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1
Fang, Jingzhi, Yanyan Shen, Yue Wang, and Lei Chen. "ETO." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 2 (October 2021): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3489496.3489500.
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Recently, deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in various applications, where low inference latency is important. Existing solutions either manually tune the kernel library or utilize search-based compilation to reduce the operator latency. However, manual tuning requires significant engineering effort, and the huge search space makes the search cost of the search-based compilation unaffordable in some situations. In this work, we propose ETO, a framework for speeding up DNN operator optimization based on reusing the information of performant tensor programs. Specifically, ETO defines conditions for the information reuse between two operators. For operators satisfying the conditions, based on the performant tensor program information of one operator, ETO uses a reuse-based tuner to significantly prune the search space of the other one, and keeps optimization effectiveness at the same time. In this way, for a set of operators, ETO first determines the information reuse relationships among them to reduce the total search time needed, and then tunes the operators either by the backend compiler or by the reuse-based tuner accordingly. ETO further increases the reuse opportunities among the operators by injecting extra operators as bridges between two operators which do not satisfy the reuse conditions. Compared with various existing methods, the experiments show that ETO is effective and efficient in optimizing DNN operators.
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Tonks, Alex, Lorna Pearn, Amanda J. Tonks, Laurence Pearce, Terry Hoy, Sarah Phillips, Janet Fisher, James R. Downing, Alan K. Burnett, and Richard L. Darley. "The AML1-ETO fusion gene promotes extensive self-renewal of human primary erythroid cells." Blood 101, no. 2 (January 15, 2003): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-06-1732.
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The t(8;21) translocation, which encodes the AML1-ETO fusion protein (now known as RUNX1-CBF2T1), is one of the most frequent translocations in acute myeloid leukemia, although its role in leukemogenesis is unclear. Here, we report that exogenous expression of AML1-ETO in human CD34+ cells severely disrupts normal erythropoiesis, resulting in virtual abrogation of erythroid colony formation. In contrast, in bulk liquid culture of purified erythroid cells, we found that while AML1-ETO initially inhibited proliferation during early (erythropoietin [EPO]–independent) erythropoiesis, growth inhibition gave way to a sustained EPO-independent expansion of early erythroid cells that continued for more than 60 days, whereas control cultures became growth arrested after 10 to 13 days (at the EPO-dependent stage of development). Phenotypic analysis showed that although these cells were CD13− and CD34−, unlike control cultures, these cells failed to up-regulate CD36 or to down-regulate CD33, suggesting that expression of AML1-ETO suppressed the differentiation of these cells and allowed extensive self-renewal to occur. In the early stages of this expansion, addition of EPO was able to promote both phenotypic (CD36+, CD33−, glycophorin A+) and morphologic differentiation of these cells, almost as effectively as in control cultures. However, with extended culture, cells expressing AML1-ETO became refractory to addition of this cytokine, suggesting that a block in differentiation had been established. These data demonstrate the capacity of AML1-ETO to promote the self-renewal of human hematopoietic cells and therefore support a causal role for t(8;21) translocations in leukemogenesis.
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Ghafouri-Azar, Mona, Deg-Hyo Bae, and Shin-Uk Kang. "Trend Analysis of Long-Term Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Components over the Korean Peninsula." Water 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101373.
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In this study, the spatial and temporal trends of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and its components consisting of the energy term (ENo) and the aerodynamic term (AEo) were considered over the Korean Peninsula. The T-test and Mann–Kendall (MK) test were used to detect parameter trends after removing the effect of serial correlation from annual and seasonal time series between 1980 and 2017. Due to the lack of solar-radiation data for North Korea (NK), a regionally calibrated model based on South Korea (SK) weather data was developed to estimate daily solar radiation in NK. The results showed that spatial distribution of the ETo increased southward in the range from 705 mm/year in the northeast to 1195 mm/year in the southeast of the Korean Peninsula. The spatial patterns of the ENo and AEo varied from the minimum in the north and increased southward, reaching their maximum values in the southern parts of the Korean Peninsula. The mean annual ETo values of SK and NK were also compared. Over the 37-year period, mean annual evapotranspiration in SK was approximately 18% higher than that in NK. Moreover, mean areal ENo and AEo in SK were higher than in NK. The trend of the ENo on annual and seasonal scales was also upward. In contrast, the trend of the AEo decreased over the Korean Peninsula through all seasons and annual scales. These opposite trends in the ENo and AEo parameters mitigated the significant trends of the ETo. Finally, the stronger significant upward trend of the energy term led to significant increasing trends of ETo on the Korean Peninsula, with ENo being the dominant component in the increase of the ETo.
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Taikova, Marta, and Nikita Nankov. "Eto taka." World Literature Today 80, no. 5 (2006): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40159218.
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Takahara, N., K. S. Takahashi, K. Maruhashi, Y. Tokura, and M. Kawasaki. "Magnetic and transport properties of electron doped EuTiO3 thin films with La3+ (4f0) or Gd3+ (4f7) donors grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy." APL Materials 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 031101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128412.
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EuTiO3 (ETO) is a unique magnetic semiconductor with a large localized magnetic moment of Eu2+ (4 f 7). By the doping of high-mobility electrons in the Ti 3 d conduction band, peculiar magnetotransport properties such as the unconventional anomalous Hall effect (AHE) due to Berry curvature in momentum space, as well as the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations of spin polarized electrons, have been observed. In this study, we have examined the physical properties of high quality ETO films with La3+ (4 f0) or Gd3+ (4 f7) donors (ELTO or EGTO) grown on nearly lattice matched SrTiO3 substrates with a gas source molecular beam epitaxy. We find that the anti-ferromagnetic ordering of ELTO is destabilized by the vacancy of the magnetic moment on the La-site for ELTO. The maximum electron mobility for ELTO (<3200 cm2 V−1 s−1) is larger than that of EGTO (<1500 cm2 V−1 s−1), keeping the metallic state at very diluted doping. The AHE changes its sign with shifting the Fermi level position across the Weyl nodes, as seen previously for compressively strained ELTO films, but the critical electron density is much lower, which can be explained by the absence of additional crystal-field splitting in the lattice matched system. These unveiled transport properties provide deeper understanding of the transport phenomena related to the topology of the band structure in high-mobility, magnetic oxide semiconductors.
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Wang, Ying, Yu Liu, Yingxi Xu, Haiyan Xing, Zheng Tian, Kejing Tang, Qing Rao, Min Wang, and Jianxiang Wang. "AML1-ETO-Related Fusion Circular RNAs Contribute to the Proliferation of Leukemia Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010071.
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The AML1-ETO (RUNX1-RUNX1T1) fusion gene created by the chromosome translocation t(8;21)(q21;q22) is one of the essential contributors to leukemogenesis. Only a few studies in the literature have focused on fusion gene-derived circular RNAs (f-circRNAs). Here, we report several AML1-ETO-related fusion circular RNAs (F-CircAEs) in AML1-ETO-positive cell lines and primary patient blasts. Functional studies demonstrate that the over-expression of F-CircAE in NIH3T3 cells promotes cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. F-CircAE expression enhances the colony formation ability of c-Kit+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Meanwhile, the knockdown of endogenous F-CircAEs can inhibit the proliferation and colony formation ability of AML1-ETO-positive Kasumi-1 cells. Intriguingly, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the glycolysis pathway is down-regulated in F-CircAE-knockdown Kasumi-1 cells and up-regulated in F-CircAE over-expressed NIH3T3 cells. Further studies show that F-CircAE binds to the glycolytic protein ENO-1, up-regulates the expression level of glycolytic enzymes, and enhances lactate production. In summary, our study demonstrates that F-CircAE may exert biological activities on the growth of AML1-ETO leukemia cells by regulating the glycolysis pathway. Determining the role of F-CircAEs in AML1-ETO leukemia can lead to great strides in understanding its pathogenesis, thus providing new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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ARVIND SINGH TOMAR. "Performance of radiation-based reference evapotranspiration equation developed for Indian sub-humid conditions." Journal of Agrometeorology 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v18i1.905.
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In this study, asite-specific radiation based equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was developed and its performance was statistically analysed in comparison to widely accepted FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM) model and four radiation-based ETo methods for sub-humid Hazaribagh region of Jharkhand state. The equation was developed with daily values of incoming solar radiation in conjunction with air temperature (minimum and maximum) by considering daily FAO-56 PM ET0 values as index with weather dataset of 15 years (1990-2004). The performance of developed equation validated with eight years (2005-2012) daily weather dataset revealed that it estimated ETo values better than other radiation-based methods. The respective higher and lower values of agreement index and root mean square error with FAO-56 PM ET0 values during validation period confirms efficacy of developed equation whose performance tested at another Indian sub-humid location (Pantnagar) confirmed its suitability as well. Considering the limitations associated with reliability and availability of weather data especially in developing countries, developed equation is recommended as practical one to estimate ETo in sub-humid climatic conditions if FAO-56 PM model cannot be used due to non-availability of required weather parameters at a location.
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Azam, Mohammad. "PLaCatinG AML1-ETO." Blood 139, no. 7 (February 17, 2022): 959–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021014416.
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Borek, Maureen. "ETO Article Enlightening." AORN Journal 51, no. 5 (May 1990): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)70139-4.
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Hug, Bruce A., and Mitchell A. Lazar. "ETO interacting proteins." Oncogene 23, no. 24 (May 2004): 4270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207674.
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Amann, Joseph M., John Nip, David K. Strom, Bart Lutterbach, Hironori Harada, Noel Lenny, James R. Downing, Shari Meyers, and Scott W. Hiebert. "ETO, a Target of t(8;21) in Acute Leukemia, Makes Distinct Contacts with Multiple Histone Deacetylases and Binds mSin3A through Its Oligomerization Domain." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 19 (October 1, 2001): 6470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.19.6470-6483.2001.
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ABSTRACT t(8;21) and t(16;21) create two fusion proteins, AML-1–ETO and AML-1–MTG16, respectively, which fuse the AML-1 DNA binding domain to putative transcriptional corepressors, ETO and MTG16. Here, we show that distinct domains of ETO contact the mSin3A and N-CoR corepressors and define two binding sites within ETO for each of these corepressors. In addition, of eight histone deacetylases (HDACs) tested, only the class I HDACs HDAC-1, HDAC-2, and HDAC-3 bind ETO. However, these HDACs bind ETO through different domains. We also show that the murine homologue of MTG16, ETO-2, is also a transcriptional corepressor that works through a similar but distinct mechanism. Like ETO, ETO-2 interacts with N-CoR, but ETO-2 fails to bind mSin3A. Furthermore, ETO-2 binds HDAC-1, HDAC-2, and HDAC-3 but also interacts with HDAC-6 and HDAC-8. In addition, we show that expression of AML-1–ETO causes disruption of the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Disruption of the cell cycle required the ability of AML-1–ETO to repress transcription because a mutant of AML-1–ETO, Δ469, which removes the majority of the corepressor binding sites, had no phenotype. Moreover, treatment of AML-1–ETO-expressing cells with trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor, restored cell cycle control. Thus, AML-1–ETO makes distinct contacts with multiple HDACs and an HDAC inhibitor biologically inactivates this fusion protein.
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Lasa, Adriana, Josep F. Nomdedéu, Maria J. Carnicer, Andreu Llorente, and Jorge Sierra. "ETO sequence may be dispensable in some AML1-ETO leukemias." Blood 100, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 4243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-07-2222.
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Bashir, Rab Nawaz. "Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) Assisted Reference Evapotranspiration (ETO) Estimations." Quaid-e-Awam University Research Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology 19, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52584/qrj.1902.13.
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Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) is the amount of irrigation water required by a model crop to grow at its optimal level. ETo determination is a complex process that requires complicated calculations with many variables involved. There is a need to determine the ETo from available environmental conditions. Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) based ETo estimation is proposed. IoT-assisted directly captured temperature data from the crop field is used to estimate the ETo. The estimated ETo can be used in many Precisions Agriculture (PA) applications especially in Precision Irrigation (PI) for measurement of Crop Potential Evapotranspiration (ETc), (irrigation water requirements of specific crops) using crop coefficient (Kc). Naive Bays ML algorithm is applied and evaluated for accurate estimations of ETo. The performance of the ML model is evaluated based on accuracy, f-measures, and recall for ETo estimation. Blaney-Criddle method of ETo measurements is used as a standard approach to benchmark the performance of the ML-based ETo estimations.
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Wang, Lan, Alexander Gural, Fabiana Perna, Xiaojian Sun, Xinyang Zhao, Haiming Xu, Megan A. Hatlen, et al. "The Acetylation of AML1-ETO Is Required for Leukemogenesis." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1588.1588.
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Abstract Abstract 1588 Transcription factors and histones are similarly modified through acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and methylation, which impact on the transcriptional regulation of gene expression and various biological processes in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. The t(8;21) associated AML1-ETO fusion protein is found in 40% of the FAB M2 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia, but how the post-translational modification of AML1-ETO affects its leukemogenicity is largely unknown. Here we show that AML1-ETO directly interacts with the lysine acetyltransferase, p300, via the region containing NHR1 domain and that p300 can acetylate two lysine residues in AML1-ETO and AML1-ETO (exon 9a) in human and mouse leukemia cells. To understand the biological effects of AML1-ETO acetylation, we used human CD34+ cord blood cells as a preleukemia model. The maintenance of CD34+ cells by the acetylation defective form of AML1-ETO was 5 fold less than with AML1-ETO (p<0.01) in the liquid culture assay, and unlike the effect of AML1-ETO, the number of the cobble stone area forming cells (CAFC) was not increased by the mutant AML1-ETO in CAFC assay. However, the block in erythroid and myeloid differentiation conferred by AML1-ETO was still seen in the AML1-ETO acetylation mutant transduced human CD34+ cells. We then approved the impact of acetylation on leukemogenicity using the AML1-ETO9a (AE9a) mouse leukemia model. Mice receiving AE9a acetylation mutant transduced fetal liver cells have not developed leukemia by Day 250, whereas all the mice receiving AE9a transduced cells died due to leukemia before Day 160, with a mean survival time of 109 days (p<0.001). These results suggest that the acetylation of AML1-ETO is required not only for its self-renewal promoting effects and but also for the development of acute leukemia. To gain insight into the mechanisms of AML1-ETO acetylation, we performed luciferase assays and found that the AML1-ETO acetylation mutant lost the ability to activate an M-CSFR promoter driven reporter construct. Furthermore, the expression levels of AML1-ETO activated target genes related to self-renewal were not upregulated in AML1-ETO acetylation mutant transduced human CD34+ cells. These results indicated that the acetylation is crucial to AML1-ETO induced transcription activation. We have also been studying the role of the region containing NHR1 domain (245 to 430 aa) in AML1-ETO: deletion of this region abrogated the binding of p300 to AML1-ETO and led to loss of AML1-ETO lysine acetylation. Furthermore, loss of the region containing NHR1 domain abrogated the self-renewal properties of AML1-ETO and the activation of AML1-ETO target genes in human CD34+ cord blood cells, without affecting its differentiation-blocking activity or its ability to repress gene expression. Given the importance of the acetylation of AML1-ETO in its biological effects, we inhibited p300 function, chemically and using RNA interference; this blocked the transcriptional activation of AML1-ETO target genes, and inhibited the growth of AML1-ETO expressing AML cells in both pre-leukemic and leukemia models. All together, we have found that the acetylation of AML1-ETO via p300 is indispensable for its leukemia-promoting activity and for its ability to activate gene expression. Our work suggests that inhibition of p300 function may represent an important new anti-leukemia strategy that targets self-renewing, leukemia-initiating cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Tjapko, Galina. "Koncepcija suppletivizma v rossijskoj grammaticeskoj tradicii (na serbskom materiale)." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 66 (2010): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1066481t.
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S vvedenija v naucnyj oborot termina "suppletivizm" proslo bolee dvuh stoletij, no do sih por eto odno iz samyh neopredelennyh ponjatij. Eto svjazano s tem, cto v issledovanijah suppletivizma soslis' dva napravlenija - sravnitel'no-istoriceskoe (diahroniceskoe) i "funkcional'noe" (sinhronnoe). Oba napravlenija issledujut edinicy jazyka, obrazovannye "ne po pravilu", otnosjasciesja k "dopolnitel'noj distribucii". Odnako otbor edinic osuscestvljaetsja imi po raznym kriterijam i iz raznyh kontinuumov. Znacitel'nyj vklad v razrabotku problematiki suppletivnyh otnosenij vnesli rossijskie ucenye, izmenivsie predstavlenie o suppletivizme kak ob uzkom, perezitocnom i zastyvsem javlenii. Oni pokazali prikladnuju cennost' uceta suppletivnyh otnosenij - pri razrabotke jazyka leksikograficeskih definicij, v soversenstvovanii programm masinnogo perevoda, v aspekte kul'tury reci, v prepodavanii jazyka. Eto i opredelilo temu stat'i, v kotoroj dan kriticeskij analiz raznyh podhodov k opredeleniju suppletivizma, sformirovavsihsja v otecestvennoj nauke. V stat'e pokazana postepennaja transformacija cisto istoriceskogo vzgljada na suppletivizm i perehod k ego funkcional'noj interpretacii - s oporoj na sistemnye svjazi sovremennogo jazyka. Predstavlena argumentacija storonnikov vkljucenija v sostav suppletivov raznourovnevyh edinic, a takze par iz odnoslovnyh i analiticeskih sostavljajuscih. Podtverzdaetsja zavisimost' suppletivizma ot tipologiceskih osobennostej jazyka, opredeljajutsja faktory, regulirujuscie stepen' ego prozracnosti.
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Salat, Daniela, Robert Liefke, Jörg Wiedenmann, Tilman Borggrefe, and Franz Oswald. "ETO, but Not Leukemogenic Fusion Protein AML1/ETO, Augments RBP-Jκ/SHARP-Mediated Repression of Notch Target Genes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 10 (March 10, 2008): 3502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01966-07.
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ABSTRACT Notch is a transmembrane receptor that determines cell fates and pattern formation in all animal species. After specific ligand binding, the intracellular part of Notch is cleaved off and translocates to the nucleus, where it targets the DNA binding protein RBP-Jκ. In the absence of Notch, RBP-Jκ represses Notch target genes by recruiting a corepressor complex. We and others have previously identified SHARP as one component of this complex. Here, we show that the corepressor ETO as well as the leukemogenic fusion protein AML1/ETO directly interacts with SHARP, that ETO is part of the endogenous RBP-Jκ-containing corepressor complex, and that ETO is found at Notch target gene promoters. In functional assays, corepressor ETO, but not AML1/ETO, augments SHARP-mediated repression in an histone deacetylase-dependent manner. Furthermore, either the knockdown of ETO or the overexpression of AML1/ETO activates Notch target genes. Therefore, we propose that AML1/ETO can disturb the normal, repressive function of ETO at Notch target genes. This activating (or derepressing) effect of AML1/ETO may contribute to its oncogenic potential in myeloid leukemia.
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Yang, Qichun, Quan J. Wang, Kirsti Hakala, and Yating Tang. "Bias-correcting input variables enhances forecasting of reference crop evapotranspiration." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 4773–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4773-2021.
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Abstract. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is calculated using a standard formula with temperature, vapor pressure, solar radiation, and wind speed as input variables. ETo forecasts can be produced when forecasts of these input variables from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are available. As raw ETo forecasts are often subject to systematic errors, statistical calibration is needed for improving forecast quality. The most straightforward and widely used approach is to directly calibrate raw ETo forecasts constructed with the raw forecasts of input variables. However, the predictable signal in ETo forecasts may not be fully implemented by this approach, which does not deal with error propagation from input variables to ETo forecasts. We hypothesize that correcting errors in input variables as a precursor to forecast calibration will lead to more skillful ETo forecasts. To test this hypothesis, we evaluate two calibration strategies that construct raw ETo forecasts with the raw (strategy i) or bias-corrected (strategy ii) input variables in ETo forecast calibration across Australia. Calibrated ETo forecasts based on bias-corrected input variables (strategy ii) demonstrate lower biases, higher correlation coefficients, and higher skills than forecasts produced by the calibration using raw input variables (strategy i). This investigation indicates that improving raw forecasts of input variables could effectively reduce error propagation and enhance ETo forecast calibration. We anticipate that future NWP-based ETo forecasting will benefit from adopting the calibration strategy developed in this study to produce more skillful ETo forecasts.
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Guo, Chun, Jian Li, Nickolas Steinauer, Madeline Wong, Brent Wu, Alexandria Dickson, Markus Kalkum, and Jinsong Zhang. "Histone deacetylase 3 preferentially binds and collaborates with the transcription factor RUNX1 to repress AML1–ETO–dependent transcription in t(8;21) AML." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 13 (February 18, 2020): 4212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.010707.
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In up to 15% of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs), a recurring chromosomal translocation, termed t(8;21), generates the AML1–eight–twenty-one (ETO) leukemia fusion protein, which contains the DNA-binding domain of Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) and almost all of ETO. RUNX1 and the AML1–ETO fusion protein are coexpressed in t(8;21) AML cells and antagonize each other's gene-regulatory functions. AML1–ETO represses transcription of RUNX1 target genes by competitively displacing RUNX1 and recruiting corepressors such as histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). Recent studies have shown that AML1–ETO and RUNX1 co-occupy the binding sites of AML1–ETO–activated genes. How this joined binding allows RUNX1 to antagonize AML1–ETO–mediated transcriptional activation is unclear. Here we show that RUNX1 functions as a bona fide repressor of transcription activated by AML1–ETO. Mechanistically, we show that RUNX1 is a component of the HDAC3 corepressor complex and that HDAC3 preferentially binds to RUNX1 rather than to AML1–ETO in t(8;21) AML cells. Studying the regulation of interleukin-8 (IL8), a newly identified AML1–ETO–activated gene, we demonstrate that RUNX1 and HDAC3 collaboratively repress AML1–ETO–dependent transcription, a finding further supported by results of genome-wide analyses of AML1–ETO–activated genes. These and other results from the genome-wide studies also have important implications for the mechanistic understanding of gene-specific coactivator and corepressor functions across the AML1–ETO/RUNX1 cistrome.
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Mousumi, Khadiza Akhter, Md Abdul Mojid, Tanvir Ahmad, Md Zamil Uddin, and Md Ferdous Parvez. "Climate-induced historical drift of reference evapotranspiration in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i2.41991.
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Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is essential for planning and management of irrigation to ensure optimum utilization of a region’s available water resources. ETo being an indicator of atmospheric evaporative demand provides a measure of the integrated effect of climatic parameters like solar radiation, wind, temperature and humidity. Variation of these climatic parameters over long period of time alters ETo. The modified ETo is crucial for periodic adjustment of irrigation planning and management. This study evaluated variation of ETo and contribution of the climatic parameters to ETo-variation in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh by analyzing climatic data of 28 years (1990–2017). ETo was determined by FAO Penman-Monteith method and trends of ETo and its governing climatic parameters were evaluated by MAKESENS trend model. The ETo-governing climatic parameters revealed contrasting trends, which also varied in different months of the year. Net radiation and wind speed showed decreasing trend, while temperature and saturation vapor pressure deficit showed increasing trend. In spite of contrasting contributions of the climatic parameters, their combined effect reduced ETo with a resulting decreasing trend of the monthly average daily ETo over the months of the year except July. These results enhance our understanding of the effects of climate change on ETo and can help correct-planning of water resources for irrigated agriculture.
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(2): 258–264, June 2019
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Teng, Yen-Ni, Huei-Cih Chang, Yu-Ying Chao, Hui-Ling Cheng, Wei-Chih Lien, and Chia-Yih Wang. "Etoposide Triggers Cellular Senescence by Inducing Multiple Centrosomes and Primary Cilia in Adrenocortical Tumor Cells." Cells 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061466.
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Etoposide (ETO) has been used in treating adrenocortical tumor (ACT) cells. Our previous study showed that ETO inhibits ACT cell growth. In the present study, we show that ETO treatment at IC50 (10 μM) inhibited ACT cell growth by inducing cellular senescence rather than apoptosis. Several markers of cellular senescence, including enlarged nuclei, activated senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, elevated levels of p53 and p21, and down-regulation of Lamin B1, were observed. We further found that ETO induced multiple centrosomes. The inhibition of multiple centrosomes accomplished by treating cells with either roscovitine or centrinone or through the overexpression of NR5A1/SF-1 alleviated ETO-induced senescence, suggesting that ETO triggered senescence via multiple centrosomes. Primary cilia also played a role in ETO-induced senescence. In the mechanism, DNA-PK-Chk2 signaling was activated by ETO treatment; inhibition of this signaling cascade alleviated multiple ETO-induced centrosomes and primary cilia followed by reducing cellular senescence. In addition to DNA damage signaling, autophagy was also triggered by ETO treatment for centrosomal events and senescence. Importantly, the inactivation of DNA-PK-Chk2 signaling reduced ETO-triggered autophagy; however, the inhibition of autophagy did not affect DNA-PK-Chk2 activation. Thus, ETO activated the DNA-PK-Chk2 cascade to facilitate autophagy. The activated autophagy further induced multiple centrosomes and primary cilia followed by triggering senescence.
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Burel, Sebastien A., Nari Harakawa, Liming Zhou, Thomas Pabst, Daniel G. Tenen, and Dong-Er Zhang. "Dichotomy of AML1-ETO Functions: Growth Arrest versus Block of Differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 5577–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.16.5577-5590.2001.
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ABSTRACT The fusion gene AML1-ETO is the product of t(8;21)(q22;q22), one of the most common chromosomal translocations associated with acute myeloid leukemia. To investigate the impact of AML1-ETO on hematopoiesis, tetracycline-inducible AML1-ETO-expressing cell lines were generated using myeloid cells. AML1-ETO is tightly and strongly induced upon tetracycline withdrawal. The proliferation of AML1-ETO+ cells was markedly reduced, and most of the cells eventually underwent apoptosis. RNase protection assays revealed that the amount of Bcl-2 mRNA was decreased after AML1-ETO induction. Enforced expression of Bcl-2 was able to significantly delay, but not completely overcome, AML1-ETO-induced apoptosis. Prior to the onset of apoptosis, we also studied the ability of AML1-ETO to modulate differentiation. AML1-ETO expression altered granulocytic differentiation of U937T-A/E cells. More significantly, this change of differentiation was associated with the down-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), a key regulator of granulocytic differentiation. These observations suggest a dichotomy in the functions of AML1-ETO: (i) reduction of granulocytic differentiation correlated with decreased expression ofC/EBPα and (ii) growth arrest leading to apoptosis with decreased expression of CDK4, c-myc, andBcl-2. We predict that the preleukemic AML1-ETO+ cells must overcome AML1-ETO-induced growth arrest and apoptosis prior to fulfilling their leukemogenic potential.
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Guo, Chun, Qiande Hu, Chunxia Yan, and Jinsong Zhang. "Multivalent Binding of the ETO Corepressor to E Proteins Facilitates Dual Repression Controls Targeting Chromatin and the Basal Transcription Machinery." Molecular and Cellular Biology 29, no. 10 (March 16, 2009): 2644–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00073-09.
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ABSTRACT E proteins are a family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors that play important roles in cell differentiation and homeostasis. They contain at least two activation domains, AD1 and AD2. ETO family proteins and the leukemogenic AML1-ETO fusion protein are corepressors of E proteins. It is thought that ETO represses E-protein activity by interacting with AD1, which competes away p300/CBP histone acetyltransferases. Here we report that E proteins contain another conserved ETO-interacting region, termed DES, and that differential associations with AD1 and DES allow ETO to repress transcription through both chromatin-dependent and chromatin-independent mechanisms. At the chromatin level, AD1 and AD2 cooperatively recruit p300. ETO interacts with AD1 to abolish p300 recruitment and to allow HDAC-dependent silencing. At the post-chromatin-remodeling level, binding to DES enables ETO to directly inhibit activation of the basal transcription machinery. This novel repression mechanism is conserved in ETO family proteins and in the AML1-ETO fusion protein. In addition, the repression capacity exerted by each mechanism is differentially modulated by cross talk among various ETO domains and the AML1 domain of AML1-ETO. In particular, the oligomerization domain of ETO plays a major role in targeting ETO to the DES region and independently potentiates the TAFH domain-mediated AD1 interaction. The ability to exert repression at different levels not only may allow these corepressors to impose robust inhibition of signal-independent transcription but may also allow a rapid response to signals. In addition, our newly defined domain interactions and their interplays have important implications in effectively targeting both E-protein fusion proteins and AML1-ETO found in cancers.
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Peterson, Luke F., Ming Yan, Anita Boyapati, and Dong-Er Zhang. "Differential Effects on Cell Cycle Regulators by AML1-ETO and a C-Terminal Truncated AML1-ETO (From Tumor Suppressor to Oncogene)." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2052.2052.
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Abstract The fusion protein AML1-ETO created by the 8;21 translocation involved in de novo acute myeloid leukemia requires secondary mutational events to promote leukemia. Here, we report that the loss of the molecular events associated with AML1-ETO C-terminus including an NCoR/SMRT interacting domain transforms AML1-ETO into a potent leukemogenic protein in mice. Furthermore, we present evidence of aberrant protein expression of cell cycle regulators in a hematopoietic cell line expressing AML1-ETO compared to the leukemogenic truncated form of AML1-ETO (AML1-ETOtr). Our studies show that AML1-ETO and AML1-ETOtr are biochemically isolated from the same cellular compartments, that they can oligomerize, and that they can both efficiently immunoprecipitate the transcription factor Gfi-1. However, contrary to AML1-ETO, AML1-ETOtr does not promote growth arrest. Western analyses show that cell cycle promoting factors cyclin D3 and cyclin A are decreased by AML1-ETO, while their RNA levels remain the same. In addition, an increase in the cdk-inhibitor p21WAF1 is observed in the presence of both proteins, while only AML1-ETO induces high expression of the cdk-inhibitor p27KIP1. These changes are associated with a deregulation of the SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase component Skp2 that is involved in controlling the levels of both cyclins and cdk-inhibitors. These observations suggest that AML1-ETO has tumor suppressor activity. Additional mutations to bypass this effect can change it into an oncogenic protein. Therefore, our results lead to a new model of AML1-ETO in leukemogenesis, i.e., the gain/loss of function of cell cycle regulators to promote cell cycle progression or disruption of molecular events associated with AML1-ETO C-terminal NCoR/SMRT interacting domain are required for AML1-ETO involved leukemogenesis. The disrupted molecular events may include 1) the loss of factor(s) physically interacting with the C-terminal domain of AML1-ETO, 2) the alteration by mutagenesis of signaling pathways downstream of AML1-ETO C-terminal domain, and 3) the dysfunction within AML1-ETO C-terminal domain by truncations or mutations.
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REENA CHAKRAVARTY, MANISH BHAN, A.V.R. KESAVA RAO, and M.K. AWASTHI. "Trends and variability in evapotranspiration at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh." Journal of Agrometeorology 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v17i2.1006.
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Evapotranspiration demands and trends were analysed for Jabalpur region in eastern Madhya Pradesh by assessing reference evapotranspiration (ETo), energy balance and aerodynamic components for 31 years (1983-2013). Analysis indicated multiple trends in annual ETo and annual aerodynamic component of ETo. In the first half of the study period, a clear decreasing trend was seen with 1994 and 1999 years having low ETo values. Later, the ETo started increasing and a high ETo of 1425 mm was observed in the years 2009 and 2010. Energy balance component has shown a negative trendwith the reduction in temperature and sunshine hours.Trends in five-year average ETo values indicated a reduction in kharif season whilethe EToincreased in rabi season. Present study highlights the necessity to understand ETo of the region before planning and management.
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Tian, Di, Christopher J. Martinez, and Wendy D. Graham. "Seasonal Prediction of Regional Reference Evapotranspiration Based on Climate Forecast System Version 2." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 1166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-087.1.
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AbstractReference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important hydroclimatic variable for water planning and management. This research explored the potential of using the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), for seasonal predictions of ETo over the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The 12-km ETo forecasts were produced by downscaling coarse-scale ETo forecasts from the CFSv2 retrospective forecast archive and by downscaling CFSv2 maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), mean temperature (Tmean), solar radiation (Rs), and wind speed (Wind) individually and calculating ETo using those downscaled variables. All the ETo forecasts were calculated using the Penman–Monteith equation. Sensitivity coefficients were evaluated to quantify how and how much does each of the variables influence ETo. Two statistical downscaling methods were tested: 1) spatial disaggregation (SD) and 2) spatial disaggregation with quantile mapping bias correction (SDBC). The downscaled ETo from the coarse-scale ETo showed similar skill to those by first downscaling individual variables and then calculating ETo. The sensitivity coefficients showed Tmax and Rs had the greatest influence on ETo, followed by Tmin and Tmean, and Wind. The downscaled Tmax showed highest predictability, followed by Tmean, Tmin, Rs, and Wind. SDBC had slightly better performance than SD for both probabilistic and deterministic forecasts. The skill was locally and seasonally dependent. The CFSv2-based ETo forecasts showed higher predictability in cold seasons than in warm seasons. The CFSv2 model could better predict ETo in cold seasons during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events only when the forecast initial condition was in either the El Niño or La Niña phase of ENSO.
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Cheney, Matthew D., Yizhou Liu, Yunpeng Zhou, Maksymilian Chruszcz, Thomas M. Laue, Wladek Minor, John H. Bushweller, and Nancy A. Speck. "Structural and Functional Characterization of the NHR2 and Runt Domains of AML1/ETO." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.482.482.
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Abstract AML1/ETO is the chimeric fusion protein resulting from the t(8;21) found in AML of the M2 subtype. It contains the N-terminal 177 amino acids of RUNX1 and virtually all (575aa) of ETO. The RUNX1 component includes the Runt domain, which mediates both DNA binding and heterodimerization with CBFβ, but lacks the more C-terminal sequences required for transactivation. AML1/ETO occupies RUNX target genes in vivo and is associated with a repressive chromatin structure characterized by reduced levels of acetylated histone H3. AML1/ETO is thought to repress transcription by recruiting a SMRT (N-CoR)/Sin3A/HDAC complex to chromatin via sequences in ETO. ETO is the human homologue of the Drosophila Nervy protein and shares 4 regions of homology with Nervy called Nervy Homology Regions (NHR) 1–4. Deletion studies have shown that three of the AML1/ETO domains essential for its repressive function are the Runt domain, NHR2, and NHR4. The NHR2 domain is a hydrophobic heptad repeat that mediates oligomerization of AML1/ETO, interaction with ETO family members, and also with mSin3A and HDACs. We recently solved an x-ray structure of the NHR2 domain and found it to be an alpha-helical tetramer. Based on this structure we have introduced amino acid substitutions into the NHR2 domain that disrupt tetramer formation but not AML1/ETO stability. These mutations impair the ability of AML1/ETO to inhibit the differentiation of GR-1+/Mac-1+ cells following retroviral transduction into primary mouse bone marrow cells, and also inhibit the serial replating ability of AML1/ETO expressing bone marrow cells in vitro. We additionally show that mutations reported by Amann et al. (Mol Cell Biol. 21, 6470, 2001) to disrupt mSin3A binding to NHR2 do not affect the biological activity of AML1/ETO in vitro. We also introduced mutations in the Runt domain of AML1/ETO that disrupt CBFβ binding by defined amounts (40-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold), and demonstrated that CBFβ binding by AML1/ETO is essential for its dominant negative activity. The latter results suggest that small molecules designed to selectively impair heterodimerization of AML1/ETO with CBFβ could potentially block AML1/ETO’s dominant negative activity.
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Erickson, PF, G. Dessev, RS Lasher, G. Philips, M. Robinson, and HA Drabkin. "ETO and AML1 phosphoproteins are expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors: implications for t(8;21) leukemogenesis and monitoring residual disease." Blood 88, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 1813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v88.5.1813.1813.
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Abstract To study acute myelogenous leukemia 1 (AML1) transcription factor, ETO protein, and t(8;21) AML chimeric AML1/ ETO protein in normal hematopoiesis and in leukemia, we raised rabbit antisera to a bacterially expressed polypeptide containing amino acid residues 1 to 220 of ETO and to synthetic peptides extending from residues 528 to 548 of ETO and 32 to 50 of AML1. The latter was selected to have little chance of cross-reactivity with other members of the PEBP2 alpha family. With affinity-purified reagents, we observed immunofluorescent staining for both AML1 and ETO in the nucleus of HEL, K562, and Kasumi- 1 leukemic cell lines, the last from a t(8;21) AML. Biochemical analysis confirmed specificity of the antibodies and the nuclear localization of the antigens, the latter being exclusive for AML1 and primary for ETO. Immunoprecipitations of metabolically labeled 32P- proteins from Kasumi-1 cells show that AML1 and ETO are phosphorylated on serine and threonine. Investigations with normal bone marrow reveal AML1 and ETO are coexpressed in megakaryocytes and that each is expressed in a portion of the approximately 10-microns-diameter cells residing there. Using a CD34+ enriched population mobilized to peripheral blood, we found AML1 and, unexpectedly, ETO present in these cells. Because of this, we conclude that the expression of ETO in hematopoietic cells is not by itself leukemogenic. Also, because ETO would not be exclusively expressed as part of chimeric AML1/ETO in leukemic patients, its presence cannot be used to monitor t(8;21) AML residual disease.
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Erickson, PF, G. Dessev, RS Lasher, G. Philips, M. Robinson, and HA Drabkin. "ETO and AML1 phosphoproteins are expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors: implications for t(8;21) leukemogenesis and monitoring residual disease." Blood 88, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 1813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v88.5.1813.bloodjournal8851813.
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To study acute myelogenous leukemia 1 (AML1) transcription factor, ETO protein, and t(8;21) AML chimeric AML1/ ETO protein in normal hematopoiesis and in leukemia, we raised rabbit antisera to a bacterially expressed polypeptide containing amino acid residues 1 to 220 of ETO and to synthetic peptides extending from residues 528 to 548 of ETO and 32 to 50 of AML1. The latter was selected to have little chance of cross-reactivity with other members of the PEBP2 alpha family. With affinity-purified reagents, we observed immunofluorescent staining for both AML1 and ETO in the nucleus of HEL, K562, and Kasumi- 1 leukemic cell lines, the last from a t(8;21) AML. Biochemical analysis confirmed specificity of the antibodies and the nuclear localization of the antigens, the latter being exclusive for AML1 and primary for ETO. Immunoprecipitations of metabolically labeled 32P- proteins from Kasumi-1 cells show that AML1 and ETO are phosphorylated on serine and threonine. Investigations with normal bone marrow reveal AML1 and ETO are coexpressed in megakaryocytes and that each is expressed in a portion of the approximately 10-microns-diameter cells residing there. Using a CD34+ enriched population mobilized to peripheral blood, we found AML1 and, unexpectedly, ETO present in these cells. Because of this, we conclude that the expression of ETO in hematopoietic cells is not by itself leukemogenic. Also, because ETO would not be exclusively expressed as part of chimeric AML1/ETO in leukemic patients, its presence cannot be used to monitor t(8;21) AML residual disease.
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Okuda, Tsukasa, Zhongling Cai, Shouli Yang, Noel Lenny, Chuhl-joo Lyu, Jan M. A. van Deursen, Hironori Harada, and James R. Downing. "Expression of a Knocked-In AML1-ETO Leukemia Gene Inhibits the Establishment of Normal Definitive Hematopoiesis and Directly Generates Dysplastic Hematopoietic Progenitors." Blood 91, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 3134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.9.3134.
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Abstract The t(8;21)-encoded AML1-ETO chimeric product is believed to be causally involved in up to 15% of acute myelogenous leukemias through an as yet unknown mechanism. To directly investigate the role of AML1-ETO in leukemogenesis, we used gene targeting to create anAML1-ETO “knock-in” allele that mimics the t(8;21). Unexpectedly, embryos heterozygous for AML1-ETO(AML1-ETO/+) died around E13.5 from a complete absence of normal fetal liver–derived definitive hematopoiesis and lethal hemorrhages. This phenotype was similar to that seen following homozygous disruption of either AML1 orCBFβ. However, in contrast to AML1- or CBFβ-deficient embryos, fetal livers from AML1-ETO/+ embryos contained dysplastic multilineage hematopoietic progenitors that had an abnormally high self-renewal capacity in vitro. To further document the role of AML1-ETO in these growth abnormalities, we used retroviral transduction to express AML1-ETO in murine adult bone marrow–derived hematopoietic progenitors. AML1-ETO–expressing cells were again found to have an increased self-renewal capacity and could be readily established into immortalized cell lines in vitro. Taken together, these studies suggest that AML1-ETO not only neutralizes the normal biologic activity of AML1 but also directly induces aberrant hematopoietic cell proliferation.
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Okuda, Tsukasa, Zhongling Cai, Shouli Yang, Noel Lenny, Chuhl-joo Lyu, Jan M. A. van Deursen, Hironori Harada, and James R. Downing. "Expression of a Knocked-In AML1-ETO Leukemia Gene Inhibits the Establishment of Normal Definitive Hematopoiesis and Directly Generates Dysplastic Hematopoietic Progenitors." Blood 91, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 3134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.9.3134.3134_3134_3143.
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The t(8;21)-encoded AML1-ETO chimeric product is believed to be causally involved in up to 15% of acute myelogenous leukemias through an as yet unknown mechanism. To directly investigate the role of AML1-ETO in leukemogenesis, we used gene targeting to create anAML1-ETO “knock-in” allele that mimics the t(8;21). Unexpectedly, embryos heterozygous for AML1-ETO(AML1-ETO/+) died around E13.5 from a complete absence of normal fetal liver–derived definitive hematopoiesis and lethal hemorrhages. This phenotype was similar to that seen following homozygous disruption of either AML1 orCBFβ. However, in contrast to AML1- or CBFβ-deficient embryos, fetal livers from AML1-ETO/+ embryos contained dysplastic multilineage hematopoietic progenitors that had an abnormally high self-renewal capacity in vitro. To further document the role of AML1-ETO in these growth abnormalities, we used retroviral transduction to express AML1-ETO in murine adult bone marrow–derived hematopoietic progenitors. AML1-ETO–expressing cells were again found to have an increased self-renewal capacity and could be readily established into immortalized cell lines in vitro. Taken together, these studies suggest that AML1-ETO not only neutralizes the normal biologic activity of AML1 but also directly induces aberrant hematopoietic cell proliferation.
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Rodrigues, Gonçalo C., and Ricardo P. Braga. "Estimation of Daily Reference Evapotranspiration from NASA POWER Reanalysis Products in a Hot Summer Mediterranean Climate." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102077.
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This study aims at assessing the accuracy of estimating daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) computed with NASA POWER reanalysis products. Daily ETo estimated from local observations of weather variables in 14 weather stations distributed across Alentejo Region, Southern Portugal were compared with ETo derived from NASA POWER weather data, using raw and bias-corrected datasets. Three different methods were used to compute ETo: (a) FAO Penman-Monteith (PM); (b) Hargreaves-Samani (HS); and (c) MaxTET. Results show that, when using raw NASA POWER datasets, a good accuracy between the observed ETo and reanalysis ETo was observed in most locations (R2 > 0.70). PM shows a tendency to over-estimating ETo with an RMSE as high as 1.41 mm d−1, while using a temperature-based ET estimation method, an RMSE lower than 0.92 mm d−1 is obtained. If a local bias correction is adopted, the temperature-based methods show a small over or underestimation of ETo (–0.40 mm d−1 ≤ MBE < 0.40 mm d−1). As for PM, ETo is still underestimated for 13 locations (MBE < 0 mm d−1) but with an RMSE never higher than 0.77 mm d−1. When NASA POWER raw data is used to estimate ETo, HS_Rs proved the most accurate method, providing the lowest RMSE for half the locations. However, if a data regional bias correction is used, PM leads to the most accurate ETo estimation for half the locations; also, when a local bias correction is performed, PM proved the be the most accurate ETo estimation method for most locations. Nonetheless, MaxTET proved to be an accurate method; its simplicity may prove to be successful not only when only maximum temperature data is available but also due to the low data required for ETo estimation.
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Hardt, Sebastian, Vincent Justus Leopold, Thilo Khakzad, Matthias Pumberger, Carsten Perka, and Christian Hipfl. "Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy with Intermediate Resection Arthroplasty Is Safe for Use in Two-Stage Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty for Infection." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010036.
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Background: This study sought to compare the results of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) for periprosthetic infection (PJI) in patients with and without the use of an extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) for removal of a well-fixed femoral stem or cement. Methods: Thirty-two patients who had undergone an ETO as part of a two-stage revision without spacer placement were matched 1:2 with a cohort of sixty-four patients of the same sex and age who had stem removal without any osteotomy. Clinical outcomes including interim revision, reinfection and aseptic failure rates were evaluated. Modified Harris hip scores (mHHS) were calculated. Minimum follow-up was two years. Results: Patients undergoing ETO had a significantly lower rate of interim re-debridement compared to non-ETO patients (0% vs. 14.1%, p = 0.026). Reinfection following reimplantation was similar in both groups (12.5% in ETO patients vs. 9.4% in non-ETO patients, p = 0.365). Revision for aseptic reason was necessary in 12.5% in the ETO group and 14.1% in the non-ETO group (p = 0.833). Periprosthetic femoral fractures were seen in three patients (3.1%), of which all occurred in non-ETO patients. Dislocation was the most common complication, which was equally distributed in both groups (12.5%). The mean mHHS was 37.7 in the ETO group and 37.3 in the non-ETO group, and these scores improved significantly in both groups following reimplantation (p < 0.01). Conclusion: ETO without the use of spacer is a safe and effective method to manage patients with well-fixed femoral stems and for thorough cement removal in two-stage revision THA for PJI. While it might reduce the rate of repeated debridement in the interim period, the use of ETO appears to lead to similar reinfection rates following reimplantation.
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Ghafouri-Azar, Mona, and Sang-Il Lee. "Meteorological Influences on Reference Evapotranspiration in Different Geographical Regions." Water 15, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030454.
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It is critical to understand how meteorological variables impact reference evapotranspiration (ETo) since meteorological variables have a different effect on ETo. This study examined the impact of meteorological variables on ETo on the Korean Peninsula under complex climatic and geographic conditions in order to understand how ETo and meteorological variables have changed over the past 42 years. Different geographical conditions were analyzed, including plains, mountains, and coastal areas on a seasonal and annual basis. ETo was estimated using the Penman-Monteith method by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) using daily relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (Rs), maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and wind speed (Ws). According to the results, the maximum mean seasonal and annual ETo occurred on the southern coast, while the minimum occurred in the mountainous area and along the east coast. Seasonal ETo is highest in summer, and is lowest in winter for all regions. The investigation of meteorological variables on ETo revealed that the response varied by area, and the magnitudes of sensitivity varied by location and season. RH is the most critical meteorological variable to affect ETo in all seasons, except summer, when Tmin is the most sensitive parameter. The results revealed that different regions showed different responses to the change in ETo by changing the meteorological variables. Meteorological variables affecting ETo differ with different geologic conditions and seasons. in mountainous areas revealed almost similar responses to the change in RH, Rs, and Tmax (±10% change in ETo) during the spring season. However, for other regions, RH and Tmax caused changes to ETo throughout, ranging from −15% to +20% in the plain area, −20% to +15% in the west and east coast, and −20% to +10% in the south coast. In addition, there were significant differences in parameter responses between regions and seasons, which was confirmed by the results.
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Moon, Hee Won, Ho Young Kim, Young Ree Kim, Han Ik Cho, Sung-Soo Yoon, Seonyang Park, Byoung Kook Kim, Honggu Chun, Hee Chan Kim, and Dong Soon Lee. "The Residual Malignant Cells Could Be Masked by Therapeutic Use of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor in the Patients with AML1/ETO+ Acute Myelogenous Leukemia." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4512.4512.
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Abstract Among 200 AML cases for the past 7 years, we observed 6 cases with acute myelogenous leukemia(AML) which showed remission by morphologic criteria in BM examination, but revealed clonal changes in most cells by FISH after G-CSF administration. Remarkably, 5 of 6 cases were AML with AML1/ETO rearrangement, and FISH study revealed that most of AML1/ETO+ cells were mature neutrophils, suggesting differentiation of leukemic cells. A true remission of leukemia was probably never achieved with G-CSF alone and 4 of 6 cases have relapsed and 3 have died. Most cases of present study had infections or were suspected as infection, thus G-CSF which was administered and endogenously produced by infection seems to bring synergic effect (Table 1). To elucidate the mechanism involved in this finding, we measured the numbers of G-CSF receptor (G-CSFr) in AML1/ETO positive (Kasumi-1) and negative AML cell lines (CTV-1), and in leukemic cells from 8 patients with AML1/ETO positive and negative AML by flow cytometry. The number of G-CSFr was 2,673/cell in AML1/ETO+ Kasumi-1 cell line and 522/cell in AML1/ETO− CTV-1 cell line(Table 2). In 8 patients with AML, the number of baseline G-CSFr in AML1/ETO+ AML cells was significantly higher than that in AML1/ETO− AML cells (mean number 446.2 VS 226) (p value =0.0029). We assume that therapeutic G-CSF administration could result in differentiation and proliferation of AML1/ETO+ leukemic cells due to higher expression of G-CSF receptor. In conclusion, we strongly recommend that complete remission should be confirmed by FISH test, because malignant clone can be differentiated and masked in morphological examination or conventional cytogenetic test, especially for AML1/ETO+ AML. Table 1. Clinical and laboratory summary of cases Case No. Initial diagnosis Follow-up* Cytogenetics FISH % Blast in BM Cytogenetics FISH Other findings Outcomes * when showing discrepancy between morphologic examination and FISH test 1 t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO: 94.5% 0%(PB) - AML1/ETO:95.5%(PB) Pneumonia Relapse 2 t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO: 98% 39% - AML1/ETO:99% Suspected infection, G-CSF administration Relapse, death 3 t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO: 47% 0.5% t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO:55% Suspected infection, G-CSF administration Alive 4 t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO: 94.5% 3.9% t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO:77.5% Fever Relapse, death 5 t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML1/ETO: 93.5% 0.3% Normal karyotype AML1/ETO:33.5% G-CSF administration Relapse 6 Trisomy 8 Trisomy 8: 98.5% 28.1% Trisomy 8 Trisomy 8:96.5% Candidiasis, G-CSF administration Death Table 2. Quantitation of G-CSF receptors in Kasumi-1 and CTV-1 cell line G-CSF receptor (PE molecule per cell) Baseline After G-CSF administration Kasumi-1 cell line 2,673 1,953 CTV-1 cell line 522 556
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Melnick, Ari M., Jennifer J. Westendorf, Adam Polinger, Graeme W. Carlile, Sally Arai, Helen J. Ball, Bart Lutterbach, Scott W. Hiebert, and Jonathan D. Licht. "The ETO Protein Disrupted in t(8;21)-Associated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Is a Corepressor for the Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein." Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 2075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.20.6.2075-2086.2000.
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ABSTRACT The ETO protein was originally identified by its fusion to the AML-1 transcription factor in translocation (8;21) associated with the M2 form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The resulting AML-1–ETO fusion is an aberrant transcriptional regulator due to the ability of ETO, which does not bind DNA itself, to recruit the transcriptional corepressors N-CoR, SMRT, and Sin3A and histone deacetylases. The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein is a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcriptional factor fused to retinoic acid receptor α in acute promyelocytic leukemia associated with the (11;17)(q23;q21) translocation. PLZF also mediates transcriptional repression through the actions of corepressors and histone deacetylases. We found that ETO is one of the corepressors recruited by PLZF. The PLZF and ETO proteins associate in vivo and in vitro, and ETO can potentiate transcriptional repression by PLZF. The N-terminal portion of ETO forms complexes with PLZF, while the C-terminal region, which was shown to bind to N-CoR and SMRT, is required for the ability of ETO to augment transcriptional repression by PLZF. The second repression domain (RD2) of PLZF, not the POZ/BTB domain, is necessary to bind to ETO. Corepression by ETO was completely abrogated by histone deacetylase inhibitors. This identifies ETO as a cofactor for a sequence-specific transcription factor and indicates that, like other corepressors, it functions through the action of histone deactylase.
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Wichmann, Christian, Yvonne Becker, and Manuel Grez. "The NHR2 Oligomerization Domain of AML1/ETO as a Novel Therapeutic Target Structure in t(8;21) Positive Leukemias." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.210.210.
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Abstract About 12% of all de novo acute myeloid leukemias are characterized by the translocation t(8;21) which generates the oncogenic fusion protein AML1/ETO. AML1/ETO is found in high molecular weight complexes (HMWC) which are crucial for the block in myeloid differentiation of AML1/ETO transformed cells. Essential for HMWC formation is the alpha-helical nervy homology region 2 (NHR2) within ETO which serves as an interacting surface for oligomerization as well as association with members of the ETO protein family. Based on the observation that the integrity of the NHR2 domain is essential for transcriptional repressor activity of ETO, we designed a peptide (NC128) aimed to selectively interfere with AML1/ETO oligomerization. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed colocalization of NC128 with AML1/ETO in the nucleus. In protein-protein interaction studies we could demonstrate that the NHR2 domain in NC128 was necessary and sufficient for proper binding to AML1/ETO. Expression of NC128 in AML1/ETO positive cells led to inhibition of AML1/ETO HMWC formation as demonstrated by size-exclusion chromatography. NC128 expression in the AML1/ETO growth dependent Kasumi-1 cells restores transcription of AML1/ETO target genes. Among others, the expression of PU.1, a master regulator of myeloid differentiation, was significantly upregulated in the presence of NC128. In Kasumi-1 cells as well as in U937-AML1/ETO cells expression of NC128 almost completely overcomes the block of cytokine mediated differentiation induced by AML1/ETO. In the presence of NC128, Kasumi-1 cells lose their progenitor cell characteristics and upregulate marker of early monocytic differentiation. Likewise, NC128 expressing Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1 cells are arrested in cell cycle progression with a peak in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The binding affinity of NHR2 peptide mutants to ETO directly correlates with the intensity of growth inhibition. A derivative of NC128 which retained all NHR2 amino acids (N89) maintained full binding capacity to ETO as well as antiproliferative effects, whereas a mutant of N89 lacking 7 C-terminal amino acids (N82) significantly lost binding capacity and its antiproliferative effect. Next a codon optimized expression construct was developed in order to increase the cellular expression levels of N89. Compared to N89, expression of this construct enhances growth arrest suggesting that the NHR2 peptides act in a dose dependent manner. To investigate the influence of NC128 on primary cells, human CD34 progenitor cells were immortalized with AML1/ETO. Expression of NC128 in these cells resulted in growth arrest, loss of CD34 expression and an increased rate of apoptosis. In order to directly deliver the peptide to AML1/ETO expressing cells, the NHR2 domain was fused to the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain. The bacterial expressed peptides were purified by affinity chromatography and were proven to be stable in serum-containing medium for several hours. Upon protein transduction into mammalian cells, recombinant NHR2 peptides could be detected in cellular lysates. Furthermore, we already can show by co-immunoprecipitation experiments that the transducible peptides are able to specifically interact with ETO protein. Our results propose that selective interference with NHR2-mediated oligomerization could provide a promising strategy for the inhibition of the oncogenic properties of AML1/ETO. Based on our results, we are aiming to develop screening strategies for both peptides and small molecule substances to interfere with NHR2 mediated AML1/ETO complex formation.
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Zhang, Jinsong, Bruce A. Hug, Eric Y. Huang, Clarice W. Chen, Vania Gelmetti, Marco Maccarana, Saverio Minucci, Pier Giuseppe Pelicci, and Mitchell A. Lazar. "Oligomerization of ETO Is Obligatory for Corepressor Interaction." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.1.156-163.2001.
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ABSTRACT Nearly 40% of cases of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) of the M2 subtype are due to a chromosomal translocation that combines a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, AML1, with a potent transcriptional repressor, ETO. ETO interacts with nuclear receptor corepressors SMRT and N-CoR, which recruit histone deacetylase to the AML1-ETO oncoprotein. SMRT–N-CoR interaction requires each of two zinc fingers contained in C-terminal Nervy homology region 4 (NHR4) of ETO. However, here we show that polypeptides containing NHR4 are insufficient for interaction with SMRT. NHR2 is also required for SMRT interaction and repression by ETO, as well as for inhibition of hematopoietic differentiation by AML1-ETO. NHR2 mediates oligomerization of ETO as well as AML1-ETO. Fusion of NHR4 polypeptide to a heterologous dimerization domain allows strong interaction with SMRT in vitro. These data support a model in which NHR2 and NHR4 have complementary functions in repression by ETO. NHR2 functions as an oligomerization domain bringing together NHR4 polypeptides that together form the surface required for high-affinity interaction with corepressors. As nuclear receptors also interact with corepressors as dimers, oligomerization may be a common mechanism regulating corepressor interactions.
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Cieśla, Bartosz, and Janusz Mleczko. "PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC IN PRODUCTION CONTROL SYSTEMS OF ENGINEER TO ORDER SMES." Applied Computer Science 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/acs-2021-02.
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In this paper the method of improving production control in engineer to order [ETO] small and medium sized enterprises is presented. Briefly, the strategy of Mass Customization [MC] and a concept of the hybrid MC-ETO production system are demonstrated. Thereafter, a method of choosing components for small batch manu-facturing in advance, under conditions of single unit ETO production system, with application of fuzzy logic is described. This approach can be used in ETO companies during their transition into the hybrid MC-ETO production systems. The research was done in a collaboration with experts from the real ETO pro-duction system, in Polish SME, which manufactures mechanical parts.
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Xiang, Keyu, Xuan Zhang, Xiaofeng Peng, Ning Yao, Asim Biswas, De Li Liu, Yufeng Zou, Bakhtiyor Pulatov, Yi Li, and Fenggui Liu. "Differences in Spatiotemporal Variability of Potential and Reference Crop Evapotranspirations." Water 14, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060988.
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Potential evapotranspiration (ETp) and reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) are two key parameters in hydrology, meteorology, and agronomy. ETp and ETo are related to each other but have different meanings and applications. In this study, the ETp and ETo were distinguished and calculated with the Penman and FAO56 PM equations using the weather data of 551 stations in China from 1961 to 2018. The differences in their spatiotemporal variations were examined with an MMK test, an R/S test, and wavelet analysis. The monthly ETp and ETo were close but the ETp was always larger than the ETo, with values ranging from 1 to 356 mm and 2 to 323 mm, respectively. Their differences varied in different months and sub-regions. The maximum monthly difference transferred from south to north and then back to the south in a yearly cycle, showing spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The annual values of the ETp and ETo were also close, but the ETp was significantly higher than the ETo. The increasing future trends of ETp but decreasing trends of ETo were tested at most sites in China. Although the primary periods were almost the same, their spatial distribution was slightly different. In conclusion, ETp is different from ETo and they should be applied carefully. This study performs a thorough comparison and reveals the underlying basis of and discrepancy between ETp and ETo.
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Cheney, Matthew D., Yizhou Liu, Justin J. Gaudet, Maksymilian Chruszcz, Stephen M. Lukasik, Daisuke Sugiyama, Jeff Lary, et al. "Structural and Functional Characterization of the NHR2 and Runt Domains of AML1/ETO." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2854.2854.
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Abstract AML1/ETO is the chimeric fusion protein resulting from the t(8;21) found in AML of the M2 subtype. It contains the N-terminal 177 amino acids of RUNX1 and virtually all (575aa) of ETO. The RUNX1 component includes the Runt domain, which mediates both DNA binding and heterodimerization with CBFβ, but lacks the more C-terminal sequences required for transactivation. AML1/ETO occupies RUNX target genes in vivo and is associated with a repressive chromatin structure characterized by reduced levels of acetylated histone H3. AML1/ETO is thought to repress transcription by recruiting a SMRT (N-CoR)/Sin3A/HDAC complex to chromatin via sequences in ETO. ETO is the human homologue of the Drosophila Nervy protein and shares 4 regions of homology with Nervy called Nervy Homology Regions (NHR) 1–4. Deletion studies have shown that three of the AML1/ETO domains essential for its repressive function are the Runt domain, NHR2, and NHR4. The NHR2 domain is a hydrophobic heptad repeat that mediates oligomerization of AML1/ETO, interaction with ETO family members, and also with mSin3A and HDACs. We recently solved an x-ray structure of the NHR2 domain and found it to be an alpha-helical tetramer. Based on this structure we have introduced amino acid substitutions into the NHR2 domain that disrupt tetramer formation but not AML1/ETO stability. These mutations impair the ability of AML1/ETO to inhibit the differentiation of GR−1+/Mac−1+ cells following retroviral transduction into primary mouse bone marrow cells, and also inhibit the serial replating ability of AML1/ETO expressing bone marrow cells in vitro. We also assessed the outcome of disrupting oligomerization on a variety of previously described protein-protein interactions, and found that neither deleting the NHR2 domain nor disrupting oligomerization affected the ability of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, N-CoR, SMRT, PKA RIIα, PLZF, or HEB, to co-immunoprecipitate AML1/ETO from cell extracts. Deletion of the NHR2 domain reduced binding of mSin3a as shown previously, but disruption of oligomerization did not. To investigate the contribution of oligomerization to AML1/ETO-mediated transcriptional modulation, we amplified RNA from retrovirally-transduced, lineage depleted primary mouse bone marrow cells and performed Real Time Quantitative PCR of genes whose expression is known to be regulated by AML1/ETO or RUNX1. We show that the requirement for oligomerization is target gene dependent, with several classes of genes resulting from our study. We also introduced mutations in the Runt domain of AML1/ETO that disrupt CBFβ binding by defined amounts (40-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold), and demonstrated that CBFβ binding by AML1/ETO is essential for its dominant negative activity. The latter results suggest that small molecules designed to selectively impair heterodimerization of AML1/ETO with CBFβ could potentially block AML1/ETO’s dominant negative activity.
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Berg, Tobias, Manfred Fliegauf, Jurij Pitako, Jan Burger, Mahmoud Abdelkarim, Yalin Guo, Martin S. Staege, Stefan Burdach, and Michael Lübbert. "Induction of G1 Arrest and Apoptosis in a Conditional Expression Model of AML1/ETO: P53-Independent Upregulation of P21/WAF/CIP1." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2576.2576.
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Abstract Background: The translocation (8;21) is the most common chromosomal rearrangement in AML, resulting in the expression of the fusion protein AML1/ETO. We have developed an ecdysone-inducible U937 model, in which AML1/ETO is expressed in response to treatment with Ponasterone (Pon) A (Fliegauf et al, Oncogene 2004). This model system was used to determine the cellular effects of AML1/ETO and to identify its target genes in U937 cells. Methods: Effects of AML1/ETO expression upon cell growth, viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by trypan blue exclusion, FACS analysis using propidium iodide and DiOC6 staining, DNA laddering and Western blot for PARP cleavage, respectively. The gene expression profile of U937 with and without conditional AML1/ETO expression was assessed using Affymetrix U133A microarrays. Wild-type U937 cells with and without PonA treatment as well as AML1/ETO-negative and AML1/ETO-positive myeloid cell lines served as controls. Northern and Western Blotting were used for validation of expression changes. Results: Induction of AML1/ETO expression in U937 resulted in reduced cell growth, G1 arrest and in apoptosis beginning 48–72 hours after PonA treatment. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, microarray analysis was performed. Expression profiles of AML1/ETO-positive and AML1/ETO-negative cell lines formed distinct clusters. Based on stringent criteria, 191 different genes were found upregulated, whereas 37 were downregulated upon expression of AML1/ETO in U937. The identified genes were screened for genes with known functions in cell cycle and apoptosis by automated and manual review and included 13 apoptosis-related genes. Among them, the CDK inhibitor p21/WAF/CIP1 was upregulated 19-fold upon induction of AML1/ETO, whereas the apoptosis regulator MCL-1 was induced 2.5-fold. Based on our criteria, no differential expression of other transcriptionally-controlled apoptosis regulators (such as BCL2, BAX, BAK1, BAD or c-flip) was noted. Northern and Western Blot analysis confirmed the strong induction of p21/WAF/CIP1 that paralleled the expression of AML1/ETO 10 hours after PonA treatment. Induction of p21/WAF/CIP1 was independent of the tumor suppressor protein p53 (Dou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995), and by Western blot, p53 was undetectable in U937. Northern Blot analysis revealed a higher expression of p21/WAF/CIP1 in the AML1/ETO-positive cell lines Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1 than in the AML1/ETO-negative cell lines HL-60, KG-1 and U937, supporting our finding that AML1/ETO may induce p21/WAF/CIP1. Conclusions: AML1/ETO expression resulted in increased expression of p21/WAF/CIP1, which might contribute to the observed growth arrest and induction of apoptosis caused by the conditional expression of AML1/ETO.
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Xu, Ye, Na Man, Concepcion Martinez, Camilo Martinez, Felipe Beckedorf, Guoyan Cheng, Sarah Merin Greenblatt, Lan Wang, Ramin Shiekhattar, and Stephen D. Nimer. "TAFII250 Is Critical in AML1-ETO Mediated Leukemogenesis." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1520.1520.
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Abstract Background: Rearrangement between chromosome 8 and 21 is the most frequently observed chromosomal translocation. In AML patients, it leads to the formation of a novel fusion protein AML1-ETO. AML1-ETO functions as a transcriptional regulator to suppress myeloid differentiation and to promote self-renewal of hematopoiesis stem cells, which are of importance in leukemia development. However, AML1-ETO has no enzymatic function, thus targeting AML1-ETO directly is technically difficult. TAFII250, a largest subunit of the transcription factor IID complex (TFIID) serves to bring other components of basal transcription machinery to the preinitiation complex during the transcription initiation. And TAFII250 also plays a crucial role in the expression of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis. Yet despite the importance of these processes, there is no direct evidence implicating TAFII250 in cancer development. We have reported that acetylation of AML1-ETO on lysine 43 is critical for AML1-ETO mediated leukemogenesis and used a peptide pulldown strategy to identify proteins that preferring interact with acetylated AML1-ETO and identified TAFII250. Here, we are going to report the functions of TAFII250 in AML1-ETO induced leukemogenesis. Methods: We used Kasumi-1 and SKNO-1 cell lines derived from t(8; 21)AML patients, and a mouse AML1-ETO exon 9a (AE9a) expressing cell line developed from bone marrow cells of mice injected with bone marrow cells infected with AE9a to perform in vitro and in vivo studies. Results: We demonstrate that TAFII250 associates with AML1-ETO in AML cells through its bromodomain recognizing acetylated lysine 43 on AML1-ETO. The knockdown of TAFII250 completely abolished the proliferation of AML1-ETO expressing cells and has little influence on cell growth of non AML1-ETO expressing cells K562 and CD34+ cells. In addition, when we examined cleaved caspase 3 and PARP by western and measured annexin-V through flow cytometry, we found that the deficiency of TAFII250 induces apoptosis in AML1-ETO expressing cells. Further, the co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the deficiency of TAFII250 blocks the binding of AML1-ETO to CBFb (core binding factor beta subunit) and the recruitment of AML1-ETO at the promoter regions of a subset of its target genes. Consequently, loss of TAFII250 interferes with the expression of these genes. The depletion of TAFII250 also has negative effect on the self-renewal of leukemic cells, promoting their differentiation. Most importantly, the loss of TAFII250 severely impairs leukemia development in AE9a expressing cells. Conclusions: Together, these results reveal an essential role of TAFII250 in AML1-ETO mediated leukemogenesis and imply that TAFII250 might be a therapeutic target for AML1-ETO expressing AMLs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Moore, Amy, Emilios Tahinci, Ethan Lee, and Scott Hiebert. "RUNX1-ETO Stimulates Wnt Signaling by Inhibiting the Function of ETO Family Member Proteins." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2554.2554.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The t(8;21) is one of the most frequent chromosomal translocations associated with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). This translocation generates a fusion protein, RUNX1-ETO, consisting of the N-terminus of RUNX1 fused to a nearly full-length ETO protein. The RUNX1-ETO fusion protein stimulates the expression of genes that are regulated by Wnt signaling. The Wnt signaling pathway plays a key role in embryonic development and aberrations to this pathway are frequently involved in tumor formation. Therefore, we sought to define the molecular mechanism by which RUNX1-ETO may stimulate Wnt signaling. We have demonstrated that the ETO family member, Mtgr1, functions as a corepressor for TCF4 and that the levels of the TCF-regulated gene, c-Myc, are upregulated in Mtgr1-null mice. Here we show that the Xenopus homolog of Mtgr1, XETOR, can impair Wnt signaling and induce ventralization in a Xenopus axis duplication assay, a classical assay used to define the hierarchy of components in the Wnt pathway. Specifically, microinjection of in vitro transcribed XETOR mRNA was performed in the marginal zone of both dorsal blastomeres at the 2 to 4 cell stage with increasing amounts of XETOR. Embryos were monitored through stage 26. Compared to control embryos, the embryos injected with XETOR mRNA were ventralized and failed to develop head structures. Conversely, although each of the ETO family member proteins associated with TCF4, RUNX1-ETO failed to bind to TCF4 in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Mtgr1 was originally identified as a RUNX1-ETO-associated protein. Therefore, we tested whether the fusion protein impairs the action of Mtgr1 as a co-repressor for TCF4. RUNX1-ETO associated with Mtgr1, and Mtgr1 failed to associate with TCF4 when RUNX1-ETO was co-expressed. Thus, RUNX1-ETO appears to stimulate TCF-dependent transcription by interfering with the action of the ETO family of transcriptional corepressors.
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ARABİ, Charifa, and Burak Nazmi CANDOĞAN. "Spatial and Temporal Change of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in Marmara Region." Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi 8, no. 2 (August 22, 2022): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1080376.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the annual total ETo values were estimated using the FAO Penman-Monteith method for 18 meteorological stations in the Marmara Region between the years 1990-2020 and their spatial and temporal changes were evaluated. For this purpose, annual total ETo trends were determined for each station using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen method, and ETo maps were prepared using the Geographical Information System (GIS) Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method. According to the results of the study, the annual total ETo values varied between 742.3-1440.7 mm. While statistically significant increasing trends were determined in ETo values for Edirne, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bozcaada, Çanakkale, Kırklareli, Uzunköprü, Tekirdağ, İpsala and Dursunbey stations, the trends were significantly decreasing for Kumköy-Kilyos and Keles stations. However, the increasing trends in ETo for Bandırma, Bursa, Şile, Florya and Gönen stations and the decreasing trend determined for Bilecik were not statistically significant. According to the annual average ETo map, ETo has reached high values in the western parts of the Marmara Region (south of Edirne, west of Balıkesir and Çanakkale), while ETo values have decreased in the east of Kırklareli and Tekirdağ (in the northern parts of the region) and east of Istanbul, Kocaeli and Sakarya (in the eastern parts of the region). In addition, while the average ETo values for long-term years were low in Kırklareli, the east of Tekirdağ, Kocaeli and Sakarya, statistically significant increasing trends were determined in the annual total ETo values calculated from the data of meteorology stations in these provinces.
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Acharjee, TK, M. Shariot Ullah, KH Sojib, and MS Hasan. "Trend of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration and its Correlation with Climatic Parameters in Khulna and Rajshahi Districts of Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 13, no. 1-2 (July 6, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v13i1-2.60681.
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Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETO) is an important hydro-meteorological phenomenon, which is influenced by changing climate. This study estimated the trends ETO and identified the correlation of changes in ETO with climatic parameters in Khulna and Rajshahi districts of Bangladesh. Daily observed climatic parameters of thirty years (1984– 2013) were used in CropWat model to estimate changes in monthly and seasonal ETO. Trend analysis of ETO and climatic parameters were done by Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimation. Correlation between ETO and climatic parameters were analyzed. The results showed a decreasing trend of ETO over most of the period of the year in Khulna and Rajshahi districts. On monthly basis estimation, decreasing trends of relative humidity, wind speed and sun shine hours in Khulna district, and decreasing trends of wind speed and sun shine hours in Rajshahi district played the dominant roles for the decreasing rate of ETO under recent climate change. On seasonal basis estimation, decreasing trends of relative humidity, wind speed and sun shine hours in Khulna district, and decreasing trends of wind speed and sun shine hours in Rajshahi district played the dominant roles for the decreasing rate of ETO under changing climatic condition. Changes in ETO were most strongly correlated with sun shine hours and most weakly with minimum temperature for both Khulna and Rajshahi. Wind speed was most strongly correlated with ETO for Dry/Rabi season. The findings of this study would be useful for agricultural water management of Bangladesh.
Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 1-12, 2020
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Brar, A. S., Krishan Kumar Vashist, and Kuljit Kaur. "Drip fertigation improves biophysical and economic water productivity of turmeric (Curcuma longa)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i2.99013.
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A field experiment was conducted to find out 1) optimum drip irrigation and fertigation rate to realize potential yield of turmeric; 2) to quantify water saving and yield improvement under drip fertigation over control during 2014–15. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design, keeping combinations of three drip irrigation {60, 80 and 100 reference evapotranspiration (ETo)} and three fertigation rate {60, 80 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), i.e. 62.5, 25, and 25 kg/ha N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively} under drip with an extra control (surface flood irrigation and soil application of RDF). Drip irrigation at 100% ETo recorded maximum processed turmeric yield which was statistically at par with that drip irrigation at 80% ETo but significantly better than 60% ETo. Fertigation at 80 and 100% RDF resulted in 12.7 and 17.6% higher processed turmeric yield than fertigation at 60% RDF. Drip fertigation at 80% ETo with 80% RDF recorded 18.9% higher processed turmeric yield than control. Irrigation water input was 162.9 mm lesser under 80% ETo than 100% ETo and processed turmeric yield was 8.6 q/ ha higher under 80% ETo than 60% ETo. Actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) was 96.6 and 187.5 mm higher under drip irrigation at 80 and 100% ETo than 60%, respectively. Drip fertigation at 80% ETo with 80% RDF recorded 18.9% higher processed turmeric yield, 7.7% higher biophysical water productivity, 71.7% higher apparent water productivity, 21.6% higher water use efficiency and 77740 ₹/ha higher net returns along with saving of 311.1 mm irrigation water than control.
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Wang, Jizhang, Ali Raza, Yongguang Hu, Noman Ali Buttar, Muhammad Shoaib, Kouadri Saber, Pingping Li, Ahmed Elbeltagi, and Ram L. Ray. "Development of Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration Machine Learning Models and Mapping of Pakistan—A Comparative Study." Water 14, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101666.
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Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) plays a vital role in irrigation and water resource planning. The Penman–Monteith method recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO PM56) is widely used and considered a standard to calculate ETo. However, FAO PM56 cannot be used with limited meteorological variables, so it is compulsory to choose an alternative model for ETo estimation, which requires fewer variables. This study built ten machine learning (ML) models based on multi-function, neural network, and tree-based structure against the FAO PM56 method. For this purpose, time series temperature data on a monthly scale are only used to train ML models. The developed ML models were applied to estimate ETo at different test stations and the obtained results were compared with the FAO PM56 method to verify and validate their performance in ETo estimation for the selected stations. In addition, multiple statistical indicators, including root-mean-square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and correlation coefficient (r) were calculated to compare the performance of each ML model on ETo estimation. Among the applied ML models, the ETo tree boost (TB) ML model outperformed the other ML models in estimating ETo in diverse climatic conditions based on statistical indicators (R2, NSE, r, RMSE, and MAE). Moreover, the observed R2, NSE, and r were the highest for the TB ML model, while RMSE and MAE were found to be the lowest at the study sites compared to other applied ML models. Lastly, ETo point data yielded from the TB ML model was used in an interpolation process to create monthly and annual ETo maps. Based on the ETo maps, this study suggests mainly a focus on areas with high ETo values and proper irrigation scheduling of crops to ensure water sustainability.
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Yang, Erna, Wei Guan, Desheng Gong, Xuefeng Gao, Caixia Han, Juan Zhang, Hong Wang, Mengzhen Wang, Yonghui Li, and Li Yu. "Epigenetic silencing of miR564 contributes to the leukemogenesis of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia." Clinical Science 134, no. 23 (December 2020): 3079–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20200786.
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Abstract The AML1-ETO oncoprotein, which results from t(8;21) translocation, is considered an initial event of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the precise mechanisms of the oncogenic activity of AML1-ETO is yet to be fully determined. The present study demonstrates that AML1-ETO triggers the heterochromatic silencing of microRNA-564 (miR564) by binding at the AML1 binding site along the miR564 promoter region and recruiting chromatin-remodeling enzymes. Suppression of miR564 enhances the oncogenic activity of the AML1-ETO oncoprotein by directly inhibiting the expression of CCND1 and the DNMT3A genes. Ectopic expression of miR564 can induce retardation of G1/S transition, reperform differentiation, promote apoptosis, as well as inhibit the proliferation and colony formation of AML1-ETO+ leukemia cells in vitro. Enhanced miR564 levels can significantly inhibit the tumor proliferation of t(8;21)AML in vivo. We first identify an unexpected and important epigenetic circuitry of AML1-ETO/miR564/CCND1/DNMT3A that contributes to the leukemogenesis in vitro/vivo of AML1-ETO+ leukemia, indicating that miR564 enhancement could provide a potential therapeutic method for AML1-ETO+ leukemia.
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Fu, Jinmin, Bingru Huang, and Jack Fry. "Osmotic Potential, Sucrose Level, and Activity of Sucrose Metabolic Enzymes in Tall Fescue in Response to Deficit Irrigation." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 6 (November 2010): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.6.506.
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Effects of deficit irrigation applied to home lawns, used as means of water conservation, are an important issue. However, the impact of deficit irrigation on sucrose metabolism in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is unknown and important because sucrose is the dominant form of carbohydrate transported to developing plant organs. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation on leaf water content, osmotic potential (ψS), sucrose level, and the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14), sucrose synthase (SS; EC 2.4.1.13), and acid invertase (AI; EC 3.2.1.26) in tall fescue leaves. Sods of ‘Falcon II’ tall fescue were established in polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubes (10 cm diameter × 40 cm long) filled with a mixture of sand and fritted clay [9:1 (v:v)] and then placed in growth chambers. Reference evapotranspiration rate [ETo (millimeters of water per day)] was determined by weighing the PVC tubes containing well-watered turfgrass every 3 days to determine water loss on a daily basis as ETo. Deficit irrigation treatments were applied as follows: well-watered control, mild drought stress (60% ETo), and severe drought stress (20% ETo). Leaf water content was lower at 6, 12, and 20 days of treatment for the 20% ETo treatment and 20 days after treatment began for the 60% ETo treatment. Compared with the well-watered control, ψS was lower in the 60% ETo treatment on all three measurement dates. Sucrose was higher at 8 and 14 days after treatment began in the 60% ETo treatment and on all three measurement dates in the 20% ETo treatment relative to the well-watered control. No difference in sucrose level was observed between the 20% ETo and 60% ETo irrigation regimes at 8 and 14 days of treatment. Beginning 14 days after treatment, tall fescue had a higher level of SPS in the 60% ETo and 20% ETo treatments compared with the well-watered treatment. Tall fescue receiving 60% or 20% ETo had a lower level of AI activity on all measurement dates. Results suggest that the decrease in ψS was accompanied by higher sucrose levels, which were the result of the increased level of SPS and SS activity and a decline in AI activity.
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Valipour, Mohammad, Sayed M. Bateni, Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi, Mahmoud Raeini-Sarjaz, and Vijay P. Singh. "Complexity of Forces Driving Trend of Reference Evapotranspiration and Signals of Climate Change." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101081.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the trends of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and its influential meteorological variables due to climate change is required for studying the hydrological cycle, vegetation restoration, and regional agricultural production. Although several studies have evaluated these trends, they suffer from a number of drawbacks: (1) they used data series of less than 50 years; (2) they evaluated the individual impact of a few climatic variables on ETo, and thus could not represent the interactive effects of all forces driving trends of ETo; (3) they mostly studied trends of ETo and meteorological variables in similar climate regions; (4) they often did not eliminate the impact of serial correlations on the trends of ETo and meteorological variables; and finally (5) they did not study the extremum values of meteorological variables and ETo. This study overcame the abovementioned shortcomings by (1) analyzing the 50-year (1961–2010) annual trends of ETo and 12 meteorological variables from 18 study sites in contrasting climate types in Iran, (2) removing the effect of serial correlations on the trends analysis via the trend-free pre-whitening approach, (3) determining the most important meteorological variables that control the variations of ETo, and (4) evaluating the coincidence of annual extremum values of meteorological variables and ETo. The results showed that ETo and several meteorological variables (namely wind speed, vapor pressure deficit, cloudy days, minimum relative humidity, and mean, maximum and minimum air temperature) had significant trends at the confidence level of 95% in more than 50% of the study sites. These significant trends were indicative of climate change in many regions of Iran. It was also found that the wind speed (WS) had the most significant influence on the trend of ETo in most of the study sites, especially in the years with extremum values of ETo. In 83.3% of the study sites (i.e., all arid, Mediterranean and humid regions and 66.7% of semiarid regions), both ETo and WS reached their extremum values in the same year. The significant changes in ETo due to WS and other meteorological variables have made it necessary to optimize cropping patterns in Iran.