Dissertations / Theses: 'Eucalyptus oil'

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Tjandra, Juhana. "Eucalyptus oil: Sources, analysis and chemical properties." Thesis, Tjandra, Juhana (1986) Eucalyptus oil: Sources, analysis and chemical properties. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1986. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51658/.

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A rapid and accurate solvent extraction - gas chromatographic analytical procedure was developed for the combined qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of terpenoids from the leaves of eucalypts. The solvent extraction method was also applied successfully to the dry weight determination of the plant materials. The proposed method is efficient in time, cost and space. In comparative studies, it was shown to be more reliable than previous techniques. Using the new procedure, leaf oils of naturally occurring eucalypts in Western Australia were analysed systematically for the first time. Eucalyptus Kochii subsp. kochii and E. kochii subsp. plenissima were selected as the outstanding oil producing species yielding up to 8% on a dry weight basis. Analysis of the volatile oil revealed a composition of 90% 1,8-cineole and 5% other monoterpenoids. The significant seasonal trends and intraspecies variation in the essential oil yield were investigated over a two year period. The volatile oil composition patterns of various eucalypts obtained from high resolution capillary gas chromatography were shown to serve as finger prints, providing additional information at species and subspecies level to assist in the more difficult Eucalyptus taxonomic problems. Eucalyptus oil and its main components were investigated as potential cosolvents for aqueous ethanol/petrol fuel mixtures. Results showed that the incorporation of 1 to 3% eucalyptus oil or its main components such as 1,8-cineole increased the water tolerance and long-term phase stability of the fuel mixtures. Eucalyptus-derived fuels were found to have calorific values in the range of 4000 to 4500 kJ/kg similar to those of petroleum fuels. Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system unleaded petrol/ ethanol/water/1,8-cineole, and the ternary system ethanol/water/1,8-cineole were investigated isothermally. An apparatus replacing the less sensitive visual observation and facilitating cloud point determination was designed for this purpose. Ternary phase diagrams were determined, complete with tie-lines, thus fully characterizing the two-phase area. The tie-line data were correlated by the methods of Hand and Othmer-Tobias. A brief account of the history, economics and future viability of the eucalyptus oil industry is presented.

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Herculano, Emanuele Duarte. "Nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil for use as a food preservative." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12132.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
In this study, the Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (ESO) was nanoencapsulated and determined the bactericidal effect of its active principle against two strains of pathogenic mircrorganisms, as a preliminary study for use in food preservation. The process occurred by forming a nanoemulsion and spray-drying, using the cashew gum (CG) as encapsulating material. The nanoparticles were characterized by analysis of particle size distribution, zeta potential, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), in vitro release kinetics, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and stability of the encapsulated. Was also determined the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of nanoparticles, essential oil, and cashew gum to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 (Gram-positive) and Salmonella Enteritidis IAL 1132 (Gram-negative). The nanoparticles had size ranging from 27.70 Â 3.42 nm to 432.67 Â 41.47 nm in accordance with the formulation, and negatively charged surface. The presence of ESO in the nanoparticles is observed through changes in peak resolutions of the spectra obtained by FT-IR. Thermal analysis showed the main events of mass loss of the samples associated with the degradation of CG. The content of ESO nanoencapsulated varied between 4.76% and 7.12%. The increase in the proportion of CG favored the rapid release of oil in water due to the increased hydrophilic character, and enhance the ability of the nanoparticles to retain the ESO in the polymeric shell during the 365 days. The results for MBC indicated a bactericidal action of the nanoencapsulated oil, and pure oil more efficient in Gram-positive. However, the nanoparticles showed better results against Gram-negative bacteria, due to a possible synergistic effect between the CG and ESO.
Neste trabalho, o Ãleo essencial de Eucalyptus staigeriana (OES) foi nanoencapsulado e determinado o efeito bactericida de seu princÃpio ativo contra duas cepas de mircrorganismos patogÃnicos, como um estudo preliminar para utilizaÃÃo na conservaÃÃo de alimentos. O processo ocorreu atravÃs da formaÃÃo de uma nanoemulsÃo e secagem em spray-drying utilizando a goma de cajueiro (GC) como material encapsulante. As nanopartÃculas foram caracterizadas atravÃs das anÃlises de tamanho e distribuiÃÃo de partÃcula, potencial zeta, espectroscopia de absorÃÃo na regiÃo do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), anÃlise tÃrmica (TGA/DSC), cinÃtica de liberaÃÃo in vitro, cromatografia gasosa acoplada Ã espectrometria de massa (CG-EM) e estabilidade do encapsulado. Foi tambÃm determinada a ConcentraÃÃo Bactericida MÃnima (CBM) das nanopartÃculas, do Ãleo essencial e da goma de cajueiro para avaliar sua aÃÃo antimicrobiana contra Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 (Gram-positiva) e Salmonella Enteritidis IAL 1132 (Gram-negativa). As nanopartÃculas apresentaram tamanho que variaram de 27,70 Â 3,42 nm a 432,67 Â 41,47 nm, de acordo com a formulaÃÃo, e a superfÃcie carregada negativamente. A presenÃa do OES nas nanopartÃculas Ã observada atravÃs de modificaÃÃes nas resoluÃÃes de pico dos espectros obtidos por FTIR. A anÃlise tÃrmica evidenciou os principais eventos de perda de massa das amostras associados Ã degradaÃÃo de GC. O teor de OES nanoencapsulado variou entre 4,76 % e 7,12 %. O aumento na proporÃÃo de GC favoreceu a uma rÃpida liberaÃÃo do Ãleo em Ãgua devido ao aumento do carÃter hidrofÃlico, alÃm de aumentar a capacidade das nanopartÃculas em reter o OES no invÃlucro polimÃrico no decorrer dos 365 dias. Os resultados para CBM indicaram uma aÃÃo bactericida do Ãleo nanoencapsulado e do Ãleo puro mais eficiente na bactÃria Gram-positiva. No entanto, as nanopartÃculas mostraram um resultado melhor contra a bactÃria Gram-negativa, devido a um possÃvel efeito sinÃrgico entre a GC e o OES.

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Bell, Sarah Jayne. "Researching sustainability : material semiotics and the Oil Mallee Project." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlibmurdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040302.153647.

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Hendry, Emma. "Studies on enhanced surface disinfection and skin antisepsis using chlorhexidine and eucalyptus oil." Thesis, Aston University, 2011. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15813/.

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Healthcare associated infections may arise from many sources, including patient?s own skin flora and the clinical environment, and inflict a significant burden within the health service. Adequate and effective skin antisepsis and surface disinfection are therefore essential factors in infection control. Current EPIC guidelines recommend 2 % chlorhexidine (CHG) in 70 % isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for skin antisepsis however poor penetration has been reported. Eucalyptus oil (EO) is a known permeation enhancer, producing synergistic antimicrobial activity when combined with CHG. In this current study, the antimicrobial efficacy of EO and its main constituent 1,8-cineole were assessed against a panel of clinically relevant microorganisms, alone and in combination with CHG. The superior antimicrobial efficacy of EO compared with 1,8-cineole, and synergistic effects with CHG against planktonic and biofilm cultures, confirmed its suitability for use in subsequent studies within this thesis. Impregnation of EO, CHG and IPA onto prototype hard surface disinfectant wipes demonstrated significantly improved efficacy compared with CHG/IPA wipes, with clear reductions in the time required to eliminate biofilms. Optimisation of the EO/CHG/IPA formulation resulted in the development of Euclean® wipes, with simulated-use and time kill studies confirming their ability to remove microbial surface contamination, prevent cross contamination and eliminate biofilms within 10 minutes. The employment of isothermal calorimetry provided additional information on the type and rate of antimicrobial activity possessed by Euclean® wipes. A clinical audit of the Euclean® wipes at Birmingham Children?s Hospital, Birmingham, U.K. revealed divided staff opinion, with the highest cited advantage and disadvantage concerning the odour. Finally, skin penetration and cell toxicity studies of EO/CHG biopatches and Euclean® solution developed during this study, revealed no permeation into human skin following biopatch application, and no significant toxicity. These current studies enhance the knowledge regarding EO and its potential applications.

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Olvera, Monroy Marco Antonio. "INFLUENCIA DEL ACEITE DE EUCALIPTO EN LOS COMPONENTES QUÍMICOS, PRODUCCIÓN DE GAS Y DEGRADABILIDAD DEL RASTROJO DE MAÍZ Y PAJA DE AVENA." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67723.

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The effects of eucalyptus oils on ruminal fermentation of two agro-industry byproducts (corn stalk and oat straw), were studied using the in vitro gas production (GP) technique. Eucalyptus oil was added at 0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/l of incubation medium (equal to 0, 1.2, 3.6, and 7.2 mg/g DM substrate). Gas volumes were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h of incubation, and substrate DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) degradability were determined at 72 h of incubation. Eucalyptus oil increased (P<0.05) the asymptotic GP and GP of corn stalks and oat straw. Eucalyptu oil decreased fermentation pH (P<0.05) of corn stalks and oat straw. The inclusion of eucalyptu oil increased (P<0.05) DM degradability of corn stalks, oat straw. Eucalyptus oil decreased NDF degradability of corn stalks, with weak effects on NDF degradabilitie of oat straw. It can conclude that the application of eucalyptu oil positively affected rumen fermentation of the two agro-industry byproducts as roughage feeds. Increasing the dose of oils inclusion, enhanced the fermentation parameters; where the dose 180 mg oil/l increased GP, while the doses 30 and 90 mg oil/l increased nutrients digestibility.

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Yani, Syamsuddin. "Distillation of mallee biomass for eucalyptus oil extraction and thermochemical behaviour of the spent biomass." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2226.

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This thesis investigates eucalyptus oil extraction, nutrients release, carbon loss and structural changes of mallee leaf after steam distillation. Pyrolysis of the spent leaf was then conducted to study the biochar characteristics. The mallee leaf was also torrefied then combusted under pulverised fuel (PF) condition for examining the effect of torrefaction on particulate matter emission. The obtained knowledge and data significantly contribute to developing a mallee-based bioenergy system in the rural and regional Australia.

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Rahman, S. M. Ashrafur. "Experimental investigation of essential oils in a diesel engine." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/121763/2/__qut.edu.au_Documents_StaffHome_StaffGroupH%24_halla_Desktop_S.%20M.%20Ashrafur%20Rahman%20Thesis.pdf.

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The potential use of waste stream essential oils were evaluated as fuel supplements for diesel vehicle/machinery used by producers of these oils. Orange, eucalyptus and tea tree oils were selected; which are native to and/or extensively cultivated throughout Australia. These essential oils are mainly used in the medical and natural therapy sector as well as fragrance and flavouring industry. The high quality of the final product leads to a significant very low value waste stream. Engine performance and emissions evaluation showed that essential oils are comparable to diesel fuel. Their use will help to reduce diesel dependency and fuel costs.

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Vilela, Georgia Rocha. "Efeito do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus globulus sobre espécies produtoras de aflatoxinas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-08082007-164637/.

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Há relatos na literatura de alguns compostos naturais de plantas que são usados para preservação de alimentos e no controle do desenvolvimento de fungos e bactérias que ocorrem em plantas, grãos, cereais e derivados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar "in vitro" o efeito do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus globulus e seu composto majoritário sobre o crescimento micelial dos fungos Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus e a produção de aflatoxinas. A composição química do óleo analisado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectrofotômetro de massa mostrou-nos que o composto majoritário com 89,95% é o 1,8-cineol. Assim foi avaliada a ação por contato e por compostos voláteis do óleo essencial e do 1,8-cineol. O modo de ação por compostos voláteis, do óleo e do composto, foi estatisticamente mais eficiente do à ação por contato, para ambos os fungos. Independente do modo da ação a partir da dose de 500µL do óleo os fungos tiveram comportamentos semelhantes, com mais de 90% de inibição micelial. O composto 1,8-cineol não demonstrou a mesma eficiência que o óleo, produzindo algum efeito inibitório apenas na dose de 1.500µL, com apenas 5,5% de inibição de crescimento micelial. Foi verificado que o óleo essencial e o composto 1,8-cineol não cessaram a produção de aflatoxinas de ambos os fungos mesmo inibindo o crescimento micelial.
Literature describes some natural plants composites that are used to preserve food and to control fungi and bacteria development in plants, grains, cereals and derivatives. The objective of this research was evaluate the effect in vitro of the Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and its major component over mycelial growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The chemical oil composition, analyzed by gas chromatography connected to mass spectra, showed that 1,8-cineole is the major compound with 89.95%. Thus, the essential oil and the 1,8-cineole were evaluated by the contact and volatiles action. For both analyzed fungi, the oil and the compound action promoted throughout volatile compound were statically more efficient than the action promoted throughout contact. Considering the oil dose of 500µL and so forth, the fungi behaviors were similar independently of the action modes, with more than 90% of mycelial inhibition. The 1,8-cineole compound did not demonstrate the same efficiency that the essential oil did, producing some inhibitory effect only in the dose of 1.500µL, with only 5.5% of inhibition of mycelial growth. It was verified that the essential oil and 1,8-cineole compound did not cease the aflatoxins production in both fungi, even with the inhibition of mycelial growth.

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Ribeiro, Leticia Gouveia. "Extração assistida por micro-ondas de óleo essencial de folhas de eucalipto (eucalyptus urophylla x globulus)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/181316.

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A celulose das árvores do gênero Eucalyptus é um dos principais elementos de interesse econômico desse vegetal. Suas folhas, apesar de conter óleo essencial (OE), caracterizam-se como um subproduto da indústria de processamento de papel e celulose. Assim, pesquisas com relação à recuperação dessa biomassa tornam-se importantes, principalmente, do ponto de vista ambiental e econômico. Tradicionalmente, a extração de OEs ocorre pelo processo de hidrodestilação (HD), o qual necessita de longos tempos de extração. Visando superar essa restrição, a tecnologia de extração assistida por micro-ondas (Microwave Assisted Extraction - MAE) vem sendo desenvolvida e aplicada. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar o processo de extração de OE de folhas de eucalipto, empregando os métodos de extração HD e MAE. Para esse processo em escala de bancada, desenvolveu-se um aparato de extração por meio da adaptação de um forno micro-ondas doméstico. Inicialmente, analisou-se o rendimento de OE das matrizes de subprodutos de folhas de eucalipto das espécies Eucalyptus saligna, E. urohpylla e E. urophylla x globulus geradas a partir de uma indústria de celulose. Os resultados apontaram que a espécie E. urophylla x globulus apresentou maior teor de OE (2,16±0,02%), sendo a espécie escolhida para a aplicação da tecnologia MAE. Na segunda etapa do estudo, fez-se uma avaliação dos efeitos dos fatores do processo MAE, avaliando os fatores razão sólido:solvente (1:1; 1:1,5 e 1:2), potência do micro-ondas (680, 850 e 1.020 W) e tempo de extração total (20, 40, 60 min) no rendimento de OE. Desse modo, as condições ideais do processo foram determinadas como: razão sólido:solvente de 1:2, potência de 680 W e tempo de extração total de 60 minutos. Para essas condições, realizou-se o estudo cinético e modelagem matemática com a avaliação dos modelos de primeira ordem, segunda ordem, Peleg e Patricelli. No estudo cinético, o tempo total do processo MAE para a obtenção do rendimento de 1,8±0,1% foi apenas 60 minutos, tempo 57% inferior ao observado no método HD para igual rendimento (140 minutos). Dentre os modelos cinéticos estudados, o modelo de Patricelli foi o que apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais da extração HD (R² igual 0,9904 e RMSE igual 0,0016) e da extração MAE (R² igual 0,9962 e RMSE igual 0,0006). Por fim, as análises energéticas e de impacto ambiental também indicaram o método MAE como uma tecnologia mais ambientalmente amigável do que a HD, tornando-se atrativa para o setor industrial. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a extração de OE da matriz estudada proporcionou a reutilização de um subproduto industrial, sugerindo uma alternativa de exploração e agregando valor ao mesmo.
The cellulose from trees of the genus Eucalyptus is the main industrial product of this species. Its leaves, although containing essential oil (EO), are characterized as a by-product from the pulp and paper processing industry. Thus, researches about the recovery of this biomass are important, mainly from the environmental and ecological point of view. Traditionally, the extraction of EO occurs by hydrodistillation (HD), process that requires long extraction times. In order to overcome this restriction, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) has been developed and applied. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the extraction process of eucalyptus EO, using the HD and MAE methods. For this laboratory-scale process, an extraction apparatus was developed through the adaption of a domestic microwave oven. Initially, the yield of EO by-products of eucalyptus leaves of the species Eucalyptus saligna, E. urophylla and E. urophylla x globulus from a cellulose industry were analyzed. The results showed that the species E. urophylla x globulus presented the highest EO content (2.16 ± 0.02%), being the species chosen for the application of the MAE technology. In the second stage of the study, an evaluation of the effects of MAE process factors was performed, analyzing the factors ratio solid:solvent (1:1, 1:1,5 and 1:2), microwave power (680, 850 and 1.020 W) and total extraction time (20, 40, 60 min) in the EO yield. Thus, the ideal process conditions were determined as: ratio solid:solvent of 1:2, power of 680 W and total extraction time of 60 minutes. For these conditions, a kinetic study and a mathematical modeling were performed evaluating the first-order, second-order, Peleg and Patricelli models. In the kinetic study, the total time of the MAE process to obtain the yield of 1.8 ± 0.1% was only 60 minutes, 57% lower than the HD method for the same yield (140 min). Among the kinetic models studied, the Patricelli model presented the best fit to the experimental data of the HD extraction (R² equal to 0.9904 and RMSE equal to 0.0016) and MAE extraction (R² equal to 0.9962 and RMSE equal to 0.0006). Finally, the energy and environmental impact analyzes also indicated the MAE method more environmentally friendly than HD, being attractive for the industrial sector. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the extraction of EO from the studied matrix provided the reuse of an industrial by-product, suggesting an exploration alternative adding value to this residue.

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Bonora, Flávia Sarti. "Prospecção de compostos químicos presentes nos óleos essenciais das folhas e flores de eucalipto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-13012016-111437/.

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As florestas plantadas de eucalipto tem sido muito importantes para o suprimento de materia prima para diversas finalidades, principalmente a partir da madeira. O gênero é também conhecido por apresentar uma gama importante de espécies potenciais para fornecimento de óleos essenciais a partir das folhas. No Brasil, no entanto, a produção de óleo essencial tem ficado restrita a algumas poucas espécies. Dessa forma, é importante a condução de estudos, que possam ampliar a base de novos materiais para obtenção de óleo essencial. Visando suprir tal demanda, que se propôs esse estudo, o qual procurou avaliar novos materiais, incluindo não só as folhas mas também as flores das árvores de diferentes espécies e clones de eucalipto, para produção de óleos essenciais. Fora realizadas extrações de óleos essenciais por arraste a vapor, para determinação de seus rendimentos, além de análises cromatográficas para identificação de seus componentes químicos. Os resultados indicaram: a) os maiores rendimentos nos óleos essenciais das folhas foram observados para E. staigeriana (1,599%) e C. citriodora (1,26%), e os menores para C. ptychocarpa (0,021%); b) E. exserta (0,613%) e o E. resinifera (0,587%) apresentaram potencial para utilização de seus óleos essenciais, frente ao seus elevados rendimentos, e a presença importante de 1,8 cineol; c) Os maiores rendimentos para óleo essencial das flores foram observados para GFMO 03 (0,518%) e os menores para E. exserta (0,109%); d) o clone GFMO 03 apresentou flores com maior rendimento em relação as folhas, o que pode estar relacionado ao melhoramento genético realizado para favorecer suas características de floração; e) as substâncias dos óleos essenciais das folhas podem auxiliar na identificação e diferenciação das espécies; f) os óleos essencias das flores apresentaram 6 substâncias que não foram encontradas nas folhas; g) muitas das substâncias que compõem os óleos essenciais das flores estão presentes no própolis, sugerindo que estas possuem vínculo com a ação de polinizadores atrelados a produção apícola; h) a elevada concentração de substâncias de interesse nos óleos essenciais de eucalipto demonstram sua importância como fornecedores de matéria prima para indústria; i) as espécies foram agrupadas a partir da composição química dos óleos essenciais das folhas, o que determinou 4 grupos e 6 subgrupos, os quais podem estar relacionados com a área de ocorrência natural das espécies estudadas; j) GFMO 03 e GFMO 10 estão, respectivamente no mesmo grupo de E. grandis e E. tereticornis, espécies as quais compõem o material genético dos clones, indicando que as características de óleo essencial são possivemente preservadas mesmo após hibridação.
The planted eucalyptus forests have been very important to supply material for a variety of purposes, mostly from wood. The genus is also known to have an important range of potential species to source essential oils from the leaves. In Brazil, however, essential oil production has been restricted to a few species. Hence, it is important to conduct studies that may extend the number of new materials to obtain essential oil. In order to meet such demand, this study was proposed, which sought to assess new materials, including not only the leaves but also the flowers of trees of different species and clones of eucalyptus, for the production of essential oils. Essential oil extractions were performed by steam distillation, to determine their yield, and chromatographic analysis to identify their chemical components. The results indicated: a) the highest yields in essential oils of leaves were observed for E. staigeriana (1,599%) and C. citriodora (1,262%), and the lowest for C. ptychocarpa (0,021%); b) E. exserta (0,613%) and E. resinifera (0,587%) had potential for use of their essential oils, due to their high yields and the important presence of 1,8 cineole; c) the highest yields in essential oils of flowers were observed for GFMO 03 (0,518%) and the lowest for E. exserta (0,109%); d) the clone GFMO 03 showed flowers with highest yield in essential oil than the leaves, which may be related to genetic improvement done in order to favor their flowering characteristics; e) the substances in essential oils of leaves may assist the identification and differentiation of species; f) the essential oils of flowers had 6 substances that were not found in the leaves; g) many of the substances in essential oils of flowers are present in propolis, suggesting that they have connection with pollinators activities linked to beekeeping; h) the high concentration of substances of interest in essential oils of eucalyptus demonstrate its importance as suppliers of raw materials for industry; i) the species were grouped by the chemical composition in essential oils of their leaves, which resulted in 4 groups and 6 subgroups, which may be related to the area of natural occurrence of the studied species; j) GFMO 03 and GFMO 10 are, respectively, in the same group of E. grandis and E. tereticornis, species which compound the genetic material of the clones, indicating that the essential oil features are probably preserved even after hybridization.

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Ceschini, Valmir Carneiro. "Potencial antífungico de extratos de folhas de Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. sobre Aspergillus flavus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-22112011-135925/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antifúngico contra o fungo Aspergillus flavus, dos extratos de folhas de Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell., preparados a partir de folhas frescas, liofilizadas e secas ao ambiente, sob diferentes tempos de extração e por diferentes solventes extratores, tais como metanol, etanol e água a temperatura ambiente e água a 60ºC. Para mensurar o potencial antifúngico foi utilizada a técnica de poisoned food em meio BDA e o crescimento radial fúngico foi avaliado por seis dias. O percentual de inibição foi avaliado comparando-se as medidas do diâmetro radial de crescimento fúngico dos extratos com as placas controle contendo apenas os solventes. Como controle positivo foi utilizado o óleo essencial de E. staigeriana. Os extratos metanólicos apresentaram o melhor potencial antifúngico, seguido pelos extratos etanólicos e aquosos. A utilização das folhas frescas mostrou-se a melhor forma de preparação e não houve diferença significativa entre os tempos de extração 1h e 24h, indicando como processamento mais viável a extração em 1h. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) foi mensurada para o extrato de melhor desempenho pela técnica de micropoços, aonde o crescimento fúngico foi monitorado por fluorescência derivada da reação da esterase fúngica com o diacetado de fluorescina. E o extrato que obteve o melhor resultado foi o extrato metanólico, com 1h de extração, a partir de folhas liofilizadas de E. staigeriana, e sua MIC foi de 26,75 L/mL, enquanto a do seu óleo essencial foi de 12,5 L/mL, demonstrando a eficiência relativa da extração com solventes extratores e sua praticidade e operacionalidade, quando se comparam com a extração de óleos essenciais.
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. leaf extracts against Aspergillus flavus. The extracts were prepared using fresh, lyophilized, and air-dried leaves, different extraction times, and different solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, water at room temperature, and water at 60ºC. To measure the antifungal potential, the poisoned food technique was used in PDA medium, and the radial growth of the fungus was evaluated for six days. The percentage of inhibition was assessed by comparing the measurements of the radial growth diameter of the fungus in the extracts with the control plates containing only the solvents. The essential oil of E. staigeriana was used as a positive control. The methanolic extracts presented the best antifungal potential, followed by the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The use of fresh leaves was the best type of preparation and no statistically significant difference between 1-h and 24-h solvent extraction was found, indicating the 1-h extraction process as the most feasible. The extract presenting the best performance using the microwell technique had the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured, and the fungal growth was monitored by fluorescence derived from the fungal esterase reaction with fluorescein diacetate. The extract that achieved the best result the methanolic extract, with 1-h extraction from lyophilized leaves of E. staigeriana, and the MIC was 26.75 L/mL, while the essential oil was 12.5 L/mL, demonstrating the relative efficiency of the solvent extraction and its practicality and easy implementation when compared with the extraction of essential oils.

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Mengai, Bruna. "Efeito dos óleos essenciais de diferentes espécies de Eucalyptus spp sobre a microflora do milho em pós-colheita." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-02082010-160327/.

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Os óleos essenciais de plantas representam uma fonte de potenciais princípios ativos que podem ser utilizados como defensivos agrícolas para combate de insetos, bactérias e fungos. Vários estudos científicos relatam o potencial fungitóxico de óleos essenciais inclusive de óleos provenientes de algumas espécies de Eucalyptus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o pontencial dos óleos provenientes de diferentes espécies de Eucalyptus, sobre a microflora natural do grão de milho em pós-colheita. Utilizou-se para isto três diferentes avaliações: a) a avaliação inicial que consistiu em avaliar o potencial antifúngico dos óleos de dez espécies de Eucalyptus sobre grãos de milho plaqueados sobre papel de filtro umedecido e considerando a microflora natural dos grãos; b) a avaliação da simulação de armazenamento dos grãos com apenas os óleos que se mostraram com maior potencial antifúngico na avaliação inicial e com misturas deles. Essa avaliação simula as condições dos grãos armazenados considerando a microflora natural e c) a avaliação em meio de cultura utilizando o meio Maize Meal Extract Agar e os fungos produtores de aflatoxinas, Aspergillus flavus e A. parasiticus. Em todas as avaliações foram avaliados os modos de exposição aos voláteis e por contato com os óleos. Os óleos de E. grandis, E. citriodora, o híbrido E. grandis x E. urophylla e o E. staigeriana, que apresentaram melhor eficiência antifúngica, na avaliação inicial, sobre a microflora natural dos grãos de milho da amostra utilizada, foram analisados quanto a sua composição por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas e utilizados nas demais avaliações. Na avaliação de armazenamento para o modo de ação por contato, a mistura E. grandis + E. staigeriana obteve o melhor resultado e no modo de ação por exposição aos voláteis, o melhor óleo foi o E. citriodora. Comparando os dois modos de ação, o por contato teve o melhor potencial antifúngico. Na avaliação em meio de cultura no modo de ação por contato, a mistura E. staigeriana + (E. grandis x E. urophylla) obteve melhor potencial antifúngico para ambos os fungos e para o modo de ação por exposição aos voláteis, o melhor potencial antifúngico foi com o óleo de E. staigeriana. Ambos os modos de ação foram estatisticamente iguais nesta avaliação para maioria dos tratamentos. Observou-se que os tratamentos apresentaram uma ação diferenciada sobre o crescimento e a produção de aflatoxinas que foi dependente do óleo, do modo de ação e da espécie aflatoxigênica avaliada.
The essential oils of plants are a potential source of active ingredients that can be used as pesticides to combat insects, bacteria and fungi. Several studies have been reported in the literature on the fungitoxic potential of essential oils, including oils from some species of Eucalyptus. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of essential oils from different species of Eucalyptus on the natural microflora of post-harvest corn. Three different assessments were used for this study: a) the initial assessment was used to grade ten Eucalyptus oils relating to its antifungal potential. In this assessment the effect of oil was checked on corn grains that were placed on moistered filter paper, considering the natural microflora of the grains, b) the second assessment was carried out just on higher antifungal potential oils observed in the initial evaluation and their binary blends. This evaluation simulates the conditions of grain storage considering the natural microflora of grain and c) the thrid assessment was carried out using basal medium (Maize Meal Extract Agar) and aflatoxigenic species, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. In all assessments, two assays were evaluated, headspace volatile exposure assay and contact assay. The oils of E. grandis, E. citriodora, the hybrid of E. grandis x E. urophylla and E. staigeriana which had the best antifungal efficiency in the initial evaluation on the natural microflora of corn were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for their composition. In the evaluation of grain storage for the contact assay, the mixture of E. grandis + E. staigeriana obtained the best result and for the headspace volatile exposure assay the best oil was E. citriodora. Comparing the two assays, contact and headspace volatile exposures, the contact assay had the best antifungal potential. In the evaluation using the basal medium in the contact assay, the mixture of E. staigeriana + (E. grandis x E. urophylla) achieved the best antifungal potential for both fungal species, and in the haedspace volatile exposure assay, the best antifungal potential was achieved with the oil of E. staigeriana. Both assays of this assessment were statistically identical to most treatments. It was observed that the treatments had a different influence over the fungal growth and aflatoxin production. And these depended on the oil, the assays and the aflatoxigenic species.

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Ribeiro, Luiz Augusto Badan 1984. "Melhoramento do líquido obtido por pirólise rápida de serragem de eucalipto por meio de misturas para utilização como combustível." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265721.

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Orientador: Waldir Antônio Bizzo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como foco principal o aproveitamento de um resíduo largamente produzido na indústria de papel e celulose, a serragem de eucalipto, e seu processamento para ser transformado em um líquido (bio-óleo) com potencial combustível. Para alcançar este objetivo, a serragem de eucalipto (biomassa) foi submetida à pirólise rápida em reator de leito fluidizado. Tal processo permitiu dividir o bio-óleo em duas frações com características distintas (bio-óleo leve e pesado) e por meio de misturas de ambas as frações com etanol procurou-se o melhoramento de suas características combustíveis. Foram realizadas sete misturas com diferentes proporções de seus componentes sendo analisadas nos seguintes aspectos: poder calorífico, viscosidade, acidez, teor de água, teor de sólidos, ponto de fulgor, ponto de fluidez, densidade e composição. Os valores encontrados para tais variáveis foram comparados por limites estabelecidos por normas vigentes, em especial a da ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo) que versa sobre óleo combustível e, com exceção do ponto de fulgor, as demais propriedades atenderam às exigências da norma. Outro fato que foi observado foi o chamado envelhecimento das misturas, pois o bio-óleo, devido à sua natureza altamente heterogênea, sofre a influência de uma série de reações que alteram suas propriedades com o passar do tempo. Tais mudanças incluíram o aumento da viscosidade e do poder calorífico e a diminuição do teor de água e da acidez. Assim, ficou estabelecido que as misturas são mais viáveis de serem aproveitadas até três meses depois do processo de pirólise
Abstract: This work focuses primarily on the utilization of a waste widely produced in pulp and paper industry, eucalyptus sawdust, and its processing to be transformed into a liquid (bio-oil) which can be used as a fuel. To accomplish this, the eucalyptus sawdust (biomass) was submitted to fast pyrolysis in fluidized bed reactor. This process allowed to split the bio-oil in two fractions with different characteristics (light and heavy bio-oil) and by mixtures of both fractions with ethanol sought to improve their fuel characteristics. Seven mixtures were made with different proportions of the components and they were analyzed in the following aspects: heating value, viscosity, acidity, water content, solids content, flash point, pour point, density and composition. The values found for these variables were compared by limits established by current norms, particularly the ANP (National Petroleum Agency) which deals with fuel oil and, except for the flash point, the remaining properties met the requirements of the standard. Another factor which was observed was the aging of mixtures, because bio-oil, due to its highly heterogeneous nature, is influenced by a number of reactions that alter its properties over time. Such changes include the increase of the viscosity and the calorific value and the decrease of the water content and acidity. Thus, it was established that the mixtures are more viable to be exploited until three months after the pyrolysis process
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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Conte, Bruno. "PROPRIEDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DE MADEIRAS DO GÊNERO Eucalyptus SUBMETIDA A TERMORRETIFICAÇÃO EM ÓLEO VEGETAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8764.

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This study aims to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment in vegetable oil in physical, mechanical, chemical and surface property of the wooden whose two species of the genus Eucalyptus. Initially, we selected six trees, three of which belong for Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell species and the others to the Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, which gave surce to the samples of physical and mechanical tests. Perform were 20 treatments distributed between the two species, three times (2, 4 and 6 hours) and three temperatures (160, 190 and 220°C), more the control treatments. To the termorretificação was used oil bath laboratory and for drying of the samples, we used a forced circulating air kiln. The analyzes physical evaluated were weight change, equilibrium moisture content, density and hygroscopicity of wood. In mechanical tests was evaluated static and dynamic bending and Janka hardness. Quantity were colorimetric changes, both on the surface and in the center of the parts and the chemical analysis was qualitative lye valuated by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The results showed that the process of thermal treatment changed signifivantly the physical properties and is the most severe treatment (220°C) the greatest changes; such changes have incriased dimensional stability and decreased hygroscopicity of wood. The modulus of rupture and Janka hardness decreased after thermal treatment application, alredy the modulus of elasticity hadn´t change. The colorimetric provided the color homogenization, in addition to providing a tropical tone treated wood, benefiting its application in aesthetic purposes. Through the technique of ATR - IR was possible to identify the main chemical elements changed by process of thermal treatment as hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and extractives, which were the basis for the explanation of the changes occurring in the wood. In general, the process thermal treatment vegetable oil applied to the Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus cloeziana caused significant modifications, which could provide the use of wood treated in environments unsuitable prior to its use.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da termorretificação em óleo vegetal nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas, químicas e superficiais da madeira de duas espécies do gênero Eucalyptus. Inicialmente foram selecionadas seis árvores, das quais três são referentes a espécie Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell e as demais de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, as quais deram origem aos corpos de prova para ensaios físicos e mecânicos. Foram realizados 20 tratamentos, distribuídos entre as duas espécies, três tempos (2, 4 e 6 horas) e três temperaturas (160, 190 e 220ºC), mais os tratamentos controle. Para a realização da termorretificação foi utilizado um banho de óleo laboratorial e, para a cura dos corpos de prova, utilizou-se uma estufa de circulação de ar forçada. As análises físicas avaliadas foram: a variação de massa, o teor de umidade de equilíbrio, a massa específica e higroscopicidade a da madeira. Nos ensaios mecânicos avaliou-se a flexão estática, flexão dinâmica e dureza Janka. Quantificou-se as mudanças colorimétricas, tanto na superfície, quanto no centro das peças e a análise química foi avaliada qualitativamente por espectroscopia no infravermelho (ATR-IR). Os resultados mostraram que o processo de termorretificação alterou significativamente as propriedades físicas, sendo nos tratamentos mais severos (220ºC) as maiores modificações; tais alterações aumentaram a estabilidade dimensional e diminuíram a higroscopicidade da madeira. O módulo de ruptura e a dureza Janka diminuíram após a aplicação dos tratamentos de termorretificação, já no módulo de elasticidade não houve alteração. As alterações colorimétricas proporcionaram a homogeneização da cor, além de conceder um tom marrom a madeira tratada, beneficiando sua aplicação em fins estéticos. Através da técnica de ATR IR foi possível identificar os principais elementos químicos alterados pelo processo de termorretificação, como hemiceluloses, celulose, lignina e extrativos, dos quais serviram de base para a explicação das modificações ocorridas na madeira. De modo geral, o processo de termorretificação em óleo vegetal aplicado à madeira de Eucalyptus cloeziana e Eucalyptus grandis ocasionou modificações relevantes, as quais, podem proporcionar o emprego da madeira tratada em ambientes antes impróprias ao seu uso.

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Quatrin, Priscilla Maciel. "ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA DE NANOEMULSÕES CONTENDO ÓLEO DE EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS FRENTE À PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA E CANDIDA SPP." Centro Universitário Franciscano, 2016. http://www.tede.universidadefranciscana.edu.br:8080/handle/UFN-BDTD/551.

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Candida species are the main cause responsible for fungal infections worldwide, with C. albicans most often associated with infectious processes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium found commonly in immunocompromised patients. The persistence of infection is often related to antimicrobial resistance and the formation of biofilms. In this context, the aim of this study was to produce and characterize nanoemulsions containing oil of E. globulus and verify their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa strains and Candida spp. The nanoemulsions produced had size of about 75 nm, polydispersity of 0.22, zeta potential of - 9.42 and pH of approximately 5.0. It was made the characterization of oil and nanoemulsions containing E. globulus oil, which was observed to remain the major components was performed, including the 1-8-cineole (75.78%), p-cymene (7.55%) , α-Pinene (7.39%) and limonene (6.41%). The antimicrobial activity has been assessed from the macrodilution tests and cell viability curve, where there was minimal fungicidal concentration of 0.7 mg/ml for C. albicans and 1.4 mg/ml for C. tropicalis and C. glabrata . But nanoemulsions showed no antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. The antibiofilm activity was analyzed by testing with crystal violet, atomic force microscopy and staining calcofluor, demonstrating in all techniques, reduction of biofilms formed on different Candida species tested.
As espécies de Candida são as principais responsáveis por ocasionar infecções fungicas em todo o mundo, sendo a C. albicans a mais frequentemente associada a processos infecciosos. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa é uma bactéria Gram-negativa comumente encontrada em pacientes imunocomprometidos. A persistência das infecções estão muitas vezes relacionadas à resistência aos antimicrobianos e a formação de biofilmes. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi produzir e caracterizar nanoemulsões contendo o óleo de E. globulus e verificar sua atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme frente as cepas de P. aeruginosa e Candida spp. As nanoemulsões produzidas apresentaram tamanho de aproximadamente 75 nm, índice de polidispersão de 0,22, potencial zeta de – 9,42 e pH de aproximadamente 5.0. Foi realizada a caracterização do óleo e das nanoemulsões contendo o óleo de E. globulus, onde se observou a permanência dos componentes majoritários, dentre eles o 1-8-Cineol (75,78%), p-Cimeno (7,55%), α-Pineno (7,39%) e Limoneno (6,41%). A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinda a partir dos testes de macrodiluição e curva de viabilidade celular, onde se observou a concentração fungicida mínima de 0,7 mg/mL para C. albicans e 1,4 mg/ml para C. tropicalis e C. glabrata. Porém as nanoemulsões não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana frente a P. aeruginosa. A atividade antibiofilme foi analisada através do ensaio com cristal violeta, microscopia de força atômica e coloração por calcofluor, demonstrando, em todas as técnicas, redução dos biofilmes formados nas diferentes espécies de Candida testadas.

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Monteiro, Érika Maria Henriques. "Desenvolvimento de solução enxaguatória bucal bifásica contendo extratos naturais de plantas." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2012. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4263.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A abrangência da utilização de fitoterápicos e de plantas medicinais é vasta e engloba fins variados, também em relação à saúde bucal. O controle do biofilme bacteriano dentro das diversas especialidades odontológicas é de grande importância, pois aponta tanto para a prevenção, como para o tratamento, da cárie e de doenças periodontais. Com a finalidade de auxiliar os métodos convencionais de higiene bucal, muitos agentes químicos vêm sendo estudados, entre produtos com ação antimicrobiana e antiinflamatória. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de propor o desenvolvimento um enxaguatório bucal bifásico contendo extratos naturais. Fezse o screening fotoquímico dos extratos aquosos de Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha arvensis e a identificação por CG/EM dos compostos principais do óleo de gergelim. Realizou-se experimentos para testar a ação antimicrobiana dos extratos aquosos de Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha arvensis e o óleo de gergelim (teste de difusão em agar, concentração mínima inibitória (CIM) e concentração mínima de aderência (CIMA) frente a cepa padrão Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Realizou-se também ensaios para avaliar a ação antiinflamatória e antinociceptiva do óleo de gergelim. Nos extratos aquosos de M. arvensis não foram encontrados taninos, flavonóides e saponinas, também não apresentaram atividade sobre a bactéria testada. O extrato aquoso de E. globlulus foi positivo para a presença de taninos, flavonóides e saponinas. Também apresentou atividade sobre Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 observando um halo de 20,0 ± 0,66 cm (p<0,05), a CIM e a CIMA foi determinada com a E4 (12,5 mg/mL), o óleo de gergelim não apresentou halo no teste de difusão em Agar, acredita-se que seja pelo fator de difusão do óleo, pois em meio líquido apresentou atividade,a CIM e CIMA foi a OG 3 (25%). O óleo de gergelim apresentou atividade antiinflamatória e antinociceptiva nos ensaios realizados e no CG/EM deste óleo mostrou a presença de ácido graxos insaturados que já possuem atividades antiinflamatórias comprovadas. Conclui-se que os extratos aquosos de E. globlulus e o óleo de gergelim possuem potencial para serem empregados como prováveis enxaguatórios bucais.
The extent of use of herbal and medicinal plants is vast and encompasses varied purposes, also in relation to oral health. The control of the biofilm within the various specialties dental is of great importance because it points for both the prevention and for the treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease. In order to assist the conventional oral hygiene methods, many chemical agents have been studied, among products with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action. This study aimed to develop a proposed two-phase mouthwash containing natural extracts. There was photochemical screening of aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha arvensis, identifying by GC / MS of the main compounds of sesame oil. We conducted experiments to test the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus globlulus, Mentha arvensis and sesame oil (agar diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum concentration of adhesion (MICA) compared to standard strain Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Also conducted tests to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory action of sesame oil. The aqueous extract of M. arvensis were not found tannins, flavonoids and saponins, this also did not show activity against the bacteria tested. The aqueous extract of E. globulus was positive for the presence of tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Also showed activity against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 observed a halo of 20.0 ± 0.66 cm (p <0.05), MIC and MICA was determined with the E4 (12.5 mg/ml), the oil sesame not present in the test halo Agar diffusion is believed to be by a factor of oil dilution, as in liquid medium was active, the MICA and MIC was OG 3 (25%l). Sesame oil presented antinociceptive and antiinflammatory tests and GC / MS of this oil showed the presence of unsaturated fatty acid that already have proven antiinflammatory activities. It is concluded that the aqueous extract of E. globlulus and sesame oil are potentially likely to be mployed as mouthwashes.

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Saulle, Carolina Ceriani. "Análise morfoanatômica de folhas e caules e análise química e biológica do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus saligna sm.(Myrtaceae)." Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2468.

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Eucalyptus saligna Sm. é uma árvore nativa do sudeste da Austrália. No Sul do Brasil seu principal uso está relacionado a utilização da madeira. Entretanto, estudos morfoanatômicos da espécie, químicos e biológicos envolvendo o óleo essencial são escassos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar o estudo da morfoanatomia das folhas e caules a fim de auxiliar na identificação desse táxon e na diferenciação das demais espécies de Eucalyptus, bem como determinar a composição química, investigar a atividade antioxidante, o efeito antimicrobiano e o potencial citotóxico do óleo essencial de E. saligna cultivado nos Campos Gerais. O material botânico foi coletado no campus da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (Paraná, Brasil). A partir dos métodos usuais de microscopia óptica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foram evidenciados estômatos anomocíticos em ambas as faces do limbo foliar de E. saligna, ausência de tricomas, mesofilo isobilateral, nervura mediana levemente biconvexa em ambas as faces, idioblastos contendo cristais prismáticos de oxalato de cálcio, cavidades secretoras contendo óleo essencial, pecíolo com sistema vascular em arco aberto. Além disso, um caule com formato arredondado, colênquima angular, cavidades secretoras, cristais prismáticos e drusas de oxalato de cálcio. Por meio de hidrodestilação de folhas e caules, obteve-se um teor de 1,03% de óleo essencial. Os principais componentes do óleo essencial de E. saligna identificados por CG-EM foram o p-cimeno (28,90%) e a criptona (17,22%). A atividade antioxidante total do óleo essencial, pelo método do fosfomolibdênio, foi superior a determinada para a rutina. Porém, através dos métodos do radical livre DPPH e do ABTS, o potencial antioxidante observado foi baixo. O óleo essencial de E. saligna apresentou um efeito antimicrobiano frente às cepas de Staphylococcus aureus e de Candida albicans, por meio dos métodos de difusão em disco e difusão em meio sólido utilizando cavidades. Quanto à citotoxicidade avaliada pelo método do MTT, o óleo essencial de E. saligna mostrou-se citotóxico tanto para as células Calu-3, como para as células 3T3. Não apresentando assim, seletividade contra as células tumorais em estudo.
Eucalyptus saligna Sm. is a tree native to southeastern Australia. Its main use is related with the wood. However, morpho-anatomical studies of this species, chemical and biological involving its essential oil are scarce. The objective of the present work was to study the morphology of leaves and stems, as well as to determine the chemical composition, to investigate the antioxidant activity, the antimicrobial effect and the cytotoxic potential of the essential oil of E. saligna. The botanical material was collected on the campus of the State University of Ponta Grossa (Paraná, Brazil). From the usual methods of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, anomocytic stomata were evident on both sides of the leaf of E. saligna, absence of trichomes, isobilateral mesophyll, midrib with a biconvex shape on both sides, idioblasts with calcium oxalate prismatic crystals, secretory cavities containing essential oil, petiole with open arch vascular system. In addition, a rounded-shaped stem, angular collenchyma, secretory cavities, calcium oxalate prismatic crystals and druses were observed. The yield of essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation from leaves and stems was1.03%. The main compounds of essential oil of E. saligna were ρ-cymene and cryptone. The total antioxidant activity of the essential oil, by the phosphomolybdenum method, was superior to that determined for the routine. However, through the free radical DPPH and ABTS methods, the antioxidant potential observed was low. The essential oil of E. saligna showed an antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains, using both methods of disc diffusion and diffusion in solid-medium by plate-cavities. As for the cytotoxicity assessed by the MTT method, essential oil of E. saligna presented to be cytotoxic for both cells, Calu-3 and 3T3. Considering these results, additional studies can be recommended, in order to use the essential oil of E. saligna as raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.

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Mochi, Vanessa Trevizan. "Efeito da temperatura de secagem no rendimento do oleo essencial e teor de 1,8-cineol presente nas folhas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266803.

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Orientador: Marco Aurelio Cremasco
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A secagem das folhas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis, cujo óleo essencial apresenta como componente principal o 1,8-cineol, é o enfoque da presente dissertação. O 1,8-cineol, conhecido também como cineol e eucaliptol, pode ser utilizado, por exemplo, no tratamento de doenças das vias respiratórias. Este estudo objetiva analisar experimentalmente a influência da temperatura do ar de secagem no rendimento do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e no teor de 1,8- cineol nele presente, uma vez que o processo de secagem de plantas aromáticas auxilia na conservação das características originais por um tempo maior e aumenta o rendimento do óleo essencial quando comparado com a extração realizada com a folha úmida ou até mesmo com a folha seca naturalmente. O procedimento experimental consiste da secagem das folhas de E. camaldulensis em um secador tipo leito fixo, seguida da extração do óleo essencial em um destilador tipo Clevenger e, por fim, da análise por cromatografia gasosa para determinar e quantificar o 1,8-cineol no óleo essencial. Durante os ensaios experimentais de secagem, os seguintes parâmetros operacionais foram fixados: velocidade do ar de secagem a 0,60 m/s, carga de folhas úmidas em 100 g e tempo de secagem de 60 minutos. Foram efetuados 16 experimentos, utilizando-se temperaturas do ar de secagem entre 35 e 70 ºC. Com o estudo, foi possível verificar que o rendimento em óleo essencial extraído de folhas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis aumenta com a elevação da temperatura do ar de secagem. O mesmo pode ser observado para o teor do 1,8-cineol presente no óleo essencial. Finalmente, concluiu-se que, dentre as temperaturas do ar de secagem estudadas, 65º C foi a que forneceu melhores resultados
Abstract: The drying of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, whose essential oil presents 1,8-cineol as main component, is the subject of this work. The 1,8-cineol, also known as cineol and eucaliptol, can be used, for example, in the treatment of respiratory diseases. The objective of this study is to analyze experimentally the influence of the drying air temperature on the Eucalyptus camaldulensis outcome of essential oil and the content of 1,8-cineol. To dry aromatic plants results in the conservation of the original characteristics for a bigger period of time and also increases the outcome of the essential oil, compared to the extraction carried out with moist leaves or even with naturally dried leaves. The experimental procedure consists of drying leaves of E. camaldulensis in a fixed-bed dryer, followed by the extraction of the essential oil in a Clevenger type distiller and, finally, of the analysis by gaseous chromatography in order to determine and quantify 1,8- cineol content in the essential oil. During the drying experiments, the following operational parameters have been fixed: drying air speed of 0.60 m/s, load of moist leaves as 100 g and drying time of 60 minutes. Sixteen experiments have been carried out, with drying air temperatures comprised between 35 and 70º C. With the study, it was possible to verify that the outcome of essential oil extracted from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves increases with the increasing drying air temperature. The same can be observed for the content of 1,8-cineol present in the essential oil. Finally, one concluded that, among the drying air temperatures studied, 65º C offered the best results
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química

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Silva, José Francisco Resende da. "Cruzetas alternativas de Eucalyptus citriodora e Pinus elliottii impregnadas com resina poliuretana a base de óleo de mamona sobre manta geossintética: propriedades elétricas e mecânicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-11022016-114943/.

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Em todo o mundo, as redes aéreas de distribuição de energia elétrica levam energia a todos os consumidores. Parte destas redes utilizam cruzetas como meio de sustentação mecânica para cabos. Estas cruzetas podem atualmente ser produzidas em fibra de vidro, plásticos reciclados (Polietileno, Polipropileno de primeira produção) e outros materiais híbridos, usando polímeros e barras de aço para inserir resistência mecânica. Os custos destes materiais ainda são elevados e o seu processo de reciclagem ainda apresenta problemas no processo de logística reversa, impondo custos elevados. Alguns países, como Noruega e Estados Unidos, usam cruzeta de madeira laminada com sucesso, como material alternativo em suportes de linhas de transmissão e de distribuição. A cruzeta tradicional de madeira nativa é ainda empregada no Brasil, com uso restrito às redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. A aplicação contínua da madeira é atribuída principalmente ao baixo custo comparado com o de outros materiais empregados nos elementos do sistema de energia elétrica. Entretanto, considerações ambientais e baixa estimativa de vida da madeira têm mudado esta situação, conduzindo ao aumento de pesquisa nesta área. Neste trabalho foram discutidas duas espécies de madeira de reflorestamento, Pinus elliottii e Eucalyptus citriodora, impregnadas com resinas poliuretanas derivadas do óleo de mamona e revestidas com manta geotêxtil. Durante a execução dos trabalhos, foi detectada fragilidades mecânicas na madeira Pinus elliottii. Apenas a madeira Eucalyptus citriodora atende plenamente as necessidades do produto final. É importante observar que a resina empregada é uma matéria prima totalmente nacional, e que esta pesquisa contribui para a sua aplicação no desenvolvimento de um novo produto (cruzetas de madeiras resinadas revestidas com geotêxtil), com tecnologia totalmente brasileira, utilizando-se madeiras de reflorestamento, tipo Eucalyptus Citriodora. Estas cruzetas, além de respeitarem as leis ambientais, também apresentaram um excelente desempenho mecânico e elétrico, com ótimas perspectivas de instalações na rede de distribuição de energia elétrica, a um custo competitivo. Este trabalho apresenta avanço significativo no aumento da vida útil destas madeiras, ampliando o tempo para substituições de cruzetas nas redes de distribuição de energia e contribuindo com a preservação da natureza.
Aerial distribution networks take energy to consumers worldwide. Part of these networks use cross arms as a means of mechanical support for cables. These cross arms can be currently produced on glass fiber, recycled plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene first production) and other hybrid materials, using polymers and inserting steel bars for mechanical strength. The costs of these materials are still elevated and its recycling process also presents problems in the reverse logistics process, imposing high costs. In some countries, like Norway and USA, wood laminated cross arms have been used as an alternative material to support transmission and distribution lines with success, whereas traditional native wood cross arms are still used in Brazil restricted to energy distribution networks. Wood application is continued mainly due to its low cost compared to other materials applied in the electric energy system. However, environmental considerations and low wood life time estimate have changed this situation leading to increased research in this area. In this work we discussed two types of wood reforestation, Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus citriodora, impregnated with polyurethanes resins derived from castor oil and coated with a geotextile blanket. It is important to observe that the resin employed is a national raw material, and that this research contributes to its application in the development of a new product (cross arms of resinous woods lined with a geotextile blanket) with complete Brazilian technology, using reforested wood, type Eucalyptus citriodora. These cross arms not only comply with environmental laws, but also present an excellent mechanical and electrical performance with great installation perspectives in the electricity distribution network at a competitive cost. This paper presents a significant step forward in increasing the life of these woods, extending time to cross arm replacements in power distribution networks, and contributing to nature preservation.

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Kolokolova, Olga. "Biomass Pyrolysis and Optimisation for Bio-bitumen." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8822.

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Biomass waste has been recognised as a promising, renewable source for future transport fuels. With 1.7 million hectares of pine plantation forests and 12 million cubic meters of annual residue produced by sawmills and the pulp and paper industries, New Zealand presents a prime location where utilisation of these resources can take the next step towards creating a more environmentally friendly future. In this research, the process of fast pyrolysis was investigated using a laboratoryscale, nitrogen-blown fluidised bed pyrolyser at CRL Energy. This equipment can process 1–1.5 kg/h of woody biomass in a temperature range of 450–550°C. The purpose of this rig was to determine the impact of various processing parameters on bio-oil yields. Next, the pyrolysis liquids (bio-oil and tar) were processed downstream into bio-bitumen. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out on Pinus Radiata and Eucalyptus Nitens residue sawdust from sawmills and bark feedstock. The properties of the collected products, including pyrolysis liquids (bio-oil and tar), gas and solid bio-chars, were measured under different operational conditions. Further analysis was also performed to determine pH, volatile content, chemical composition and calorific values of the products. The ultimate goal for this project was to develop a feasible, advanced fast-pyrolysis system for a bio-bitumen production plant using various biomass feedstocks. Additionally, a design for a bio-bitumen production plant was developed, and techno-economic analysis was conducted on a number of plant production yield cases and bio-bitumen manufacture ratios.

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Wildy, Daniel Thomas. "Growing mallee eucalypts as short-rotation tree crops in the semi-arid wheatbelt of Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0031.

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[Truncated abstract] Insufficient water use by annual crop and pasture species leading to costly rises in saline watertables has prompted research into potentially profitable deep-rooted perennial species in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Native mallee eucalypts are currently being developed as a short-rotation coppice crop for production of leaf oils, activated carbon and bio-electricity for low rainfall areas (300—450 mm) too dry for many of the traditional timber and forage species. The research in this study was aimed at developing a knowledge base necessary to grow and manage coppiced mallee eucalypts for both high productivity and salinity control. This firstly necessitated identification of suitable species, climatic and site requirements favourable to rapid growth, and understanding of factors likely to affect yield of the desirable leaf oil constituent, 1,8-cineole. This was undertaken using nine mallee taxa at twelve sites with two harvest regimes. E. kochii subsp. plenissima emerged as showing promise in the central and northern wheatbelt, particularly at a deep acid sand site (Gn 2.61; Northcote, 1979), so further studies focussed on physiology of its resprouting, water use and water-use efficiency at a similar site near Kalannie. Young E. kochii trees were well equipped with large numbers of meristematic foci and adequate root starch reserves to endure repeated shoot removal. The cutting season and interval between cuts were then demonstrated to have a strong influence on productivity, since first-year coppice growth was slow and root systems appeared to cease in secondary growth during the first 1.5—2.5 years after cutting. After decapitation, trees altered their physiology to promote rapid replacement of shoots. Compared to uncut trees, leaves of coppices were formed with a low carbon content per unit area, and showed high stomatal conductance accompanied by high leaf photosynthetic rates. Whole-plant water use efficiency of coppiced trees was unusually high due to their fast relative growth rates associated with preferential investments of photosynthates into regenerating canopies rather than roots. Despite relatively small leaf areas on coppice shoots over the two years following decapitation, high leaf transpiration rates resulted in coppices using water at rates far in excess of that falling as rain on the tree belt area. Water budgets showed that 20 % of the study paddock would have been needed as 0—2 year coppices in 5 m wide twin-row belts in order to maintain hydrological balance over the study period. Maximum water use occurred where uncut trees were accessing a fresh perched aquifer, but where this was not present water budgets still showed transpiration of uncut trees occurring at rates equivalent to 3—4 times rainfall incident on the tree belt canopy. In this scenario, only 10 % of the paddock surface would have been required under 5 m wide tree belts to restore hydrological balance, but competition losses in adjacent pasture would have been greater

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Wiess, Laurencio Fabrizzio Alfredo. "Evaluación de la eficacia disolvente de una sustancia experimental a base de Aceite esencial de Myrciaria dubia en la desobturación de conductos radiculares." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653598.

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Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia disolvente de una sustancia experimental a base de Aceite esencial de Myrciaria dubia en la desobturación de conductos radiculares. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 60 tubos de PLA (ácido poliláctico)que fueron divididos en 5 grupos de 12 especímenes. Estos se rellenaron con un material de restauración temporal (coltosol) el primer tercio y el tercio medio con gutapercha. Se añadió un total de 0,1 ml de disolvente dependiendo del grupo de estudio (Agua destilada,camu camu, xilol,aceite de cascara de naranja y de eucalipto) a la parte superior de los tubos de PLA. Después de 5 minutos, se utilizó la máquina Instron 5566 (Instron, Buckinghamshire, UK) se movió hacia abajo a través de gutapercha con una velocidad de cabecera de 5 mm / min a una profundidad de 5 mm min. La carga(fuerza) utilizada para penetrar el separador en la profundidad de 5 mm se registró en Newton. Para el análisis se realizará la prueba de kruskal Wallis para comparar la medida fuerza de penetración según el tipo de solvente, posterior a comprobarse los supuestos estadísticos. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar todos los solventes (p= 0.001), obteniendo 14.02N para la sustancia experimental. Los resultados de la profundidad de disolución superficial y la fuerza utilizada para penetrar el esparcidor a 5 mm revelaron que el Aceite de Myrciaria Dubia ( Camu Camu) fue significativamente el mejor solvente para ablandar la gutapercha (P <0.05), seguido del xilol y el aceite de cascara de naranja, mientras que el disolvente con menos efectividad fue el aceite de eucalipto. Conclusiones: El aceite esencial de Myrciaria Dubia presento mayor poder reblandecedor que las demás soluciones en estudio.
Objective: To evaluate the solvent efficacy of an experimental substance based on Myrciaria dubia essential oil in the desobturation of root canals. Materials and methods: 60 PLA (polylactic acid) tubes were used, which were divided into 5 groups of 12 specimens. These were filled with a temporary restoration material (coltosol) the first third and the middle third with gutta-percha. A total of 0.1 ml of solvent was added depending on the study group (distilled water, camu camu, xylol, oil of orange peel and eucalyptus) to the top of the PLA tubes. After 5 minutes, the Instron 5566 machine (Instron, Buckinghamshire, UK) was used and moved down through gutta-percha with a head speed of 5 mm / min at a depth of 5 mm min. The load (force) used to penetrate the separator to the depth of 5 mm was recorded in Newton. For the analysis, the kruskal Wallis test will be carried out to compare the penetration force measure according to the type of solvent, after checking the statistical assumptions. Results: Statistically significant differences were found when comparing all solvents (p = 0.001), obtaining 14.02N for the experimental substance. The results of the surface dissolution depth and the force used to penetrate the spreader to 5 mm revealed that Myrciaria Dubia Oil (Camu Camu) was significantly the best solvent to soften gutta-percha (P <0.05), followed by xylol and orange peel oil, while the least effective solvent was eucalyptus oil. Conclusions: The essential oil of Myrciaria Dubia presented greater softening power than the other solutions under study.
Tesis

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JucÃ, Davi Matthews. "Efeitos do Ãleo essencial do Eucalyptus tereticornis e dos constituintes 1,8-cineol, α-pineno e β-pineno na motilidade do mÃsculo liso gastrintestinal de ratos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10842.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
O 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno e β-pineno sÃo monoterpenos constituintes do Ãleo essencial de plantas encontradas no Nordeste do Brasil como a âmalva-santaâ e o âeucaliptoâ (Ãleo Essencial do Eucalyptus tereticornis - OEET) que, na medicina popular, sÃo usadas no tratamento de distÃrbios intestinais e respiratÃrios. As aÃÃes miorrelaxantes desses Ãleos essenciais sÃo atribuÃdas Ã presenÃa desses monoterpenos. Nosso objetivo foi estudar mais detalhadamente os efeitos desses constituintes, assim como o do OEET, sobre a contratilidade do mÃsculo liso gastrintestinal e sobre o efeito procinÃtico em ratos. No presente estudo, foram usados ratos Wistar machos (180-250g) sacrificados por deslocamento cervical. Tiras de duodeno, Ãleo e fundo de estÃmago foram cortados e mantidos em soluÃÃo de Tyrode normal. As contraÃÃes isomÃtricas foram registradas atravÃs de transdutores de forÃa conectados a sistema computadorizado. SoluÃÃes contendo o 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno ou β-pineno foram preparadas em Tween 80 (concentraÃÃo final ≤ 0,2% v/v). Usados isoladamente, o OEET, o 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno e β-pineno diminuÃram o tÃnus basal em tiras de duodeno. Em tÃnus basal de tiras isoladas de fundo gÃstrico, o OEET e o 1,8-cineol possuÃram efeito miorrelaxante, enquanto o α-pineno e o β-pineno possuÃram efeito contrÃtil. Esse efeito contrÃtil do α-pineno e do β-pineno em tiras isoladas de fundo gÃstrico Ã por possÃvel interferÃncia com o mecanismo dependente de IP3 e independe da ativaÃÃo local do receptor muscarÃnico e de uma aÃÃo central na ativaÃÃo de receptores nicotÃnicos, da mesma forma, o efeito miorrelaxante na musculatura lisa duodenal Ã mediado por possÃvel interferÃncia com os mecanismos celulares mediados pela formaÃÃo de IP3. AlÃm disso, como demonstrado anteriormente, em Ãleo de rato, esses monoterpenos provavelmente ativam as vias de entrada de Ca2+ para a cÃlula em situaÃÃes de depleÃÃo dos estoques intracelulares. Em estudos de retenÃÃo fracional de corante no trato gastrintestinal, o OEET, o 1,8-cineol, o α-pineno e o β-pineno promoveram a aceleraÃÃo do esvaziamento gÃstrico. O α-pineno e β-pineno tambÃm aceleraram o trÃnsito intestinal e reduziram a complacÃncia gÃstrica. Os nossos dados mostram que OEET possui propriedades prÃ-cinÃticas, que podem ser atribuÃveis aos efeitos contrastantes induzidos por α-pineno e β-pineno, corroborando com dados apresentados anteriormente (JucÃ, 2007).
The monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, α-pinen and β-pinene are constituents commonly found in several essential oils obtained from plants in Brazilian northeast such as âmalva-santaâ and âeucaliptoâ (Essential Oil of Eucalyptus tereticornis - EOET), which are used in folk medicine to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Myorelaxant actions are due to the presence of these constituents in their essential oils. The present work aimed to further study the pharmacological effects of these compounds, as well as the EOET, on smooth muscle gastrointestinal contractility and the prokinetic effect in rats. Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used, sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Strips were carefully obtained from gastric fundus, duodenum and ileum, and were maintained in normal Tyrode‟s solution. Isometric contractions were recorded through force transducers coupled to a computerized data acquisition system. Solutions containing 1,8-cineolo, α-pinene or β-pinene were prepared with Tween 80 (final concentration ≤ 0,2% v/v). Solely used, EOET, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene or β-pinene decreased duodenal basal tonus. In basal tone of gastric fundus isolated strips, EOET and 1,8-cineole had relaxant effect, while α-pinene and β-pinene had contractile effect. This contractile effect of α-pinene and β-pinene in isolated strips of gastric fundus is due to possible interference with IP3-dependent mechanism and independent of the muscarinic receptor activation and a central action in the activation of nicotinic receptors, in the same way, the duodenal smooth muscle relaxant effect is mediated by possible interference with the cellular mechanisms mediated by the formation of IP3. Moreover, as shown above, in the rat ileum, monoterpenes activate capacitative Ca2+ entry to intracellular milieu after Ca2+ stores depletion. The α-pinene and β-pinene also accelerated intestinal transit and reduced gastric compliance. Our data show that OEET has prokinetic properties in rats, which may be attributable to the contrasting effects induced by α-pinene and β-pinene, corroborating data presented previously (JucÃ, 2007).

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Santos, Ricardo Carvalho dos. "Análise por CG-EM do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. influenciado por doses de NPK." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2011. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=97.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar por CG-EM o óleo essencial de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh. influenciado por doses de NPK. A pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de se observar a influência da adubação NPK na concentração dos constituintes químicos do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh., já que não existem informações sobre o tema para a espécie em estudo. Coletaram-se as amostras nas primeiras horas da manhã, aproximadamente 07h30min, no campo experimental da Embrapa Roraima. Extraiuse o óleo essencial das amostras coletadas pelo processo de hidrodestilação com sistema tipo Clevenger por 4 horas no Laboratório de Produtos Naturais da Universidade Federal de Roraima. Os óleos voláteis obtidos foram acondicionados em embalagens de vidro âmbar e mantidos resfriados para posterior análise química. Com o auxílio de cromatógrafo a gás Shimadzu acoplado a um detector de espectrometria de massas quadrupolar, QP-5050a, foram realizadas análises cromatográficas, as quais forneceram informações qualitativa e quantitativa. Esses dados quantitativos foram aplicados à modelos estatísticos a fim de se obter informações da influência da adubação NPK na concentração dos constituintes químicos do óleo essencial. Com isso pode confirmar a influencia da adubação NPK, aumentando ou diminuindo, em concentrações da composição química dos grupos hidrocarbonetos monoterpênicos, monoterpenos oxigenados, hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos e sesquiterpenos oxigenados, bem como os constituintes β-pineno e eucaliptol, exceto o p-cimeno, o qual não foi influenciado pelas doses de NPK. Já os constituintes químicos carvacrol, espatulenol e globulol não foram possíveis analisar a influência da adubação NPK para estes compostos químicos.
This study aimed at analyzing by GC-MS of the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh. influenced by doses of NPK. The research is justified by the need to observe the influence of NPK fertilization on the concentration of chemical constituents of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh., there is no information on the subject for the species under study. Samples were collected in the first hours of the morning, about 07:30 a.m. in the experimental field of Embrapa Roraima. Was extracted from the essential oil samples by hydrodistillation process with Clevenger-type system for 4 hours at the Laboratory of Natural Products, Universidade Federal de Roraima. The volatile oils obtained were packaged in amber glass bottles and kept refrigerated for later chemical analysis. With the help of Shimadzu gas chromatograph coupled to a detector quadrupole mass spectrometry, QP-5050th, chromatographic analysis was performed, which provided qualitative and quantitative information. These quantitative data were applied to statistical models in order to obtain information on the influence of NPK fertilization on the concentration of chemical constituents of essential oil. This may confirm the influence of NPK fertilization, increasing or decreasing concentrations of the chemical composition of the monoterpene hydrocarbon groups, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes as well as the constituents β-pinene and eucalyptol, except the p-cymene, the which was not influenced by the levels of NPK. Since the chemical constituents carvacrol, and espatulenol globulol not been possible to analyze the influence of NPK fertilization for these chemicals.

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Stenger, Luma Dalmolin. "Toxicidade dos óleos essenciais sobre Thaumastocoris peregrinus, Cleruchoides noackae e na indução de resistência em Eucalyptus benthamii." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2516.

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As plantações de eucalipto no Brasil vêm sofrendo ataque de insetos exóticos, causando perdas significativas nesta cultura. Thaumastocoris peregrinus alimenta-se da seiva das folhas do eucalipto, o que promove redução na taxa fotossintética, desfolha e, em alguns casos, a morte da planta. Contudo, métodos de controle alternativo estão sendo estudados para reduzir e/ou eliminar os problemas associado a esse inseto e ao uso de produtos fitossanitários sintéticos. Deste modo, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a toxicidade dos óleos essenciais de Melaleuca alternifolia, Casearia sylvestris e Eugenia uniflora sobre T. peregrinus, a seletividade de E. uniflora ao parasitoide de ovos Cleruchoides noackae e o potencial destes óleos como indutores de mecanismo de defesa em Eucalyptus benthamii. Para isso, avaliou-se a mortalidade de T. peregrinus, após entrar em contato com os óleos essenciais (1,0%), selecionando-se o óleo de E. uniflora para ser avaliado em diferentes concentrações sobre adultos, ninfas de 3° ínstar e ovos de T. peregrinus, e sobre o parasitoide de ovos C. noackae. A seletividade sobre este parasitoide foi analisada no pré-parasitismo, pós-parasitismo (1 dia) e pós-parasitismo (7 dias). Avaliando a porcentagem de ovos parasitados por C. noackae, porcentagem de C. noackae emergidos, razão sexual de C. noackae e porcentagem de ninfas de T. peregrinus eclodidas. Os óleos essenciais foram analisados por cromatografia em fase gasosa. O teste de indução de resistência teve objetivo de avaliar os mesmos óleos essenciais, como indutores de mecanismos de defesa em E. benthamii. Foram realizados dois bioensaios, 1) pulverizou-se os óleos essenciais e depois de 30 dias realizaram-se as análises bioquímicas dos tecidos foliares, avaliando-se açúcares totais, proteínas, peroxidases, fenilalanina amônialiase (FAL) e fenóis. 2) sete dias após a primeira análise pulverizou-se novamente os óleos essenciais e depois de 3 dias avaliaram-se os parâmetros citados anteriormente. No teste de toxicidade verificou-se a mortalidade de T. peregrinus (100%), após contato com óleo essencial de E. uniflora (1,0%), e este, na concentração de 0,75% apresentou potencial inseticida sobre adultos, ninfas de 3° ínstar e ovos de T. peregrinus. Este óleo foi seletivo a C. noackae quando aplicado pós-parasitismo (1 dia). Quando aplicado pré-parasitismo e pósparasitismo (7 dias) afetou os parâmetros biológicos deste parasitoide. Os compostos majoritários encontrados no óleo essencial de M. alternifolia foram, 1,8-cineol (72,31%) aterpineol (8,55%), em C. sylvestris foram g-muroleno (19,55%), a-zingibereno (15,24%) e samorfeno (13,17%) e em E. uniflora calamen-10-ona (20,20%), silfiperferol-6-em-5-ona (10,06%), germacrona (6,61%). Os óleos essenciais de M. alternifolia, C. sylvestris e E. uniflora não promoveram aumento significativo dos níveis de açúcares totais, proteínas, peroxidase, FAL e fenóis ao serem analisados aos trinta dias após a pulverização. Os mesmos óleos pulverizados e analisados após três dias possuem potencial como indutores de mecanismos de defesa em mudas de E. benthamii.
Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil have been attacked by exotic insects, causing significant losses in this crop. Thaumastocoris peregrinus feeds on the sap of the eucalypt leaves, which promotes a reduction in the photosynthetic rate, defoliation and, in some cases, the death of the plant. However, alternative control methods are being studied to reduce and/or eliminate the problems associated with this insect and the use of synthetic phytosanitary products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of the essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia, Casearia sylvestris and Eugenia uniflora on T. peregrinus, the selectivity of E.uniflora to the parasitoid eggs of Cleruchoides noackae and the potential of these oils as inducers of defense mechanism in Eucalyptus benthamii. For this purpose, the mortality of T. peregrinus was evaluated after contact with the essential oils (1,0%), and the oil of E. uniflora was selected to be evaluated in different concentrations on adults, 3° instar nymphs And eggs of T. peregrinus, and on the parasitoid of C. noackae eggs. The selectivity on this parasitoid was analyzed in pre-parasitism, post-parasitism (1 day) and post-parasitism (7 days). Evaluating the percentage of eggs parasitized by C. noackae, percentage of C. noackae emerged, sexual ratio of C. noackae and percentage of T. peregrinus nymphs hatched. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography. The resistance induction test had the objective of evaluating the same essential oils as inducers of defense mechanisms in E.benthamii. Two bioassays were performed, 1) the essential oils were pulverized and after 30 days the biochemical analyzes of the foliar tissues were performed, evaluating total sugars, proteins, peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (FAL) and phenols. 2) seven days after the first analysis the essential oils were again sprayed and after 3 days the parameters mentioned above were evaluated. In the toxicity test, mortality of T. peregrinus (100%), after contact with E. uniflora essential oil (1,0%) was verified, and at 0,75% concentration showed insecticidal potential on adults, 3° instar nymphs and T. peregrinus eggs. This oil was selective to C. noackae when applied after parasitism (1 day). When applied pre-parasitism and post-parasitism (7 days) affected the biological parameters of this parasitoid. The major compounds found in the essential oil of M. alternifolia were, 1,8-cineol (72.31%) a-terpineol (8.55%), in C. sylvestris were g-murolene (19.55%), (15.24%) and s-amorphene (13.17%) and in E. uniflora calamen-10-one (20.20%), silfiperferol-6-em-5-one (10.06%), , Germacrona (6.61%). The essential oils of M. alternifolia, C. sylvestris and E. uniflora did not promote a significant increase in the levels of total sugars, proteins, peroxidase, FAL and phenols when analyzed within 30 days after spraying. The same oils sprayed and analyzed after three days have potential as inducers of defense mechanisms in E. benthamii seedlings.

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Alba, Elisiane. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO ESPECTRAL DOS DOSSÉIS E ESTIMATIVA DE VARIÁVEL BIOFÍSICA EM PLANTIOS DE Eucalyptus grandis e Pinus elliottii A PARTIR DE IMAGENS LANDSAT 8/OLI." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8781.

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The area occupied by planted forests has increased significantly in the country, especially with Eucalyptus and Pinus genus. However, the means of determining of dendrometric variables the field are costly, require time and covers small areas. Thus, the orbital products applied in estimating the biophysical variables constitute an important source of data, which facilitate the process of acquiring information of the canopies, being useful, especially, in the planning in order to optimize productivity. This manner, this study aims evaluate the potential of the Landsat 8 satellite images in the differentiation of stage of growth and determining the biophysical variable of Eucalyptus grandis e Pinus elliottii. We used the 221-083 scene of Landsat 8/OLI satellite of the day 30th August 2013, being this converted to surface bidirectional reflectance from the radiometric calibration and, subsequently generated the ARVI vegetation indices, NDVI, NDVI, MVI, NDVI, SAVIL=0.25 SAVIL=0.50 and SR. The spectral behavior of the stands with different ages was established based on the reflectance of the red and near infrared bands. The reflectance of the bands and vegetation indexes was related to the forest volume, analyzing their correlation and adjustment of the data to the regression models, leading to selection of variables through Stepwise method. The Landsat 8 images are sensitive the variations of the characteristics of individuals according to the different growth stages of the forest stands, wherein for E. grandis to 4, 18 and 23 years, the increasing age caused reduction in reflectance in the NIR band and increased in the band Red. However, in stands of P. elliottii it was observed that increasing age led to an increased reflectance in the NIR band and reduction in red band. Correlation analysis between the spectral data and the forest volume of E. grandis showed that SAVIL=0.50 index showed better correlation with forest variable at both ages. The stands of P. elliottii the B5 band showed higher correlation with the volume to 9 years old, however at 10 years of age, the DVI index showed the highest correlation with the forest variable. Regression analysis for E. grandis has exposed the models of best fit, so that at 4 and 18, the equation containing the SAVI index explained 76% and 68% of the variability of the data. At 23 years, the composite model of the SAVI index and B7 band obtained R²aj of 0.67. For P. elliottii the best model to 9 years of age explained 74% of data variability, being this composed of the DVI index and B7 band. Thus, the Landsat 8 / OLI data can be used in forest planning, assisting in forest inventory, as well as knowledge of the individual phases of growth and the identification of forest species.
A superfície ocupada por florestas plantadas tem aumentado significativamente no território nacional, especialmente com os gêneros Eucalyptus e Pinus. Contudo, os meios de determinação das variáveis dendrométricas a campo são onerosos, requer de tempo e abrangem pequenas áreas. Assim, os produtos orbitais aplicados na estimativa das variáveis biofísicas constituem-se de uma importante fonte de dados, os quais facilitam o processo de aquisição de informações dos dosséis, sendo útil, especialmente, no planejamento visando a otimização da produtividade. Desse modo, esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a potencialidade das imagens do satélite Landsat 8 na diferenciação do estágio de crescimento e determinação da variável biofísica de Eucalyptus grandis e Pinus elliottii. Utilizou-se a cena 221-083 do satélite Landsat 8/OLI do dia 30 de agosto de 2013, sendo essa convertida para reflectância bidirecional de superfície a partir da calibração radiométrica e, posteriormente gerados os índices de vegetação ARVI, DVI, GNDVI, MVI, NDVI, SAVI25, SAVI50 e SR. O comportamento espectral dos povoamentos com idades distintas foi estabelecido com base na reflectância das bandas do vermelho e infravermelho próximo. A reflectância das bandas e índices de vegetação foi relacionada com o volume florestal, analisando a sua correlação e o ajuste dos dados à modelos de regressão, conduzindo a seleção de variáveis por meio do método Stepwise. A imagem Landsat 8/OLI mostrou-se sensível às variações das características dos indivíduos em função das diferentes fases de crescimento dos povoamentos florestais, sendo que para E. grandis aos 4, 18 e 23 anos, o aumento da idade ocasionou a redução da reflectância na banda B5 e aumento na banda do vermelho. No entanto, em povoamentos de P. elliottii observou-se que o aumento da idade propiciou um aumento da reflectância na banda B5 e redução na banda do vermelho. A análise de correlação entre os dados espectrais e o volume florestal de E. grandis demonstrou que o índice SAVIL=0,50 apresentou melhor correlação com variável florestal em ambas as idades. Para povoamentos de P. elliottii a banda B5 demonstrou maior correlação com o volume aos 9 anos de idade, porém aos 10 anos de idades, o índice DVI apresentou maior correlação com a variável florestal. A análise de regressão para E. grandis expôs os modelos de melhor ajuste, de modo que aos 4 e 18 anos, a equação contendo o índice SAVI explicou 76% e 68% da variabilidade dos dados, respectivamente. Aos 23 anos, o modelo composto pelo índice SAVI e a banda B7 obteve R²aj de 0,67. Para P. elliotti o melhor modelo aos 9 anos de idade explicou 74% da variabilidade dos dados, sendo esse composto pela banda B5, já aos 10 anos o modelo englobou 73% da variabilidade, sendo esse composto pelo índice DVI e a banda B7. Desse modo, os dados Landsat 8/OLI podem ser utilizados no planejamento florestal, auxiliando em inventários florestais, bem como no conhecimento das fases de crescimento dos indivíduos e na identificação de espécies florestais.

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27

Souza, Renata Ruiz Silva 1981. "Caracterização anatômica quantitativa e composição de óleos essenciais em três estágios foliares de clones de eucalipto e sua relação com a ferrugem /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97179.

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Resumo: Na natureza, a maioria das plantas é resistente aos diferentes patógenos, e essa resistência pode estar relacionada à existência de substâncias tóxicas aos microrganismos. As reações bioquímicas, que ocorrem nas células do hospedeiro, produzem substâncias que se mostram tóxicas ao patógeno ou criam condições adversas para o seu crescimento no interior da planta, contribuindo significativamente para a resistência. Além dos fatores bioquímicos existem mecanismos estruturais de defesa que atuam conferindo resistência ao hospedeiro à infecção por patógenos. O presente trabalho procurou quantificar os caracteres anatômicos foliares, em três estágios (E1, E3 e E5) de desenvolvimento; analisar a patogênese de Puccinia psidii pela micromorfologia da folha e caracterizar a composição dos óleos essenciais de clones de eucalipto, a fim de relacionar esses fatores com a resistência à ferrugem, causada pelo fungo Puccinia psidii. Para o estudo anatômico e dos óleos essenciais, foram selecionados clones com diferentes graus de resistência, sendo o clone A resistente, o clone B suscetível e o clone C altamente suscetível. Para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram selecionados os clones A e C. Através da anatomia quantitativa da região internervural da folha, o clone A apresentou diferenças estruturais que podem estar ligadas à resistência desse material, como: maior espessura das cutículas abaxial e adaxial, maior espessura do parênquima paliçádico adaxial, maior % de parênquima paliçádico, maior número e área de cavidades oleíferas, menor espessura da epiderme abaxial e menor espessura e % de parênquima lacunoso. Estes parâmetros podem dificultar a penetração do patógeno e a sua colonização nos tecidos do hospedeiro. Além disso, o estudo anatômico ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: resistance could be related to the existence of substances that are toxic to microorganisms. The biochemical reactions that take place in cells of the host produce substances that are toxic to the pathogen or create adverse conditions for their growth inside the plant, significantly contributing toward resistance. In addition to biochemical factors, there are structural defense mechanisms that act by conferring resistance to the host against infection by pathogens. This work's objective was to quantify leaf anatomical characters at three developmental stages (E1, E3, and E5); analyze Puccinia psidii pathogenesis via leaf micromorphology; and characterize the essential oils composition of eucalyptus clones, in order to establish a relationship between essential oils study, clones with different degrees of resistance were selected as follows: clone A was considered resistant, clone B susceptible, and clone C highly susceptible. Clones A and C were selected for scanning electron microscopy. By quantitative anatomy of the leaf interveinal region, clone A exhibited structural differences that could be linked to resistance in this material, such as: greater thickness of the abaxial and adaxial cuticles, greater thickness of the adaxial palisade parenchyma, greater palisade parenchyma percentage, higher number and area of oleiferous receptacles, smaller thickness of the abaxial epidermis, and smaller thickness and percentage of spongy parenchyma. These parameters can make it difficult for the pathogen to penetrate and colonize host tissues. In addition, the anatomical study allowed the discrimination of the first leaf stage in the highly susceptible clone in relation to the others, indicating a relationship between these characters and rust, since the disease occurs preferably on young leaves and organs at...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Edson Luis Furtado
Coorientador: Roberto Antonio Rodella
Banca: Marcia Ortiz Mayo Marques
Banca: Marília Contin Ventrella
Mestre

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28

Souza, Renata Ruiz Silva [UNESP]. "Caracterização anatômica quantitativa e composição de óleos essenciais em três estágios foliares de clones de eucalipto e sua relação com a ferrugem." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97179.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_rrs_me_botfca.pdf: 4134398 bytes, checksum: 35160af55248a162df54256d389a6408 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Na natureza, a maioria das plantas é resistente aos diferentes patógenos, e essa resistência pode estar relacionada à existência de substâncias tóxicas aos microrganismos. As reações bioquímicas, que ocorrem nas células do hospedeiro, produzem substâncias que se mostram tóxicas ao patógeno ou criam condições adversas para o seu crescimento no interior da planta, contribuindo significativamente para a resistência. Além dos fatores bioquímicos existem mecanismos estruturais de defesa que atuam conferindo resistência ao hospedeiro à infecção por patógenos. O presente trabalho procurou quantificar os caracteres anatômicos foliares, em três estágios (E1, E3 e E5) de desenvolvimento; analisar a patogênese de Puccinia psidii pela micromorfologia da folha e caracterizar a composição dos óleos essenciais de clones de eucalipto, a fim de relacionar esses fatores com a resistência à ferrugem, causada pelo fungo Puccinia psidii. Para o estudo anatômico e dos óleos essenciais, foram selecionados clones com diferentes graus de resistência, sendo o clone A resistente, o clone B suscetível e o clone C altamente suscetível. Para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram selecionados os clones A e C. Através da anatomia quantitativa da região internervural da folha, o clone A apresentou diferenças estruturais que podem estar ligadas à resistência desse material, como: maior espessura das cutículas abaxial e adaxial, maior espessura do parênquima paliçádico adaxial, maior % de parênquima paliçádico, maior número e área de cavidades oleíferas, menor espessura da epiderme abaxial e menor espessura e % de parênquima lacunoso. Estes parâmetros podem dificultar a penetração do patógeno e a sua colonização nos tecidos do hospedeiro. Além disso, o estudo anatômico...
resistance could be related to the existence of substances that are toxic to microorganisms. The biochemical reactions that take place in cells of the host produce substances that are toxic to the pathogen or create adverse conditions for their growth inside the plant, significantly contributing toward resistance. In addition to biochemical factors, there are structural defense mechanisms that act by conferring resistance to the host against infection by pathogens. This work's objective was to quantify leaf anatomical characters at three developmental stages (E1, E3, and E5); analyze Puccinia psidii pathogenesis via leaf micromorphology; and characterize the essential oils composition of eucalyptus clones, in order to establish a relationship between essential oils study, clones with different degrees of resistance were selected as follows: clone A was considered resistant, clone B susceptible, and clone C highly susceptible. Clones A and C were selected for scanning electron microscopy. By quantitative anatomy of the leaf interveinal region, clone A exhibited structural differences that could be linked to resistance in this material, such as: greater thickness of the abaxial and adaxial cuticles, greater thickness of the adaxial palisade parenchyma, greater palisade parenchyma percentage, higher number and area of oleiferous receptacles, smaller thickness of the abaxial epidermis, and smaller thickness and percentage of spongy parenchyma. These parameters can make it difficult for the pathogen to penetrate and colonize host tissues. In addition, the anatomical study allowed the discrimination of the first leaf stage in the highly susceptible clone in relation to the others, indicating a relationship between these characters and rust, since the disease occurs preferably on young leaves and organs at...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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29

Schreiner, Luise Saskia. "Prüfung der Eignung von Zusätzen auf Basis ätherischer Öle zum Milchaustauscher und eines Einstreupulvers zur Kontrolle der Ziegeneimeriose im Feldversuch." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-144699.

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Es wurden zwei Feldstudien durchgeführt, um zu ermitteln, ob der Verlauf von Eimeria spp.-Infektionen bei Zicklein bei natürlicher Exposition durch die Beimischung von Zusätzen mit ätherischen Ölen (EIMERICOX®= EO1, NEXT Enhance® 200 = EO2) in den Milchaustauscher (MAT) oder das Einbringen eines kommerziellen Pulvers (Stalosan® F = STA) in die Einstreu beeinflusst werden kann. Als Kriterien zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit dienten die Ausscheidung von Eimeria-Oozysten, die Kotkonsistenz und die klinische Symptomatik sowie die Gewichtsentwicklung. Des Weiteren wurde das Spektrum der caprinen Eimeria-Spezies in der untersuchten Population erfasst. In Studie 1 wurden in einem niederländischen Aufzuchtbetrieb 45 Zicklein verschiedener Herkunft zu je 15 Studientieren auf die Gruppen A1 (Kontrolle), B1 (EO1) und C1 (STA) aufgeteilt. In Studie 2 wurden in einem deutschen Milchziegenbetrieb 45 Zicklein aus betriebseigener Nachzucht in analoger Weise auf die Gruppen A2 (Kontrolle), B2 (EO1) und C2 (EO2) randomisiert. Die Zusätze auf Basis ätherischer Öle wurden während des Studienzeitraums kontinuierlich dem MAT beigemischt (EO1: 4 g/kg MAT; EO2: 125 g/t MAT) und über die MAT-Tränke ad libitum angeboten. Das Einstreupulver wurde zweimal wöchentlich in die Einstreu eingebracht. Insgesamt wurden in Studie 1 (53 Studientage) 484 Kotproben und in Studie 2 (56 Studientage) 847 Kotproben gesammelt, hinsichtlich ihrer Konsistenz bewertet und parasitologisch sowie teilweise differentialdiagnostisch untersucht. Die koproskopischen Untersuchungen umfassten die quantitative Bestimmung der ausgeschiedenen Oozysten pro Gramm Kot (OpG) und die Speziesdifferenzierung. Ferner wurden die Zicklein in Studie 1 am Studientag (ST) 0 und ST 35 und in Studie 2 am ST 0, ST 14, ST 35 und ST 56 gewogen und es erfolgte eine tägliche Kontrolle des Allgemeinbefindens. In beiden Studien wurden natürliche Infektionen der Zicklein mit Eimeria spp. beobachtet. In Studie 1 konnte bei 20 (44,4 %) und in Studie 2 bei 37 (82,2 %) der 45 Studientiere eine Oozystenausscheidung nachgewiesen werden. Die Befallsraten in den Kontrollgruppen (A1 und A2) lagen bei 73,3%in Studie 1 und 93,3%in Studie 2, was einen hohen bis sehr hohen Infektionsdruck anzeigt. Klinisch manifeste Eimeriosen mit Diarrhoe konnten während beider Studien nicht beobachtet werden. In Studie 2 wurde zwar bei 8,1 bis 8,5% der Kotproben in den drei Gruppen Durchfall festgestellt, dieser stand aber in keinem Zusammenhang mit einer Oozystenausscheidung von Eimeria spp. im Allgemeinen oder der pathogenen Spezies E. ninakohlyakimovae im Besonderen. Die Infektionen verliefen also ausnahmslos subklinisch, dennoch ist angesichts der hohen Befallsraten und der Präsenz pathogener Arten das Risiko eines Ausbruchs klinischer Kokzidiosen gegeben. Insgesamt handelte es sich im Falle von Oozystenausscheidung mehrheitlich um Polyinfektionen (Studie 1: 90,0 %; Studie 2: 94,4 %). In beiden Beständen wurde die Präsenz folgender neun Eimeria (E.) spp. nachgewiesen: E. alijevi, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. hirci, E. arloingi, E. jolchijevi, E. christenseni, E. caprina, E. caprovina. Die höchste Prävalenz in den positiven Proben zeigten (in beiden Studien) E. arlongi (Studie 1: 52,5 %; Studie 2: 78,1 %) und E. ninakohlyakimovae (Studie 1: 55,9 %; Studie 2: 47,8 %). Am seltensten traten E. caprovina (5,1 %) und E. apsheronica (3,4 %) in Studie 1 sowie E. caprina (3,9 %) und E. caprovina (1,7 %) in Studie 2 auf. Die Intensität der Oozystenausscheidung bewegte sich bei 78,0% der positiven Proben in Studie 1 und 88,9% der positiven Proben in Studie 2 im niedrigen bis moderaten Bereich von 50 bis 10 000 OpG. Eine Oozystenausscheidung von mehr als 100 000 OpG (sehr hoher Bereich) trat in Studie 2 bei 1,1% der positiven Proben auf. Die Maxima in Einzelkotproben lagen in Studie 1 bei 67 000 OpG und in Studie 2 bei 157 000 OpG. Anlässlich der Prüfung möglicher Auswirkungen von STA fiel auf, dass gegen Ende des Studienzeitraums in der Gruppe C1 weniger (Re-) Infektionen im Vergleich zur Kontrolle auftraten. Auch die OpG-Werte erwiesen sich bei Auswertung der kumulierten Daten für den gesamten Studienzeitraum und den Zeitraum ab ST 47 sowie am ST 51 in Gruppe C1 als signifikant geringer als in Gruppe A1. Hinsichtlich der Untersuchung von Effekten durch den Einsatz von EO1 und EO2 wurden bei der Analyse von Befallsextensität und Ausscheidungsintensität in Studie 1 in Gruppe B1 niedrigere Befallsraten festgestellt und bei der Auswertung der über den Studienzeitraum kumulierten Daten und gegen Ende der Studie am ST 47, ST 49, ST 51 und ST 52 signifikant weniger positive Kotproben und geringere OpG- Werte als in Gruppe A1 ermittelt. Bei den Befallsraten und der kumulierten Anzahl positiver Proben konnten solche Effekte in Studie 2 nicht reproduziert werden. Gleichwohl zeigte sich am ST 35 und ST 37 in Gruppe B2 eine signifikant niedrigere Eimeria-Prävalenz als in Gruppe A2 und die Intensität der Oozystenausscheidung war in Gruppe B2 am ST 37 und in Gruppe C2 für den Zeitraum ab ST 26 sowie am ST 35, ST 37 und ST 42 signifikant geringer als in Gruppe A2. Bei den mittleren Zunahmen der Körpergewichte fielen stets leichte Gruppenunterschiede zu Gunsten der behandelten Gruppen auf (Gruppe A1: 4,33 kg, Gruppe B1: 5,58 kg, Gruppe C1: 4,55 kg und Gruppe A2: 9,70 kg, Gruppe B2: 10,39 kg, Gruppe C2: 10,74 kg) sie waren jedoch nicht statistisch signifikant. Der subjektive Eindruck einer besseren körperlichen Kondition und Gesamtentwicklung der EO1-behandelten Zicklein wurde dagegen in beiden Studien für einige Parameter und Studientage als signifikant bestätigt. Am Ende der Studien fielen zwölf der 14 Studientiere in Gruppe B1 (Studie 1) und zehn der 14 Studientiere in Gruppe B2 (Studie 2) durch einen exzellenten Entwicklungszustand auf, während dies in den Kontrollgruppen auf drei von zwölf Zicklein in Gruppe A1 (Studie 1) und fünf von 15 Zicklein in Gruppe A2 (Studie 2) zutraf. Der Einsatz von Stalosan® F in Studie 1 schien sich günstig auf den Verlauf der Kokzidiose auszuwirken. Der Eindruck einer kokzidioziden Wirkung sollte jedoch mittels weiterer Studien überprüft werden. Durch die Anwendung der Zusätze auf Basis ätherischer Öle, EIMERICOX® und NEXT Enhance® 200, konnte die Oozystenausscheidung unter subklinischen Bedingungen zwar begrenzt beeinflusst werden, bei einer massiven Exposition ist allerdings kaum davon auszugehen, dass eine Behandlung mit diesen untersuchten ätherischen Ölen eine ausreichend protektive Wirkung hätte, um Eimeriosen effektiv kontrollieren zu können. Bei einer geringen bis moderaten Expositionssituation könnten die geprüften alternativen Maßnahmen ergänzend zu weiteren prophylaktischen Maßnahmen (insbesondere im Haltungs- und Hygienemanagement) dem Aufbau eines kritischen Infektionsdrucks entgegen wirken und somit ein opportunes Anwendungsgebiet finden.

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"Phytochemical and biological evaluation of eucalyptus essential oil." Tese, BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL DA UFLA, 2006. http://bibtede.ufla.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=111.

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Webb, Hamish Oscar. "The genetics of oil yield in Melaleuca alternifolia and Eucalyptus loxophleba." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/16079.

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Genetic improvement of essential Myrtaceae based oil crops is vital to the long-term health and profitability of Australian essential oil industries. Improving oil yield and efficiency is an important part of maintaining the competitive advantage that Australian industries currently hold over international competitors. Over the last 20 years, gains in oil yield have been made through the tea tree breeding programme, which has helped the industry get to where it is today. This work needs to continue to advance, for the health of the industry into the future. Using molecular techniques to facilitate this is the best way forward for the industry. To better understand how oil yield is controlled in both tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and York gum (Eucalyptus loxophleba) within Australia, I first investigated whether gene expression had an effect on oil yield in M. alternifolia. In this study I investigated the transcript abundance of 13 genes (dxr, dxs2, dxs3, cmk, mcs, mct, hds, mvk, hmgs1, pmd1, ippi1, ippi2 and gpps) in 48 individuals that varied in oil yield. The expression of all genes in the pathway explained 87% (R2 = 0.87) of variation in oil yield, These result are important in that they show that oil yield isnʼt just controlled by one or two genes in the biosynthetic pathway, but is influenced by multiple genes and that interactions between these genes is an important determinant of oil yield. Two genetic association studies were performed to identify variation within candidate genes that can be used as molecular markers in the respective breeding programmes of M. alternifolia and E. loxophleba. Both these studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate genes that have an effect on economically important traits and in M. alternifolia a number of these SNPs were then successfully validated within the breeding programme genetic stock. The next step is incorporating the information generated in this thesis about the genetics of oil yield into the respective breeding programmes of both species. Doing this is likely to increase the gains in oil yield made through selective breeding and help secure the long-term future of these iconic Australian industries.

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Grant, Garry David. "Genetic variation in Eucalyptus polybractea and the potential for improving leaf oil production." Master's thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145748.

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Mahumane, Gillian Dumsile. "Antimicrobial activity and chemical analysis of eucalyptus radiata leaf essential oil." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21545.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Pharmacy February, 2016
Eucalyptus radiata is one of the understudied medicinal Eucalyptus essential oils. It is an important aromatic oil, used for a variety of infectious conditions independently or in combination with other essential oils. Its antiinfective uses are an indicator of the antimicrobial potential of the essential oil and its compounds. However, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of this plant growing in South Africa is yet to be investigated. A basis of scientific evidence needs to be established in order to better understand its therapeutic properties, antiinfective potential and advocate its proper use in medicinal practices. Therefore, this study was designed to determine yield, chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antiquorum sensing activity of the E. radiata leaf essential oil. Another aspect was to determine the influence of seasonal variation and leaf age on the essential oil yield and chemical composition over a 12 month period. Young and mature leaves of the E. radiata species were sampled monthly over a period of one year (January to December 2014). The essential oil was obtained using the hydro-distillation method. Higher yields were obtained in the seasons of summer and spring (0.90% - 4.31% w/w), characterized by high temperature and high rainfall in comparison to autumn and winter (0.14% - 2.83% w/w). The chemical composition was analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds identified within all samples regardless of seasonal variation and leaf maturity were; 1,8-cineole (64.1% ± 11.9), α-terpineol (12.4% ± 4.6) and limonene (3.6% ± 2.7). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil independently, in comparison to commercial Eucalyptus essential oils and in 1:1 combinations with other essential oils. The Streptococci (0.19 - 2.00 mg/ml) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (0.19 - 1.75 mg/ml) showed the highest sensitivities. The E. radiata sample exhibited similar antimicrobial efficacy to commercial Eucalyptus essential oils. The antimicrobial activities of the major compounds were evaluated independently and in combination at 1:1 ratios and in various ratios relative to the arrangement in the E. radiata leaf essential oil. Independently, all major compounds; 1,8-cineole (2.00 mg/ml), α-terpineol (0.75 - 1.00 mg/ml) and S-(˗)-limonene (0.25 - 0.75 mg/ml) and R-(+)-limonene (0.25 - 0.63 mg/ml) displayed noteworthy antimicrobial activity. The sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) was used to determine the type of interactions observed from the compound combinations. The 1:1 combinations resulted in more synergistic interactions in comparison to combinations at relative ratios. Combinations with limonene resulted in better antimicrobial activity. When E. radiata essential oil was screened at 1:1 ratios with other oils, additive antimicrobial interactions were frequently demonstrated from the 1:1 combinations against Staphylococcus aureus (66.67%) in comparison to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.33%) and Candida albicans (16.67%). The broth macrodilution assay was used to screen for antiantiquorumquorum sensing activity against the biomonitor strain Chromobacterium violaceium (ATCC 12742) in dependently and at 1:1 combinations. Eucalyptus. radiata leaf essential oil displayed antiquorum sensing activity against C. violaceium with a 95.30% percentage violacein inhibition at a minimum quorum sensing inhibitory concentration (MQSIC) of 0.50 mg/ml. The 1:1 combination of E. radiata: Melaleuca alternifolia resulted was the most noteworthy outcome, thus the major compounds were investigated further. Two synergistic interactions were noted with the 1:1 combinations of α-terpinene and α-terpineol (ΣFQSIC 0.19), and 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol (FQSICI 0.19). This study demonstrated the in vitro antimicrobial properties of the E. radiata leaf essential oil, which may serve as credence for its use in the treatment of infectious conditions. The bioactivity of its major compounds highlights E. radiata leaf essential oil as a source of bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial applications. This study also introduced E. radiata essential oil as a quorum sensing inhibitor.
MB2016

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Kainer, David. "Genome-wide analysis of essential oil yield variation in Eucalyptus polybractea." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133347.

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Essential oil found in the leaves of Myrtaceous species, stored in specialised sub-epidermic secretory cavities, consists mostly of a large variety of terpenoid compounds. One such oil, Eucalyptus oil, is produced from a number of “oil mallee” species with high total foliar oil concentration, high proportion of the monoterpene 1,8-cineole and the ability to re-sprout with multiple stems from lignotubers after coppicing. The yield of foliar oil in such commercially harvested perennial species (e.g. eucalypts, Tea Trees and Hop) is dependent on complex quantitative traits such as foliar oil concentration, leafy biomass accumulation and adaptability. These often show large natural variation and some are highly heritable, which has enabled significant gains in oil yield via traditional phenotypic recurrent selection. However, molecular breeding techniques could increase gains per unit time by improving the accuracy of selection and reducing cycle time. In this thesis I explore the pathway to implementing genomic selection for essential oil traits in Eucalyptus polybractea (blue mallee). This begins with a general review of the challenges of breeding in perennial essential oil crops. I discuss the potential for applying genomic selection (GS) to improve oil yield, while noting the factors that affect GS accuracy and how they may manifest in openpollinated tree populations. Next, using non-destructive methods I assess traits relating to oil yield (quantitative and qualitative variation of foliar essential oils and biomass-related parameters) for their variability, heritability as well as phenotypic and genetic interactions in an open-pollinated progeny trial with 40 families and 480 individuals of E. polybractea. From raw phenotypes I develop a model that is able to predict future harvest oil yield performance at the family-level with a rank correlation of r = 0.74. This study shows that relying on oil concentration and 1,8-cineole proportion alone is not ideal for selection of top performing families for oil yield. Rather a mixture of biomass related traits, foliar oil concentration, 1,8-cineole proportion and leaf architecture contribute to family-level oil yield in varying ways. To implement genomic selection it is important to understand the genetic architecture of the trait under selection. To this end I use whole genome re-sequencing of 480 blue mallees to perform a GWAS of eleven oil yield traits. I find that allelic variants in the pathways involved in the biosynthesis of terpenes are not necessarily the major driver of foliar oil concentration when viewed at the genome-wide level rather than at candidate-gene level. I also reveal additional candidate genes that may be involved in precursor availability for terpene biosynthesis, terpene transport and the formation of oil secretory cavities. The GWAS widens our understanding of the genetic basis of essential oil variation to the genomic scale, while also providing an informative set of priors for advanced genomic selection models that make use of such information. GS models face a problem of over-parameterization when fitting large numbers of SNPs obtained from whole genome sequencing since most SNPs are uninformative. Therefore I implement a modified G-BLUP model that weights specific SNPs according to the trait genetic architecture. I show that by using curated candidate gene information the accuracy of prediction for total oil concentration can be improved by 15-50% over standard G-BLUP. Finally, this philosophy of partitioning genomic data into parts to be modelled differently based on a-priori knowledge is well established in phylogenetics. I explore the effects of different approaches to partitioning in the context of phylogenetics, noting that poor partitioning can result in misleading outcomes. In general, this thesis broadens our understanding of the genetic basis of quantitative oil traits, and shows how that information can be used to more accurately predict genetic value in breeding populations. Specific terpenes are increasingly sought after for industrial purposes, such as advanced biofuels, so this knowledge may facilitate increased production of key terpenes through either plant-based systems or engineered pathways

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Doran, John Charles. "Variation in and breeding for oil yields in leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis." Phd thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143268.

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Merckel, R. D. (Ryan David). "Fast and microwave-induced pyrolysis bio-oil from Eucalyptus grandis : possibilities for upgrading." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43913.

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The hardwood Eucalyptus grandis has been shown to be an important commodity for forestry-related industries as it has significantly faster specific growth rates per annum when compared with other types of tree species. It has therefore been suggested that residues from E. grandis may be a useful source of biomass for use in the production of biofuels for the transportation industry. Notably, E. grandis plantations within the Southern Hemisphere have some of the fastest growth rates worldwide. Due to the inherent nature of biomasses, such as lignocellulosic types having a significant amount of oxygen present, upgrading of biofuels produced from E. grandis is necessary. Several approaches were therefore evaluated to upgrade pyrolysis oils produced from E. grandis so as to increase their calorific values by decreasing oxygen content and subsequently increasing the hydrogen ratio. The hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) and oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios may be used successfully to evaluate the performances of catalyst-based upgrading techniques for either in situ or ex situ pyrolysis. In this regard the van Krevelen diagram, in which biofuels can be compared for their suitability as transportation fuels, along with their respective calorific values, is useful. The pyro-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) equipment is useful for the rapid and accurate evaluation of different catalysts for fast pyrolysis applications, and it was used here to evaluate the performances of the catalysts bentonite and ZSM-5 zeolite for upgrading pyrolysis oil produced from E. grandis biomass. A van Krevelen diagram was used to evaluate the performance of these catalysts, in conjunction with calorific values, based on the higher heating values v for the pyrolysis oils. Further studies were completed for microwave pyrolysis as it is a less harsh form of pyrolysis based on energy-transfer mechanisms. Mass balances were done and demonstrated good repeatability, with more stable pyrolysis oils being produced. This stability may be attributed to similarities between microwave pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction as microwave pyrolysis induces conditions comparable to those of hydrothermal liquefaction within the wood cells, and both methods produce a stable product called bio-crude. Furthermore, it was found that these pyrolysis oils could be distilled so as to remove some of the water content and improve the higher heating value (HHV) from 13.80 to 23.30 MJ/kg. However, this was not as high as the theoretical yield of 26.70 MJ/kg, and better performance was obtained for fast pyrolysis catalysed with ZSM-5 zeolite at 300 °C, which achieved an HHV of 34.54 MJ/kg. It is recommended that ZSM-5 zeolite catalysis be used in microwave-assisted vacuum pyrolysis to determine whether a similar improvement may be realised. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis should also be investigated as a possible technology for inducing conditions similar to hydrothermal liquefaction processes within the cells that make up the biomass.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Chemical Engineering
Unrestricted

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YIN, HUA-WEN, and 尹華文. "Studies on the chemical components of essential oil and pulping properties of Eucalyptus grandis." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60258067571923520040.

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Chang, Tzuyun, and 張慈芸. "Study of the antioxidant activities and melanogenesis inhibitory characteristics of Eucalyptus camaldulensis flower essential oil." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11338135941598607437.

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碩士
弘光科技大學
化妝品科技研究所
102
Eucalyptus camaldulensisis a kind of tree from Australia. It’s bio- pharmacological effects include antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antitumor activies. Besides, by inhalating Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil, it can alleviate pain,reduces edema,inflammation, andas insect repellent. However, so far, there is no report about the potential dermatological application of essential oils from the leaves or flowers of E. camaldulensis. Therefore, we study the whitening effiacy and antioxidant abilities of essential oil of E. camaldulensis flower and analyzed its chemical composition by GC-MS analysis. The inhibitory effects of E. camaldulensisflower essential oil on melanogeneis and its action mechanisms were investigated.The expression of melanogeneis-related proteins in B16F10 melanoma cells were determined by Western blotting. Meanwhile, the antioxidative capacities of the E. camaldulensis flower essential oil were also investigated. The results revealed that E. camaldulensis flower essential oil effectively suppress intracellular tyrosinase activity and decrease the amount of melanin in B16F10 cells. In addition, Eucalyptus camaldulensis flower essential oil also effectively decrease intracellular reactive species (RS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at the same dose range. The E. camaldulensis flower essential oil also exhibited DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging activies and ferrous ion chelating activity. Western blotting analysis, the results indicated that E.camaldulensis flower essential oil inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells by down-regulation of both mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and protein kinase A (PKA) signal pathways. Therefore, the E. camaldulensis flower essential oil could skin whitening care component in the cosmetic products in the future.

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HUANG, YU-WEN, and 黃郁玟. "Exploring The Influence of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Heart Rhythm - Taking Weightlifters as An Example." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9e2n4p.

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碩士
正修科技大學
化妝品與時尚彩妝研究所
107
Weightlifting is one of the current national sports campaigns. The research on the application of aromatherapy in sports science is still extremely rare. Scholars Huang Taiyuan and others study the sports weightlifting players of junior college students, and their essential oils will affect sports performance. However, there is no target country and high school students at the grassroots level. Because the middle school period is a key period for the growth and development of adolescents, can the use of essential oils improve the performance of athletes in sports and have better sports performance? Therefore, this study would like to explore the effect of eucalyptus essential oil on the balance of autonomic nerves and whether it can improve athletes' performance after smoking. Taking the weightlifting players of a certain country and high school in Kaohsiung City as the test subjects, the experimental design was taken before and after the test. Each subject underwent heart rhythm measurement and Eucalyptus essential oil aspiration experiments, supplemented by the Pittsburgh Sleep Scale, and the SPSS 22 software for comprehensive pre- and post-test differences and related statistical analysis. The results of the study found that: First, eucalyptus essential oil aspiration has a significant correlation with the athlete's autonomic nervous balance. Second, eucalyptus essential oils have different jerkiness for improving weightlifting results, and there is no difference in the snatch. Third, the Pittsburgh sleep scale score and weightlifting scores showed moderate or above correlation. Eucalyptus essential oils have reached statistically significant differences, allowing athletes to have better weight-lifting results in the effects of self-regulatory neurological balance. It is expected to provide essential oils to assist athletes in training to obtain better results. Keywords: eucalyptus essential oil, weightlifting, heart rate variation

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Huang, Chien-Jui, and 黃建睿. "Evaluation of essential oil from pomelo (Citrus maxima Burm.) and lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.) on inhibition of plant pathogens and control of plant diseases." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23843156932581692924.

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碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
103
The essential oils of pomelo peel and lemon eucalyptus fallen leaves extracted by steam-distillation revealed that the essential oil content of pomelo peel and lemon eucalyptus fallen leaves was 7.2% and 0.74%, respectively. The chemical composition of the two essential oils analyzed by GC-MS showed that the major component of pomelo essential oil was limonene (96.27%) while the major components of lemon eucalyptus essential oil were citronellal (43.69%) and citronellol (17.06%). The antifungal activity of essential oils against 9 plant pathogens was tested by the volatile activity assay. The results of volatile activity assay showed that, 1X pomelo could decrease the growth of Botrytis cinerea GBS3-93 and GBS1-104 to 92.7% and 100.0%, respectively; however, it enhanced the growth of Penicillium digitatum Cmep1-3. Moreover, 10X lemon eucalyptus essential oil could decrease the growth of all tested pathogen at the rate of 96.6%-100.0%. Based on the results of poisoned food assay, which showed that PDA containing 100X pomelo essential oil could decrease the growth of Colletotrichum higginsianum PA01, B. cinerea GBS3-93 and GBS1-104 at the rate of 89.8%, 81.1% and 73.4%, but enhanced the growth of P. digitatum Cmep1-3. In contrast, PDA containing 1,000X lemon eucalyptus essential oil could completely inhibit the growth of most tested pathogens. Furthermore, the spore germination inhibiting tests showed that 50X pomelo essential oil could inhibit over 92.6% spore germination of 5 tested pathogens while facilitate spore germination of P. digitatum Cmep1-3(>65.4%). In contrast, 500X lemon eucalyptus essential oil could inhibit over 80.1% spore germination of all tested pathogens. In this study, adding 100X pomelo essential oil, or 1,000X and 10,000X lemon eucalyptus essential oil to PDA containing 1,000 mg a. i./L azoxystrobin showed enhanced efficacies on inhibiting azoxystrobin resistant and sensitive B. cinerea isolates. This effect could also be observed in the experiment which added 100X pomelo essential oil or 1,000X and 10,000X lemon eucalyptus essential oil into PDA containing different concentrations of azoxystrobin. Phytotoxicity tests of essential oils on cucumber, Chinese cabbage and strawberry leaves showed that 20X pomelo and 100X lemon eucalyptus essential oil would damage the leaves of cucumber and strawberry. The control efficacies of anthracnose of Chinese cabbage and cucumber, and gray mold of strawberry indicated that spraying essential oils 1 hour after inoculation would reduce the disease severities of gray mold on strawberry fruit; however, spraying 50X pomelo and 500X lemon eucalyptus essential oils 1 hour before inoculation increased the disease severity. This study showed that pomelo and lemon eucalyptus essential oils are potential disease-control agents to reduce the risk of fungicide-resistance.

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LIN, TSO-CHING, and 林作慶. "Improvement Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil Aromatherapy on Ergogenic Properties‚ Anti-oxidant and Inflammation Activities in Endurance Swimming Rats." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/psy65r.

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博士
大葉大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系
107
Eucalyptus globulus possesses important pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the anti-fatigue, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of eucalyptus essential oil after swimming exercise using an animal model. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered eucalyptus oil (200 µL/h) daily via inhalation (15 min), and anti-fatigue effects were assessed following eucalyptus essential oil administration for 2 or 4 weeks when forced to swim until exhaustion while carrying ~5% body weight-equivalent. To assess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, control and oil-treated groups were subjected to swimming, which was intensified from 90 min to 120 min daily over 4 weeks, with non-swimming groups included as controls. The 2- and 4-week-treated rats increased their swimming-to-exhaustion time by 46 s and 111 s, respectively. Additionally, lactate (LA), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities increased significantly in the non-treated swimming relative to levels observed in the non-swimming groups (p < 0.05); however, no significant differences in these markers were observed between the treated groups. The anti-fatigue effects were related to LA clearance and reduced LDH and CK concentrations. Moreover, compared to the corresponding levels in the non-swimmers, the non-treated swimmers showed markedly elevated levels of liver malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), and other factors, but significantly decreased (p < 0.05) glutathione (GSH) concentrations. However, compared with that of the non-swimmer group, the treated swimming group showed no significant changes in these levels (p > 0.05), suggesting stable XO and MDA production and maintenance of GSH levels. These results suggested that eucalyptus oil aromatherapy increased rat swimming performance and antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidative damage and inflammatory reactions in tissues, indicating good anti-fatigue, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects after high-intensity endurance exercise.

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Chiang, Charng Yi, and 江昶逸. "Studies on the Volatile Components of the Essential Oil and the Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activities of Extract of Eucalyptus citriodora." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53318833163019209751.

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碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
99
In this study, several methods (distillation, supersonic and supercritical fluid extraction methods) are used to extract essential oil and other extracts (methyl alcohol is used as the solvent) from the leaves of the two types (glandular hair and non-glandular hair) of eucalyptus lemon-scented trees (Eucalyputs citriodora) for comparing their antioxidative and anti-bacterial. For volatile components analysis, GC and GC-MS were used and we found that essential oils from the leaves of the glandular hair type mainly comprised of citronellal (69.51%) and citronellol (16.00%) and that of the leaves of the non-glandular hair type of eucalyptus lemon-scented trees comprised of 1,8-cineole (62.70%), α-pinene (13.44%). The radical removal capability (to remove the radicals (DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)), the chelating strength of ferrous ions, the total equivalent antioxidative capability (TEAC) and the superoxide anion. For the radical removing activities, the essential dew extracted form the leaves of glandular hair type and the essential oil obtained from the leaves of glandular hair type have higher activities. For chelating strength of ferrous ions, the essential dew obtained from the leaves of glandular hair type and the essential oil obtained from the leaves of non-glandular hair type exhibited a higher activies. The essential oil and dew both obtained from the leaves of glandular hair type have removing.For removing TEAC, the essential oil and dew obtained from the leaves of non-glandular hair type exhibited a higher activities. For anti-bacterial activities, the paper ingots diffusion method (in three levels of concentration) were used against bacillus cereus (BCRC10603), lister monocytogenes (BCRC14848), staphylococcus aureaus (BCRC15211), salmonella choleraesuis (BCRC12948) and escherichia coli (BCRC10675). We find that the essential oil obtained from the leaves of non-glandular hair type show the highest level of bacterial suppressive capability against Bacillus cereus (at concentration level: 1 mg/mL; range of bacterial suppression: 19±0.5mm), Lister monocytogenes (concentration level: 1 mg/mL; range of bacterial suppression: 18±0.75mm), Salmonella choleraesuis (concentration level: 1 m g/mL; range of bacterial suppression: 13.5±0.5mm). We also find that the extract of the type of glandular hair obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction method shows the highest level of bacterial suppressive capability against Staphylococcus aureaus (concentration level: 1 mg/mL; range of bacterial suppression: 20.5±0.75mm). In addition, we find that the essential oil of the type of glandular hair obtained exhibits the highest level of bacterial suppressive capability against Escherichia coli (concentration level: 1 mg/mL; range of bacterial suppression: 12.5±0.5mm).

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Chen, Yen-hua, and 陳彥樺. "Effects of Eucalyptus and Jasmine Essential Oil in Heart Rate Recovery of Female Junior College Students after 3-Minute Step Test." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64638660442288686300.

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碩士
南華大學
自然醫學研究所
101
Since ancient times, aromatherapy is closely linked with daily life, applied covering the body, mind, and spirit. There are two ways for essential oils to enter the body: the smell, and the percutaneous absorption. Compared to percutaneous absorption, the sense of smell has more profound effects on humans. However, the clinical effects of essential oils were mainly personal experiences of the authors, and lack of empirical scientific basis. 　　　According to the statistics of the Department of Health, cardiovascular disease is the No.2 leading cause of death of people in 2010. Physical fitness exercise and aerobic exercise to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, therefore, are the key policy which the Department of Health and the Ministry of Education actively promote. It is known that sports excite sympathetic nervous system, which results in acceleration of the cardio rhythm in normal healthy people; after exercises, sympathetic activity is quickly suppressed and parasympathetic activity increases, causing heart rate decreases rapidly. Will aromatic odor affect this regulatory mechanism and make the heart rate recovery process become smoother? 　　　In this study, we chose 3-minute stepping exercise as standard to investigate the impact of essential oils on College female students during heart rate recovery. The results showed that the stepping exercise cause heart rate variability decreased significantly, and did not change much within the five minutes resting time. On the other hand, RMSSD, representing the parasympathetic activity, increased fast and significantly in the first three minutes, a result consistent with the trend of heart rate recovery, followed by a slow-changing phase, suggesting the existence of a two-stage process. Eucalyptus or jasmine essential oil does not make significant differences during the fast-changing phase if we use windows of 30 seconds in analysis. Eucalyptus seems to give better results in enhancing the activation of the parasympathetic nerves, however, when a window of 60 seconds were used.

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Chen, Yu-Jen, and 陳宥任. "Effect of leaf essential oil and methanolic extracts from Eucalyptus citriodora on the growth of Mikania micrantha and its inhibition mechanisms." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62027610263783098771.

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碩士
國立中興大學
森林學系所
102
Allelopathy is most commonly used to describe the chemical interaction between two plants, it has also been used to describe microbe-microbe, plant-microbe and plant-insect or plant-herbivore chemical communication. Allelopathy can be applied for weed removal. In this study we examined the allelopathic mechanism of growth suppression of Mikania micrantha by the major allelochemicals of Eucalyptus citriodora leaf essential oil and methanolic extracts. Results of GC/MS analysis the major components of E. citriodora leaf essential oil was mainly as oxygenated monoterpenes. We choose citronellal, isopulegol, citronellol, 1,8-cineole, eugenol and (-)-carveol to conduct the growth suppression experiment at the concentrations of 1, 2 , 5 and 10 ppm. The subfraction H6-64 was isolated from n-hexane soluble fraction of E. citriodora leaf methanolic extracts, and it would inhibit the growth of radicle of M. micrantha effectively. Result of NMR analysis, the major component of H6-64 was cis-p-menthane-3,8-diol and trans-p-menthane-3,8-diol. We choose cis-p-menthane-3,8-diol to conduct the growth suppression experiment at the concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 300 ppm, and assess hydrogen peroxide concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity of M. micrantha seedling. The results indicated that the major allelochemicals of E. citriodora leaf essential oil and cis-p-menthane-3,8-diol had high growth inhibition efficacy on M. micrantha seedling. The IC50 values of radicle growth inhibition were all < 5 ppm by allelochemicals in esstential oil, and cis-p-menthane-3,8-diol was 28 ppm. At a dosage of 10 ppm, the suppression rates of radicle growth were between 80% and 90% by allelochemicals in esstential oil, and the other were over 90% by cis-p-menthane-3,8-diol at the concentration of 100 ppm. However, the plumule growth inhibition by these allelochemicals were not so remarkable. When citronellol at the dosage of 10 ppm, the suppression rate was 55.6%, whereas others < 50%. H2O2 concentration of treated M. micrantha would increased by these allelochemicals. H2O2 concentration was related to inhibitory bioactivitiy and dose. At a dosage of 10 ppm, citronellal, citronellol and isopulegol led to 219%, 197% and 149% increase in H2O2 concentration, respectively. On the other hand, cis-p-menthane-3,8-diol led to 141% increase at the concertration of 300 ppm. Results of antioxidant enzyme activity assay suggest showed that the allelochemicals increased ascorbate peroxidase activity and glutathione reductase activity of M. micrantha radicle. However, there was no significant increase of catalse activity. The overall experimental results indicated that on the inhibitory effects of cis-p-menthane-3,8-diol and oxygenated monoterpenes of essential oil. These allelochemicals had strong growth inhibition efficacy against M. micrantha. These allelochemicals would increase the concentration of H2O2 of M. micrantha, and caused oxidative stress.

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45

Kabuba, John Tshilenge. "Steam extraction of essential oils : investigation of process parameters." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7577.

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M.Tech.
Essential oils are volatile oils, generally odorous, which occur in certain plants or specified parts of plants, and are recovered by accepted procedures, such that the nature and composition of the product is, as nearly as practicable, unchanged by such procedures (ISO, 1968). The principal uses are as: flavouring agent, medicinal and aromatherapy application. Today, the essential oils are sought-after for innumerable applications starting from markers for plant identifications to bases for semi-synthesis of highly complex molecules. The extraction of highly delicate essential oils from plants remains a crucial step in all these applications. By using steam to mediate the extraction, it is possible to maintain mild conditions and effect superior extraction. In the current work, an integrated procedure for steam extraction followed by volatiles sampling and analysis from the leaves of the Eucalyptus tree was explored. There are two problems to overcome in the extraction from solid plant materials: that of releasing the essential oils from solid matrix and letting it diffuse out successfully in a manner that can be scaled-up to industrial volumes. Towards this end, the effect of different parameters, such as temperature, pressure and extraction time on the extraction yield was investigated and the experimental results show that all of these temperatures (90 °C, 97°C, and 99°C), were significant parameters affecting yield. Increase in yield was observed as pressure was increased and the use of high pressure (150 kPa) in steam extraction units permits much more rapid and complete distillation of essential oils over atmospheric pressure. The yield was calculated from the relation between the essential oil mass extracted and the raw material mass used in the extraction. The volatiles, Eucalyptus oil in vapour form released from the leaves were condensed and analyzed using Gas chromatography, and eight major components were found to be contained in this species. A mathematical model based on diffusion of essential oil from the leaves was developed. Using a numerical method, the best diffusion coefficient was established for different operating conditions by comparing the model concentration of oil remaining in the leaves with the experimental amount of oil recovered; hence minimizing the sum of squared errors. It was found that one cannot simply assume that the oil leached and recovered was the same as that originally present in the leaves. The initial mass of oil was determined by fitting the diffusion model to the data. An Arrhenius model was used to account for the effect of temperature. The resulting expression for the diffusion coefficient as a function of temperature can now be used to model the large scale extraction of the essential oils from Eucalyptus leaves.

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46

Monteiro, Renata Ribeiro Frias. "Suscetibilidade de pseudomonas aeruginosa a óleos essenciais." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5921.

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Desde os primórdios das civilizações que o homem se dedicou a estudar as espécies vegetais com ação na prevenção e tratamento de patologias que viessem a acometê-lo (Novaes et al., 2003). Os óleos essenciais são substâncias naturais, também designados de óleos voláteis ou óleos etéreos, sendo definidos como produtos resultantes do metabolismo secundário das plantas que apresentam potencialidade como agentes antimicrobianos podendo ser utilizados como alternativa aos produtos de origem química (Ferenz et al., 2014). Segundo a lnternational Standard Organization (ISO) os óleos essenciais são os produtos obtidos de partes de plantas mediante destilação por arrastamento de vapor de água, bem como os produtos obtidos por expressão dos pericarpos de frutos cítricos. De uma forma geral, os óleos essenciais são misturas complexas de substâncias voláteis lipófilas, geralmente odoríferas e líquidas (Santos, 2004). Diversos estudos referem a atividade microbiana dos óleos essenciais, contudo, poucos têm relacionado este efeito com o mecanismo de ação dos mesmos sobre a célula microbiana. Segundo alguns autores os óleos essenciais podem danificar diversos sistemas enzimáticos, inclusive aqueles que estão envolvidos na produção de energia celular e na síntese de compostos estruturais (Conner e Beuchat, 1984). Por outro lado, a presença de óleos essenciais pode interferir com o mecanismo de reparação necessário para a divisão celular. Sugere-se, ainda, que estes compostos possam causar lesões na membrana citoplasmática, permitindo que os componentes antimicrobianos dos óleos migrem mais rapidamente para o interior da célula, alterando o metabolismo normal das células (Conner e Beuchat, 1984). Apesar das reconhecidas propriedades benéficas ao ser humano dos óleos essenciais, esta é uma linha de pesquisa que tem escassez de informações, devido à limitação de conhecimento da relação destas espécies nativas e o seu potencial para controlo de bactérias causadoras de doenças (Melhorança Filho e Pereira, 2012).
Since the dawn of civilization that man has devoted himself to studying the plant species with action in the prevention and treatment of diseases that were to afflict him (Novaes et al., 2003). Essential oils are natural substances, also referred to as volatile oils or ether oils, being defined as products of the secondary metabolism of plants which have potential as anti-microbial agents may be used as an alternative to chemical products (Ferenz et al., 2014). According to lnternational Standard Organization (ISO) essential oils are products obtained from parts of plants by steam distillation of water drag as well as products obtained by expression from pericarp of citrus fruit. Generally, essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile lipophilic substances, usually odoriferous and liquid (Santos, 2004). Several studies refer to microbial activity of essential oils, however, few have linked this with the mechanism of action of the same on the microbial cell. According to some authors the essential oils can damage various enzyme systems, including those that are involved in cellular energy production and synthesis of structural compounds (Conner and Beuchat, 1984). On the other hand, the presence of essential oils can interfere with repair mechanisms necessary for cell division. It is suggested further that these compounds may cause lesions in the plasma membrane, allowing the antimicrobial components of the oils from migrating more quickly into the cell, altering the normal metabolism of cells (Conner and Beuchat, 1984). Despite the recognized beneficial properties for human beings of essential oils, this is a line of research that has little information due to limited knowledge of the relationship of these native species and their potential to control disease-causing bacteria (Melhorança Filho and Pereira, 2012).

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47

Ho, Chen-Lung, and 何振隆. "Bioactivity of Essential Oils from Leaves ofFour Eucalyptus species." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01500365198792607365.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
森林學研究所
92
Eucalyptus is an important pulpwood genus globally which has wide distribution and was introduced to Taiwan over a century ago. In order to diversify utilization of the eucalypts, essential oils from the leaves of 4 species, i.e., E. urophylla, E. grandis, E. camaldulensis, and E. citriodora were extracted using traditional steam distillation. The components of the essential oils were analyzed and isolated. Furthermore, their biological activities, such as antioxidative, antimicrobial (including bacteria, mildews and wood decaying fungi) functions were examined. Yields of essential oils were in the order: E. camaldulensis (3.48 ml/100g), E. urophylla (3.14 ml/100g), E. grandis (3.01 ml/100g) and E. citriodora (1.89 ml/100g). Components identification of the individual essential oils entailed that E. urophylla had 54 identified compounds, with γ-terpinene predominant; E. grandis had 67 identified compounds, and the richest Fraction was 1,8-cineole; 55 compounds were identified from the essential oil of E. camaldulensis, which had 1,8-cineole as the main component; and from the E. citriodora essential oil, 40 compounds were identified, and citrionellal was the dominant component. The antioxidant tests indicated that by using the ferric thiocyanate method for a test period of 72 h, capabilities of 200 μg/ml of the 4 essential oils to suppress oxidation of linoleic acid were between 55.81% and 82.57%. The IC50 values of DPPH free radical scavenging capabilities were in the order E. urophylla, 398 μg/ml; E. grandis, 544 μg/ml; E. citriodora 559 μg/ml; and E. camaldulensis 718 μg/ml. Regressions between the b* values determined in the rapid screening of antioxidant by dot-blot and DPPH staining technique and the DPPH free radical scavenging capability values gave a R2 of 0.93, indicating a very significant correlation between the 2 methods. In addition, we separated components of the 4 essential oils by TLC plate method. The main free radical scavenging compounds in the 4 eucalypts were found to be γ-terpinene and thymol in E. urophylla; thymol in E. grandis; 1,8-cineole, and terpinene-4-ol in E. camaldulensis; and citronellol and terpineolene in E. citriodora as the most active ingredient. Analysis of the total phenolic content and the antioxidative capabilities gave 24.21, 22.80, 16.92, and 13.60 mg GAE/g essential oils for E. urophylla, E. grandis, E. citriodora, and E. camaldulensis, respectively. When the results of total phenolic content were compared to those of ferric thiocyanate, DPPH free radical scavenging capacities, and reductive capacities, R2 values of 0.90 or higher were obtained. Paper disk diffusion and broth dilution methods were adopted for the assay of antibacterial activities. Regardless of the bacterial types, E. camaldulensis essential oil showed the strongest antibacterial activity, which was followed by the essential oils of E. urophylla, and E. citriodora; and that of the E. grandis was the least effective. The antibacterial activities were found to have no correlation with the amounts of main component, 1,8-cineole, neither was there any significant correlation with the other compounds, such as γ-terpinene, p-cymene, citronellal, isopulegol, citronellol etc. Thus, we stipulate that the antibacterial activity may have its efficacy arisen largely from the combined effects of 2 or more essential oil components. Experimental results of the anti-mildew tests of the 4 eucalypts essential oils indicate that E. citriodora had the best efficacy, and were extensively effective against all tested mildews. E. urophylla, on the other hand, had the poorest efficacies. On the anti wood decay fungi tests, the results also show that E. citriodora essential oil had the best antifungal activity, and should perform as an excellent wood preservative. The main reason for its effectiveness was due to the presence of citronellol and citronellal compounds. The 2 compounds had obvious benefit in fighting fungi.

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48

Weng, Yuehchun, and 翁月君. "Eucalyptus essential oils inhibit inflammatory responses in LPS-activated macrophages." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11364047650994571104.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物資源學院碩士在職專班
100
Eucalyptus is an important pulpwood genus distribution widely and was introduced to Taiwan over a century ago. The reported bio-activities of the leaves of eucalypts were antioxidative and antimicrobial (including bacteria, mildews and wood decaying fungi). In this study, essential oils from the leaves of 4 species, i.e., E. urophylla, E. grandis, E. camaldulensis, and E. citriodora were extracted using water distillation, and were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in murine macrophages cell lines RAW 264.7. Experimental results showed that essential oils of E. citriodora had the best efficacy in NO inhibition. Essential oils of E. citriodora were fractioned into A~H fractions using column chromatography. We found that Fraction F inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-6, NO, iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, PKC-alpha, PKC-epsilon and PKC-delta induced by LPS were inhibited by Fraction F, while the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 was not reduced by Fraction F. Fraction F also inhibited NF-kappaB activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Our current results indicated that Fraction F is the major anti-inflammatory ingredient of E. citriodora.

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Hsu, Ling-Chuan, and 許綾娟. "Preparation of Eucalyptus Oils/ Calcium Alginate Microcapsules by Electrospray Technique." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3umd5d.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
有機高分子研究所
100
In this work, Eucalyptus Oil and Sodium Alginate are used as a core and wall membrane material for the production of Calcium Alginate encapsulated Eucalyptus Oil microcapsules, which has been done by the orifice method. It is possible to prepare the micron to nano-scale microcapsules and uniform particle size by combining the Electro spray technique with orifice method. This work investigates the formation and particle size distribution of microcapsules, the encapsulation efficiency of the Eucalyptus Oil, and the release behavior of the encapsulated Eucalyptus Oil. 　　Here the experimental work is divided into three parts which are electrospray emulsion configuration, preparation of calcium alginate microcapsules and preparation of eucalyptus oils / calcium alginate microcapsules. 　　(I) Electrospray emulsion configuration: From the experimental results, it can be found that the emulsification is improve the stability of the Eucalyptus Oil with the Sodium Alginate. The emulsion stability increases when the amount of surfactant (SLS) increases. From centrifugation stability test analysis and temperature stability test analysis, it has been predicted that the best stability of the emulsion ratio (O/W/SLS) is 1.00:1.00:4.00. The emulsion does not show the phenomenon of oil-water separator after 20.00 minutes centrifugation process. It can be preserved the emulsion stability at room temperature for 6 days, and emulsion stability up to 11 days is also possible at low-temperature. 　　(II) Preparation of Calcium Alginate microcapsules: This part is discussing the electrospray parameters on the formability of the microcapsules and the relationship of particle size distribution, and also identifies the best electrospray parameter conditions for capsule production. From the results, the best electrospray conditions was found as follows: operating voltage is 20.00 kV, T-C distance (needle to the collector plate distance) is 5.00 cm, the feed rate is 1.00 mL/hr., This condition is produce the complete shell formation on microcapsule with the average particle sizes of 314.43 μm. 　　(III) Preparation of Eucalyptus Oils / Calcium Alginate microcapsules: it explains the experimental procedure for measuring the encapsulation efficiency of Eucalyptus Oil and the release behavior of the encapsulated Eucalyptus Oil. From the experimental results, different emulsion proportion (O/W/SLS) of Eucalyptus Oil coating was caused by only micro effects. When the amount of surfactant (SLS) is increased from 0.20 mL to 0.80 mL , the encapsulation efficiency of Eucalyptus Oil is increase from 90.10 % to 93.90 %. The electrospray parameters (ex:operating voltage) change caused the significant changes in particle size of the microcapsules, but does not affect the coating of Eucalyptus Oil for the operating voltage 0.00 kV to 20.00 kV. Its average encapsulation efficiency falls 91.50 % to 91.70 %.

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Huang, Lian-You, and 黃連佑. "Study on the Preparation of Gelatin/CMC Eucalyptus Essential Oils Microcapsules by Complex Coacervation." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46252871559719705034.

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碩士
正修科技大學
化妝品與時尚彩妝研究所
102
Gelatin containing collagen of animal glue, is a kind of natural macromolecule material, pH value of the solution to the isoelectric point. Gelatin forming cationic polymer, and the other a semi synthetic macromolecular carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as anionic polymer. In the appropriate conditions, both of them can complex coacervation microencapsulation. Therefore, this study selected using gelatin and CMC as wall material, Eucalyptus essential oil as core material to microcapsule by complex coacervation. Through the single factor experiment, for each experiment change one of the control factors. Coating parameters within gelatin and CMC in mass ratio of wall material, mass ratio of core material and wall material, pH value of the solution, stirring rate and preparation of temperature, et al. To discuss the effects of the control factors on the physical properties of microcapsules by shape, particle size, oil content and encapsulation efficiency. The experimental control factor for the Taguchi orthogonal experimental design method to find the influence of experimental parameters. The results are sequentially as mass ratio of wall material, pH value of solution, preparation temperature, mass ratio of core material and wall material, stirring rate. The mass ratio of wall material, pH value of solution and preparation of temperature on the microcapsule of encapsulation efficiency and shape has well influences. The mass ratio of wall material and stirring rate on the average particle size of microcapsule has well influences. The best coating conditions combination: gelatin and CMC is 9 than 1 in mass ratio of wall material, Eucalyptus essential oil content is 1.6 g, the pH value of solution is 4.6, the stirring speed is 1200 rpm, the preparation temperature is 45 ℃, the microcapsule on the coating conditions has the best effect of coating.

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