como, a produção de papéis para fins sanitários; para estes usos normalmente a polpa celulósica deve ser branqueada. Mundialmente, várias espécies de madeira de folhosas são utilizadas para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra curta, estando entre as principais o híbrido Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (Brasil), Betula pendula (Finlândia) Eucalyptus globulus (Portugal). Este projeto teve por objetivo: i-avaliar e comparar o desempenho de madeiras de principais espécies utilizadas mundialmente, para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra curta, considerando os aspectos relacionados à qualidade da madeira e polpa, o consumo de reagentes químicos na polpação e também os aspectos relacionados ao rendimento e a capacidade de produção de polpa celulósica; ii-fornecer informações estratégicas para o setor celulósico nacional com relação as possíveis ameaças e as oportunidades apresentadas pelos materiais não utilizados no Brasil, visando o conhecimento e posicionamento em competitividade destas madeiras no mercado mundial de celulose e papel; iii-fornecer subsídios para o programa genético e de melhoramento florestal; iv-posicionar a polpa celulósica de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla em relação as suas principais concorrentes. Para realização deste trabalho foram coletadas 5 árvores de todas as espécies, sendo considerado o diâmetro médio do povoamento, transportando a madeira em forma de discos e transformadas em cavacos de forma manual; com relação à madeira foram determinadas, densidade básica, dimensões de fibras, composição química e análise anatômica através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura; as condições de cozimento foram ajustadas visando à obtenção de polpa branqueável (número kappa de 17±0.5). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as espécies de Eucalyptus globulus e E. grandis x E. urophylla 2 apresentaram melhor desempenho no processo de polpação; atingiram a mesma intensidade deslignificação (expressa como número kappa), sendo necessário menor nível de álcali ativo. As matériasprimas citadas apresentaram maior rendimento, maior viscosidade e menor teor de ácidos hexenurônicos. As diferentes matérias-primas estudadas neste trabalho apresentaram características bastante distintas que implicam em diferentes eficiências nos processos de polpação e branqueamento.
Wood is the main variable in the cost of pulp production, besides being a strong component in the final quality of the paper product. Pulps obtained from hardwoods are mainly used in the production of printing and writing papers as well as tissue papers; for these uses, the pulp must be bleached. Several species of hardwoods are used in the production of pulp worldwide. The main ones are the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (Brazil), E. globulus (Portugal), Betula pendula (Finland). The objectives of this research was: 1) to evaluate and compare the performance of woods from the main species used worldwide for hardwood cellulose pulp production, considering the aspects regarding the quality of the wood and pulp, chemicals consumption during pulping, and aspects related to the yield and capacity pulp production; 2) to supply strategic information for the Brazilian pulp and paper sector regarding possible threats and opportunities presented by materials which are not used in Brazil in order to know and compete with these woods in the world market of pulp and paper. In order to accomplish this work, chips were manually obtained from disks. Regarding the wood, the basic density, fibers dimensions, chemical composition and anatomic analysis were conducted. The cooking conditions were adjusted in order to obtain the bleachable pulp (kappa number 17±0.5). The results had shown that the species of Eucalyptus globulus from Portugal and hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla 2 had better performance in the kraft pulping process; they had reached the same delignification level, as number kappa, requiring lesser active alkali. The mentioned raw materials showed higher yield, greater viscosity and minor levels of acid hexenurônicos. The raw-materials considered in the research showed clearly distinct characteristics that lead to differences in the pulping and bleaching processes efficiencies and strategies.

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Cabral, Carla Priscilla Távora. "Propriedades de chapas tipo aglomerado e OSB fabricadas com partículas e flocos de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus cloeziana e Pinus elliottii." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9543.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades de chapas de madeira aglomerada e de painéis OSB (oriented strand board). Foram utilizadas três espécies do gênero Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus cloeziana) oriundas dos municípios de Ponte Alta (Região do Vale do Rio Doce) e Três Marias (Região de Cerrado), no Estado de Minas Gerais. As densidades apresentadas pelas três espécies de eucaliptos, das duas regiões foram respectivamente: 0,55, 0,61, 0,70 g/cm3 e 0,56, 0,58 e 0,69 g/cm3. Foi utilizada na constituição das chapas uma porcentagem de madeira de Pinus elliottii, oriundo da cidade de Viçosa, com densidade de 0,45 g/cm3, para manter as densidades próximas de 0,70 g/cm3. As chapas de aglomerado foram fabricadas empregando-se partículas de resíduos (maravalhas) e de flocos, ambas processadas em moinho de martelo, apresentando as seguintes dimensões, respectivamente: 0,74 x 9,14 mm e 1,19 x 5,55 mm. De acordo com as dimensões apresentadas, os coeficientes de esbeltez foram de 12,35 (partículas de flocos) e 4,66 (partículas de resíduo). Os flocos foram oriundos de tábuas e costaneiras, apresentando dimensões de 20,00 x 0,46 x 90,00 mm. O adesivo utilizado para a confecção das chapas de aglomerado foi o de uréia- formaldeído e, para as chapas de OSB, fenol-formaldeído; ambos foram empregados na proporção de 8% de sólidos resinosos do adesivo, em relação à massa seca de partículas. Parte das chapas de OSB foi fabricada com flocos de eucaliptos acetilados. As chapas foram prensadas à temperatura de 170° e 32 C kgf/cm2 de pressão. Os painéis foram testados segundo as normas da ABNT NBR 14810-3 (2002) e ASTM-D 1037 (1991). Os resultados foram comparados utilizando-se as normas ANSI/A – 208.1 (1993) e CSA 0437-93 (1993). Os painéis de aglomerado que apresentaram as maiores médias nos testes físicos foram fabricados com partículas com maior coeficiente de esbeltez, procedentes da região do Vale do Rio Doce. Para dureza Janka e compressão longitudinal, as maiores médias foram obtidas para os produzidos com partículas com menor coeficiente de esbeltez, e, o contrário foi observado para os testes de tração perpendicular, módulo de ruptura e módulo de elasticidade. Os painéis fabricados com madeira da região do Cerrado apresentaram maiores médias para os ensaios de compressão longitudinal, tração perpendicular e módulo de ruptura. As espécies que apresentaram as maiores médias foram: Eucalyptus cloeziana (dureza Janka e arrancamento de parafuso), Eucalyptus cloeziana e Eucalyptus urophylla (tração perpendicular, módulo de ruptura e módulo de elasticidade). As chapas acetiladas apresentaram menores médias para os testes físicos. Contudo, a acetilação reduziu a resistência à tração perpendicular, onde as chapas com 100% de flocos acetilados apresentaram resultados inferiores ao estipulado pela norma CSA O437-0/93 (1993). Também, para os testes de arrancamento de parafuso, módulo de ruptura (sentido paralelo e perpendicular) e compressão longitudinal (sentido perpendicular), a acetilação exerceu efeito negativo nas chapas que tiveram 100% dos seus flocos acetilados, sendo estes fabricados com madeira de Eucalyptus grandis. As espécies que apresentaram, numericamente, as maiores médias foram: Eucalyptus grandis não-acetilado (dureza Janka) e Eucalyptus cloeziana misturado com Pinus sp (módulo de ruptura). Somente a resistência à compressão longitudinal foi afetada pela região de origem da madeira. Os painéis fabricados com madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla, da região do Cerrado, tiveram médias inferiores aos das chapas feitas com a mesma espécie, da região do Vale do Rio Doce.
The aim of this present paper was to evaluate the properties of particleboards and OSB boards (oriented strand board). Three species of the Eucalyptus genus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus cloeziana) were used, proceeding from the municipalities of Ponte Alta (Vale do Rio Doce Region) and the municipality of Três Marias (Cerrado Region), in the state of Minas Gerais. The densities presented by the three species of Eucalyptus, from the two regions, were respectively: 0.55, 0.61, 0.70 g/cm3 and 0.56, 0.58 and 0.69 g/cm3. In the formation of the boards, one used a wood percentage of Pinus elliottii, proceeding from the city of Viçosa, with a density of 0.45 g/cm3, in order to keep the densities close to 0.70 g/cm3. The particleboards were manufactured using residues (wood chips) and flakes particles, both processed in a hammer mill, presenting the following dimensions, respectively: 0.74 x 9.14 mm and 1.19 x 5.55 mm. According to the dimensions presented, the coefficients of slenderness were of 12.35 (flakes particles) and 4.66 (residues particles). The flakes were derived from boards and slab, presenting dimensions of 20.00 x 0.46 x 90.00 mm. The adhesive used for the manufacturing of the particleboards was the one of Urea- formaldehyde and, for the OSB boards, phenol-formaldehyde; both were applied at the rate of 8% of solids, as related to the dry mass of particles. Part of the OSB boards was manufactured with flakes of acetylated Eucalyptus. The boards were pressed at the temperature of 170° and 32 kgf/cm2 of pressure. The boards were C tested according to the norms of ABNT NBR 14810-3 (2002) and ASTM-D 1037 (1991). The results were compared using the ANSI/A – 208.1 (1993) and CSA 0437-93 (1993) norms. The particleboards that presented the highest averages in the physical tests were manufactured with particles with a higher coefficient of slenderness, proceeding from the Vale do Rio Doce region. For Janka hardness and parallel compression, the highest averages were those of the boards with particles with the lowest coefficient of slenderness and the opposite was observed for the tests of perpendicular traction, rupture and elasticity. The boards manufactured with wood from the Cerrado region presented higher averages for the tests of parallel compression, perpendicular traction and rupture. The species that presented the highest averages were: Eucalyptus cloeziana (Janka hardness and screw pulling), Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus urophylla (perpendicular traction, rupture and elasticity). The acetylated boards presented lower averages for the physical tests. However, there was reduction in the resistance to the perpendicular traction, in which the boards with 100% of acetylated flakes presented results inferior to the stipulated by the CSA O437-0/93 (1993) norm. Also, for the tests of screw pulling, rupture (parallel and perpendicular) and parallel compression (perpendicular direction), the acetylation had a negative effect on the boards that had 100% of their flakes acetylated, those being manufactured with Eucalyptus grandis wood. The species that presented, numerically, the highest averages were: no acetylated Eucalyptus grandis (Janka hardness) and Eucalyptus cloeziana mixed with Pinus sp (rupture module). Only resistance to parallel compression was affected by the wood origin region. The boards manufactured with Eucalyptus urophylla wood, proceeding from the Cerrado region, had averages lower than those of the boards made of the same species, yet, proceeding from the Vale do Rio Doce region.

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Wirthensohn, Michelle Gabrielle. "Genetic variability and leaf waxes of some Eucalyptus species with horticultural potential." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AHP/09ahpw799.pdf.

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Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: leaves 122-137. 18 species of Eucalyptus were subjected to trials to investigate their suitability for floriculture and the effect of pruning for cut flower production. Post harvest trials were conducted to assess the vase life of cut stems, and the effect of pulsing and simulated transportation on vase life. Species of Eucalyptus were also studied for changes in wax morphology of juvenile foliage with leaf age and for variation in amount and composition of leaf epicuticular wax. Molecular markers were discovered which may facilitate the management of E. gunnii breeding and selection for the cut foliage industry, by providing an initial screen for glaucousness. 12 species were recommened for the cut foliage industry.

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Yang, Dongsheng. "The response of two eucalypt subspecies to water stress and fertilizer at early seedling stage." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140223.

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Bassa, Ana Gabriela Monnerat Carvalho. "Misturas de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus globulus e Pinus taeda para produção de celulose Kraft através do Processo Lo-Solids®." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-08032007-162226/.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos de misturas de madeiras de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus globulus e Pinus taeda na eficiência do processo Lo-Solids® e características das polpas celulósicas visando a diferenciação das propriedades dos papéis resultantes. Foram avaliados os comportamentos das madeiras, quanto aos parâmetros: densidade básica, composição química, polpação Lo-solids®, características químicas das polpas celulósicas, características das fibras das polpas celulósicas e testes físicos. Os mesmos parâmetros foram avaliados nas misturas entre as espécies, realizadas da seguinte forma: Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus taeda nas proporções de 10 a 50% de Pinus taeda, Eucalyptus globulus e Pinus taeda nas proporções de 10 a 50% de Pinus taeda e Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus globulus nas proporções de 10 a 50% de Eucalyptus globulus. Para as misturas entre os Eucalyptus e o Pinus taeda, o número kappa das polpas celulósicas aumentou gradativamente, conforme a proporção de Pinus taeda aumentava na mistura, sendo que os números kappa variaram entre 17,9 e 22,1. Para atingir os números kappa desejados no trabalho, foi necessário ajustar a carga alcalina (álcali efetivo entre 19,3 e 21,3 % expresso como NaOH) e o fator H (entre 970 a 1420). Os resultados das análises indicaram uma tendência de queda dos rendimentos bruto e depurado e da viscosidade da polpa celulósica, dos teores de ácidos hexenurônicos, da solubilidade em NaOH 5%, do número de fibras por grama, da drenabilidade e do índice de tração e estouro, com o aumento da participação de Pinus taeda nas misturas. Em contrapartida, foram observadas tendências de aumento dos teores de lignina total na polpa, do comprimento e da largura das fibras, do coarseness, do índice de rasgo e do consumo específico de madeira à medida que a participação de Pinus taeda aumenta nas misturas. Nas misturas entre o Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e o Eucalyptus globulus, os números kappa variaram entre 17,9 e 18,6 e foram observadas tendências de queda dos rendimentos bruto e depurado, da viscosidade da polpa celulósica, do teor de lignina total e do coarseness, com a adição de Eucalyptus globulus ao Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Para os parâmetros solubilidade em NaOH 5%, número de fibras por grama, drenabilidade, índices de tração, alongamento e estouro foram verificadas tendências de aumento com o aumento da proporção de Eucalyptus globulus nas misturas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, a adição de até 10% de fibra de Pinus taeda aos Eucalyptus pode melhorar a qualidade da polpa para os parâmetros índice de rasgo e drenabilidade. Essas características permitem maiores velocidades de operação das máquinas secadoras de polpa celulósica e máquinas de papel e consequentemente conduzem a uma maior produção. Plantas produtoras que desejam a produção de um tipo de celulose diferenciada, com elevada resistência ao rasgo, incremento da produção, ou ainda a produção de papéis especiais, de baixa gramatura, devem considerar a adição de pequenas proporções de Pinus taeda aos Eucalyptus.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of cooking mixtures between the species Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus taedafor the production of kraft pulp with specific characteristics. The three species were analyzed for their wood density, chemical composition, Lo-solids® pulping, the chemical characteristics of the pulp, characteristics of its fibers and physical tests. The same parameters were evaluated in the mixtures between the species that were made up as: Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus taeda in the proportion of 10 to 50% of Pinus taeda, Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus taeda in the proportion of 10 to 50% of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus globulus in the proportion of 10 to 50% of Eucalyptus globulus. For the mixtures between the Eucalyptus and the Pinus taeda, the pulp kappa numbers increased as the proportion of Pinus taeda increased in the pulps, varying from 17.9 to 22.1. In order to reach the target kappa number it was necessary to adjust the alkali charge applied (from 19.3 to 21.3 %NaOH as effective alkali) and the H factor (between 970 and 1420). The results indicated a downward trend in total yield and screened yield values, in pulp viscosity, in the hexenuronic acid content, in solubility in NaOH 5%, in the number of fibers per gram of pulp, in the drainability and strength and burst indices, with the increasing proportion of Pinus taeda in the pulps. As the proportion of Pinus taeda increased in the pulps an increase was noticed for the parameters total lignin content in the pulp, length and width of the fibers, coarseness and tear indices. In the mixtures between Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus globulus the kappa number varied from 17.9 to 18.6. Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla performed performed better in pulping as it needed a lower alkali charge and had a higher pulp yield and pulp viscosity. Hence, in the Eucalyptus mixtures a downward trend was noticed in the values for pulp yield and pulp viscosity with an increasing proportion of Eucalyptus globulus. Falls in total lignin content in the pulp and in the coarseness were also observed as the proportion of Eucalyptus globulus increased. For the parameters solubility in NaOH 5%, number of fibers per gram of pulp, drainability, strength and burst indices an increase was noticed as the proportion of Eucalyptus globulus increased in the pulps. In conclusion, the addition of up to 10% of Pinus taeda to Eucalyptus can increase pulp quality for the tear index and drainability parameters, making pulp and paper mills faster at drying pulp, or speeding up the paper machines, resulting in higher productivity. These mixtures also allow the production of tailor-made pulp and special papers.

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Martins, Fabrina Bolzan. "DESENVOLVIMENTO E ESTRESSE HÍDRICO EM MUDAS DE Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) E Eucalyptus saligna (Smith)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7581.

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Air temperature and soil water are major abiotic factors that affect plants growth and development. The objectives of this study were two: the first was to evaluate and compare two leaf number (NL) simulation models in Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) and Eucalyptus saligna (Smith) seedlings. The second was to quantify the influence of soil water deficit on transpiration and on some growth (plant height and stem diameter) and development (main stem leaf number) parameters in seedlings of these two eucalyptus species. To achieve these objectives, two experiments were carried out at the field reseach area, Crop Science Departament, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. One was a field experiment with nine sowing dates, and the other was a greenhouse experiment with two sowing dates. In the first experiment, the Wang e Engel model estimated better the NL, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.7 and 3.7 leaves compared with the phyllocron model which had an RMSE of 7.1 and 10.0 leaves for Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna, respectively. In the second experiment, the soil water was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) and the value of FTSW that beginning of stomata closure took place was 0,9 (CV2) or 0,7 (CV1) in Eucalyptus grandis and 0.7 in Eucalyptus saligna. These FTSW values are higher than FTSW values for many annual crops and some perennial species reported in the literature. Seedlings growth and developmental parameters decreased immediately after the start of soil water deficit, represented as FTSW, but it took several calendar days for water shortage symptoms to be visible in the plants.
Os fatores abióticos que mais afetam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas são a temperatura do ar e a água no solo. Esse trabalho teve dois objetivos. O primeiro, foi avaliar e comparar dois modelos para a estimativa do número de folhas acumuladas na haste principal (NF) em mudas de Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) e Eucalyptus saligna (Smith). O segundo, foi quantificar a influência do déficit hídrico no solo sobre a transpiração e sobre alguns parâmetros de crescimento (altura de planta e diâmetro de caule) e desenvolvimento (NF) na fase de muda destas duas espécies de eucalipto. Para atingir estes objetivos foram instalados dois experimentos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS (Santa Maria, RS). Um experimento foi conduzido a campo com nove épocas de semeadura e o outro foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com duas épocas de semeadura. No primeiro experimento, o modelo de Wang & Engel estimou melhor o NF que o modelo do Filocrono, com valor da raiz do quadrado médio do erro (RQME) de 2,7 e 3,7 folhas comparado com o RQME de 7,1 e 10 folhas para Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna, respectivamente. No segundo experimento, a água no solo foi representada pela fração de água transpirável no solo (FATS) e o valor de FATS em que ocorreu o início do fechamento estomático foi 0,9 (CV2) ou 0,7 (CV1) para Eucalyptus grandis e 0,7 para Eucalyptus saligna, valor superior a muitas culturas anuais e algumas espécies perenes. As variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento foram afetadas logo no início da aplicação da deficiência hídrica em FATS, porém os sintomas da deficiência hídrica demoraram para aparecer levando em consideração os dias do calendário civil.

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Cunha, Gina Gabriela Seabra. "Biopolpação a partir de cultivos mistos de basidiomicetos sobre madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus urograndis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97131/tde-28082013-140353/.

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A biopolpação consiste no biotratamento de madeira por fungos degradadores de lignina como etapa prévia à produção de polpa celulósica. De uma forma geral, as madeiras biotratadas facilitam os processos posteriores de polpação. Entretanto, ensaios anteriores que avaliaram a biopolpação em escala piloto mostraram que é difícil estabelecer os cultivos de basidiomicetos de interesse livre de bolores contaminantes, já que não é fácil controlar perfeitamente a assepsia durante a inoculação. Para contribuir com o avanço do processo de biopolpação, este trabalho avaliou os cultivos mistos de Ceriporiopsis subvermispora e Phanerochaete chrysosporium sobre madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus urograndis em regimes de incubação em temperaturas variáveis e em condições não assépticas. A estratégia de iniciar os cultivos em temperatura mais elevada (37°C) e depois manter as culturas em temperaturas variáveis de 27°C e 37°C se mostrou eficiente para inibir o crescimento de contaminantes indesejáveis tanto nos cultivos mistos como nos individuais de cada espécie avaliada. Para avaliar o efeito do biotratamento da madeira numa etapa subsequente de polpação quimiotermomecânica (CTMP) foi feito um estudo preliminar de ajuste de variáveis de polpação por refinamento mecânico de cavacos pré-digeridos com licor alcalino contendo sulfito de sódio. Os dados mostraram que é possível simular o rendimento e as características fisico-mecânicas de polpas industriais empregando uma etapa de pré-digestão dos cavacos com 6% de Na2SO3 e 3% de NaOH a 120°C por 2 h, seguida de desfibramento e refino em refinador de discos. As curvas de refino nesse processo CTMP mostraram que os cavacos biotratados deram origem a polpas com 300 mL de Freeness (CSF) consumindo menos energia do que o observado para o refino da madeira controle. As economias de energia chegaram a 60% em alguns casos, porém não foram maximizadas pelo efeito sinérgico do cultivo misto dos dois basidiomicetos em questão. Experimentos adicionais foram desenvolvidos empregando as espécies fúngicas Pycnoporus sanguineus e Trametes versicolor que foram eficientes para competir com contaminantes mesmo a 27oC. Neste caso, as economias de energia no processo CTMP subsequente somente foram obtidas com tempos mais longos de biotratamento (30 dias) e ainda assim os valores obtidos foram inferiores àqueles obtidos com as madeiras biotratadas por C. subvermispora e P. chrysosporium. Também a combinação das espécies C. subvermispora e Pleurotus ostreatus foi avaliada. Neste caso havia informação prévia da literatura indicando um efeito sinérgico da ação das duas espécies no que diz respeito a secreção da enzima manganês-peroxidase (MnP) e na degradação de lignina. Os resultados corroboraram que os cultivos mistos de C. subvermispora e P.ostreatus proporcionam maior produção de MnP do que os cultivos individuais de cada espécie. Por outro lado, P. ostreatus foi ineficiente para promover a redução do consumo de energia no processo CTMP subsequente. Os cultivos mistos também não proporcionaram efeito superior àquele observado com o cultivo individual de C. subvermispora.
Biopulping involves the wood biotreatment by selected white-rot fungi as a pretreatment step of conventional pulping processes. In general, the biotreated wood facilitates the subsequent pulping processes. However, previous studies on pilot scale showed that the process is susceptible to contamination by molds when the inoculation and biodegradation steps are carried out under non-aseptic conditions. To contribute with the biopulping progress this study evaluated the use of mixed cultures of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phanerochaete chrysosporium acting on Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urograndis wood under non aseptic conditions where incubation was performed at varied temperatures. The simple strategy of initiating the incubation at 37°C for 3 days followed by a non-controlled step where the temperature could oscillate in the range of 27°C to 37°C proved to be efficient to inhibit the growth of contaminants. To evaluate the wood biotreatment effect in a subsequent step of chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP), a preliminary study to adjust pulping variables was performed. Wood chips were predigested with alkaline-sulfite liquor, fibrillated and refined in a disk refiner. It was possible to simulate the yield and physico-mechanical properties of industrial CTMP pulps using a pre-digestion stage with 6% of Na2SO3 and 3% of NaOH at 120°C for 2 h. The refing curves in the CTMP process showed that the biotreated chips required less energy to reach 300 mL of Freeness (CSF) in the pulps than energy required to refine the control wood chips. Energy savings reached 60% in some cases, but were not maximized by the eventual synergic effect of the mixed cultures of the two basidiomycetes. Additional experiments were developed using the fungal species Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus sanguineus that were efficient to compete with contaminants even at 27°C. In this case, the energy savings in the subsequent CTMP process were obtained only after long biotreatment times (30 days) and these values were lower than those obtained with the biotreated wood by C. subvermispora and P. chrysosporium. The combination C. subvermispora and Pleurotus ostreatus was also evaluated. In this case, previous literature information indicated some synergic effect of the two species regarding secretion of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin degradation. The results corroborated that the mixed cultures of C. subvermispora and P.ostreatus provided an increased production of MnP compared to the individual cultivation of each species. On the other hand, P.ostreatus was not efficient to promote energy savings in the subsequent CTMP process. The mixed cultures did not provide increased energy savings as compared with the individual biotreatment with C. subvermispora.

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Costa, Marília Gabriela de Santana [UNESP]. "Alterações no proteoma caulinar de Eucalyptus globulus e Eucalyptus grandis em resposta a variações de temperatura." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150812.

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A indústria de papel e celulose brasileira ocupa uma posição de destaque no mercado mundial. O Eucalyptus grandis é a espécie mais plantada pelo setor florestal e a principal fonte de matéria-prima para a indústria de papel e celulose. Contudo, seu crescimento em regiões de baixa temperatura é limitado. Contrariamente, a espécie Eucalyptus globulus apresenta melhor crescimento em baixas temperaturas, tornando-se cada vez mais interessante para a indústria nacional de papel e celulose. Tendo em vista que a temperatura é um modulador chave no metabolismo das plantas, uma análise global do proteoma foi realizada em plântulas cultivadas em temperaturas controladas, visando a identificação de proteínas diferencialmente reguladas entre as espécies e entre as diferentes condições de cultivo, detecção de vias metabólicas estimuladas pela temperatura e detecção de alterações no metabolismo antioxidante e de lignificação. A estratégia adotada permitiu a identificação de 3.111 proteínas caulinares, representando aproximadamente 9% do proteoma predito para a espécie modelo E. grandis. O perfil de expressão gênica, em termos de número de proteínas identificadas, corroborou com o padrão de densidade gênica para os cromossomos de Eucalyptus. Foram identificadas proteínas envolvidas em diversas vias metabólicas, com destaque para as vias relacionadas com o metabolismo energético, de aminoácidos e nucleotídeos, de lipídeos e carboidratos. Com relação às proteínas diferencialmente reguladas, 16 proteínas apresentaram alteração em sua abundância somente em E. grandis, 38 somente em E. globulus e 12 apresentaram alterações em ambas as espécies. Além disso, um total de 103 proteínas antioxidantes foram detectadas nos caules de ambas as espécies. O perfil de regulação frente ao estímulo térmico, revelou que as alterações nas proteínas antioxidantes são mais proeminentes quando as mudas de Eucalyptus foram expostas a altas temperaturas. Com relação à biossíntese de lignina, a nossa abordagem proteômica resultou na identificação de 27 das principais enzimas envolvidas neste metabolismo, corroborando com as predições de genes e o “toolbox” de lignificação proposto. A análise quantitativa revelou diferenças na abundância de isoformas específicas dependendo do estímulo térmico em que as plantas foram expostas; contudo, o tratamento a alta temperatura foi aquele que induziu mais diferenças entre os proteomas relacionados com a lignificação de E. globulus e de E. grandis. A partir dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o estímulo térmico promove alterações importantes no proteoma caulinar jovem de Eucalyptus, evidenciando aumento na atividade antioxidante em plantas expostas ao calor e expressão diferencial mais proeminente em plantas submetida ao frio.
The Brazilian pulp and paper industry occupies a prominent position in the world market. The Eucalyptus grandis is the most used species in the forest sector and the main source of raw material for Brazilian industry. However, its growth in low temperature regions is limited. In contrast, the Eucalyptus globulus species shows a better growth at low temperatures, for whom interest has increased within the national pulp and paper industry. Since temperature is a key modulator in plant metabolism, a global proteome analysis was performed on seedlings grown at controlled temperatures, aimed at the identification of differentially regulated proteins between the species and between the different culture conditions, detection of metabolic pathways stimulated by temperature and detection of alterations in antioxidant metabolism and lignification. The strategy used here allowed the identification of 3,111 stem proteins, representing approximately 9% of the predicted proteome of the E. grandis model species. The gene expression profile, in terms of the number of proteins identified, corroborated with the gene density pattern for the Eucalyptus chromosomes. Proteins involved in several metabolic pathways have been identified, especially the pathways related to energy metabolism, and metabolism of amino acids, nucleotides, lipids and carbohydrates. Regarding the differentially regulated proteins, 16 proteins showed alterations in their abundance only in E. grandis, 38 only in E. globulus and 12 presented alterations in both species. In addition, a total of 103 antioxidant proteins were detected in the stems of both species. The regulation profile upon thermal stimulus revealed that changes in antioxidant proteins are more prominent when Eucalyptus seedlings were exposed to high temperatures. Regarding the biosynthesis of lignin, our proteomic approach resulted in the identification of 27 of the main enzymes involved in this metabolism, corroborating with the gene predictions and the proposed lignin toolbox. Quantitative analysis revealed differences in the abundance of specific isoforms depending on the thermal stimulus to which the plants were exposed; however, the high temperature treatment was the one that induced more differences between the proteomes related to the lignification of E. globulus and E. grandis. The results demonstrate that thermal stimuli cause important alterations in the Eucalyptus stem proteome, evidenced by the increase in the antioxidant activity in plants exposed to heat and the most prominent differential expression in plants submitted to cold environments.

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Costa, Marília Gabriela de Santana. "Alterações no proteoma caulinar de Eucalyptus globulus e Eucalyptus grandis em resposta a variações de temperatura /." Jaboticabal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150812.

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Orientador: Tiago Santana Balbuena
Banca: Daniel Guariz Pinheiro
Banca: Rogério Falleiros Carvalho
Banca: Carlos Alberto Labate
Banca: Adriana Franco Paes Leme
Resumo: A indústria de papel e celulose brasileira ocupa uma posição de destaque no mercado mundial. O Eucalyptus grandis é a espécie mais plantada pelo setor florestal e a principal fonte de matéria-prima para a indústria de papel e celulose. Contudo, seu crescimento em regiões de baixa temperatura é limitado. Contrariamente, a espécie Eucalyptus globulus apresenta melhor crescimento em baixas temperaturas, tornando-se cada vez mais interessante para a indústria nacional de papel e celulose. Tendo em vista que a temperatura é um modulador chave no metabolismo das plantas, uma análise global do proteoma foi realizada em plântulas cultivadas em temperaturas controladas, visando a identificação de proteínas diferencialmente reguladas entre as espécies e entre as diferentes condições de cultivo, detecção de vias metabólicas estimuladas pela temperatura e detecção de alterações no metabolismo antioxidante e de lignificação. A estratégia adotada permitiu a identificação de 3.111 proteínas caulinares, representando aproximadamente 9% do proteoma predito para a espécie modelo E. grandis. O perfil de expressão gênica, em termos de número de proteínas identificadas, corroborou com o padrão de densidade gênica para os cromossomos de Eucalyptus. Foram identificadas proteínas envolvidas em diversas vias metabólicas, com destaque para as vias relacionadas com o metabolismo energético, de aminoácidos e nucleotídeos, de lipídeos e carboidratos. Com relação às proteínas diferencialmente reguladas, 1... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The Brazilian pulp and paper industry occupies a prominent position in the world market. The Eucalyptus grandis is the most used species in the forest sector and the main source of raw material for Brazilian industry. However, its growth in low temperature regions is limited. In contrast, the Eucalyptus globulus species shows a better growth at low temperatures, for whom interest has increased within the national pulp and paper industry. Since temperature is a key modulator in plant metabolism, a global proteome analysis was performed on seedlings grown at controlled temperatures, aimed at the identification of differentially regulated proteins between the species and between the different culture conditions, detection of metabolic pathways stimulated by temperature and detection of alterations in antioxidant metabolism and lignification. The strategy used here allowed the identification of 3,111 stem proteins, representing approximately 9% of the predicted proteome of the E. grandis model species. The gene expression profile, in terms of the number of proteins identified, corroborated with the gene density pattern for the Eucalyptus chromosomes. Proteins involved in several metabolic pathways have been identified, especially the pathways related to energy metabolism, and metabolism of amino acids, nucleotides, lipids and carbohydrates. Regarding the differentially regulated proteins, 16 proteins showed alterations in their abundance only in E. grandis, 38 only in E. globulus... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Sausen, Tanise Luisa. "Estoque e dinâmica de carbono em plantios subtropicais de Eucalyptus saligna e Mediterrâneos de Eucalyptus globulus." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29596.

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O continuo aumento na concentração de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera, resultado da combustão de combustíveis fósseis, de mudanças no uso do solo e do desmatamento para a agricultura, é um assunto de grande importância devido a suas implicações no aquecimento global e nas mudanças climáticas. O florestamento é visto como uma solução para frear o aumento na concentração de CO2 atmosférico, podendo contribuir na mitigação das mudanças climáticas através do seqüestro de carbono na biomassa das árvores e no solo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alguns dos processos que envolvem o estoque e a dinâmica do carbono em sistemas florestais manejados com eucalipto. O estudo abrangeu trabalhos de campo para quantificar o estoque de carbono nos componentes do sistema florestal com árvores de Eucalyptus saligna com três anos de idade na região Sul do Brasil e a investigação do efeito de variações sazonais e ontogenéticas sobre as emissões respiratórias de CO2 das folhas e do caule de Eucalyptus globulus com 6 e 11 anos de idade sob clima Mediterrâneo na região central de Portugal. Os resultados do experimento de campo realizado no Brasil mostraram que a biomassa do caule representa o principal pool de carbono no sistema florestal (média de 68% do estoque total), seguido pelo solo (média de 30%) enquanto que os pools mais lábeis de carbono, como a biomassa das folhas, raízes e a serrapilheira representam uma menor proporção do estoque total de carbono (média de 2%). O teor de argila e o conteúdo gravimétrico de água no solo foram positivamente relacionados com as variações observadas no estoque de carbono no solo e na biomassa de folhas e do caule. O acúmulo de carbono no solo não foi associado com a produção e composição química de serrapilheira. Por outro lado, as variações observadas no estoque de carbono nas frações do solo (carbono associado a minerais e carbono orgânico particulado) foram significativamente associadas com as características do solo, principalmente o teor de argila e a concentração de cobre; e com a composição química das raízes. As relações observadas entre as características do solo e das raízes com as frações de carbono associado a minerais e de carbono orgânico particulado parecem estar associadas com a função dessas variáveis sobre os processos de decomposição e estabilização da matéria orgânica no solo. Os resultados do experimento de campo conduzido em Portugal evidenciaram que a medida que as árvores tornam-se maiores e mais velhas ocorre um aumento nas perdas respiratórias de CO2 das folhas e do caule. Entretanto, o acentuado aumento observado nas emissões respiratórias nas árvores mais velhas (11 anos) ocorreu apenas durante o outono, sendo associado com a recuperação do status hídrico da planta após um período de déficit hídrico durante o verão. O aumento na respiração foliar e do caule nas árvores mais velhas após a recuperação do turgor celular durante o outono parece estar relacionado com o aumento na energia requerida para os processos de manutenção celular mais do que aos processos de respiração de crescimento. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que em sistemas florestais manejados, o caule das árvores representa o principal pool de carbono e que as perdas de carbono através das emissões respiratórias de CO2 tornam-se mais acentuadas nas árvores mais velhas, apenas em condições ambientais favoráveis ao ganho de carbono, tais como no outono, sendo influenciadas pelo turgor celular. Por outro lado, o acúmulo de carbono no solo parece estar relacionado com a relação entre as características intrínsecas do solo, sobretudo a granulometria, e a composição química das raízes, sobre os processos de estabilização da matéria orgânica no solo do que em relação à quantidade de serrapilheira depositada no solo.
The continuous increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, due to the combustion of fossil fuels, changes in land use and deforestation for agriculture, is a matter of great importance due to its implications on global warming and climate change. Afforestation is seen as a solution to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and may contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration in the trees’ biomass and soil. In this study we tried to assess some of the processes involving the carbon balance in forestry systems with eucalyptus. The study included field work to quantify the carbon stocks in the components forest system with trees of Eucalyptus saligna in the South of Brazil and the investigation of the effect of seasonal and ontogenetic variations on CO2 respiratory emissions from the leaves and stem of Eucalyptus globulus under the Mediterranean climate in central Portugal. The results of the Brazilian experiment showed that the stem biomass is the main pool of carbon in the forestry system (average 68% of total stock), followed by soil (30%) while the more labile carbon pools, such as leaf and root biomass and litter mass represent a smaller proportion of total carbon stock (2%). Clay and gravimetric water contents in the soil were associated with the observed variations in carbon storage in the soil and in the leaf and stem biomass. The accumulation of soil carbon was not directly associated with the production and chemical composition of the litter. However, the observed variations in carbon stock in the soil fractions (particulate and mineral organic carbon) were significantly associated with soil characteristics, especially the clay content, the concentration of copper and the chemical composition of roots. The observed relationships between soil characteristics and root fractions with the mineral and particulate organic carbon fractions seem to be associated with the function of the variables, cited above, on the processes of decomposition and stabilization of organic matter in soil. The results of the field experiment conducted in Portugal revealed that as the trees become larger and older, there is an increase in CO2 respiratory losses from leaves and stems. However, the marked increase in respiratory emissions observed in the older trees occurred only during the autumn, being associated with the recovery of plant water status after a period of drought during the summer. The increase in leaf and stem respiration of older trees after the recovery of cell turgor during the autumn seem to be related to increased energy costs in the processes of cellular maintenance rather than on growth respiration. The results of this study indicated that in managed forestry systems, the tree stem represents the major pool of carbon and carbon losses through the CO2 respiratory emissions become more pronounced in older trees, only under conditions favorable for carbon gain, such as in the autumn, being influenced by cell turgor. Moreover, the accumulation of carbon in the soil seems to be more related to the relationship between the intrinsic characteristics of the soil, particularly grain size and chemical composition of roots on the processes of stabilization of organic matter in the soil rather than the amount of litter deposited in soil.

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Carvalho, Guilherme Mendes de Almeida. "Karyogram, genome size and AT/CG base composition in eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) by cytogenetic and flow cytometry." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/20098.

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O gênero Eucalyptus é um grupo extremamente bem sucedido de plantas arbóreas, compreendendo mais 700 espécies. Além de sua importância em regiões endêmicas como a Austrália, o eucalipto é importante na economia global devido a sua alta taxa de crescimento, adaptabilidade a várias condições ecológicas (elevação, clima e solo) e uso variado (matéria prima, carvão, fibra, polpa e papel). O estudo do genoma contribui para o entendimento de aspectos evolutivos e outros aspectos biológicos básicos do grupo. O entendimento da natureza de um genoma requer informação sobre o conteúdo de DNA e deveria ser considerada crucial em qualquer programa de análise genômica comparativa. O presente estudo determinou e reavaliou o tamanho do genoma e a composição de bases de 25 espécies de Eucalyptus. Além disso, o estudo comparou cariogramas de diferentes espécies, por citogenética clássica e molecular, em busca de possíveis alterações ou regiões não homólogas nos cromossomos de espécies que apresentavam maior diferença no conteúdo de DNA nuclear. No primeiro artigo, foi desenvolvido um protocolo citogenético para a obtenção de cromossomos com uma melhor resolução longitudinal. Assim, foi possível a montagem do cariograma de E. citriodora com 2n = 22 cromossomos. No segundo artigo, o valor 2C e a relação AT/CG foram estimados para as 25 espécies de Eucalyptus. A partir dos valores do tamanho do genoma os quais variaram entre 2C = 0,91 pg e 2C = 1,37 pg, foi feita uma análise comparativa do cariograma de quatro espécies e nenhuma diferença foi identificada. Em uma abordagem citomolecular, com o uso da hibridização in situ do genoma nenhuma região de não homologia cromossômica foi discriminada entre as espécies E. baileyana (1,36 pg) e E. citriodora (1,01 pg). Os resultados alcançados no presente trabalho corroboram para considerar pequenas alterações do conteúdo de DNA dispersas no genoma, possivelmente provenientes da atividade de elementos transponíveis, como a principal causa da variação do tamanho do genoma em Eucalyptus.
The genus Eucalyptus represents an extremely successful group of woody plants covering more than 700 species. Besides its importance in the Australian environment, eucalypts are important in the global economy due to their high growth rates, adaptability to various ecological conditions (e.g. elevation, climates, soils) and multiple uses (e.g. raw material, energy wood, timber, pulp and paper). The study of genome contributes to understanding evolutionary aspects of the group and others basic biological processes. A basic understanding of the nature of a given genome requires information regarding the amount of DNA and it should be considered a crucial aspect of any truly comprehensive program of comparative genomic analysis. The present study determinate, as well as revaluate, the size and genomic base composition of 25 Eucalyptus species. Furthermore, this study compared karyotypes of different species by classical and molecular cytogenetic looking for possible chromosomal alterations or chromosomal non-homologous regions correlated with the genome size variation among the species. In the first paper, a cytogenetic protocol was developed to obtain of chromosomes with improved longitudinal resolution. Thus, E. citriodora karyogram was assembly confirming a karyotype with 2n = 22 chromosomes. In the second paper 2C value and base composition were measured for 25 Eucalyptus species. From the genome size differences that range from 2C = 0.91 pg to 2C = 1.37 pg comparative karyological analysis were conducted and no remarkable differences were indentified. In a molecular cytogenetic approach, a genome in situ hybridization experiment was performed and it was not possible discriminate any non- homologous chromosomal regions, between E. baileyana (1.36 pg) and E. citriodora (1.01 pg). The results achieve in the present work corroborate to considerate small and dispersed DNA content changes, possible due transposable elements activity, as the mainly cause of genome size variation in Eucalyptus.
O autor escreveu a tese toda em inglês, por isso o título ficou no mesmo idioma.

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Nilsson, Johan. "Hadoop MapReduce in Eucalyptus Private Cloud." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51309.

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This thesis investigates how setting up a private cloud using the Eucalyptus Cloud system could be done along with it's usability, requirements and limitations as an open-source cloud platform providing private cloud solutions. It also studies if using the MapReduce framework through Apache Hadoop's implementation on top of the private Eucalyptus Cloud can provide near linear scalability in terms of time and the amount of virtual machines in the cluster. Analysis has shown that Eucalyptus is lacking in a few usability areas when setting up the cloud infrastructure in terms of private networking and DNS lookups, yet the API that Eucalyptus provides gives benefits when migrating from public clouds like Amazon. The MapReduce framework is showing an initial near-linear relation which is declining when the amount of virtual machines is reaching the maximum of the cloud infrastructure.

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Misbahuzzaman, Khaled. "Mycorrhizal associations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15403.

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The species Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. is of great importance in Mediterranean, sub-tropical and tropical countries for the production of domestic products, such as poles, posts timber and fuelwood. Some members of the genus Eucalyptus are reported to form both arbuscular- (AM) and ecto-mycorrhizas (EM). The main objectives of this study were to look at the host-symbiont interactions between E. Camaldulensis and AM and EM fungi, and interactions between the two mycorrhizal types. The initial aim of the project was to determine suitable experimental conditions for the formation of both types of mycorrhizas on E. camaldulensis seedlings. Two experiments, the first with AM fungi and the second with EM fungi, were set up successively using vermiculite-peat (VP) and sand-perlite (SP) as growth media, and 10 mg 1^-1 and 30 mg l^-1 phosphorus (P) Ingestad's nutrient solution in each case. Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith. isolate UT 143-2 and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Crouch isolate PTE were used as the test AM and EM fungus respectively. Results showed that both AM and EM colonisation were very low (1-6%) but even so AM inoculation had a significantly depressive growth effect on seedlings of E. camaldulensis. In both experiments VP was found to be the best medium for both the growth of seedlings and the formation of mycorrhizas. A subsequent experiment using one nutrient concentration (5 mg 1^-1 P) and three AM and six EM isolates with VP as the growth medium resulted in colonisation of up to 20% by two AM fungi (Glomus clarum Nicolson and Schenck. isolate BR148-1 and Gigaspora rosea Nicholson and Schenck isolate FL105-5) but none of the EM fungi used in that experiment formed any mycorrhizas. The fourth experiment using three AM inocula (including two from the previous experiment and one from a trap culture of Bangladeshi soil) and four nutrient regimes (Ingestad's 2.5,5.0,10 and 20 mg 1^-1P) resulted in 30-50% colonisation; most colonisation was by G clarum BR148-1 and was greater at 10 mg 1^-1P (>50%). AM colonisation again resulted in a negative growth response of E. camaldulensis seedlings. In a similar experiment using five isolates of P. tinctorius, only isolate K55 resulted in colonisation >15% most of which occurred at 2.5 mg 1^-1 (>25%) while the other isolates resulted in <1% colonisation.

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Tonello, Kelly Cristina. "Comportamento ecofisiologico de clones de Eucalyptus." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256936.

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Orientador: Jose Teixeira Filho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos vegetais é conseqüência de vários processos fisiológicos controlados pelas condições ambientais e características genéticas de cada espécie vegetal. Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar o comportamento ecofisiológico da transpiração (E) e condutância estomática (Gs) de dois clones de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (C041 e P4295) sob diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica no solo e em função de variáveis ambientais como radiação global (Rg), radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (Qleaf) e déficit de pressão de vapor da atmosfera (DPV). As aferições foram realizadas ao longo do período de fevereiro de 2007 a agosto de 2008 em três escalas de estudo designadas como vaso, parcela e bacia hidrográfica. Medidas de potencial hídrico antemanhã (?pd) foram realizadas para o acompanhamento das disponibilidades hídricas no solo. Após o conhecimento do comportamento ecofisiológico dos clones em função das variáveis ambientais e ?pd, buscou-se relacionar as respostas obtidas na escala vaso com as escalas parcela e bacia hidrográfica por meio de modelos ecofisiológicos desenvolvidos para a mudança de escala ao nível de folha. De acordo com os resultados, as variáveis ecofisiológicas estiveram diretamente associadas às variáveis ambientais e ao ?pd tanto para o clone C041 quanto para o clone P4295. Foram observados entre os clones comportamentos ecofisiológicos distintos quando associados à Qleaf, DPV e ?pd. Os clones apresentaram-se diferentes na amplitude de resposta de E e Gs em função de Qleaf e DPV entre as escalas, porém, observou-se a mesma tendência de comportamento, com exceção da relação Gs x DPV para o clone C041, entre escala vaso e parcela/bacia hidrográfica. Os modelos propostos para a mudança de escala de folha para folha mostraram-se satisfatórios, principalmente nas relações envolvendo a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. Contudo, não apresentaram bons resultados para a extrapolação das respostas ecofisiológicas de Gs em função do DPV
Abstract: The growth and development of plants is a consequence of several physiological processes controlled by environmental conditions and genetic characteristics of each plant species. This study aimed to characterize the ecophysiological behavior of transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of two clones of Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla (C041 and P4295) under different soil water conditions and according to environmental variables such as global radiation (Rg), photosynthetic active radiation (Qleaf) and a vapor pressure deficit of the atmosphere (VPD). The measurements were performed during the period February 2007 to August 2008 on three scales of study designated as a pot, plot and watershed. Predawn leaf water potential (?pd) measurements were performed to monitor water availability in the soil. After the knowledge of the ecophysiological behavior of the clones on the basis of environmental variables and ?pd, sought to link the responses obtained in the pots scale with pot and watershed through ecophysiological models developed for scaling up leaf from leaf. According to the results, the ecophysiological behavior were directly associated with environmental variables and the ?pd both to the C041 as for P4295. Were observed among different clones ecophysiological behavior when associated with Qleaf, VPD and ?pd. The clones were different in amplitude of E and Gs as function of Qleaf and VPD between the scales, however, showed the same pattern of behavior, except for Gs x VPD for clone C041 between pot and plot / watershed scale. The proposed models for the scaling up from leaf to leaf were satisfactory, especially in relationships involving the Qleaf. However, they not provided good results for the extrapolation of ecophysiological responses of Gs as a function of VPD
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

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Oliveira, Leandro Silva de. "Propagação de Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-05052014-154718/.

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O Eucalyptus cloeziana se destaca pelas propriedades tecnológicas da sua madeira, principalmente em razão da sua durabilidade, densidade e resistência. Entretanto, essa espécie apresenta limitações quanto ao enraizamento adventício de estacas, dificultando a obtenção de mudas clonais e o avanço nos programa de melhoramento da espécie. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a micropropagação de E. cloeziana a partir de materiais juvenis e adultos como uma técnica para a propagação da espécie. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes. No primeiro estudo, estabeleceu-se um protocolo de organogênese indireta de E. cloeziana a partir de hipocótilos e cotilédones. No segundo estudo avaliou-se o resgate de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana através da indução de brotações epicórmicas em megaestacas. No terceiro estudo definiu-se um protocolo de micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana. Por último, no quarto estudo avaliou-se o rejuvenescimento in vitro de matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana por meio da micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares e a microestaquia, a partir das matrizes rejuvenescidas in vitro,para comprovar a viabilidade do cultivo in vitro como alternativa de propagação da espécie. A organogênese indireta de E. cloeziana mostrou-se possível e dependente do tipo de explante, dos reguladores de crescimento, suas concentrações e combinações utilizadas nas diferentes fases de morfogênese. As brotações adventícias foram micropropagadas e aclimatizadas com sucesso, obtendo-se mudas clonais de E. cloeziana. No resgate das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana ocorreu maior indução de brotações epicórmicas para as megaestacas coletadas na época do ano com maior pluviosidade e temperatura. O diâmetro médio das megaestacas, compreendido entre 2,0 e 5,0 cm, correspondeu ao mais adequado para a obtenção de maior número de brotações epicórmicas no resgate das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana. O protocolo de micropropagação das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana foi estabelecido com sucesso, utilizando como explantes, brotações epicórmicas induzidas nas megaestacas. A multiplicação in vitro das microcepas foi realizada com êxito no meio de cultura WPM suplementado com BAP e ANA, cujas concentrações variaram entre os genótipos. Os tratamentos de \"pulse\" com GA3 não foi adequado para promover o alongamento in vitro das brotações, o qual foi obtido coma redução da concentração do BAP (0,1 mg L-1). A aclimatização e o enraizamento ex vitro das microestacas foi realizada com sucesso nos miniestufas, garantindo a obtenção de mudas clonais das matrizes adultas de E. cloeziana para a composição de um microjardim clonal. As microcepas das árvores matrizes de E. cloeziana apresentaram diferentes taxas de multiplicação in vitro, apresentando especificidades dos materiais genéticos à micropropagação. Os resultados da microestaquia das matrizes rejuvenescidas in vitro de E. cloeziana corroboraram as evidências de rejuvenescimento desses genótipos durante a micropropagação. Além disso, constatou-se que outros fatores, além da maturidade, podem estar atuando diretamente na recalcitrância do E. cloeziana ao enraizamento adventício. Dessa forma, comprovou-se a importância da micropropagação como uma ferramenta para a clonagem de E. cloeziana, abrindo perspectivas para investigações futuras para otimizar os métodos de propagação da espécie.
Eucalyptus cloeziana has importance for its wood technologic characteristics, mainly the durability, density and resistance. Moreover, this species has limitations on adventitious rooting of cuttings, having difficulties to obtain clonal seedlings and to advance in the improvement programs. In this perspective, the present work aimed to evaluate the E. cloeziana micropropagation by juvenile and mature explants as a technique for propagation this specie. Therefore, the work was divided into four basic studies. The first study was the establishment of the protocol to indirect organogenesis to E. cloeziana hypocotyls and cotyledons. In the second study evaluated the rescue of E. cloeziana adult matrices for epicormic shoots induction in crow branches. In the third study was definite a micropropagation protocol by axillary branching of E. cloeziana adult matrices. Finally, in the fourth study was evaluated the in vitro rejuvenation of E. cloeziana adult matrices to micropropagation by axillary branching and the micro-cutting technique of in vitro rejuvenated matrices to prove the in vitro culture viability to the propagation of this specie. The indirect organogenesis E. cloeziana was dependent of explant type and growth regulator and its concentration used in the different morphogenesis phases. The adventitious shoots were multiplicities and acclimatized with success to obtain E. cloeziana clonal seedlings. The vegetative rescue results of E. cloeziana adult matrices showed a higher induction epicormic shoots from branches collected in warmer and rain season. The medium diameter between 2.0 and 5.0 cm was considered the better to obtain higher epicormic shoots number in vegetative rescue. The micropropagation protocol of E. cloeziana adult matrices was realized with success using epicormic shoots, induced in the branches, like explants. The shoots in vitro multiplication was realized on WPM medium culture, supplemented with BA and NAA. The better growth regulators concentrations were different for each genotype. Treatments pulse with GA3 was not suitable to promote the elongation of shoots in vitro, which was obtained by the BA concentration reduction at 0.1 mg L-1. The in vitro shoots acclimatization and ex vitro rooting was performed in mini-incubators with success and it permit to obtain clonal seedlings from E. cloeziana adult matrices to form a clonal micro-garden. The shoots of E. cloeziana adult matrices showed different in vitro multiplication rates with specific-genotype responses to micropropagation. The micro-cutting technique results of E. cloeziana adult matrices provide evidence that occurred in vitro rejuvenation of these genotypes, during the micropropagation. Therefore, the nursery results showed that other factors, not only maturation, can be involved in the adventitious recalcitrance of E. cloeziana. In conclusion, the importance micropropagation like a biotechnological tool to propagation of E. cloeziana was proved and opened important perspectives for future investigations to optimize the propagation methods for this specie.

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Garcia, André Filipe Fidalgo Casquilho. "Enhancing biological control against Eucalyptus pests." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21212.

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Bhoora, Raksha. "Molecular characterisation of Eucalyptus grandis PGIP." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24370.

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Coniothyrium zuluense is the causal agent of a serious Eucalyptus stem canker disease in South Africa (Wingfield et al., 1997). Eucalypts are the most important hardwood plantations in the world, and in South Africa these hardwoods occupy approximately 1.5 million hectares of plantation area, an area that is soon to be increased by an additional 600 000 hectares. As exotics, Eucalyptus plantations are constantly exposed to infection by fungal pathogens such as C. zuluense, which by secreting cell-¬wall degrading enzymes contribute to the degradation of plant cell walls and subsequent reduction and in the quality of timber produced. This ultimately affects the South African paper, pulp and timber industries. Selection of resistant clones through traditional breeding methods is the most common method currently employed in overcoming the problem of fungal infection. The genetic manipulation of Eucalyptus trees for enhanced resistance to fungal diseases is an alternative to the time-consuming and tedious approach of conventional breeding. The identification of several antifungal proteins, particularly polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) from various plant species including Eucalyptus, lead to the hypothesis that over-expression of these proteins could potentially reduce pathogen attack. However, prior to the expression of PGIPs in plants, isolation and molecular characterization of these genes are required. The aims of this study were therefore (l) to clone and characterize the complete Eucalyptus grandis pgip gene, (2) to transform Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) plants with the E. grandis pgip gene and (3) to test for inhibition of C. zuluense PGs by PGIPs extracted from transgenic tobacco plants. This forms the first step towards the generation of E. grandis clones that are more disease tolerant. A review of the role of fungal endopolygalacturonases and polygalacturonase¬inhibitors in plant-pathogen interactions are presented in chapter I. Strategies employed to isolate and characterize pgip genes from a range of plant species are highlighted and the importance ofPGIPs in disease resistance is discussed. In chapter 2, the molecular cloning and characterization of the E. grandis pgip gene is discussed. The work presented in this chapter is a follow up on work previously conducted by Chimwamurombe (2001). Previously, a partial Eucalyptus pgip gene sequence was obtained with the use of degenerate oligonucleotide primers. In this study, the complete Eucalyptus pgip gene was obtained through the employment of genome walking strategies. Transformation of Nicotiana tabacum cv LA Burley plants with the Eucalyptus pgip gene and the molecular characterization of transgenic tobacco plants is discussed in chapter 3. The transformation and expression of foreign genes in tobacco plants is a well-established protocol, making tobacco the most appropriate candidate plant for assessing the functionality of the plant transformation construct. The production of endopolygalacturonases from virulent C. zuluense isolates and the subsequent PGIP assays conducted to determine levels of PG inhibition are included in this chapter. This thesis consists of three independent chapters representing studies on the molecular characterization of an E. grandis pgip gene and focusing on the potential for inhibition of PGs produced by C. zuluense by Eucalyptus PGIP extracted from transgenic tobacco plants. Repetition of certain aspects in the individual chapters has been unavoidable and the thesis is presented following a uniform style.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2003.
Genetics
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Simpson, Louise Ann. "Chemistry of Western Australian eucalyptus timbers." Thesis, Simpson, Louise Ann (1991) Chemistry of Western Australian eucalyptus timbers. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1991. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51902/.

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The indigenous and commercially important Western Australian eucalypts, Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), Karri (E. diversicolor) and Marri {E. calophylla) were studied through application of new techniques within a framework of the results of past research. Extractives from the woods were investigated using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The structure of the isolated polymers were determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy and molecular weights estimated with vapour pressure osmometry. In Marri kino these were found to consist almost entirely of procyanidin polymers. Flavonoid monomers were identified and quantified. An extensive review of current research into the chemistry and use of proanthocyanidins and past research into eucalypt extractives was carried out. This showed that, while the structure of the extractives was not understood, researchers in the 1920's were using methods of polymer degradation which are now claimed to be the solution to utilisation of the proanthocyanidins as adhesives. Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study the interaction of temperature and water on samples of whole wood. FT-IR studies showed that even small quantities of water at temperatures less than 100 °C have a pronounced effect on absorbance of those bands associated with hemicellulose, lignin and polyphenolics. Spectra of wood sections with water contents greater than fibre saturation point (FSP) exhibit extensive coupling between the component polymers and temperatures less than 50°C result in significant changes in the distribution of water within the wood substance. Sections from all three wood planes were investigated and spectra from these indicated a greater degree of order than expected and also illustrated the importance of anatomy to the distribution of water within wood. DSC results showed that, while the changes were small, it is possible to detect glass transitions (Tg) on whole wood samples. The effect of water was to lower Tg and to make the transitions more readily detectable. Thermal history was found to be important and crystallisation peaks were observed in those samples rapidly cooled after scanning. DSC scans of extracted polyphenolics were carried out and results of these scans are included in the discussion on assignment of the observed Tg in wood. A method utilising DSC to determine the FSP of whole wood samples was developed and is based on the fact that the water closely associated with cell wall polymers does not freeze. It is a more direct method than those currently used and has the potential to be used in such areas as monitoring the impregnation of wood with stabilisers etc. As part of the FT-IR and DSC studies, thermal characteristics of wood and in particular the eucalypts were reviewed. On the basis of the results and the research reviews, it appears that the polyphenolics are important factors to consider in drying behaviour and that the anatomy of the eucalypts is the limiting factor in drying rates if wood free of degrade and defects is to be produced. The effect of various logging methods and storage treatments on the starch content of Karri sapwood were investigated, samples after dry storage and felling with an intact crown showing the greatest rates of decline. Starch levels in standing trees appeared to be influenced by rainfall. Starch is the ultimate determining factor in borer infestation and this is becoming of increasing importance as more regrowth timber is used. Intelligent decisions regarding forest utilisation can be made only from an informed basis. This requires an interdisciplinary approach and must be dynamic with continual research as new methodologies and findings become available. Progress will come with continual review of past research in the light of new knowledge.

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Vivian, Magnos Alan. "RESISTÊNCIA BIOLÓGICA DA MADEIRA TRATADA DE Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus cloeziana EM ENSAIOS DE LABORATÓRIO E CAMPO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8687.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The Wood, because of its organic origin, depending on environmental conditions that is exposed can be damaged by biological agents. In view of this becomes very important that the same pass for any preservative treatment, in order to increase its lifespan. This study aimed to evaluate the biological resistance of treated wood of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus cloeziana under the action biodeterioration organisms in laboratory tests and field, comparing the parameters of wood treated with those obtained for untreated wood. For this purpose, used trees of E. grandis and E. cloeziana, both with 16 years of age, belonging to FLOSUL Timber Company. In this, the logs were deployed into planks with dimensions of 2.2 x 9.0 x 200.0 cm, which were subjected to an air drying until a moisture content of 12 to 15%, to then make up the preservative treatment autoclave with chromate copper arsenate (CCA). Then these boards were sent to the Laboratory of Forest Products UFSM for making the specimens for evaluation of physical parameters as density and equilibrium moisture, quality of treatment as penetration and retention, and efficiency, with tests rotting in the laboratory and field. Based on the results, the CCA preservative treatment under pressure to the woods E. grandis and E. cloeziana with 16 years, showed no significant effect on the specific mass, but in the case of equilibrium moisture content was significant increase for both species. Regarding the quality of preservative treatment, the wood of E. grandis showed penetration and vascular distribution and the E. cloeziana partial irregular, retention was unsatisfactory in both species. The preservative treatment were effective in reducing the biological degradation of wood of two species, both in the test laboratory and field. Thus, comparing the results obtained in tests laboratory and field, the wood of E. cloeziana treated under conditions similar to this study has greater ability to be used under conditions adverse, such as decks, or in contact with the ground.
A madeira, devido sua origem orgânica, dependendo das condições ambientais que seja exposta, pode ser deteriorada por agentes biológicos. Em vista disto se torna de extrema importância que a mesma, passe por algum tratamento preservativo, com o intuito de aumentar sua vida útil. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a resistência biológica da madeira tratada de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus cloeziana sob a ação de organismos biodeterioradores, em ensaios de laboratório e de campo, comparando-se os parâmetros de avaliação das madeiras tratadas com aqueles obtidos para a madeira sem tratamento. Para tanto, foram utilizadas árvores de E. grandis e E. cloeziana, ambas com 16 anos de idade, pertencentes à Empresa FLOSUL Madeiras. Nesta, as toras foram desdobradas em tábuas com as dimensões de 2,2 x 9,0 x 200,0 cm, as quais foram submetidas à secagem ao ar livre até atingir teor de umidade de 12 a 15%, para, posteriormente, efetuar-se o tratamento preservativo em autoclave com Arseniato de Cobre Cromatado (CCA). Em seguida, essas tábuas foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Produtos Florestais da UFSM, para confecção dos corpos de prova para avaliação de parâmetros físicos como massa específica e umidade de equilíbrio; parâmetros de qualidade do tratamento como penetração e retenção; e de eficiência, com os ensaios de apodrecimento em laboratório e campo. Com base nos resultados, observou-se que o tratamento preservativo com CCA sob pressão para as madeiras de E. grandis e E. cloeziana com 16 anos não mostrou efeito significativo sobre a massa especifica, já no caso da umidade de equilíbrio, ocorreu aumento significativo para ambas as espécies. Em relação à qualidade do tratamento preservativo, a madeira de E. grandis apresentou penetração vascular e o E. cloeziana parcial irregular, já a retenção foi pouco satisfatória nas duas espécies estudadas. O tratamento preservativo foi eficiente na redução da degradação biológica das madeiras das duas espécies, tanto no ensaio de laboratório quanto de campo. Dessa forma, comparando-se os resultados obtidos nos testes de laboratório e de campo, o E. cloeziana tratado sob condições similares no, presente estudo, apresenta maior aptidão para ser usado em condições adversas, como decks, ou em contato com o solo.

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Lopes, Jane Luísa Wadas [UNESP]. "Qualidade de mudas clonais do híbrido de eucalyptus grandis vs. Eucalyptus urophylla, submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103408.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do manejo hídrico na rustificação e no desenvolvimento em campo em dois solos, um arenoso e outro argiloso, das mudas do clone H13 selecionado para deficiência hídrica de Eucalyptus grandis vs. Eucalyptus urophylla, produzidas em dois diferentes substratos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no estado de SP: Bofete, Ibaté , Patrocínio Paulista e Guará, com mudas produzidas por miniestaquia no substrato Plantmax estacas® (PLX) e em casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita (CAC), em iguais proporções, constituindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e manejadas durante a fase de rustificação (dos 60 aos 90 dias após estaquia - DAE), com cinco diferentes freqüências de irrigação por subsuperfície, restabelecendo a condição de capacidade de campo (F1 – irrigado uma vez ao dia, F2 – irrigado duas vezes ao dia, F3 – irrigado três vezes ao dia, F4 – irrigado quatro vezes ao dia e FD – mantido em irrigação), até o plantio em campo, aos 90 DAE. Foram avaliados nas mudas: altura de parte aérea, diâmetro de colo, relação altura da parte aérea / diâmetro de colo, número de pares de folhas, número de ramos, área foliar, matéria seca da haste e ramos, das folhas e seca radicular, transpiração, resistência estomática, potencial hídrico foliar, temperatura, luz incidente e número de estômatos. Também foram realizadas análises químicas dos substratos e análises dos teores e acúmulos nutricionais nas folhas, haste e ramos e nas raízes, bem como um censo da sobrevivência em todas as parcelas de viveiro. Essas mudas foram enviadas para o plantio em campo, sendo que os solos foram preparados para o plantio seguindo os princípios do cultivo mínimo. O delineamento de campo foi constituído de blocos ao acaso, com 96 plantas por parcela. Aos 15 e aos 30 dias após o plantio, foram efetuados censos...
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the water management during the hardening and in the grassland development of the H13 hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings selected to be dry resistant, produced in different substratum and soils, one of medium texture and other of sandy texture. The experiment was conduced in two places located in São Paulo state: Bofete, Ibaté , Patrocínio Paulista and Guará, with seedlings produced with the Plantmax estacas® (PLX) substrate and, with the equal quantities mix of rice carbonized husks and vermiculite (CAC) and managed, during the hardening (from 60 at 90 days after the mass propagation - DAE) with five subsurface irrigations, restoring the field condition (F1: irrigated once a day, F2: irrigated twice a day, F3: irrigated three times a day, F4: irrigated four times a day and FD: maintained irrigated) until the planting at 90 days. Evaluations on the seedling were done: as collar diameter, air part height / collar diameter relation, numbers of pairs of leaves, number of branches, dry material of stems and branches, dry material of the leaves and of the roots and leaf area, the potential water, temperature, light incidence, stomatic resistance, transpiration and the stomat number. Were also determined nutrients contents in the substratum and, the contents and the accumulation of the leaves, stems, branches and the seedlings root system and census of survival in all plots of nursery. The soils were prepared following minimum cultivation system principles. The grassland layout was constituted by four repetitions on random blocks outlining, with 96 plants by plot. After 15 and 30 days after planting, census and evaluated water stress level of the plants in all plots in both places by grassland been made, as well the survey the other biotical and abiotical factors wich affected the survival. Shoot height... (Complete abstract click enctronic access below)

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50

Prado, Débora Zanoni do [UNESP]. "Enraizamento de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla pela ação de peróxido de hidrogênio, quercetina e ácido indolbutírico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108850.

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A propagação vegetativa é a principal forma de produção de mudas de Eucalyptus, porém alguns materiais clonais ainda apresentam dificuldades de propagação, inclusive no enraizamento. Indiretamente, os flavonóides e o peróxido de hidrogênio podem favorecer este processo, assim como alterar os níveis de substâncias antioxidantes, como enzimas e compostos fenólicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do flavonóide quercetina, peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido indol butírico (IBA) no enraizamento e desenvolvimento de Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, bem como nos mecanismos de produção de antioxidantes e proteção das células contra danos oxidativos. O estudo foi dividido em duas fases. Inicialmente os clones foram submetidos a tratamentos com combinação de peróxido de hidrogênio (0; 1,75; 3,5 e 7,0%) e IBA (0; 1.000 mg kg-1) e a combinação de quercetina (0; 250; 500; 1.000 mg kg-1) e IBA (0; 1.000 mg kg-1). Os tratamentos foram aplicados em estacas e as mudas foram avaliadas em relação aos trinta, sessenta e noventa dias após o plantio em relação a altura, diâmetro e porcentagem de sobrevivência. Aos noventa dias uma avaliação destrutiva foi realizada e determinados a porcentagem de enraizamento, o tamanho médio da maior raiz e a quantidade de raízes. Após esta avaliação, o peróxido de hidrogênio (0;3,5%), IBA (0; 1.000 mg kg-1) e a quercetina (0; 500 mg kg-1) foram combinados a fim de verificar a interação de peróxido de hidrogênio, quercetina e IBA sobre algumas moléculas com capacidade antioxidante. Noventa dias após o plantio, os efeitos desses compostos na atividade das enzimas IAA-oxidase, peroxidase, polifenoloxidase, fenilalanina amônio liase e poliamina oxidase e nos teores de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, antocianinas e poliaminas foram avaliados por métodos espectofotométricos e teores de quercetina e ácido indolacético foram avaliados ...
Vegetative propagation is the main form to produce cuttings of Eucalyptus, but some clones still have difficulties in propagation, including on rooting process. Indirectly, flavonoids and hydrogen peroxide can enhance this process, as well as modify the levels of antioxidants such as phenolic compounds and enzymes. This work was aimed to evaluate flavonoid quercetin, hydrogen peroxide and indolbutyric acid (IBA) action on rooting of cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, as well as in mechanisms of antioxidants production and cells protection against oxidative damage. The study was divided into two phases. Initially, clones were subjected to treatments with combination of hydrogen peroxide (0, 1.75, 3.5 and 7.0%) and IBA (0, 1.000 mg kg-1) and combination of quercetin (0, 250, 500, 1.000 mg kg-1) and IBA (0, 1.000 mg kg-1). Treatments were applied to cuttings and evaluated in thirty, sixty and ninety days after planting in relation to height, diameter and survival percentage. Ninety days after planting, a destructive evaluation was performed and percentage of rooting, average size of the largest root and the amount of roots were determined. After this evaluation, hydrogen peroxide (0, 3.5%), IBA (0, 1000 mg kg-1) and quercetin (0,500 mg kg-1) were combined in order to verify the interaction of hydrogen peroxide, quercetin and IBA on some molecules with antioxidant capacity. Ninety days after planting, these compounds effects on the activity of IAA oxidase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polyamine oxidase and the levels of phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and polyamines were evaluated by spectrophotometric methods and levels of quercetin and indole acetic acid were evaluated via LC/MS in leaves and roots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test at 5 % probability. No significant differences were found in relation to height, diameter, survival ...

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