Academic literature on the topic 'Etrusion process'
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Journal articles on the topic "Etrusion process"
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Benelli, Enrico. "Formazione delle scritture alfabetiche in Italia centrale. Riflessioni sul caso dell'etrusco e alfabetti conessi." Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, no. 20 (May 1, 2020): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.391.
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Il processo di formazione dell’alfabeto etrusco segue principi molto diversi rispetto a processi analoghi che hanno portato alla nascita delle altre scritture alfabetiche di area mediterranea. La ricerca passata ha spesso mancato di cogliere questa anomalia, o ha tentato di spiegarla attraverso modelli teorici non sempre soddisfacenti. Partendo dalla constatazione che le città etrusco-meridionali, al momento della formazione della scrittura alfabetica, comprendevano componenti alloglotte, evidenti soprattutto ai livelli sociali più alti, e introducendo confronti con situazioni analoghe riscontrabili in vari sistemi scrittori del mondo, l’articolo propone di spiegare il singolare processo formativo dell’alfabeto etrusco come il risultato di un tentativo di creare una scrittura che potesse servire a rendere più lingue diverse.
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Nowlin, Jessica. "Etruscan Orientalization." Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 3, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340008.
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Abstract The terms ‘orientalizing’ and ‘orientalization’ have been employed to describe an art historical style, historical period, and process of cultural interaction between East and West within the early first-millennium BCE Mediterranean. With particular focus on Etruria and Italy, this historiography explores the Orientalist framework at the heart of ‘orientalizing’ terms while outlining how modern political movements and ideologies of nationalism and colonialism have influenced interpretations of ‘orientalizing.’ By showing the political viewpoints underlying the origins of the term and the ways in which these positions have continued to shape modern interpretations of the effects of eastern imported objects, ideas, and practices in Etruria, this work argues that the term ‘orientalizing’ should no longer be used. Instead, the period should be fit into existing chronological periodizations, and the process of cultural change should be interrogated outside of an Orientalist discourse.
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Barbieri, Gabriella. "Materiali inediti da Sovana. Alcuni corredi funerari dalla necropoli di San Sebastiano." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 1 (November 2008): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-01-08.
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Hellenistic pottery, found in four Etruscan chamber tombs in Sovana, is presented here. The most interesting vessels are some jugs, decorated with a floral pattern, that were produced locally in the third century B.C. A black-glazed plate contains an inscription that is the oldest Latin epigraphic document of Sovana and it shows the slow process of Romanization of an Etruscan town in the first century B.C. This funeral complex is interesting because of the lack of documentation at Sovana, that is perfectly preserved.
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Ніколіна, Інна, Ірина Ніколіна, and Володимир Очеретяний. "Socio-political system and economic development of Etruria in the 8th–3rd centuries BC." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University Series History, no. 48 (June 18, 2024): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2024-48-103-113.
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The purpose of the article is to highlight key issues of the socio-political system and economy of Etruscan civilization as factors influencing both its rise and decline. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific principles: historicism, objectivity, and a systemic approach in analyzing historical processes considered in this article. Special historical methods such as descriptive, problem-chronological, historical-systemic, and comparative-historical have proven to be effective. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the authors' attempt to comprehensively reveal the topic of the socio-political system and economy of the Etruscans in the 8th–3rd centuries BC by utilizing the achievements of foreign and domestic researchers. Conclusions. The key factors determining the might of the Etruscans were the fertility of the land and the richness of the region's natural resources. However, their socio-political structure undermined this potential as Etruscan cities existed independently from each other and did not strive to unite into a centralized state, further weakening themselves with constant internal conflicts and internecine wars. The lack of unity and the Roman military superiority ultimately led to the loss of independence for the cities, and eventually, to the complete disappearance of the Etruscan ethnic group. The rapid growth of the Etruscan economy through international trade did not contribute to the unification of Etruria into a single centralized state due to the incomplete process of dissolution of tribal relations and the Etruscans' orientation towards the Greeks, including adopting their model of state organization. The formal unification of twelve city-states into the Etruscan League was a religious confederation but did not promote their cohesion. For a long time in Etruscan society, there were only two main classes – the aristocracy, in whose interests the state apparatus operated, and the class which was to varying degrees dependent on the aristocracy. At the same time, the indistinctness of the middle class may be associated with the fact that the ancestors of the Etruscans, who according to one version of their origin came from the east, subjugated the indigenous population, turning them into dependents, which was a typical practice in the ancient world.
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Pedrucci, Giulia. "Kourotrophia and “Mothering” Figures: Conceiving and Raising an Infant as a Collective Process in the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Worlds. Some Religious Evidences in Narratives and Art." Open Theology 6, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opth-2020-0002.
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AbstractThe paper deals with significantly different sources and historical periods: the parts dedicated to breastfeeding are based on votive statuettes of adults with infant/s from ancient Latium and Southern Etruria; the ones on pregnancy and childbirth are based on two archeological sources – one from Southern Etruria and one from Imperial Rome – which show the male (divine) appropriation of exclusively female biological functions; The parts on mothering are based on the concept of “mothering figures” (male mothering, animal mothering…) through mythological examples from Greek, Etruscan, and Roman art and narratives. Despite the heterogeneous documentation, we may conclude that the mother was not the only active character in the process of conceiving, giving birth, breastfeeding, and raising an infant in the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman societies. Many other figures close to the mother – male and female – were engaged in obtaining divine protection for her and her child; in helping, supporting, and even substituting her when necessary (and, of course, when possible). The research has been conducted mainly by using the concept of kourotrophia and mothering figures as analytical tools.
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Barone, G., M. Fugazzotto, P. Mazzoleni, S. Raneri, and A. Russo. "Color and painting techniques in Etruscan architectural slabs." Dyes and Pigments 171 (December 2019): 107766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.107766.
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Emmitt, Joshua, Andrew McAlister, Neda Bawden, and Jeremy Armstrong. "XRF and 3D Modelling on a Composite Etruscan Helmet." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 8026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178026.
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The presentation of X-ray fluorescence data (XRF) assays is commonly restricted to tables or graphical representations. While the latter may sometimes be in a 3D format, they have yet to incorporate the actual objects they are from. The presentation of multiple XRF assays on a 3D model allows for more accessible presentation of data, particularly for composite objects, and aids in their interpretation. We present a method to display and interpolate assay data on 3D models using the PyVista Python package. This creates a texture of the object that displays the relative differences in elemental composition. A crested helmet from Tomb 1036 from the Casale del Fosso necropolis, Veii, Italy, is used to exemplify this method. The results of the analysis are presented and show variation in composition across the helmet, which also corresponds with macroscopic and decorrelation stretching analyses.
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Okpala, Jude Chudi. "Jessica Nowlin. Etruscan Orientalization." Pacific Coast Philology 57, no. 1 (April 2022): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pacicoasphil.57.1.0101.
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Angelini, Ivana, Cinzia Bettineschi, Marica Venturino, and Gilberto Artioli. "Gaming in Pre-Roman Italy: Characterization of Early Ligurian and Etruscan Small Pieces, Including Dice." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042130.
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An interesting assemblage of ancient ceramic materials connected or potentially connected with gaming activities has been characterized from the archaeometric point of view. The materials (washer-like pieces, small spheres, and cubic dice, with and without inscriptions) were found in the Villa del Foro excavation (Alessandria, Italy). They are related to the early Ligurian population of the site and their frequent contacts with Etruscan both in Etruria and in the Po Valley, in a period spanning the early VI century BC till the first half of the V century BC. Starting from the materials evidence, hypotheses are proposed concerning their possible use and cultural meaning. The studied cubic dice are discussed in the wider context of the pre-Roman diffusion of these objects.
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Sapia, Vincenzo, Valerio Materni, Federico Florindo, Marco Marchetti, Andrea Gasparini, Nunzia Voltattorni, Riccardo Civico, et al. "Multi-Parametric Imaging of Etruscan Chamber Tombs: Grotte Di Castro Case Study (Italy)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 7875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177875.
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A multi-parametric approach that involves the use of different geophysical methods coupled with geochemical data allowed us to identify undiscovered archeological burials in a funerary area of the Grotte di Castro Etruscan settlement. In particular, we tested the suitability of the capacitive resistivity method and the presence of Radon in soil for the identification of burials calibrating their outcomes over coincident survey profiles with standard geophysical techniques routinely applied for archaeological prospections. Soil Radon data were acquired both in a grid and along a profile to highlight anomalous gas concentrations, whereas electrical resistivity and ground-penetrating radar measurements were conducted on overlapping profiles to depict the electrical and electromagnetic subsurface distribution. Data integration showed a series of anomalies, suggesting the presence of multiple burials starting from a depth of approximately 1.5 m below the terrain surface. Slight anomalies of Radon in the soil were found to correspond to most of the recovered geophysical ones. Our results pointed out the effectiveness of geophysical method integration in archeological prospecting with the novelty of the joint use of Radon in soil measurements and capacitive resistivity tomography. The latter provided reliable results and can be considered as a standalone technique in archaeological surveys.
Books on the topic "Etrusion process"
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Gualducci, Luigi. Processo alla lingua etrusca. Firenze: Cultura, 1985.
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Potts, Charlotte R. Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722076.001.0001.
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Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC presents the first comprehensive treatment of cult buildings in western central Italy from the Iron Age to the Archaic Period. By analysing the archaeological evidence for the form of early religious buildings and their role in ancient communities, it reconstructs a detailed history of early Latial and Etruscan religious architecture that brings together the buildings and the people who used them. The first part of the study examines the processes by which religious buildings changed from huts and shrines to monumental temples, and explores apparent differences between these processes in Latium and Etruria. The second part analyses the broader architectural, religious, and topographical contexts of the first Etrusco-Italic temples alongside possible rationales for their introduction. The result is a new and extensive account of when, where, and why monumental cult buildings became features of early central Italic society.
Book chapters on the topic "Etrusion process"
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Maiuro, Marco. "Italy." In The Oxford Handbook of Pre-Roman Italy (1000--49 BCE), 3–36. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199987894.013.57.
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Abstract Even today, the geographic and demographic structure of Italy is indebted to the pre-Roman period. In 900 BCE, for example, the peninsula was a world of small villages inhabited by a few hundred people living in huts made of clay and straw; by the end of the millennium, it included several hundred cities, each endowed with monumental architecture and thousands of city dwellers. More generally, the Italian peninsula, which initially occupied a geopolitically peripheral position in the Mediterranean region, became the center of the political decision-making process in the first century BCE. Even by mid-millennium, there were already very large cities, including the coastal Etruscan cities, some Venetic cities, Rome, and all the major Greek colonies, aided by artisans from abroad and intensified overseas commerce. Despite this development, at the beginning of the second century, the reality of the Italic peoples was radically different from that of the Romans. But within a few generations, as a by-product of dramatic events (the Social War, the civil wars) and as an important pebble in a larger mosaic, the empire, the Italian unification would be completed. In fact, pre-Roman territorial and cultural divisions came to the fore and re-emerged once the tiny cultural construction of Italian unity under Augustus was swept away. Two fundamental features seem to characterize Italian identity: a significant degree of military aggression and an astonishingly high degree of human mobility. Both are explored in depth in this introduction, along with historical questions of identity, unity, and periodization.
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De Blij, Harm. "The Imperial Legacy of Language." In The Power of Place. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367706.003.0006.
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Language is the essence of culture, and culture is the epoxy of society. Individually and collectively, people tend to feel passionately about their mother tongue, especially when they have reason to believe that it is threatened in some way. Ever since the use of language evolved in early human communities, some confined in isolated abodes and others on the march into Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, languages have arisen, flourished, and failed with the fortunes of their speakers. Linguists estimate that tens of thousands of such languages may have been born and lost, leaving no trace. Some major ones, including Sumerian and Etruscan, survive fragmentarily in their written record. A few, such as Sanskrit and Latin, live on in their modern successors. But the historical geography of language is the story of a loss of linguistic diversity that continues unabated. At present, about 7,000 languages remain, half of them classified by linguists as endangered. In the year from the day you read this, about 25 more languages will go extinct. By the end of this century, the Earth may be left with just a few hundred languages, so billions of its inhabitants will no longer be speaking their ancestral mother tongues (Diamond, 2001). If this projection turns out to be accurate, the language loss will not be confined to those spoken by comparatively few people in remote locales. One dimension of the “flattening” of the world in the age of globalization is the cultural convergence of which linguistic homogenization is a key component. Some of my colleagues view this as an inevitable and not altogether undesirable process of integration, but if I may be candid, most of those colleagues speak one language only: English. Having spoken six languages during my lifetime (I can still manage in four), I tend to share the linguists’ concern over the trend. English has the great merit of comparative simplicity and adaptable modernity, but as it reflects historic natural and social environments it is sparse indeed and no match for the riches of French or even Dutch. If such contrasts can arise and persist among closely related languages in Europe, imagine the legacies of major languages such as Yoruba, Urdu, Thai, and others potentially endangered as language convergence proceeds.
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Abulafia, David. "The Purple Traders, 1000 BC–700 BC." In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0013.
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Recovery from the disasters of the twelfth century was slow. It is unclear how deep the recession in the Aegean lands was, but much was lost: the art of writing disappeared, except among the Greek refugees in Cyprus; the distinctive swirling styles of Minoan and Mycenaean pottery vanished, except, again, in Cyprus; trade withered; the palaces decayed. The Dark Age was not simply an Aegean phenomenon. There are signs of disorder as far west as the Lipari islands, for in Sicily the old order came to an end in the thirteenth century amid a wave of destruction, and the inhabitants of Lipari were able to preserve some measure of prosperity only by building strong defences. The power of the Pharaohs weakened; what saved the land of the Nile from further destruction was the falling away of raids from outside, as the raiders settled in new lands, rather than any internal strength. By the eighth century new networks of trade emerged, bringing the culture of the East to lands as far west as Etruria and southern Spain. What is astonishing about these new networks is that they were created not by a grand process of imperial expansion (as was happening in western Asia, under the formidable leadership of the Assyrians), but by communities of merchants: Greeks heading towards Sicily and Italy, consciously or unconsciously following in the wake of their Mycenaean predecessors; Etruscan pirates and traders, emerging from a land where cities were only now appearing for the first time; and, most precociously, the Canaanite merchants of Lebanon, known to the Greeks as Phoinikes, ‘Phoenicians’, and resented by Homer for their love of business and profit. So begins the long history of contempt for those engaged in ‘trade’. They took their name from the purple dye extracted from the murex shellfish, which was the most prized product of the Canaanite shores. Yet the Greeks also recognized the Phoenicians as the source of the alphabet which became the basis of their new writing system; and Phoenicia was the source of artistic models which transformed the art of archaic Greece and Italy in an age of great creative ferment.
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Potts, Charlotte R. "The decoration of early shrines and temples." In Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722076.003.0011.
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An integral part of the transition from ‘huts’ to ‘houses’ in the seventh and early sixth century BC was the adoption of a new roofing system using wooden beams and terracotta tiles instead of traditional thatch. The two elements of the new system formed an integrated unit, with special tiles designed and positioned to protect the perishable wooden beams from rain, wind, and fire; many also carried painted and moulded decorations that have encouraged study of their iconography as well as function. The disappearance of wooden trusses and supporting mud-brick walls from the archaeological record means that thousands of these durable tiles and architectural terracottas now comprise the primary evidence for the size, form, and decoration of many early Etruscan and Latial superstructures. Excavations in the last seventy years have yielded new information about the distribution of the decorative elements of these roofs in Etruria and Latium, and in particular about the different types of buildings on which they appeared. It is clear that architectural terracottas were initially placed on a wide variety of buildings, unlike their Greek counterparts, but gradually became the preserve of religious architecture. This chapter will examine the nature and location of these roofs, their imagery, and explanations for their increasingly limited use. As such it will offer a detailed analysis of the process by which terracottas became a means of differentiating religious buildings from vernacular architecture during the sixth century BC. Tile production appears to have begun in central Italy by the middle of the seventh century BC and can be associated with significant changes in society and economy. With an approximate weight of 60 kilograms per square metre for tiles and up to 85 kilograms per square metre for the supporting roof beams, the downward and outward pressure of tiled roofs had to be countered with strong, preferably stonebased, walls following rectangular or square plans, the careful selection of timbers to span greater distances, and specialized craftsmen to make, fit, and repair the roofs. All of these factors imply more sedentary communities than hut architecture, growing technical infrastructure, and an ability and readiness to invest in the greater capital expense of a tiled roof.
Conference papers on the topic "Etrusion process"
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Drap, Pierre, Julien Seinturier, and Luc Long. "A photogrammetric process driven by an Expert System: A new approach for underwater archaeological surveying applied to the 'Grand Ribaud F' Etruscan wreck." In 2003 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW). IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2003.10015.
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Calisi, Daniele. "PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY AND 3D MODELING OF THE FUNERARY URN DEPICTING THE MYTH OF OENOMAUS, FOUND INSIDE THE TOMB OF THE ETRUSCAN FAMILY OF CACNI IN PERUGIA (III-I CENTURY BC)." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.3318.
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The urn, recovered in 2013 by the Cultural Heritage's Police Command along with other 21 and with the funeral set of the tomb of the Cacni family at Perugia, was exhibited at the Quirinale and then moved to Perugia, at the National Archaeological Museum of Umbria. 2014. After a first attempt to survey the laser scanner, the survey, aimed at the graphic documentation and implementation of a virtual model for the study and dissemination, has been performed with photographic processed with software modeling structure from motion.3D model in mesh made with the appropriate software has been cleaned of all its impurities: holes, tips, noise and rough surfaces. To conclude the process, the mapping from photography, with high resolution textures, giving the mesh the appearance next to the real funerary urn. The survey work on the urn of Oenomaus is a case in point, both for research of best practices in the surveys of archaeological objects, both in the ultimate goal of the relief: not only cataloging and knowledge, but also of divulging to a wider public.