Relevant bibliographies by topics / ETX

Academic literature on the topic 'ETX'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "ETX"

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Linden, Jennifer, Kiel Telesford, Samantha Shetty, Paige Winokour, Sylvia Haigh, Ellen Cahir-McFarland, Giovanna Antognetti, et al. "A Novel Panel of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Diverse Applications Including Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Oligomerization." Antibodies 7, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib7040037.

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The pore-forming epsilon toxin (ETX) produced by Clostridium perfringens is among the most lethal bacterial toxins known. Sensitive antibody-based reagents are needed to detect toxin, distinguish mechanisms of cell death, and prevent ETX toxicity. Using B-cell immuno-panning and cloning techniques, seven ETX-specific monoclonal antibodies were generated from immunized rabbits. ETX specificity and sensitivity were evaluated via western blot, ELISA, immunocytochemistry (ICC), and flow cytometry. ETX-neutralizing function was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. All antibodies recognized both purified ETX and epsilon protoxin via western blot with two capable of detecting the ETX-oligomer complex. Four antibodies detected ETX via ELISA and three detected ETX bound to cells via ICC or flow cytometry. Several antibodies prevented ETX-induced cell death by either preventing ETX binding or by blocking ETX oligomerization. Antibodies that blocked ETX oligomerization inhibited ETX endocytosis and cellular vacuolation. Importantly, one of the oligomerization-blocking antibodies was able to protect against ETX-induced death post-ETX exposure in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe the production of a panel of rabbit monoclonal anti-ETX antibodies and their use in various biological assays. Antibodies possessing differential specificity to ETX in particular conformations will aid in the mechanistic studies of ETX cytotoxicity, while those with ETX-neutralizing function may be useful in preventing ETX-mediated mortality.
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Li, Jihong, John C. Freedman, and Bruce A. McClane. "NanI Sialidase, CcpA, and CodY Work Together To Regulate Epsilon Toxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type D Strain CN3718." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 20 (August 10, 2015): 3339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00349-15.

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ABSTRACTClostridium perfringenstype D strains are usually associated with diseases of livestock, and their virulence requires the production of epsilon toxin (ETX). We previously showed (J. Li, S. Sayeed, S. Robertson, J. Chen, and B. A. McClane, PLoS Pathog 7:e1002429, 2011,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002429) that BMC202, ananInull mutant of type D strain CN3718, produces less ETX than wild-type CN3718 does. The current study proved that the lower ETX production by strain BMC202 is due tonanIgene disruption, since both genetic and physical (NanI or sialic acid) complementation increased ETX production by BMC202. Furthermore, a sialidase inhibitor that interfered with NanI activity also reduced ETX production by wild-type CN3718. The NanI effect on ETX production was shown to involve reductions incodYandccpAgene transcription levels in BMC202 versus wild-type CN3718. Similar to CodY, CcpA was found to positively control ETX production. A doublecodYccpAnull mutant produced even less ETX than acodYorccpAsingle null mutant. CcpA bound directly to sequences upstream of theetxorcodYstart codon, and bioinformatics identified putative CcpA-bindingcresites immediately upstream of both thecodYandetxstart codons, suggesting possible direct CcpA regulatory effects. AccpAmutation also decreasedcodYtranscription, suggesting that CcpA effects on ETX production can be both direct and indirect, including effects oncodYtranscription. Collectively, these results suggest that NanI, CcpA, and CodY work together to regulate ETX production, with NanI-generated sialic acid from the intestines possibly signaling type D strains to upregulate their ETX production and induce disease.IMPORTANCEClostridium perfringensNanI was previously shown to increase ETX binding to, and cytotoxicity for, MDCK host cells. The current study demonstrates that NanI also regulates ETX production via increased transcription of genes encoding the CodY and CcpA global regulators. Results obtained using singleccpAorcodYnull mutants and accpAcodYdouble null mutant showed thatcodYandccpAregulate ETX production independently of one another but thatccpAalso affectscodYtranscription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and bioinformatic analyses suggest that both CodY and CcpA may directly regulateetxtranscription. Collectively, results of this study suggest that sialic acid generated by NanI from intestinal sources signals ETX-producingC. perfringensstrains, via CcpA and CodY, to upregulate ETX production and cause disease.
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Marshall, Skye, Beth McGill, Helen Morcrette, C. Peter Winlove, Catalin Chimerel, Peter G. Petrov, and Monika Bokori-Brown. "Interaction of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin with the Plasma Membrane: The Role of Amino Acids Y42, Y43 and H162." Toxins 14, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110757.

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Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (Etx) is a pore forming toxin that causes enterotoxaemia in ruminants and may be a cause of multiple sclerosis in humans. To date, most in vitro studies of Etx have used the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. However, studies using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express the putative Etx receptor, myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL), suggest that amino acids important for Etx activity differ between species. In this study, we investigated the role of amino acids Y42, Y43 and H162, previously identified as important in Etx activity towards MDCK cells, in Etx activity towards CHO-human MAL (CHO-hMAL) cells, human red blood cells (hRBCs) and synthetic bilayers using site-directed mutants of Etx. We show that in CHO-hMAL cells Y42 is critical for Etx binding and not Y43 as in MDCK cells, indicating that surface exposed tyrosine residues in the receptor binding domain of Etx impact efficiency of cell binding to MAL-expressing cells in a species-specific manner. We also show that Etx mutant H162A was unable to lyse CHO-hMAL cells, lysed hRBCs, whilst it was able to form pores in synthetic bilayers, providing evidence of the complexity of Etx pore formation in different lipid environments.
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Bossu, Jean Louis, Laetitia Wioland, Frédéric Doussau, Philippe Isope, Michel R. Popoff, and Bernard Poulain. "Epsilon Toxin from Clostridium perfringens Causes Inhibition of Potassium inward Rectifier (Kir) Channels in Oligodendrocytes." Toxins 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010036.

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Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, causes serious neurological disorders in animals. ETX can bind to the white matter of the brain and the oligodendrocytes, which are the cells forming the myelin sheath around neuron axons in the white matter of the central nervous system. After binding to oligodendrocytes, ETX causes demyelination in rat cerebellar slices. We further investigated the effects of ETX on cerebellar oligodendrocytes and found that ETX induced small transmembrane depolarization (by ~ +6.4 mV) in rat oligodendrocytes primary cultures. This was due to partial inhibition of the transmembrane inward rectifier potassium current (Kir). Of the two distinct types of Kir channel conductances (~25 pS and ~8.5 pS) recorded in rat oligodendrocytes, we found that ETX inhibited the large-conductance one. This inhibition did not require direct binding of ETX to a Kir channel. Most likely, the binding of ETX to its membrane receptor activates intracellular pathways that block the large conductance Kir channel activity in oligodendrocyte. Altogether, these findings and previous observations pinpoint oligodendrocytes as a major target for ETX. This supports the proposal that ETX might be a cause for Multiple Sclerosis, a disease characterized by myelin damage.
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Mandell, Erica, Kyle N. Powers, Julie W. Harral, Gregory J. Seedorf, Kendall S. Hunter, Steven H. Abman, and R. Blair Dodson. "Intrauterine endotoxin-induced impairs pulmonary vascular function and right ventricular performance in infant rats and improvement with early vitamin D therapy." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 309, no. 12 (December 15, 2015): L1438—L1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00302.2015.

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High pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), proximal pulmonary artery (PA) impedance, and right ventricular (RV) afterload due to remodeling contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Intra-amniotic exposure to endotoxin (ETX) causes sustained PH and high mortality in rat pups at birth, which are associated with impaired vascular growth and RV hypertrophy in survivors. Treatment of ETX-exposed pups with antenatal vitamin D (vit D) improves survival and lung growth, but the effects of ETX exposure on RV-PA coupling in the neonatal lung are unknown. We hypothesized that intrauterine ETX impairs RV-PA coupling through sustained abnormalities of PA stiffening and RV performance that are attenuated with vit D therapy. Fetal rats were exposed to intra-amniotic injections of ETX, ETX+vit D, or saline at 20 days gestation (term = 22 days). At postnatal day 14, pups had pressure-volume measurements of the RV and isolated proximal PA, respectively. Lung homogenates were assayed for extracellular matrix (ECM) composition by Western blot. We found that ETX lungs contain decreased α-elastin, lysyl oxidase, collagen I, and collagen III proteins ( P < 0.05) compared control and ETX+vit D lungs. ETX-exposed animals have increased RV mechanical stroke work ( P < 0.05 vs. control and ETX+vit D) and elastic potential energy ( P < 0.05 vs. control and ETX+vit D). Mechanical stiffness and ECM remodeling are increased in the PA ( P < 0.05 vs. control and ETX+vit D). We conclude that intrauterine exposure of fetal rats to ETX during late gestation causes persistent impairment of RV-PA coupling throughout infancy that can be prevented with early vit D treatment.
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Miyamoto, Kazuaki, Jihong Li, Sameera Sayeed, Shigeru Akimoto, and Bruce A. McClane. "Sequencing and Diversity Analyses Reveal Extensive Similarities between Some Epsilon-Toxin-Encoding Plasmids and the pCPF5603 Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Plasmid." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 21 (September 5, 2008): 7178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00939-08.

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ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens type B and D isolates produce epsilon-toxin, the third most potent clostridial toxin. The epsilon-toxin gene (etx) is plasmid borne in type D isolates, but etx genetics have been poorly studied in type B isolates. This study reports the first sequencing of any etx plasmid, i.e., pCP8533etx, from type B strain NCTC8533. This etx plasmid is 64.7 kb, carries tcp conjugative transfer genes, and encodes additional potential virulence factors including beta2-toxin, sortase, and collagen adhesin but not beta-toxin. Interestingly, nearly 80% of pCP8533etx open reading frames (ORFs) are also present on pCPF5603, an enterotoxin-encoding plasmid from type A isolate F5603. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and overlapping PCR indicated that a pCP8533etx-like etx plasmid is also present in most, if not all, other type B isolates and some beta2-toxin-positive, cpe-negative type D isolates, while other type D isolates carry different etx plasmids. Sequences upstream of the etx gene vary between type B isolates and some type D isolates that do not carry a pCP8533etx-like etx plasmid. However, nearly all type B and D isolates have an etx locus with an upstream IS1151, and those etx loci typically reside near a dcm ORF. These results suggest that pCPF5603 and pCP8533etx evolved from insertion of mobile genetic elements carrying enterotoxin or etx genes, respectively, onto a common progenitor plasmid.
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Dorca-Arévalo, Jonatan, Inmaculada Gómez de Aranda, and Juan Blasi. "New Mutants of Epsilon Toxin from Clostridium perfringens with an Altered Receptor-Binding Site and Cell-Type Specificity." Toxins 14, no. 4 (April 16, 2022): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040288.

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Epsilon toxin (Etx) from Clostridium perfringens is the third most potent toxin after the botulinum and tetanus toxins. Etx is the main agent of enterotoxemia in ruminants and is produced by Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes B and D, causing great economic losses. Etx selectively binds to target cells, oligomerizes and inserts into the plasma membrane, and forms pores. A series of mutants have been previously generated to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the toxin and to obtain valid molecular tools for effective vaccination protocols. Here, two new non-toxic Etx mutants were generated by selective deletions in the binding (Etx-ΔS188-F196) or insertion (Etx-ΔV108-F135) domains of the toxin. As expected, our results showed that Etx-ΔS188-F196 did not exhibit the usual Etx binding pattern but surprisingly recognized specifically an O-glycoprotein present in the proximal tubules of the kidneys in a wide range of animals, including ruminants. Although diminished, Etx-ΔV108-F135 maintained the capacity for binding and even oligomerization, indicating that the mutation particularly affected the pore-forming ability of the toxin.
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Tang, Jen-Ruey, Gregory J. Seedorf, Vincent Muehlethaler, Deandra L. Walker, Neil E. Markham, Vivek Balasubramaniam, and Steven H. Abman. "Moderate postnatal hyperoxia accelerates lung growth and attenuates pulmonary hypertension in infant rats after exposure to intra-amniotic endotoxin." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 299, no. 6 (December 2010): L735—L748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00153.2010.

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To determine the separate and interactive effects of fetal inflammation and neonatal hyperoxia on the developing lung, we hypothesized that: 1) antenatal endotoxin (ETX) causes sustained abnormalities of infant lung structure; and 2) postnatal hyperoxia augments the adverse effects of antenatal ETX on infant lung growth. Escherichia coli ETX or saline (SA) was injected into amniotic sacs in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at 20 days of gestation. Pups were delivered 2 days later and raised in room air (RA) or moderate hyperoxia (O2, 80% O2 at Denver's altitude, ∼65% O2 at sea level) from birth through 14 days of age. Heart and lung tissues were harvested for measurements. Intra-amniotic ETX caused right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and decreased lung vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) protein contents at birth. In ETX-exposed rats (ETX-RA), alveolarization and vessel density were decreased, pulmonary vascular wall thickness percentage was increased, and RVH was persistent throughout the study period compared with controls (SA-RA). After antenatal ETX, moderate hyperoxia increased lung VEGF and VEGFR-2 protein contents in ETX-O2 rats and improved their alveolar and vascular structure and RVH compared with ETX-RA rats. In contrast, severe hyperoxia (≥95% O2 at Denver's altitude) further reduced lung vessel density after intra-amniotic ETX exposure. We conclude that intra-amniotic ETX induces fetal pulmonary hypertension and causes persistent abnormalities of lung structure with sustained pulmonary hypertension in infant rats. Moreover, moderate postnatal hyperoxia after antenatal ETX restores lung growth and prevents pulmonary hypertension during infancy.
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Schuster, Daniel P., James K. Kozlowski, Tim McCarthy, Jason Morrow, and Alan Stephenson. "Effect of endotoxin on oleic acid lung injury does not depend on priming." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2047.

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Recent studies have demonstrated significant synergistic physiological and biochemical effects between low-dose endotoxin (Etx) administration and oleic acid (OA)-induced canine lung injury. To evaluate whether this interaction depends on Etx priming of some key cell population, we compared the effects of giving low-dose Etx both after as well as before inducing lung injury with OA. In addition to hemodynamic and blood-gas measurements, positron emission tomographic imaging was used to measure edema accumulation and intrapulmonary blood flow distribution. Biochemical measurements of the stable metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane were obtained as well as measurements of isoprostanes and reactive sulfhydryls as evidence for possible concomitant oxidant production. We found that the physiological and biochemical effects of low-dose Etx developed 30–45 min after its administration, regardless of whether Etx was administered before or after OA. No increase in either isoprostane or reactive sulfhydryl production after Etx and/or OA was detected. These data suggest that the synergistic effect of low-dose Etx and OA-induced lung injury is not due to a priming effect of Etx.
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Purnomo, A., Widyawan, W. Najib, R. Hartono, and Hartatik. "Performance Comparison of Modified AODV-ETX with AODV and AODV-ETX Routing Protocol in an MANET." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 578 (October 4, 2019): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/578/1/012082.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ETX"

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Miško, Lukáš. "Optimalizace směrování v protokolu Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413102.

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This thesis contains a theoretical basis for MANET networks. The main focus of the thesis is principles of these networks, their routing protocols and especially on Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), implementation of this protocol and implementation of new mechanis for peer selection. Thesis contains ETX metric basic and implementation of this metric to AODV protocol. There is a demonstration of simulation of AODV protocol and simulation of AODV-ETX protocol. Simulations are run in Network Simulator 3. AODV and AODV-ETX comparasion are included in thesis.
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Ni, Xian Electrical Engineering &amp Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Performance evaluation of ETX on grid based wireless mesh networks." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41016.

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In the past few years Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have developed as a promising technology to provide flexible and low-cost broadband network services. The Expected Transmission Count (ETX) routing metric has been put forward recently as an advanced routing metric to provide high QoS for static WMNs. Most previous research in this area suggests that ETX outperforms other routing metrics in throughput and efficiency. However, it has been determined that ETX is not immune to load sensitivity and route oscillations in a single radio environment. Route oscillations refer to the situation where packet transmission switches between two or more routes due to congestion. This has the effect of degrading performance of the network, as the routing protocol may select a non optimal path. In this thesis we avoided the route oscillation problem by forcing data transmission on fixed routes. This can be implemented in the AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) protocol by disabling both error messages and periodic updating messages (the HELLO scheme). However, a critical factor for our approach is that ETX must determine a high quality initial route in AODV. This thesis investigates whether the ETX metric improves initial route selection in AODV compared to the HOPS metric in two representative client-server applications: the Traffic Control Network (TCN) and the Video Stream (VS) network. We evaluate the ETX and HOPS metrics in a range of scenarios which possess different link qualities and different traffic loads. We find the ETX metric greatly improves initial route selection in AODV compared to the HOPS in the network in which only single flow exists. For networks in which there are multiple simultaneous flows, ETX behaves similar to HOPS in initial route selection. Based on these results, we find the solution of route stabilization to route oscillations in the context of ETX is only useful in the single flow case. To address this problem, we propose a modified solution of repeatedly broadcasting RREQ (Route Request) packets. Simulation results show that our modified solution allows ETX to be useful in the initial route selection in both single flow and multiple simultaneous flows cases.
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Åslund, David. "PVT-panelernas plats i samhället : En vidareutveckling av Evertechs ETX-paneler." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138788.

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Abstract To prevent that the climate influences reaches critical and irreversible levels in the near future, a change in our energy consumption and our energy sources is required. It will be a combination of multiple system solutions and several types of renewable sources, both at a personal and national levels. Every hour, the sun shines at the earth with the same amount that the world's population needs in a year. It is clearly a small part of this that we could use, but it is easy to see the potential. Evertech is a company in Umeå, whose strategy is to develop products to extract and recycle heat energy from the solar renewable resource. The company has several products and all are based on a heat exchange panel. Together with the company the possibility of combining a solar module with Evertech's solar panel was tested for a hybrid to get better effect on the solar cell by cooling. Hybrids are also called PVT-modules (photovoltaic thermal). A system setup was made with a simple prototype to measure surface temperature and power difference when the solar cell was cooled by the heat exchanger absorber. The measurement study showed an increased effect of 8 % on average and a maximum of 15 %. At the time of maximum, a surface temperature difference between the solar cell and the hybrid was determined to 20°C while the average was at 15°C. A temperature gradient at the cooled module was detected, which inhibited the power increase. This indicates that a future product would have the ability to obtain higher values.  By combining the solar hybrid with a geothermal heating system, one could secure both the own heat supply and the electricity supply and at the same time have the possibility of recharge the mountain. This and how the systems can benefit from each other were studied in the simulation program Polysun. The primary goal of using a hybrid system is to create as high efficiency as possible on the solar cells and to improve the SPF value of the heat pump by allowing the heat carrier to circulate through the hybrids. The difference between the SPF-value of a hybrid system in conjunction with a geothermal system was 4.2 against the geothermal system 2.7. To cover up the increased electricity consumption that the circulation meant and the heat losses against a solar collector system did not become a problem. The results of the simulations and the economic study show that a PVT-panel built on Evertech's ETX-panel together with geothermal heat has equally good conditions for managing as solar cells or traditional solar collectors. The repayment period for a PVT module was 13,8 years for a 20 % solvency payment. For a solar cell plant of the same size it became 14,5 years. The PVT had the best return on investment of 1,2 % and an annual gain of 2000 Swedish kronor of the compared systems.
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Naimi, Sabrine. "Gestion de la mobilité dans les réseaux Ad Hoc par anticipation des métriques de routage." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112145/document.

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Avec le succès des communications sans fil, il devient possible d'accéder au réseau partout et à tout moment sans avoir recours à connecter physiquement les appareils communicants à une infrastructure. Les nœuds (ordinateurs portables, smartphones, etc) peuvent analyser les différents canaux radio afin de pouvoir s'associer à un réseau sans fil disponible (station de base, point d'accès, etc.). Un avantage indéniable de ses technologies sans fil est la possibilité d'être mobile tout en restant connecté. Cependant, la mobilité est une tâche difficile à gérer car elle doit être abordée à différentes couches pour être transparente aux utilisateurs. Dans les MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network), les protocoles de routage utilisent des métriques pour sélectionner les meilleures routes. Les métriques peuvent refléter la qualité de la liaison sans fil et aider à gérer la mobilité.Mais, un retard important entre l'estimation des métriques et leur inclusion dans le processus de routage rend cette approche inefficace.Les travaux de cette thèse s'intéressent à la proposition de nouvelles méthodes de calcul des métriques de routage pour gérer le problème de la mobilité dans les réseaux ad hoc. Les nouvelles métriques doivent refléter la qualité du lien et être sensibles à la mobilité en même temps. Nous considérons les métriques classiques, en particulier ETX (Expected Transmission Count) et ETT (Expected Transmission Time). Nous introduisons de nouvelles méthodes pour anticiper les valeurs de ces métriques en utilisant des algorithmes de prédiction. Nous utilisons une approche Cross layer, qui permet l'utilisation conjointe de l'information à partir des couches 1, 2 et 3. La validation de nouvelles méthodes de calcul des métriques de routage nécessite une évaluation au travers d'un véritable banc d'essai. Nous avons donc également mis en œuvre les nouvelles métriques de routage dans un testbed afin d'évaluer et de comparer leurs performances avec les métriques classiques
With the success of wireless communications, it becomes possible to access the network anywhere at any time without the need for physically connect communicating devices in an infrastructure. The nodes (laptops, smartphones, etc.) can analyze different radio channels to be able to associate with an available wireless network (base station, access point, etc.). An undeniable advantage of wireless technologies is the ability to be mobile while staying connected. However, mobility is difficult to manage because it must be addressed at different layers to be transparent to users. In MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) routing protocols use metrics to select the best routes. The metric can reflect the quality of the wireless link and help manage mobility.But a significant delay between the estimate metrics and their inclusion in the routing process makes this approach ineffective.The work of this thesis are interested in proposing new methods for calculating routing metrics to manage the problem of mobility in ad hoc networks. The new metrics should reflect the quality of the link and be sensitive to the mobility simultaneously. We consider the classical metrics, particularly ETX (Expected Transmission Count) and ETT (Expected Transmission Time). We introduce new methods to predict the values of these metrics using prediction algorithms.We use a cross layer approach, which allows the joint use of information from layers 1, 2 and 3. The validation of new methods for calculating routing metrics requires evaluation through a real bench test. So we also implemented new routing metrics in a testbed to assess and compare their performance with classical metrics
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Rodrigues, Juliana Falcão. "Diversidade genética do óperon etx em amostras de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC): determinação da variabilidade das seqüências gênicas e capacidade de síntese da toxina termo-lábil (LT)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-28102009-105651/.

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Linhagens de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) são consideradas como importante agente de diarréia, principalmente entre crianças e turistas em países em desenvolvimento. Entre os fatores de virulência expressos por ETEC, as enterotoxinas termo-lábil (LT) e termo-estável (ST) representam os mais relevantes fenótipos. Evidências preliminares sugerem que a severidade da diarréia associada a linhagens de ETEC deve refletir a diversidade natural de linhagens selvagens quanto à produção de enterotoxinas e/ou à ocorrência de variantes naturais com efeitos tóxicos reduzidos. No presente trabalho, investigamos diversidade genética do óperon etx, que codifica para a toxina LT, e da capacidade de produção e secreção de LT por linhagens de ETEC isoladas de humanos ou suínos em diferentes regiões geográficas. Os resultados mostraram considerável variabilidade na produção de LT com valores variando de 2 a 2.525 ng de toxina por mL de cultura. Secreção de LT foi também variável com valores variando de menos que 0,04% a 49,5% do total de LT produzida pelas diferentes linhagens de ETEC. Adicionalmente, experimentos de alça ligada em coelho mostraram uma boa correlação entre a quantidade de LT secretada sob condições in vitro e a capacidade de causar acúmulo de fluidos in vivo. Nós determinamos ainda diversidade de ETEC pela obtenção das seqüências dos óperons etxAB de 50 linhagens (LT+ or LT+/ST+) pertencentes a diferentes sorotipos com ênfase para as linhagens produtoras apenas de LT e isoladas de crianças assintomáticas. As seqüências de nucleotídeo completas dos genes etxAB revelaram 23 alterações de aminoácidos nas subunidades A (18) e B (5), as quais geraram 16 variantes de LT. Entre estes variantes de LT, um mostrou efeito tóxico reduzido em comparação à toxina de referência LT1. A forma de LT atenuada (LT4) tem atividade enzimática reduzida devido à troca de aminoácido.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains represent an important etiological agent of diarrheal disease, particularly among children and travelers in developing countries. Among the virulence factors expressed by ETEC strains the heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins represent the most revelevant phenotypes. Indirect evidences suggest that the severity of diarrhea associated to ETEC strains might reflect the natural diversity of wild strains to produce enterotoxins and/or the occurrence of variants endowed with reduced toxic effects. In the present study, we investigated both the genetic diversity of the etx operon, encoding the heat-labile toxin, and the capability to produce/secrete LT by ETEC strains isolated from humans or porcine in different geoghrafic areas. The results showed a remarkable variability on the production of LT with values ranging from 2 to 2,525 ng of toxin per ml of culture. LT secretion was also variable with values ranging from less than 0.04% to 49.5% of total LT produced by the different ETEC strains. Additionally, rabbit ileal loop experiments showed a good correlation between the amounts of secreted LT under in vitro conditions and fluid accumulation in vivo. We determined also the diversity of the etxAB operon of 50 ETEC strains (LT+ or LT+/ST+) belonging to different serotypes with emphasis to LT+-only producing strains isolated from asymptomatic children. The complete nucleotide sequences of the etxAB genes revealed 23 amino acid changes at the A (18) or B (5) subunits, which generated 16 variant forms of LT. Among these LT variants, one of them showed reduced toxic effects in comparison to the reference toxin LT1. The attenuated LT form (LT4) had decreased enzymatic activity due to an amino acid replacement (K4R) at the A1 subunit. LT4 retains its immunogenic and adjuvant properties following nasal immunization. Additionaly, the LT4 variant showed altered immune modulatory features and promoted a more biased Th1 response, which favor activation of effector CD8+ T lymphocytes, to co-administred antigen with regard to LT1. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ETEC strains isolated from human subjects express natural genetic variability leading to a remarkable polymorphism of the etx operon as well as production and secretion of LT. Such natural genetic diversity observed in ETEC strains may affect the host-pathogen relationships and, consequently, contribute to the severity of the disease among infected subjects.
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Blin, Frédéric Aubenas Sylvie. "Comment traiter les photographies d'un fonds d'archives dans une bibliothèque ? analyses et réflexions dans l'optique du programme allemand Kalliope /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dcb/blin-frederic.pdf.

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MET, PIERRE. "Recherches en psychanalyse de la litterature sur l'oeuvre de nathaniel hawthorne." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA070021.

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La presente recherche en psychanalyse de la litterature sur l'oeuvre de hawthorne comprend quatre parties respectivement consacrees a l'interpretation de la lettre ecarlate, la maison aux sept pignons, valjoie, et le faune de marbre. On trouvera en annexe l'analyse de deux contes, "le chemin de fer celeste" et "maitre brown fils", presentes par l'auteur comme pouvant etre le recit de reves. J'ai choisi de mettre en lumiere comment les noyaux obsessionnels sont travailles afin de produire un discours, comment le fils coupable, identifie a l'objet perdu imagine que s'il retrouvait le tombeau de son pere il pourrait savoir qui est ce pere qu'il constitue comme son ideal
Using the concepts of psychoanalysis, the present research is an attempt at interpreting the scarlet letter, the house of the seven gables, the blithedale romance, the marble faun and two tales, "the celestial railroad" and "young goodman brown", the plots of which are in fact based on a dream as reported by the dreamer. The study of the text as a discourse of an unconscious subject, will demonstrate how the manifest purpose of hawthorne's works is the representation of an unconscious desire : the seach of the absent father
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Khing, Hoc Dy. "La litterature khmere (15e-20e siecles). Textes et etudes." Paris 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030081.

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L'ensemble des travaux traite d'une part de la litterature khmere de l'epoque "moyenne" des xve-xixe siecles et d'autre part des ecrivains et des expressions litteraires du cambodge au xxe siecle. Il comprend des textes en khmer, des traductions et des etudes. Un essai de classification de la litterature de cette epoque "moyenne" est developpe selon la taxonomie cambodgienne. Par contre en ce qui concerne la litterature moderne et contemporaine, cette classification est faite selon les criteres de la litterature francaise. Les principales formes, les differents genres et leur evolution dans le temps, ainsi que les themes majeurs de la production litteraire khmere ont ete presentes dans ces travaux
As a whole, these works investagete comprehensively khmer literature of the "middle period" (15th to 19th century) on one hand, and twentieth century cambodia's writers and literary expressions on the other. They include texts in khmer, translations and studies. They adopt cambodian taxonomy in attempting to undertake a classification of the literature of the middle period, while conversely applying french literary criteria to the categorization of cambodian modern and contemporary literature. In the process, they expose the main forms, the different genres and their evolution through time, as wall as the major themes of khmer literary production
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Magloire, Marie-Christine. "Approche intersémiotique des inscriptions murales taguées." Besançon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BESA1015.

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L'objet d'étude de cette recherche concerne les inscriptions graphiques désignées sous le nom de tag et apparues au début des années quatre-vingt en France. Relevant à la fois, de problématique linguistique de par sa relation au nom et à la signature, de problématique de l'image par son attrait visuel et spacial par son inscription dans les lieux publics urbains, le tag au carrefour de pratique humaine et sociale nous invite à ré-interroger l'écrit ou du moins le "faire scriptural" autrement. La pratique scripturale taguée comme objet d'étude ne peut être appréhendée uniquement sous l'angle sociologique. Système non clos, le tag implique dans son fonctionnement des relations avec d'autres systèmes pour mieux en saisir sa portée, dans une démarche interdisciplinaire (intersémiotique). . .
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Caliandro, Stéfania. "Le "Libro de' disegni" de Giorgio Vasari : un métatexte visuel /." Limoges : PULIM, Université de Limoges, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37620937m.

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Extr. révisé et remanié: Th.--Sciences du langage, Option Arts et littérature--Paris--École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1999.
Bibliogr. p. 37-42. PULIM = Presses universitaires de Limoges.
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Books on the topic "ETX"

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Weasner, Mike. Using the Meade ETX. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0195-6.

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Fernando, Monteiro. Aspades, ETs etc. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record, 2000.

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Fernando, Monteiro. ASPADES, ETs, etc. Porto: Campo das Letras, 1997.

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Larrañaga, Juan Garmendia. Sunbilla, Arantza Eta Igantziko Etxe-Lantegiak. San Sebastian: Haranburu Editorea, S.A., 1985.

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Edmondson, Catherine. Household furniture etc, etc. (London: Camberwell School of Art and Crafts), 1988.

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Carroll E. Goering and Alan C. Hansen. Engine & Tractor Power, 4th Edition. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/etp.2013.

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Etc--. [Paris]: Gallimard, 1999.

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Ete. Longueuil, Quebec: Recto Verso, 2016.

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Pabisch, Peter. Santa Fe, etc., etc., etc.: Gedichte & Skizzen = poems & sketches. Austin, Tex: Dimension Press, 1990.

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Église catholique. Diocèse de Montréal. Évêque (1840-1876 : Bourget). Circulaire concernant les bibliothèques de paroisse, etc., etc., etc. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "ETX"

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Weasner, Mike. "ETX Basics." In Using the Meade ETX, 1–22. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0195-6_1.

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Weasner, Michael L. "The Mighty ETX." In Astronomy with Small Telescopes, 103–27. London: Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0229-8_9.

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Weasner, Mike. "ETX Hints and Tips." In Using the Meade ETX, 23–41. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0195-6_2.

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Weasner, Mike. "ETX Questions and Answers." In Using the Meade ETX, 109–95. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0195-6_6.

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English, Neil T. "The Meade ETX 80." In The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, 183–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23557-4_9.

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Bindel, Sebastien, Serge Chaumette, and Benoit Hilt. "F-ETX: An Enhancement of ETX Metric for Wireless Mobile Networks." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 35–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17765-6_4.

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Weasner, Mike. "Observing Techniques." In Using the Meade ETX, 43–55. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0195-6_3.

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Weasner, Mike. "Objects." In Using the Meade ETX, 57–88. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0195-6_4.

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Weasner, Mike. "Photography." In Using the Meade ETX, 89–108. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0195-6_5.

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Bindel, Sébastien, Benoit Hilt, and Serge Chaumette. "F-ETX: A Metric Designed for Vehicular Networks." In Networking Simulation for Intelligent Transportation Systems, 185–210. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119407447.ch9.

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Conference papers on the topic "ETX"

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Rellermeyer, Jan S., and Tim Verbelen. "ETX'14." In the companion publication of the 2014 ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2660252.2662143.

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Sun, Weifeng, Haotian Wang, Xiaomin Han, and Tie Qiu. "vp-ETX: An Optimization ETX Based Cross Layer Routing Protocol for WMN." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things(iThings), and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing(CPSCom). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ithings.2014.47.

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Burke, Michael G., Cheryl Morris, Alessandro Orso, and Martin Robillard. "Eclipse technology eXchange (ETX) workshop." In Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1176617.1176635.

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Ardianto, Bayu, Hery Sapto Dwi Nurcahyo, Hasan Muftic, Ruki Harwahyu, and Riri Fitri Sari. "Performance Comparison of AODV, AODV-ETX and Modified AODV-ETX in VANET using NS3." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Computational Intelligence (CyberneticsCom). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cyberneticscom55287.2022.9865467.

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Ropitault, Tanguy, and Nada Golmie. "ETP algorithm: Increasing spatial reuse in wireless LANs dense environment using ETX." In 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2017.8292351.

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Naragund, Jayalakshmi G., and R. M. Banakar. "W3-OLSR-ETX: Wired-cum-wireless WMN OLSR-ETX for scalable networks." In 2014 International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecs.2014.6892694.

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Le, Tuan, Vince Rabsatt, and Mario Gerla. "Cognitive routing with the ETX metric." In 2014 13th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (MED-HOC-NET). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/medhocnet.2014.6849123.

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Zaidi, Zainab, Tien Y. Tan, and Yunlei Cheng. "ETX Could Result in Lower Throughput." In 2009 Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks - ICCCN 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccn.2009.5235384.

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Liu, Yang, Zhi-chao Mi, Jian-feng Zhang, and Xuan Qu. "Improvement of ETX metric base on OLSR." In Signal Processing (WCSP 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2010.5632341.

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Romanik, Janusz, Rafal Brys, and Krzysztof Zubel. "Performance analysis of OLSRv2 with ETX, ETT and DAT metrics in static wireless networks." In 2018 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmcis.2018.8398722.

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Reports on the topic "ETX"

1

MacDowall, R. D., and A. F. Burke. Performance testing of the Ford/GE Second Generation Single-Shaft Electric Propulsion (ETX-II) System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10167238.

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Crumley, R. L., R. D. MacDowall, J. E. Hardin, and A. F. Burke. Vehicle performance tests of the Ford/GE first generation single-shaft (ETX-I) alternating current propulsion system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6118091.

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Nunes, C., and C. Benz. Structural Characterization of a Novel HER2/neu Binding Ets Factor, ESX. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398281.

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Leslie, Stephanie J. Evaluation of DNA Binding Drugs as Inhibitors of ESX, an ETS Domain Transcription Factor Associated with Breast Cancer: Effects of ESX/DNA Complex Disruption. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401300.

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Aubert, B. Branching Fraction Limits for B0 Decays to eta' eta, eta' pi0 and eta pi0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877199.

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Provencher, L., and J. M. Dubois. Guide d'interprétation visuelle des entités géographiques naturelles à partir des images ETM+ de Landsat et des photographies aériennes : chute et rapides. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314972.

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NMR Publisering. Ett gott liv i ett hållbart Norden. Nordisk Ministerråd, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/anp2013-725.

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Provencher, L., and J. M. Dubois. Guide d'interprétation visuelle des entités géographiques naturelles à partir des images ETM+ de Landsat et des photographies aériennes : flèche et cordon littoraux. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314944.

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Provencher, L., and J. M. Dubois. Guide d'interprétation visuelle des entités géographiques naturelles à partir des images ETM+ de Landsat et des photographies aériennes : neige et glace permanentes. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314958.

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Aubert, B. Measurement of Branching Fractions and Charge Asymmetries in B+ decays to eta pi+, eta K+, eta rho+ and eta' pi+, and Search for B0 Decays to eta K0 and eta omega. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/839912.

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