Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Étude géologique du sous-Sol'
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Lamontagne, Éric. "Étude hydromécanique d'une fracture en cisaillement sous contrainte normale constante." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65280.pdf.
Full textToffolini, Philippe. "Stabilisation des pentes naturelles par les techniques de drainage : Étude géologique et hydrogéologique du site de Chateau-sous-Clevant (Meurthe-et-Moselle) ; Essai de synthèse méthodologique." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10259.
Full textArman, Molood. "Machine Learning Approaches for Sub-surface Geological Heterogeneous Sources." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG014.
Full textIn oil and gas exploration and production, understanding subsurface geological structures, such as well logs and rock samples, is essential to provide predictive and decision support tools. Gathering and using data from a variety of sources, both structured and unstructured, such as relational databases and digitized reports on the subsurface geology, are critical. The main challenge for the structured data is the lack of a global schema to cross-reference all attributes from different sources. The challenges are different for unstructured data. Most subsurface geological reports are scanned versions of documents. Our dissertation aims to provide a structured representation of the different data sources and to build domain-specific language models for learning named entities related to subsurface geology
Verron, Heloïse. "Étude expérimentale des interactions matériau cimento-bentonitique / argilite / fer et acier (MREA/COx/Fe ou acier) à 90°C en conditions de stockage géologique profond des déchets radioactifs (CIGEO)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0205.
Full textIn the current concept of radioactive waste deep geological disposal planned by Andra (CIGEO project), waste containers are stored into disposal cells drilled into the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) and encircled by a carbon steel liner. COx and in particular its pyrites, can be oxidized during the drilling of cells. Thanks to an original experimental set-up, involving several pyrite/mineral mixtures and a reactor coupled to a micro gas chromatograph, it is demonstrated, based on the measured O2 consumption that at 100°C in presence of calcite, less than 50% of the pyrite is oxidized. This oxidation induces a transient acidic plume and consequently the corrosion of the steel liner. Andra has developed and patented a low-pH (9
Didot, Alexandre. "Corrosion sous contrainte des aciers non alliés dans les conditions du stockage géologique." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1787.
Full textThe aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), in the conditions of the nuclear waste storage in deep geological layer, on the carbon steels which are postpone for the construction of the lining and the canisters. References, regarding the SCC susceptibility of buried pipelines, show two types of SCC, trans- and intergranular, which are related to two potential - pH domains. Usually, transgranular SCC is attributed to hydrogen embrittlement mechanism and intergranular SCC to film rupture processes. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were performed in order to identify SCC susceptibility domains on samples extracted from prototypes representatives of the canisters. As SSRT tests overestimate the potential SCC susceptibility, a one year duration experiment was carried on to evaluate the materials resistance toward crack initiation under static loads representatives of residual stresses. SCC tests results did not allow us to exclude, as regards to the expected chemical conditions, intergranular SCC risks. Nevertheless, we observed delayed cracking caused by the poor quality of the selected steels which are far from the usual recommendations specified for buried pipelines. Thus, a dedicated experimental program, for this deep geological storage, is set up to assess carbon steel selection compliant with existing specifications
Khoshnoudian, Faramarz. "Étude du comportement des tunnels sous chargement sismique." Lille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL10046.
Full textDans la deuxième partie, on présente une analyse du comportement des tunnels en prenant en compte le comportement non linéaire et irréversible du sol. Le comportement du sol est décrit par un modèle cyclique basé sur l'élastoplasticité (MODSOL). Une analyse bibliographique des travaux réalisés sur ce thème est d'abord présentée, puis une présentation d'un cas de référence suivie par l'influence de la plasticité sur la réponse d'un tunnel à un chargement sismique sont exposées. On étudie ensuite l'influence sur cette réponse des principaux paramètres, notamment la dilatance du sol, la fréquence et le niveau du chargement. La dernière partie comporte une étude de l'influence de la saturation du sol sur le comportement sismique des tunnels en utilisant un modèle dynamique couplé simplifié qui a été proposé par Zienkiewicz. Le comportement du sol est décrit par le modèle MODSOL. Après une synthèse des travaux réalisés sur ce thème et une analyse d'un cas de référence, on étudie l'influence des principaux paramètres sur le comportement sismique des tunnels construits dans des terrains satures (fréquence et niveau du chargement, angle caractéristique et perméabilité du sol)
Don, Mello Ahoua. "Consolidation des sols fins saturés sous charges cycliques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523187.
Full textLesoin, Sapho. "Migration cationique et anionique des métaux toxiques (plomb, chrome et zinc) dans les sols sous l'effet d'un champ électrique." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENPC9728.
Full textLin, Jifang. "Étude du comportement hydromécanique d'une fracture rocheuse sous contrainte normale : développement d'un modèle numérique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL039N.
Full textSadek, Marwan. "Étude numérique du comportement des micropieux sous chargement sismique : analyse de l'effet de groupe et de l'inclinaison." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7282a248-7fb0-49d7-b650-6436f49e9dad.
Full textLe, Gall Alice. "Sondage des sous-sols planétaires par radar à pénétration de sol : étude et modélisation des performances de l'instrument TAPIR." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066460.
Full textZroud, Mohamed. "Étude d'un matériau visco-élastique : application au tunnel sous la Manche." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066256.
Full textNlend, Bertil. "Processus hydrologiques dans une zone côtière hyper-humide sous forte influence anthropique (Douala, Cameroun). : Une étude géochimique de la dynamique de l'eau de l'atmosphère au sous-sol." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD055.
Full textA multidisciplinary approach was carried out in Douala, a humid tropical coastal megacity (Cameroon, West Africa) which already experiences some environmental changes due to population growth, urbanization and industrialization. We aimed at identifying the hydrological processes involved in this peculiar site, which records approximately 4 m of rainfall/year and undergoes almost continuous rainfall during year. Moreover since it is well known that modifications in land uses may profoundly influence hydrology, we need to improve our understanding on key hydrological processes in such tropical humid. To answer this question, we focus on water fluxes across the critical zone (land–atmosphere-subsurface continuum) through isotopic and chemical data from water vapour, rainfall and groundwater.Concerning atmospheric fluxes, results highlight an influence of large scale meteorological conditions on precipitation stable isotope composition. Classical processes (thermo-dependency, amount effect, continental recycling) observed elsewhere cannot be applied in Douala region. The intensity of upstream convection and the size of convective system mostly impact monthly and daily rainfalls. We also put in evidence that extended clouds in altitude, due to strong convection, provoke depleted precipitation in heavy isotopes. Moreover, the isotopic signature in rainfall is similar to that of water vapour, thus meaning a lack of post-condensational effects.By coupling this isotopic signal of precipitation with that of groundwater, we show that the Mio-Pliocene aquifer in Douala is recharged locally by rainwater and that this recharge occurs preferentially from April to August and November. There is no fractionating process during the infiltration of rainwater. Stable isotopes in groundwater highlight the existence of different flow paths within this multi-layered aquifer. We identified a deep flow path that mays correspond to groundwater with long residence time compared to shallower ones. Information obtained by the isotopes is similar to that provided by hydro-meteorological and potentiometric data. The aquifer recharge varies between 892.6 mm and 933.6 mm/year. Rainwater infiltrates at high altitudes, then flows underground with a velocity estimated to 1.96 m/day, before reaching the estuary. Groundwater chemistry enforces these findings. Water mineralization clearly increases along a flow path conducting water from the recharge zone (high altitudes) to the discharge area (estuary). Concentrations in main ions are partly controlled by rainfall intensity through the dilution effect, water-rocks interactions processes and human activities.The impacts of these human activities on groundwater quantity and quality, but also, on a more general way on climatic changes within the region, have been then deeply investigated. The results show that there is a widespread degradation of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities, leading also to seawater intrusion in some coastal megacities of West Africa. Groundwater deterioration tends to be emphasized by climate change (through an increase in CO2, increase in air temperatures and slight increase in precipitation amount).Finally this thesis provides new insights for tropical hydrology and key management tools to Douala water resource managers.Keywords: Douala, Rainwater; Mio-Pliocene groundwater; stable isotopes; major ions; upstream convection; anthropogenic activities, critical zone
Schellenberger, Thomas. "Le droit public des utilisations du sous-sol : réflexions sur le régime juridique des stockages géologiques de déchets." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1005.
Full textIndustrial waste of all kinds are burried in the underground for an indefinite period of time. With this displacement, both in space and time, the rules of law face the challenge of two specific, and more or less distant, worlds: the subsoil and the long term. Legal frameworks for underground storage strengthen the technique of underground storage in its role as an outlet for industrial activities which are carried out on the surface. Underground storage shifts the environmental load of waste. On the one hand, the legal frameworks for subsoil use is favourable to industrial exploitation and therefore to the use of the underground as a storage place for waste. When it comes to the decision-making process for public action in relation with the subsoil, arbitration must be made between the competing interests at stake, both in democratic and technical terms. Besides, the rights to exploit the underground ressources can hamper environmental protection measures. On the other hand, underground storage compels the rules of law to look to the future. The legal tools to anticipate the years ahead are placed under severe strain. The challenge lies in how to share the burden of waste over time between the public and the private spheres. In the same way, the landfill burial of hazardous waste on a transgenerational scale questions the content and scope of legal responsability towards future generations
Luguet, Ambre. "Pétrologie des sulfures de Fe-Ni-Cu et géochimie des éléments fortement sidérophiles : étude couplée dans les péridotites abyssales de la zone de fracture Kane (zone MARK, 20-24N ride médio-atlantique) et de la campagne EDUL (49-70E, ride sud-ouest indienne)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0037.
Full textHeggy, Essam. "Étude et modélisation des performances des radars sondeurs basse fréquence pour la recherche de l'eau dans le sous-sol de Mars." Paris 6, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011598.
Full textAugust, Thomas. "Étude et modèlisation des potentiels du SAR basse fréquence pour l'exploration de la sub-surface en contexte aride." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12571.
Full textLi, Decheng. "Étude par analyse d'images en 2D des processus d'agrégation et d'évolution des porosités dans les sols sous l'influence des cycles d'humectation et séchage." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066452.
Full textLukusa-Mukena, Maweja. "Étude "agro-pastorale" de la zone rurale de Madimba-Inkisi : évolution et perspectives." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30234.
Full textKékesi, Renata. "Étude expérimentale de cristaux magnéto-photoniques 3D réalisés sous forme d'opales inversés par une matrice de silice dopée en nanoparticules magnétiques." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700481.
Full textFinco, Cécile. "Étude de l’impact simultané des propriétés électriques, diélectriques et magnétiques du sous-sol sur la mesure géophysique par méthode électromagnétique inductive dans le domaine temporel (TDEM)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS103.
Full textThe geophysical electromagnetic inductive method in the time domain (TDEM) is used in fields such as hydrology or in mining exploration. It allows the establishment of electrical resistivity models of the subsurface. Using this methods with reduced acquisition loops with a width of only a few meters, makes the measurement more sensitive to additional parameters : the dielectric permittivity and the magnetic permeability. The present research work aims to acquire a small-loop TDEM sounding and to extract not only an electical resistivity model but also an estimation of the dielctric permittivity and of the magnetic viscosity. The acquisition of a small-loop TDEM sounding implies a increased sensitivity to the response from the acquisition system itself, in part because of the reduced distance between the transmission and reception loops. Simulations aiming to reproduce this system response have been carried out to be able to take it into account during the data processing step. A specific acquisition geometry is then proposed to ease the multi-parameter interpretation of the TDEM data. The effects from the electric, dielectric and magnetic properties of the ground are overlapping on the measurements in the central configuration. Using different geometry with lower sensivities to dielectric permittivity and magnetic viscosity should make the contribution of each parameter easier to isolate. These methological developments were then tested with field measurement on the test site of Garchy (Nièvre, France)
Goulnik, Jérémie. "Étude fonctionnelle de la fonction de pollinisation entomophile en prairie permanente sous l'effet d'un gradient d'intensification agricole." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0297.
Full textDecline in biodiversity and its impacts on ecosystem functioning are critical issues we are facing in the 21st century. Intensive agriculture is nowadays considered as one of the factors behind this decline, sparking off a societal desire toward an agroecological transition. Agroecology aims at integrating ecological functions into food production processes. Permanent grasslands are at the core of these issues, because of their essential roles in livestock feeding, but also because of their ability to harbor a rich biodiversity. Intensification of agricultural practices can modify plant and pollinator communities, but also interactions between these two trophic levels. Presently, the mechanisms behind these modifications are little studied, and even less with a functional trait-based approach as we propose in this PhD thesis. The goals of this PhD thesis are: 1) to study the effects of local land-use intensification on functional diversity of floral traits and their consequences on pollination function; 2) to study the relationships between functional diversity of floral traits and both taxonomic and functional diversities of pollinators; 3) to determine if hairiness and surface of pollinator face are good predictors of face pollen load. To do so, we selected 16 permanent grasslands belonging to a land-use intensification gradient in Moselle, France. We measured five floral traits belonging to three categories (cue/signal, exploitation barrier, reward) from plant species in the communities we followed. We established visual plant-pollinator interaction networks by catching foraging insects along transects. Finally, we measured insect body mass, as well as the surface and the hairiness of their face which were related to their face pollen load. Firstly, we found a significant effect of soil fertility on functional diversity of floral traits, but no effect of land-use intensification. While soil fertility is already known to influence functional diversity of vegetative traits, our results show for the first time an effect of soil characteristics on functional diversity of floral traits, that could be caused by exclusive competition. Moreover, an increase in functional diversity of floral traits results in an increase in plant-pollinator interaction frequency, a proxy of pollination function. This result is in congruence with the expected positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We also found that an increase in functional diversity of nectar sugar production increases pollinator taxonomic richness but not functional diversity of their body mass. This result suggests the importance to maximize functional diversity of sugar production to maintain a high taxonomic diversity of pollinators, while pollinators face currently a global decline. Lastly, we showed an increase in face pollen load of pollinators with hairiness as well as surface of this body part, validating these two pollination effect traits for a set of wild plant species, while until now it was only done for a few cultivated plant species. This PhD thesis thus brings a unique perspective of cascading effects from local factors to pollination function in permanent grasslands
Labit-Tlili, Hélène. "Les venationes et le sous-sol des amphithéâtres en Afrique romaine. Étude fonctionnelle et restitution des aménagements liés aux spectacles (Ier siècle av. J-C.-IVe siècle)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUL145.pdf.
Full textThis study focuses on the underground of amphitheaters in the Roman North Africa provinces from the 1st century BCE to the 4th century CE. The research initially concentrated on literary and iconographic sources that describe moments of spectacle, and then on the compilation of a comprehensive architectural corpus centered on Africa. However, the subject of our research is based on a described reality that may not necessarily have tangible evidence in the field. It pertains to the arrangement of underground spaces in amphitheaters and the various techniques and processes employed to create surprise effects for the spectators. Firstly, we revisit the contextualization of the subject the historiography of the research and provide a chronological synthesis of the evolution of spectacles and underground spaces. Subsequently, we assembled a corpus of North African amphitheaters equipped with underground facilities. Furthermore, we conducted an architectural analysis of nine African amphitheaters, with the observations forming the basis for a reflection on the technical design and organization of different underground components, an examination of perishable elements, and the proposal of a suitable typology for organizational modes. The analysis concludes with three syntheses aimed at addressing architectural, spatial, and social questions, including the necessity of underground spaces for the functioning of the spectacle, the multifunctionality of spaces, the movement of cages and teams, and the preparation of performances and their effects on the audience
Quénéhervé, Patrick. "Étude de l'influence du système racinaire du bananier (sous-groupe Cavendish, cv. Poyo) et des facteurs de l'environnement sur les dynamiques de population de nématodes phytoparasites." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112225.
Full textIn order to study the population dynamics of plants-parasitic nematodes associated with bananas (sub-group Cavendish), a new sampling method has been used in relation with the specific growth of the root system. Then, owing to the diversity of soil types in banana-growing areas in the Ivory Coast, multi-local experiments were set up. Faunistic study has allowed to list 21 differents species, in which four are prevalent: Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Hoplolaimus pararobustus and Cephalenchus emarginatus. Multivariate analysis of their distribution in relation with some soil variables has shown important differences in nematode trends; R. Similis, contrary to the others species, seems not too affected by these variables. On organic soil H. Multicinctus is predominant, whereas R. Similis remains the main endoparasitic species on mineral soil. Host-parasite relationship with respect to the main nematode species, and the vegetative way of banana propagation, leads to their dissemination through the cortex of the planting material. Study of the emergence of the nematodes from this planting material in hydrophonic culture has shown that, after planting, it is the inoculum brought by the corm, alone or in combination with the one from the soil, which infests rapidly the root system, because each root is produced free of nematodes. On mineral soil, population dynamic of R. Similis results from several factors such as, the phenology of the renovation of the roots, the rainfall and the competition with the others species. On organic soil, in favourable conditions of soil type for H. Multicinctus, rainfall appears as the only factor involved in the population dynamics, contrary to R. Similis for which competition with the other nematodes seems to be the prevalent factor. These results have allowed us to determine new strategies of nematode control in order to optimize the pest management
Biancheri-Astier, Marc. "Étude et modélisation des performances du radar bistatique EISS conçu et développé pour le sondage profond des sous-sols planétaires." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667559.
Full textLarroque, Christophe. "L'accrétion tectonique de sédiments : modalités géométriques et cinématiques : paléo-circulation des fluides : étude d'un exemple, le prisme sicilien." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE4706.
Full textSuh, Seung Jik. "Étude théorique et expérimentale d'un générateur d'air chaud fonctionnant par convection naturelle constituée d'une serre agricole munie d'absorbeurs et d'un stockage de chaleur en sous-sol à l'aide de conduits : application à la production de pleurotes." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE4049.
Full textEl, Housseini Hiam. "Modélisation du comportement d'un bicouche (élastique - viscoélastique) sous l'effet du retrait dans la couche viscoélastique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523173.
Full textDe, Linage Caroline. "Mesures gravimétriques au sol et satellitaires: étude du rapport entre variation de pesanteur et déplacement vertical et apport de la mission spatiale GRACE à l'étude des surcharges hydrologiques et des très grands séismes." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349160.
Full textVenet, Saphir. "Stockage du CO2 et séparation CO2/CH4 par des matériaux de silice à porosité et fonctionnalité contrôlées : étude expérimentale et modélisation de dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3027/document.
Full textThis work aims to evaluate the performance of silica-based materials and to rationalize their synthesis according to their desired adsorption properties (capacity and/or selectivity) by combining experimental approaches and the management of the molecular animal. These materials are ideally suited for CO2 adsorption capacity but also CO2/ CH4 selectivity. The different stages of this work were:- the synthesis and functionalization of the silica materials,- their textural and chemical characterization,- the determination of CO2 adsorption capacities, of their CO2/ CH4 selectivity.- the characterizations by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques of tests to try to locate the adsorption of CO2 and to measure its mobility,- microscopic identification by the factor of physic-Factors influence the preferential adsorption of CO2 and its diffusivity in the role of hydrophilic / hydrophobic character in silica by functional.These objectives required the preparation of high specific surface materials through a simple sol-gel process. These materials have been modified in order to obtain a degree of functionalization with -CH3 groups sufficient to modify the hydrophilic nature of the material while maintaining a sufficient specific surface area. The influence of pore size was also probed.The adsorption capacities of the gases under pressure were carried out for pure gases but also on CO2/ CH4 mixtures in different proportions. The CH4/ CO2 selectivity, often estimated from the pure body isotherms and / or the IAST method, was in this case determined from the direct measurement of the isotherms of the gas mixtures. It has become apparent that water plays a crucial role in adsorption capacity and selectivity. This parameter is one of those studied through molecular dynamics simulations. The influence of the introduction of hydrophobic groups has also been explored.The results obtained by molecular dynamics are on the whole in good agreement with the experimental data. These two parallel experience / theory approaches have highlighted the selectivity of one of the materials for applications where the gaseous effluent is little loaded with CO2
Lesoin, Sapho. "Migration cationique et anionique des métaux toxiques (Plomb, Chrome et Zinc) dans les sols sous l'effet d'un champ électrique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529773.
Full textTary, Jean-Baptiste. "Relations entre fluides et sismicité dans le domaine sous-marin à partir de sismographes de fond de mer : étude de cas en Mer de Marmara et Application au Delta du Niger." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591269.
Full textToundou, Outéndé. "Evaluation des caractéristiques chimiques et agronomiques de cinq composts de déchets et étude de leurs effets sur les propriétés chimiques du sol, la physiologie et le rendement du maïs ( Zea mays L. Var. Ikenne) et de la tomate ( Lycop ersicum esculentum L. Var. Tropimech) sous deux régimes hydriques au Togo." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0020/document.
Full textSoil nutrient depletion and water deficit as a result of seasons’ disruption are major factors adversely affecting crop yields in West Africa. To remedy this, the amendment of compost-based soil is often considered. In this study, Five composts were elaborated using household waste and agri-food waste, manure and phosphate: composts C1 (household waste + agri-food waste), C2 (C1 + manure), C3 (C1 + natural phosphate), C4 (C1 + manure + natural phosphate) and C5 (agri-food waste). These composts were first characterized and their effects on an acidic soil and on two crops (corn and tomato) were then investigated in greenhouse and field under two water regimes in the goal to identify the best's ones in improving resistance of the two crops to watering reducing, applied prior flowering. The results showed for C4 and C5 high contents of phosphorus, about 1.62% compared to 0.09% for the C1 compost. Composts C3 and C4 showed the highest levels of calcium, about 3.9% compared to 1.2% for the C1 compost while composts C4 and C1 were more hydrophobic than all other composts. Plants of corn grown under constant irrigation on soil amended with compost C4 and C5 in greenhouse showed high nitrogen and potassium contents, respectively 2.55% and 6.69% compared to 1.33% and 3.97 % of the control plants and those grown on synthetic fertilizers. Under reduced watering, we recorded higher potassium and calcium contents in plants grown on all of the five composts compared to control plants. In field, under reduced watering, composts C4 and C5 were those leading corn plants to maintain physiological parameters levels (low cell membrane permeability and high total chlorophyll) compared to well –watered plants. We also recorded for both composts the same grain yields in plants submitted to two water regimes, respectively 5.52t/ha and 6.72t/ha for C4 and C5 in well-watered plants and 5.65t/ha and 5.09t/ha for C4 and C5 in plants grown under low water regime. In tomato, an increased weight of fruit per plant was recorded in C3 compost plants under reduced-watering compared to those well-watered (95.93g compared to 44.29g) while in the same conditions, the compost C5 was the best for the number of fruits per plant (7.39 against 4.26). These data indicated that the three composts C3, C4 and C5 were the most efficient in this study and may be retained in adaptation programs of two crops to climate change for a sustainable development
Porokhovoï, Evgueni. "Stabilité à long terme des talus de mines à ciel ouvert dans les massifs de roches basiques et ultrabasiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529344.
Full textMalam, Abdou Moussa. "Etats de surface et fonctionnement hydrodynamique multi-échelles des bassins sahéliens ; études expérimentales en zones cristalline et sédimentaire." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU004/document.
Full textThis work aims at characterizing and comparing the hydrodynamical functioning at several spatial scales within the granitic-basement and sedimentary zones of Western Niger. Then, a simple hydrological model that could be suitable for use at larger scales is proposed and tested.Qualitatively, the two geological domains have common and specific surface features.The experimental work carried out onto common surface features (biological crust, BIOL; erosion crust, ERO; fallow structural surface, ST and cultivated, C) shows that, at the point scale, ERO has the same hydraulic conductivity K value in both contexts. On the other hand, surfaces features C and especially ST have lower K values in granitic context.Monitoring of the ST and C sites along the rainy season proved the stationarity of the ST conductivity value. On the contrary, K varies widely with the amount of rain received from an initial value of 170 mm/h after weeding down to 20 mm/h (i.e. the ST measured value) after 70 mm of rain and even 10 mm/h after 180 mm of rain. This variation shows the short-term benefit of weeding onto infiltration but a degradation of the soil surface on the long term.At the plot scale (10 m2), runoff measurements are consistent with point measurements. ERO has the same runoff coefficient (Kr) in granitic and sedimentary zones while ST and C surfaces have a higher Kr in granitic context.Runoff monitoring of the granitic site cultivated plots showed that from a total of 63 rain events between 2011 and 2013, 22 had a Kr value higher than the average value (0.25) from which 2/3 are observed after the surface had received more than 70 mm rain after weeding.Results obtained at the two scales (point and 10-m2 plot) are thus consistent and show that the cultivated surface gets crusted and may produce runoff more than fallow ST sites and as much as ERO features.At the basin scale (5 ha), Kr values are higher in the granitic site, not only because of the higher Kr value for a given surface feature but also because of the specific low-infiltrating surfaces which are granite outcrops and gravel crusts (Kr = 0.58).At the three previous scales (point, plot and small basin), runoff volume was found independent of soil initial moisture.Using the previous point-scale results in a Green-Ampt infiltration model led to calibrate the wetting front pressure head for each surface feature and to satisfactorily describe runoff volumes obtained at the plot scale.By estimating runoff with the Green-Ampt infiltration model at any given point, basin-scale hydrograms were obtained by adding the contribution of all elementary surfaces. Assuming no re-infiltration of runoff water within the basins, a simple transfer function was chosen accounting for the distance of each surface to the hydrological network, a constant water velocity of 0.05 m.s-1 and a volume of 3-4 mm of water necessary to fill the kori sand cover, which is much less than that in the sedimentary context. Finally, simulated hydrograms reproduce nicely the measured ones, which offers the perspective of applying some principles of the model to larger basins
Dong, Jucai. "Étude de l’effet de la taille d’agrégats sur la raideur des sols fins traités à la chaux et/ou au ciment : des conditions de laboratoire aux conditions in situ." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1063/document.
Full textSoil treatment is a well known earthwork technique which has been widely used in constructions of railway and highway substructures. It can improve the workability of soils by lowering their water contents and improve the hydro-mechanical performance by reinforcing and binding the soil grains/aggregates. However, the durability of the treated soils is still an open question. It constitutes the main objective of the ANR project TerDOUEST (Terrassements Durables - Ouvrages en Sols Traités, 2008 - 2012).The present study is part of the works in TerDOUEST project, and deals with the aggregate size effect on the stiffness (Gmax) development of lime and/or cement treated fine-grained soils from Héricourt using bender element technique. In the laboratory conditions, four aggregates sizes were accounted for (Dmax = 0.4, 1, 2 and 5 mm). To prepare an aggregate size, the soils were first air-dried, crushed and sieved through a target sieve. The soils were then brought to a desired water content, mixed with additive (lime and/or cement) and compacted both dry and wet of optimum of normal Proctor by keeping the same dry density. The Gmax measurements were performed during curing and during application of wetting/drying cycles. In field conditions that refer to the experimental embankment in Héricourt, the aggregates size is significantly larger: Dmax = 20 mm and 31.5 mm for the silt and the clay, respectively. Cores samples were taken from the embankment at two different times and the Gmax measurements on core specimens were performed. The results show that the hydromechanical behaviour of the cementitious treated soils is strongly influenced by the aggregates size for the treated silt and clay prepared in both laboratory and field conditions: the larger the aggregates, the lower the Gmax and the resistance to wetting/drying cycles. The high heterogeneity of the in-situ soils was also clearly identified. A hyperbolic model was developed enabling up-scaling the results in laboratory conditions to those in field conditions by considering the effect of aggregate size. Comparison between the model predictions and experimental measurements shows the performance of the model proposed, provided that the mean values of experimental data are used to minimize the effect of soil heterogeneity
Reiche-De, Vigan Stéphanie. "Le droit et l'espace souterrain. Enjeux de propriété et de souveraineté en droit international et comparé." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3044.
Full textUntil today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes
Gravel, Simon. "Étude expérimentale de la filtration sous haute pression de résidus miniers en suspension." Thèse, 2015. http://constellation.uqac.ca/3727/1/Gravel_uqac_0862N_10170.pdf.
Full textGoghrod, Hamid. "Étude de la géométrie et des mouvements de la faille de Doda (sous-province de l'Abitibi)." Thèse, 1993. http://constellation.uqac.ca/1292/1/1490944.pdf.
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