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Journal articles on the topic 'Eucalyptus regnans'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Saavedra, M. C., T. M. Withers, and G. I. Holwell. "Suitability of four Eucalyptus host species for the development of Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellap." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5771.

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Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a serious pest of Eucalyptus species This invasive insect has established in Auckland New Zealand since it was first detected in March of 2012 Elsewhere in the world it causes enormous economic losses to the eucalypt forest industry but also damages urban trees in public spaces Laboratory experiments were undertaken to evaluate the suitability of four Eucalyptus host species for the development of T peregrinus where three of these species are economically important for the forestry industry and the other is a popular amenity tree The development of eggs nymphs and adults was evaluated and fecundity calculated in excised leaf assays in the laboratory As a result E nitens and E nicholii were identified as suitable host plants On the other hand the insect did not survive on either E fastigata or E regnans Accordingly this study contributes evidence that there may be lower risk to species within the subgenus Monocalyptus from T peregrinus As E regnans and E fastigata are two of valued eucalypt species grown for pulp in commercial forestry in New Zealand and worldwide these are positive findings for the forestry sector

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2

Bi, H., and ND Turvey. "Inter-Specific Competition Between Seedlings of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans and Acacia melanoxylon." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 1 (1994): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940061.

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A replacement series experiment was carried out to determine the competitive aggressiveness of three species, P. radiata, E. regnans and A. melanonylon towards each other at seedling stage. Seedlings of the three species were grown at an overall density of six plants per pot for each species combination, providing all combinations of two species from 0:6 to 6:O. In addition, seedlings were grown in pure stands from one plant to six plants per pot for the three species. The relative crowding coefficient, the relative yield total, the relative effects of intra- and inter-specific competition on the yield of each species were the four indices calculated. Acacia melanoxylon was the most aggressive species, followed by P. radiata then E. regnans. In comparison with their corresponding monoculture, A. melanonylon in mixtures showed the smallest decrease in shoot/root ratio, whilst P. radiata had a greater decrease and E. regnans showed the greatest reduction. The average relative yield total of E. regnans and A. melanoxylon was close to 1 for both shoots and roots, indicating an almost complete overlap in resource use between the two native species. The relative yield total of P. radiata and E. regnans was 1.27 for shoots and 1.48 for roots, suggesting a possible difference in resource use between them. The results of this experiment provide a valuable qualitative insight into the relative magnitudes of the effects of inter- and intra-specific competition between the seedlings of the three species.

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3

Xu, Kai Meng, Deng Yun Tu, Peng Xiang Peng, Qiong Guo, and Hong Yun. "The Air-Kiln Drying Technology Research on Australian Eucalyptus regnans Board." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.507.

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This paper researched on Australian Eucalyptus regnans drying properties by 100°C Test Method, also researched 25mm-thick boards dried by air-kiln drying schedule. The result indicated that the species belongs to refractory wood when drying, with checks and collapse defects that develop easily. In order to improve the drying quality, we adopted the method of first air-drying the moisture content (MC) to four different ranges and then kiln-drying. The two phrase air-kiln drying schedule concluded that the drying cycle of 25mm-thick Eucalyptus regnans board from 76.34% to 13.11% MC was 33.5 days, and the drying quality of visible defect met the requirement for the first level of the Chinese national standards.

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4

Griffin, AR, GF Moran, and YJ Fripp. "Preferential Outcrossing in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 4 (1987): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870465.

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Seed production characteristics of Eucalyptus regnans following self (S), outcross (O), (S+O ) and open pollination were investigated as a contribution to understanding of breeding system control in this species. All five trees tested produced seed after self-pollination, although yield was reduced relative to outcrossing. Isozyme analysis was used to determine paternity of individual seeds produced by polli- nation with a 1 : 1 mixture of S and 0 pollens. Preferential outcrossing was demonstrated, with an average of 81% of seeds being outcrosses. S and 0 seeds were also found within the same open- pollinated capsules, confirming the experimental observation that receipt of outcross pollen does not per se preclude self-fertilisation. The independent probabilities of survival of S and 0 embryos, as determined from seed yield per 100 flowers after separate S and 0 pollination, accounted for much of the preferential outcrossing effect. However, some trees produced more outcrosses than expected and competitive interaction of embryo genotypes within a capsule cannot be discounted. Following open pollination, samples from 15 trees averaged 16.7 ovules and 1.48 full seeds per capsule, giving a mean seed : ovule ratio of 9.0%. The modal number of seeds per capsule was 1 and the maximum 9, while 21% of capsules yielded no full seeds. These observations and experiments suggest post-fertilisation control of the breeding system, dependent upon both embryo genotype and maternal resource allocation.

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5

Blomstedt, C., J. Cameron, P. Whiteman, and SF Chandler. "Micropropagation of Juvenile Eucalyptus regnans (Mountain Ash)." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 2 (1991): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910179.

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Node-derived shoot cultures of Eucalyptus regnans were established from in vitro grown seedlings on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 (2 μm) zeatin and 0.05 mg L-1 (0.3 μm) napthaleneacetic acid. A double sterilisation method was essential to obtain clean material from seed. Microcuttings from established cultures were used to develop an efficient method for in vitro rooting. Rooting was best after a 7 day pulse on 20 mg L-1 (98 μm) indolebutyric acid. Hoagland's or Woody Plant Medium supported better rooting than MS basal medium and rooting was significantly enhanced by subculture to activated charcoal after the auxin pulse. Carbohydrate (sucrose or glucose) was essential for rooting while high light intensity was inhibitory. Optimal light conditions were a 12 h day (17 W m-2). In all, 90% of plantlets established in the nursery survived the winter.

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6

Rozas, Carlos, Barbara Zapata, Fernando Muñoz, Virna Ortiz-Araya, and Oswaldo Erazo. "Characterization and Yield of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell Logs for Lumber Production." Forests 14, no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14122359.

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The yield of Eucalyptus regnans logs for lumber production was evaluated. Crack width and length at each log end were measured. Two log-cutting plans were used to obtain sawn lumber. The first plan (PA) considered logs with diameters varying from 28 to 40 cm, and in the second plan (PB), the log diameters ranged from 42 to 56 cm (PB). Lumber yield was determined using two log volume methods: the Japanese Agricultural Standards (JAS) and Smalian’s equation. The deformations of E. regnans lumber were measured. The Australian and Chilean standards were used to classify sawn lumber. The results showed that logs had radial cracks at both log ends. Cracks were classified into two groups, considering the crack length. Regarding the lumber deformations, most boards exhibited level B bows and crooks in both cutting plans. Levels A and B twists were prevalent in PA, whereas in PB, level A significantly outnumbered level B. The lumber yield of E. regnans in PB was higher than in PA. The lumber yield determined by Smalian’s equation was higher than that determined by the JAS method. This research provides insight into the characterization of E. regnans for lumber production, highlighting its relevance in the forestry industry.

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7

Prado D., José Antonio, Juan Carlos Bañados M., and Andrés Bello D. "Antecedentes sobre la capacidad de retoñación de algunas especies del género Eucalyptus en Chile." Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 4, no. 2 (July 6, 1990): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.1990.139.

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Se analiza la capacidad de retoñación de 5 especies del género Eucalyptus, E. delegatensis, E. globulus ssp. globulus, E. nitens, E. regnans y E. viminalis. Un año después de la corta sólo E. regnans no presentaba una retoñación suficiente como para asegurar la siguiente rotación de monte bajo. Las otras especies retoñaron bien, incluso E. nitens y E. delegatensis, especies que tradicionalmente se han considerado con ciertas limitaciones para rebrotar después de la corta.

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8

Ashton, DH. "Ecology of Bryophytic Communities in Mature Eucalyptus regnans F Muell Forest at Wallaby Creek, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 2 (1986): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860107.

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Bryophytic communities in plateau forests of mature Eucalyptus regnans are distributed according to substrate type and microclimate, whereas those in gully rainforests are more catholic. Objective classification of releves indicated the extent to which groupings are shared between these major topographic sites and the degree to which their distribution is mediated by differences in microclimate. Communities on many substrates in E. regnans forests are either seral to a fern floor 'climax' or exhibit pattern and process cycles of regenerative stability.

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9

Ashton, DH, and EM Sandiford. "Natural Hybridisation Between Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. And E. macrorhyncha F. Muell. in the Cathedral Range, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 1 (1988): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880001.

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Intermediates between E. regnans and E. macrorhyncha occur in E. macrorhyncha forests on the Cathedral Range sandstones up to 5 km from the nearest stands of E. regnans. Such intermediates are regarded as F1 hybrids, primarily because of their low variability. Except for one site adjacent to E. regnans, no introgression to E. macrorhyncha is found, suggesting that hybridization is a rare event. The presence of hybrids is likely to be a result of a 'third order reaction' requiring heavy synchronous flowering, attraction of suitable pollinators and the occurrence of bushfires within the retention time of capsules in the canopies. Intermediate trees exhibit water relation characteristics and essential oil contents similar to those of E. macrorhyncha but morphological features closer to those of E. regnans. Progeny of intermediates display wide variability, both morphologically and physiologically, between the putative parent species. Such rare, widely dispersed hybrid events may eventually lead to increased local variation of E. macrorhyncha and as such may have implications for evolution of eucalypt taxa in diverse habitats.

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10

Griffin, A. Rod, Andrew B. Hingston, and Clifford P. Ohmart. "Pollinators of Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae), the world's tallest flowering plant species." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 1 (2009): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08168.

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Insect visitors to the flowers of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. in a remnant natural stand were classified into 33 functional pollinator groups according to taxonomic affinity and body size. In total, 92% of insects caught were dipterans; however, most of these were small and did not contribute significantly to pollination. For the majority of taxa, which have short mouthparts and therefore need to intrude themselves into the flower while feeding on nectar, there was a highly significant relationship between body length and the number of E. regnans pollen grains carried on the body. Mean pollen loads ranged from 20 grains per insect for sepsid flies to 84 000 for large tachinid flies. An index of pollen-deposition potential, which is based on population size and pollen load, suggested that the larger tachinid, calliphorid and syrphid flies were the most important pollen vectors and that larger sphecid wasps also played a significant role. Many taxa appeared to contribute little to pollination because they were uncommon and/or did not carry large quantities of pollen. A convention is proposed whereby groups are weighted according to their contribution to total pollen-deposition potential. For E. regnans, a ratio of 5 Diptera/1 Hymenoptera + (Coleoptera/Lepidoptera) is described, with the taxa in parentheses contributing less than 10% of the total.

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11

Hardner, Craig M., and Bradley M. Potts. "Postdispersal Selection Following Mixed Mating in Eucalyptus regnans." Evolution 51, no. 1 (February 1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410964.

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12

Waters, David A., Geoffrey E. Burrows, and John D. I. Harper. "Eucalyptus regnans(Myrtaceae): A fire-sensitive eucalypt with a resprouter epicormic structure." American Journal of Botany 97, no. 4 (April 2010): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900158.

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13

Old, KM, R. Gibbs, I. Craig, BJ Myers, and ZQ Yuan. "Effect of Drought and Defoliation on the Susceptibility of Eucalypts to Cankers Caused by Endothia gyrosa and Botryosphaeria ribis." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 6 (1990): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900571.

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Seedlings, saplings and mature eucalypts were susceptible to infection by Endothia gyrosa and Botryosphaeria ribis. Eucalyptus regnans and E. delegatensis were more susceptible than E. grandis and E. saligna. In trees not subjected to stress, cankers were limited in extent and often healed. When trees were defoliated, either manually or by severe insect attack, stem concentrations of both starch and soluble carbohydrates were reduced and canker development in some pathogen/host combinations was increased. Seedlings subjected to water stress were not predisposed to canker formation. The association of E. gyrosa with branch dieback of rural eucalypts suffering from chronic defoliation suggests that canker fungi contribute to the crown dieback syndrome in south-eastern Australia.

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14

Mauchline, N., T. Withers, and Q. Wang. "Host suitability of some eucalypts for development of the Eucalyptus leafroller (Strepsicrates macropetana)." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3728.

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Strepsicrates macropetana (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) is a pest occurring only on species of Eucalyptus Nochoice trials were carried out by inoculating eggs onto potted plants of E nitens E saligna E fastigata and E regnans held in a glasshouse A number of development parameters including pupal weight time to adult eclosion and survival from egg to adult were measured All hosts were suitable for complete development of larvae however mean survival to adult was highest on E fastigata (61) The shortest time to eclosion (40 days) occurred on E nitens There was no difference in pupal weight between host species Adult female fecundity was variable The results indicate that the species of Eucalyptus tested which were from subgenera containing economically important species all supported development of S macropetana

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15

Ilic, J. "Woods of Eucalyptus-Part 1 Distinguishing Three Species from the Ash Group." IAWA Journal 18, no. 1 (1997): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001457.

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In Australia the ash group of eucalypts comprises approximately 35 species of Eucalyptus from the botanical series Obliquae. They are abundant in south-eastern Australia, but timber of commerce comes mainly from Victoria and Tasmania and includes E. regnans F. Muell., E. delegatensis R.T. Baker and E. obliqua L'Hérit. This group produces some of the fastest growing and the highest yielding hardwood species in Australia. The timbers are similar in appearance and can be interchanged for many uses, but there are some important differences. This study found differences between the species in basic density, distinctness of growth rings and pore grouping, ray width, proportion of multiseriate rays, and the height of the multi seriate proportion of the rays. Differences between mainland and Tasmanian provenances were also observed. Growth rings are prominent in E. delegatensis from the mainland, but less so from Tasmania, and least distinct in E. obliqua. Basic density can be used to distinguish E. obliqua when samples are heavier than 605 kg/ m3, and E. regnans for samples less than 390 kg/m3. Height of the multiseriate portion of the rays is 1-9, mostly 5 cells in E. obliqua, whereas it is 1-5, mostly 1-2(-4) cells high in the other two species; maximum height of the multi seriate portion of the rays is 3-12, mostly 4-8 cells in E. obliqua, 1-6, mostly 1-2 cells in E. delegatensis, and 1-8, mostly 1-3 cells in E. regnans; width of individual ray cells 10-30 µm, mostly 15-20 µm in E obliqua, and 5-16 µm, mostly 8-12 µm in the other two species. A key for separation between the species is given and the similarities to other species are discussed. Other commercially important species will be dealt with subsequently.

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16

Lisboa, Magdalena, Eduardo Acuña, Jorge Cancino, Fernando Chao, Fernando Muñoz, Roque Rodríguez, and Peter Volker. "Physiological response to pruning severity in Eucalyptus regnans plantations." New Forests 45, no. 6 (May 18, 2014): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-014-9434-8.

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17

Innes, T. C. "Collapse free pre-drying of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 53, no. 6 (November 1995): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050119.

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18

Hallam, P. M., J. B. Reid, and C. L. Beadle. "Frost hardiness of commercial Eucalyptus species at different elevations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-188.

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Six Eucalyptus species, E. regnans F. Muell., E. delegatensis R.T. Bak., E. globulus Labill., E. nitens (Deane & Maid.) Maid., E. pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng, and E. grandis Hill ex Maid., were sampled for determination of frost hardiness in March (late summer) and August (late winter) 1985 from trial plantings at four elevations in southern Tasmania. In March, there was a statistically significant difference between sites, but not between species or provenances. In August, significant differences between species, and for E. delegatensis between provenances, had developed. The species ranked in order of increasing frost hardiness as follows: E. regnans < E. grandis < E. globules = E. delegatensis (Maydena provenance) < E. pauciflora < E. nitens < E. delegatensis (Guildford provenance). Greatest frost hardiness was developed at the 60-m site (elevation), followed by (in decreasing order) the 650-m site, the 440-m site, and the 240- m site. This order corresponded to the minimum temperatures experienced at the sites. Conversely, greatest growth occurred at the 60-and 240-m sites followed by the 440-m site and then the 650-m site, corresponding to decreasing maximum temperatures. It is argued that good growth and productivity are possible on quite frost prone sites, provided suitable provenances are selected for planting.

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19

Rutherford, Susan. "Insights into speciation and species delimitation of closely related eucalypts using an interdisciplinary approach." Australian Systematic Botany 33, no. 1 (2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb18042.

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Speciation is a central process in evolutionary biology and is responsible for the diversity of life on Earth. Although there has been much progress in evolutionary research over the past 150 years, understanding the many facets of speciation remains a challenge. In this synthesis, I focus on the use of an interdisciplinary approach to examine speciation and species delimitation in a group of closely related eucalypts called the green ashes (Eucalyptus subgenus Eucalyptus section Eucalyptus). The green ashes comprise tall trees on fertile soils (e.g. the tallest angiosperm in the world, E. regnans), as well as medium trees and mallees on low-nutrient soils. Previous phylogenetic and population-genetics analyses based on genome-wide scans showed that species boundaries in the green ashes are not always consistent with classifications based on morphology and there was evidence of gene flow across lineages. Genomic analyses also suggested that the green ashes were at varying stages of speciation, with some species being highly genetically differentiated, whereas others were at earlier stages on the speciation continuum. A previous common garden study showed that inter-specific differences in seedling traits were significant, with traits such as leaf width being highly plastic across resource treatments for most species. Overall, this synthesis demonstrated that an interdisciplinary approach incorporating phylogenomics, population genomics and a common garden experiment can provide insights into speciation and species delimitation in the green ash eucalypts. Such an approach may be useful in understanding the evolutionary history of other closely related species in Eucalyptus, as well as other groups of organisms.

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20

McBride, Timothy C., Aaron Organ, and Elizabeth Pryde. "Range extension of Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri)." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 1 (2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am18025.

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We report spotlight and camera-trap observations of Leadbeater’s possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) at six locations up to 15km east of its described range. Half of our records occurred in fire-affected, mixed-species forest, with a tree species and seral stage composition that differs markedly from its predominant habitat: late-mature forests dominated by Eucalyptus regnans, E. delegatensis and E. nitens.

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21

Wallis, Adrian F. A., and Ross H. Wearne. "Chemical cellulose from Eucalyptus Regnans wood by autohydrolysis-explosion-extraction." Carbohydrate Polymers 17, no. 2 (January 1992): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(92)90102-v.

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22

West, P. W. "Modelling individual tree maximum basal area growth rates of five tall eucalypt species growing in even-aged forests." Sustainable Forestry 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/sf.v6i2.2738.

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Inventory plot data were available providing over 87,000 individual tree basal area growth rates from even-aged native forests of three ash eucalypts (Eucalyptus regnans, E. obliqua, and E. delegatensis), from temperate regions, and two other species from more sub-tropical climes (E. grandis and E. pilularis). Models were developed relating maximum observed growth rates for these species in relation to tree size when, presumably, trees were under ideal environmental conditions and without competition from neighbours for site growth resources. These maximum growth rates increased with increasing tree size to a maximum of their own and then declined as tree size (hence age) increased further. The tree sizes, at which these maximum growth rates reached their maxima, were much greater for the ash eucalypts than for the other two species. It is hypothesised that the ash eucalypts may have evolved physiological characteristics that make them more efficient in compensating for the well-known physiological constraints imposed on growth rates as trees grow to great heights and ages.

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23

England, Jacqueline R., and Peter M. Attiwill. "Patterns of growth and nutrient accumulation in expanding leaves of Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 1 (2008): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07053.

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Patterns of leaf growth and nutrient accumulation were investigated in relation to leaf ontogeny in the tree species Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. Newly emergent leaves were tagged in the field and collected every 14 days for measurement of leaf dimensions and nutrient concentrations over a 113-day period. Patterns of growth in area, length, width and mass of leaves followed sigmoid curves. An exponential rate of growth for all measures was observed up to 56 days after leaf emergence, after which there was little increase. Conversely, specific leaf area (leaf area/leaf mass) decreased from emergence to about Day 56 and then remained relatively constant. Contents of all nutrients (measured on a leaf basis) increased during leaf expansion. Concentrations of N, P and K decreased and Ca concentration increased, but there was no clear trend for Mg concentration with leaf development. In general, the results of the present study verify previously developed ‘idealised curves’ of changes in dry mass and nutrient concentrations with leaf age for eucalypts. Patterns of leaf growth and nutrient accumulation (particularly N) show that leaves had reached full expansion and physiological maturity by ~80–90 days after emergence.

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24

Attiwill, P. M., P. M. Attiwill, B. M. May, and B. M. May. "Does nitrogen limit the growth of native eucalypt forests:some observations for mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans)." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00046.

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It is often stated that the availability of N limits the rate of growth of native forests. We discuss this hypothesis with particular reference to the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of south-eastern Australia. The abundance of 15 N in leaves and soil of mountain ash forest is in accord with data for Northern Hemisphere temperate forests and for tropical forests,and indicates that N availability is relatively high.None of the nutrient elements has limited the rate of growth of mountain ash forest regenerating after major disturbance (clear-felling and intense wild-fire). There is some evidence that P may be limiting to some ecological processes (e.g. the rate of litter decomposition). We conclude that phosphorus is more likely to be limiting than nitrogen in mountain ash forest because nitrogen cycling is conservative and continual inputs of N through biological fixation supplement this conservative N supply, and the stands never become N-deficient. The development of methodologies to determine the rate of N2-fixation in forests should be of high priority in ecological research.

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25

Ringrose, C., and W. A. Neilsen. "Growth Response of Eucalyptus regnans and Soil Changes following Periodic Fertilization." Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, no. 6 (November 2005): 1806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0237.

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26

Sillett, Stephen C., Robert Van Pelt, Russell D. Kramer, Allyson L. Carroll, and George W. Koch. "Biomass and growth potential of Eucalyptus regnans up to 100m tall." Forest Ecology and Management 348 (July 2015): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.046.

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27

Warren, C. R. "Uptake of inorganic and amino acid nitrogen from soil by Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus pauciflora seedlings." Tree Physiology 29, no. 3 (January 19, 2009): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpn037.

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28

Raymond, Laura G., David Sandquist, Stefan J. Hill, Roger Meder, and Volker C. Behr. "Tree species identification via 1H NMR fingerprinting of supercritical carbon dioxide wood extractives." BioResources 15, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 2371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2371-2384.

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Six tree species were examined using 1H NMR spectroscopy of sap extracted by supercritical CO2. A metabolomic approach was developed to evaluate the sap extracted from sapwood of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), radiata pine (Pinus radiata), macrocarpa (Cupressus macrocarpa), and two Eucalyptus species—shining gum and mountain ash (Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus regnans. The sap extraction patterns in the different species were visualised using 1H magnetic resonance imaging. In softwoods with distinct annual rings, water was first removed from the latewood bands, and then gradually from the earlywood bands. In the case of the hardwood species an almost random water redistribution, rather than water expulsion, was observed. Analysis of the principal component analysis loading plots showed that the significant differences in the sap between each species were due to the carbohydrate region. Key discriminators were identified as pinitol, sucrose, glucose, and fructose.

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29

Ashton, DH, and DG Martin. "Regeneration in a Pole-Stage Forest of Eucalyptus regnans Subjected to Different Fire Intensities in 1982." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 4 (1996): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960393.

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In 1982, fire burnt stands of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. in a relatively dry site in Victoria. In one area, the fire killed both canopy and understorey; in an adjacent area, only understorey was destroyed. Regeneration in the two areas was similar over the following year, but diverged thereafter to produce understoreys with different species dominance. In both stands, a poor supply of mature E. regnans seed in the crowns at the time of the fire resulted in relatively low initial density of seedlings: in the firekilled stand, this meant that closure of the canopy of the stratum was delayed for 5 or 6 years; however, in the understorey-killed stand, none of the E. regnans seedlings survived for 2 years. The soil seed bank was reduced more severely in the fire-killed than in the understorey-killed stand, although not all seed germinated in the first year. Vegetative regeneration of herbs and shrubs occurred from shallower layers of soil in the understorey-killed than in the fire-killed stand. An increase in soil fertility after the fire, as measured by seedling bioassay, was apparent only in the first season after the fire and was correlated with higher levels of available P. In the understorey-killed stand, fertility in the topsoil was greater than that in the fire-killed stand, and growth in diameter at breast height of dominant trees was significantly greater than in adjacent unburnt stands in the first few years after the fire. By comparison, when fire burnt through a site of higher rainfall after the maturation of the current crop of canopy-stored seed, regeneration was initially denser and growth considerably greater than that in the drier site. The study demonstrated that the course of secondary succession depends on site quality, timing of the fire in relation to seed production, soil seed germination, vegetative growth from protected organs, the severity of the fire, the presence or absence of browsing, and, in the long term, the frequency of recurrent fire.

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30

Chambers, DP, and PM Attiwill. "The Ash-Bed Effect in Eucalyptus regnans Forest: Chemical, Physical and Microbiological Changes in Soil After Heating or Partial Sterilisation." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 6 (1994): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940739.

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The ash-bed effect (the enhanced growth of plants on soil which has been heated) following fire in Eucalyptus regnans forest is dramatic. The results are presented of studies of the effects of a range of heating and partial sterilization treatments on chemical, microbiological and physical properties in soil from a 250-year-old E. regnans forest in Victoria. Soil treatments not involving heat (chemical sterilization, γ -irradiation and air-drying) and the lower temperature heat treatments (100 and 200°C) had no marked effects on physical characteristics. All treatments produced more or less similar effects on microbial populations. On the other hand, heating the soil to 400-600°C produced large, significant and sustained increases in the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus and these increases were enhanced by a decrease in clay colloid. The results support the hypothesis that the ash-bed effect following fire in E. regnans forest is due to an increase in the availability of nutrients, and in the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in particular. A transitory increase in the concentration of manganese caused by heating the soil may account for initial toxicity in plants grown in soils which have been heated. Since species within the subgenus Monocalyptus are characterized by lower tissue concentrations of manganese than those within Symphyomyrtus, it could be hypothesized that the potential for toxicity following bushfire varies between the two subgenera. The literature on the effects of soil-sterilising treatments is highly variable; the causes of variability include soil type and moisture content, treatment (sterilizing by steam, chemicals or heat) and the method of treatment (time, how the soil was contained, and how the treatment was applied).

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31

Mackensen, Jens, and Jürgen Bauhus. "Density loss and respiration rates in coarse woody debris of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus maculata." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35, no. 1 (January 2003): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(02)00255-9.

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32

WANG, LIANGMIN. "The soil seed bank and understorey regeneration in Eucalyptus regnans forest, Victoria." Austral Ecology 22, no. 4 (December 1997): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00690.x.

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33

White, D. A., and G. A. Kile. "Discolouration and decay from artificial wounds in 20-year-old Eucalyptus regnans." Forest Pathology 23, no. 6-7 (December 1993): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1993.tb00822.x.

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34

Wilson, S. J., and R. J. Clark. "Water relations in Eucalyptus regnans nursery plants following root exposure after lifting." Forest Ecology and Management 105, no. 1-3 (June 1998): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00258-2.

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35

Ilic, J. "Influence of prefreezing on shrinkage-related degrade in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57, no. 4 (August 16, 1999): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050049.

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36

Hawthorne, Sandra N. D., Richard G. Benyon, and Patrick N. J. Lane. "Changes in evapotranspiration components following replacement of Eucalyptus regnans with Acacia species." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11410.

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37

Johnson, S. E., I. S. Ferguson, and Li Rong-wei. "Evaluation of a Stochastic Diameter Growth Model for Mountain Ash." Forest Science 37, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 1671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/37.6.1671.

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Abstract A stationary Markov model of diameter growth in mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) was evaluated using remeasurement data collected over an 18-year period in a spacing trial located in south-central Victoria, Australia. The assumptions of Markovity and Stationarity central to this approach were tested using χ² statistics not previously employed in this context, The Stationarity assumption was found to be violated in this analysis, leading to the conclusion that alternative time and density dependent models should be pursued for this species. For. Sci. 37(6):1671-1681.

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38

Infante L., Pedro, Roberto Ipinza Carmona, and José Antonio Prado D. "Bases para la mejora genética de las especies del género Eucalyptus en Chile." Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 5, no. 1 (July 6, 1991): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.1991.148.

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El objetivo del programa de mejora genética de InFor es aportar a los cultivadores de eucalipto, en especial a los pequeños y medianos propietarios un conjunto de semillas, clones y cultivares selectos ya sea para la producción de fibra, madera de alta calidad, de energía y otros subproductos del bosque. Tomando como base los resultados obtenidos en el programa de introducción de especies, llevado a cabo por el InFor durante las tres últimas decadas, se escogieron en una primera etapa las siguientes especies: E. camaldulensis, E. globulus ssp. globulus, E. nitens, E. delegatensis y E. regnans.

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39

Steane, DA, AK West, BM Potts, JR Ovenden, and JB Reid. "Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Chloroplast DNA From Six Species of Eucalyptus." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 5 (1991): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910399.

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Chloroplast DNA was extracted from six species of Eucalyptus (E. perriniana, E. nitens, E. ovata, E. regnans, E. amygdalina and E. risdonii). Digests with four restriction enzymes (Hind III, Xho I, Nco I and Eco RV) revealed restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) between subgenera, between species and within species. However, no variation in fragment pattern was detected with Sac II or Pst I. The subgenera Monocalyptus and Symphyomyrtus were clearly differentiated by their RFLP patterns where, with the exception of one outlying specimen of E. amygdalina, 45% of all polymorphic fragments were specific to one or other subgenus. While species from different subgenera and series were well differentiated, it was more difficult to differentiate species within series with the low sample sizes used. However, the average net divergence between species increased with increasing taxonomic distance between species, from 0.02% within series and 0.20% between species from different series within subgenera, to 0.99% of nucleotides per nucleotide site for species from different subgenera. Based on Eco RV digests, the eucalypt chloroplast genome was estimated at 143 kb.

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40

Fagg, Peter C. "Weed control techniques for the establishment of Eucalyptus regnans plantations on pasture sites." Australian Forestry 51, no. 1 (January 1988): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1988.10676031.

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41

Loyn, Richard H. "Bird Populations in Successional Forests of Mountain Ash Eucalyptus Regnans in Central Victoria." Emu - Austral Ornithology 85, no. 4 (December 1985): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9850213.

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42

Close, Dugald C., and Stephen J. Wilson. "Provenance effects on pre-germination treatments for Eucalyptus regnans and E. delegatensis seed." Forest Ecology and Management 170, no. 1-3 (October 2002): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00768-x.

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43

Dekker, Robert F. H. "Inhibitors of Trichoderma reesei β-glucosidase activity derived from autohydrolysis-exploded Eucalyptus regnans." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, no. 6 (December 1988): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00260990.

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44

Blakemore, Philip, and Timothy A. G. Langrish. "Effect of mean moisture content on the steam reconditioning of collapsed Eucalyptus regnans." Wood Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (July 5, 2006): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-006-0093-6.

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45

Iles, T. M., D. H. Ashton, K. J. Kelliher, and P. J. Keane. "The effect of Cylindrocarpon destructans on the growth of Eucalyptus regnans seedlings in air-dried and undried forest soil." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 2 (2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08124.

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The growth of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. (mountain ash) seedlings is poor in natural forest soil, where purple coloration of the foliage indicates P deficiency and where the fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinsm.) Scholten is commonly isolated from the roots of the seedlings. When forest soil is air-dried, P acquisiton and growth of seedlings are markedly improved, although the degree of growth stimulation varies considerably at different times, as does the frequency of occurrence of C. destructans on the roots. C. destructans has been implicated as a possible reason for suppressed growth of seedlings in undried natural soil. To find out whether C. destructans contributes to growth inhibition of E. regnans seedlings in undried forest soil, the effect of three isolates of C. destructans on the root growth of E. regnans seedlings was tested in Petri dish experiments in vitro and the effect of C. destructans inoculation on seedling growth both in air-dried and undried forest soil was tested in pot experiments. The frequency of occurrence of C. destructans on the roots varied at different times, and was not consistently higher in undried than in air-dried soil, even though the growth of the seedlings was always poor in undried soil compared with that in air-dried soil. In vitro, C. destructans decreased the root growth significantly and caused blackening of root tips. This effect was removed by adding natural air-dried or undried soil. In pot experiments using undried forest soil, there was no evidence of either direct toxic effect or any other adverse effect on the roots when soil was inoculated with this fungus, even when the growth of the seedlings was reduced to ~1/2 of that in uninoculated undried soil. In air-dried soil, inoculation with the fungus did not significantly reduce seedling growth. Although potentially pathogenic and able to cause blackening of root tips, C. destructans is unlikely to be the main reason for poor seedling growth in undried forest soil. It appears to be antagonistic rather than pathogenic, suppressing seedling growth only under unfavourable conditions, such as in undried soil, possibly by competing for limited nutrients, or by suppressing other beneficial micro-organisms. The results are discussed in the context of field conditions.

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46

Welsh, A. H., D. B. Lindenmayer, C. F. Donnelly, and A. Ruckstuhl. "Use of nest trees by the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus caninus) (Phalangeridae : Marsupialia). IV. Transitions between den trees." Wildlife Research 25, no. 6 (1998): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97080.

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Statistical models of the patterns of den-tree choice by the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus caninus) at Cambarville in the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the central highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia are presented. These models enable us to predict, for a particular possum, the choice of den tree on the basis of patterns of recent den-tree usage and are required for individual-based simulation studies. The models show that the pattern of den-tree use is more complicated than might have been expected, in the sense that it is animal-specific, and that old animals exhibit more complicated patterns of den-tree choice than young ones.

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47

Raymond, C. A. "Genetic variation in Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus nitens for levels of observed defoliation caused by the Eucalyptus leaf beetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata Olivier, in Tasmania." Forest Ecology and Management 72, no. 1 (March 1995): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)03451-2.

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48

Legge, NJ. "Anatomical Aspects of Water Movement Through Stems of Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.)." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 3 (1985): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850287.

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Introduction of a stain through the severed roots of Eucalyptus regnans of two age classes showed that a spiral interlocked sap ascent pattern in young trees tended towards a vertical sectorial pattern by age 40 years. Microscopic examination of the stained wood suggests that intercellular water movement occurs principally via the pits. Serial transverse sections of wood from a young tree showed a limited degree of intervessel contact, with a network coefficient of 13.7 contacts m-1 and approx. 0.9% of vessel surface area in contact with other vessels. Analysis of the frequency of vessel endings indicates an average vessel length of approx. 1.8 m. Trunk segments of 40-year-old trees had relative conductivities of approx. 3.3 x 10-11 m2, while small lateral roots had values up to 10 times greater.

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49

Lindenmayer, DB, A. Welsh, CF Donnelly, and RB Cunningham. "Use of Nest Trees by the Mountain Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus Caninus) (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia). Ii. Characteristics of Occupied Trees." Wildlife Research 23, no. 5 (1996): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960531.

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The use of den trees by a population of the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosorus caninus) in forests of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) at Cambarville, in the central Highlands of Victoria, is described. Relationships are explored between the use of trees with hollows by 16 radio-tracked T. caninus and a range of measures of the morphological characteristics of the 113 different den trees they occupied. The results of the analyses indicate that the most used trees contained a relatively large number of cavities and were not surrounded by dense vegetation. Male possums were found most frequently in the southern part of the 35-ha study area, and females were found most often in the northern part.

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50

Petit, Giai, Sebastian Pfautsch, Tommaso Anfodillo, and Mark A. Adams. "The challenge of tree height in Eucalyptus regnans: when xylem tapering overcomes hydraulic resistance." New Phytologist 187, no. 4 (May 21, 2010): 1146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03304.x.

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