Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Etmm'

La concentration en oxygène dans la colonne d’eau est le principal facteur de contrôle de l’ensemble des réactions biogéochimiques dans les sédiments de surface et les transferts à l’interface eau-sédiment (IES) des nutriments, métaux et métalloïdes (ETMM). Trois lagunes de la façade méditerranéenne française (Berre, Thau et Prévost) font parties des zones côtières eutrophisées et impactées par des épisodes d’hypoxie dans le monde et ont de fortes accumulations de nutriments et d’ETMM dans les sédiments. Elles sont aussi caractérisées par des habitats benthiques différents incluant pour certaines la présence de macrophytes, dont le rôle de régulateur de flux de nutriments à l’IES a été démontré. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre l’impact des désoxygénations sur la mobilité des nutriments et ETMM contenus dans les sédiments des lagunes méditerranéennes, en présence de différents habitats benthiques représentant leur gradient d’eutrophisation. Les résultats montrent que la lagune de Berre est le site le plus impacté par des épisodes de désoxygénation de longue durée (1 semaine) et saisonniers, la lagune du Prévost présente de grandes variations nycthémérales passant de l’hypoxie à l’hyperoxie en moins de 12 h en saison estivale, et le site de la lagune de Thau semble le plus résilient vis à vis des problématiques de désoxygénation qui restent épisodiques. En conditions estivales, les profils de concentrations des sédiments et eaux porales indiquent des enrichissements en nutriments et en sulfures dans les substrats des habitats benthiques des lagunes aux statuts d’eutrophisation les plus avancés (Berre et Prévost) et également en présence de macroalgues (Prévost et Thau). Ces enrichissements sont issus d’une forte minéralisation de la matière organique et les conditions plus réductrices dans ces habitats fixent les ETMM (As, Sb, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, Hgtot) à la phase solide du sédiment. La comparaison aux seuils environnementaux disponibles permet d’identifier les habitats de la lagune de Berre fortement a risque vis à vis du soutien de l’eutrophisation, de la remobilisation des ETMM à l’IES et du risque écotoxicologique. L’acquisition de gradients de concentration en oxygène dissous, au sein de la couche limite benthique (BBL) à haute résolution temporelle, a permis d’identifier la forte demande en oxygène des sédiments de la lagune de Berre et les désoxygénations nocturnes issues de la présence des macroalgues opportunistes sur la lagune du Prévost. L’acquisition ponctuelle, de gradients de concentration, illustre des exports de nutriments du sédiment vers la colonne d’eau plus intenses en conditions anoxiques et euxiniques ainsi que des exports de Mn, Fe, As, Co en conditions hypoxiques. A l’inverse, les gradients en conditions euxiniques indiquent des situations de piégeage d’ETMM (Mn, Fe, Cu, Mo) avec les phases sulfurées du sédiment. En parallèle, les expérimentations in situ et ex situ d’incubation en conditions de désoxygénation "forcées" pour les différents habitats benthiques présents dans ces trois sites, ont permis d’obtenir des flux à l’IES qui suivent également cette tendance. Une intensification des flux en nutriments suivant la désoxygénation a été mesurée dans les habitats sédiment nu impacté par la désoxygénation (Berre) et pour les habitats comportant des macroalgues pérennes (Thau) et opportunistes (Prévost). Pour ces mêmes habitats les exports d’ETMM (Mn, Fe, As, Co, V ,Mo) les plus intenses ont été mesurés en conditions hypoxiques et anoxiques et à l’inverse, des diminution et inversion des flux en conditions euxiniques. Cette approche comparative et expérimentale de terrain apporte le point de vue intégratif de la biogéochimie sur la qualité chimique des sédiments de ces milieux lagunaires en cours de re-oligotrophisation. Permettant de contextualiser leur grande variabilité temporelle et spatiale ainsi que leur vulnérabilité face aux changements climatiques
Studies carried out in recent years have shown that oxygen concentration in the water column is the main factor controlling all biogeochemical reactions in surface sediment, as well as controlling transfers of nutrients, trace elements (TE) at the sediment water interface (SWI). Three lagoons on France’s Mediterranean coast (Berre, Thau and Prévost) are among the world’s most eutrophied coastal zones impacted by hypoxia episodes, with high accumulations of nutrients, metals and metalloids in their sediment. They are also characterized by different benthic habitats, some of which include macrophytes, which have been shown to regulate nutrient flux at IES. This thesis project aims to better understand the impact of deoxygenation phenomena on the mobility of nutrients and TE present in Mediterranean lagoon sediment, in the presence of different benthic habitats representing their eutrophication gradient. The results show that the Berre lagoon is the site most impacted by long-lasting (1 week) and seasonal episodes of deoxygenation; the Prévost lagoon exhibits wide nycthemeral variations, going from hypoxia to hyperoxia in less than 12 h during the summer season; the Thau lagoon site seems the most resilient about deoxygenation. Under summer conditions, sediment and porewater concentrationprofiles show enrichments in nutrients and sulfides in the substrates of benthic habitats in lagoons with the most advanced eutrophication status (Berre and Prévost), and also in the presence of macroalgae (Prévost and Thau). These enrichments are the result of strong organic matter mineralization, and the more reducing conditions in these habitats binding the TE (As, Sb, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, Hgtot) to the solid phase of the sediment. Comparison with available environmental thresholds enables us to identify habitats in the Berre lagoon that are highly at risk in terms of eutrophication support, remobilization of TE at SWI and ecotoxicological risk. The acquisition of dissolved oxygen concentration gradients within the benthic boundary layer (BBL) at high temporal resolution has enabled us to identify the high oxygen demand of sediment in the Berre lagoon and the nighttime deoxygenations resulting from the presence of opportunistic macroalgae in the Prévost lagoon. The punctual acquisition of concentration gradients illustrates nutrient exports from the sediment to the water column that are more intense under anoxic and euxinic conditions, and exports ofMn, Fe, As, Co under hypoxic conditions. However, concentration gradients under euxinic conditions indicate the trapping of TE (Mn, Fe, Cu,Mo) with the sulfide phases of the sediment. In addition, in situ and ex situ incubation experiments under "forced" deoxygenation conditions for the various benthic habitats present at these three sites yielded SWI fluxes that also followed this trend. Nutrient fluxes were shown to intensify following deoxygenation in eutrophied bare sediment habitats affected by deoxygenation (Berre) and specifically in habitats containing opportunistic (Prévost) and perennial (Thau) macroalgae. For these same habitats, the most intense exports of TE (Mn, Fe, As, Co, V , Mo) were measured under hypoxic and anoxic conditions, while fluxes decreased or reversed under euxinic conditions. This comparative and experimental field approach brings an integrative biogeochemical perspective on the chemical quality of sediment in lagoon environments undergoing re-oligotrophication. It provides a context for their great temporal variability, as well as their vulnerability to climate change

La these propose une analyse des qualifications, d'un point de vue dynamique, concernant les etam comptables. L'approche est essentiellement empirique. La premiere partie presente les concepts utilises: dynamique des qualifications, relations entre technologie et qualifications, gestion des qualific actions par les entreprises. La seconde partie analyse l'evolution generale de la qualification en comptabilite sous trois angles: - une analyse des taches, - les statistiques de l'emploi (repartion par branches, par niveau de qualifications, par niveau de formation), - transformations dans le systeme de formation initiale. La troisieme partie est le rapport d'observations directes dans 8 entreprises, aux caracteristiques differentes. On peut resumer les principaux resultats en trois points: - l'approche dynamique des qualifications permet de comprendre quelques situations paradoxales en matiere d'emploi, telles que la concomittance entre un haut niveau de chomage et une penurie en matiere de qualifications. - les emplois de comptabilite sont en profonde transformation. En meme temps, et de facon interactive, la demande des entreprises en comptabilite interne specifique augmente rapidement, et les nouvelles technologies de l'information ermettent cette croissance avec des couts decroissants. Cependant, les differents modes de gestion des qualifications dans les entreprises ont une grande responsabilite, enterme de resultats de ces evolutions sur les qualifications de l'emploi
The study's purpose is an analyse, in a dynamic view, of law and intermediate qualifications in accounting job. The approach is empirical in the main part. The first part presents the concepts used: dynamic system of sualifications, relations between technology and qualifications, qualifications in the firms. The second part analysis the general evolution of accounting qualifications with three viewpoint: - an analysis of tasks, - employment statistics (divide by economics branches, by qualification level, by school level - transformation in the school system. The third part is the report of directs observations in 8 firms, with differents characters. We can summarize the main results inthree points: - the dynamic approach of qualifications allows to understand some paradoxals cases in matter of employment: as the conjunction between high level of unemployment with lack of qualifications. - the accounting job desing is in a deep transformation. In the same time, and in an interactive way, the firms'demand in internal and specific accounting increase fastly and the news information's technologies allow this increasing with decreasing units costs. - instead, the differents ways of qualifications'management inthe firms have an high responsability in the results of this transformations in the matter of qualifications

Plutôt que de réduire les inégalités professionnelles entre hommes et femmes à un problème de choix, d’incitations ou de pure discrimination, nous proposons d’examiner ce phénomène à travers la question de l’évaluation du travail. L’approche conventionnaliste mobilisée accorde une place majeure au processus d’évaluation de la qualité du travail : celui-ci ne se résume pas à une simple coordination des acteurs autour d’un critère de sélection, il mobilise une représentation collective et consensuelle du « bon » salarié, i.e. une convention de qualité. Une même entreprise est traversée par une pluralité de conventions de qualité. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que la mobilisation de certaines d’entre elles explique l’exclusion durable des femmes de certains postes (le plafond de verre) ou de certaines filières évolutives. Une étude économétrique de la progression des cadres et des ETAM chez un constructeur automobile est proposée. Elle permet d’isoler les déterminants objectifs des carrières, considérés comme autant de critères d’évaluation, et d’évaluer leurs impacts sur les trajectoires des hommes et des femmes. Une étude qualitative par entretiens affine notre prospection des modes d’évaluation et permet de comprendre comment des processus de gestion, apparemment neutres, s’avèrent in fine défavorables aux femmes. Ces résultats plaident pour un examen plus fin des pratiques d’évaluation dans le diagnostic des inégalités professionnelles. Ils soutiennent également la stratégie d’égalité négociée défendue depuis peu par les pouvoirs publics : pour plus d’efficacité, les politiques publiques doivent favoriser des formes de régulation plus proches de la réalité des entreprises
Rather than reducing gender inequality with a problem of choice of incentives or pure discrimination, we propose to examine this phenomenon through the issue of labour quality. The assessment of labour quality is not just a simple coordination of actors around a selection criterion; it mobilizes a collective and consensual representation of “skilled” labourer, i.e. a quality convention. A firm is crossed by a plurality of quality conventions. We hypothesize that mobilization of some of them explains horizontal and vertical segregation (glass ceiling) by gender within organisation. An econometric study of the progression of managers and employees in a car manufacturer is proposed. This study helps us to isolate the determinants of career and assess their impact on the career paths of men and women. A qualitative interview study refines our exploration of evaluation methods and helps us to understand how business processes, apparently neutral, proved ultimately detrimental to women. These findings argue for a more practical purpose of evaluation in the diagnosis of occupational inequality. They also support the strategy of mainstreaming advocated recently by the EU and French government: to improve their efficiency, gender politics should promote forms of regulation closer to business reality

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou servisně orientované architektury a služeb, které tvoří její základní stavební prvky. Jejím cílem je vymezení způsobu, jakým lze navrhovat jednotlivé podnikové aktivity jako služby, které jsou založeny na podobném principu a disponují stejnými charakteristikami jako služby, které jsou navrhovány na technologické úrovni SOA. Práce je rozdělena do pěti částí. Smyslem prvních čtyřech je vytvoření určitého teoretického základu, který je následně využit pro účely prakticky orientovaného příkladu, který se zabývá identifikací služeb. První část je věnována vysvětlení podstaty a významu enterprise architektury. Na ní navazuje další část, která ze zabývá architektonickými frameworky a jejímž smyslem je popsání charakteristik frameworku NGOSS (New Generation Operations Systems and Software), který je určen pro poskytovatele telekomunikačních služeb. Nástroje tohoto frameworku, kterými jsou datový model eTOM (enhanced Telecom Operations Map) a datový model SID (Shared Information/Data Model) jsou využívány v již zmiňované závěrečné části. Předposlední část práce je věnována teoretickému pojednání o servisně orientované architektuře a službách. Kapitola obsahuje popis procesu zavádění servisně orientované architektury a dále uvádí charakteristiky, kterými by měli služby disponovat. Závěr práce je věnován názornému příkladu, jak přistupovat k identifikaci služeb. V rámci závěrečné části je jednak navrhován postup, jak služby identifikovat na základě podnikových procesů a jednak jsou zde demonstrovány a hodnoceny možnosti využití obou zmiňovaných nástrojů frameworku NGOSS v rámci tohoto postupu

Le phytomanagement est une méthode de gestion de sites pollués basée sur la capacité des plantes à séquestrer les polluants. L’utilisation de symbiotes fongiques peut représenter un atout afin d’augmenter la production de biomasse. Les endophytes bruns septés (DSE) pourraient stimuler la croissance végétale et augmenter leur protection contre les éléments-traces-métalliques (ETM). Cette thèse se déroule dans le cadre du projet LORVER et vise à comprendre l’interaction « plantes-DSE-sols pollués ». A ces fins, des champignons DSE isolés de racines de peupliers issues de sols pollués par des ETM ont été caractérisés. Ils appartiennent aux genres Leptodontidium, Phialophora, Cadophora et Phialocephala. Trois de ces souches ont ensuite été inoculées à des plantes en présence d’ETM. Dans certains cas, la croissance végétale a été stimulée et une augmentation de la teneur en chlorophylles, en P et en K, ou une réduction de la teneur en Cd dans les parties aériennes ont été mises en évidence. Puis, la souche la plus efficace sur la croissance végétale, Cadophora sp. Fe06, a été utilisée dans un double inoculum avec une souche endomycorhizienne, chez du ray-grass en présence d’ETM. Cette association diminue la teneur en Cd dans les feuilles. Enfin, les mécanismes impliqués dans la tolérance aux ETM chez les DSE ont été examinés via le criblage d’une banque de mutants d’insertions aléatoires, et via l’étude du rôle de la mélanine. Ce travail met en évidence que l’utilisation de DSE, de part leur capacité à coloniser de nombreuses plantes dans différents sols et à stimuler leur croissance, pourrait représenter un atout considérable pour des opérations de phytomanagement
Phytomanagement is a handling method of contaminated sites based on the ability of plants to sequester pollutants. Fungi could favor plant growth in contaminated sites but were far less studied in the context of phytomanagement. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) were reported to improve plant tolerance against metallic trace elements (TE). The present work is part of the LORVER project and aims to understand the “plant-DSE-TE”. DSE were isolated from poplar roots growing on TE-contaminated soils and characterized. They belong to Leptodontidium, Phialophora, Cadophora and Phialocephala genera. Three strains were inoculated to birch and poplar in TE-contaminated soils. Leptodontidium sp. improved plant growth with an increase in chlorophyll, P and K concentrations, whereas Cadophora sp. decreased Cd concentration in shoots of birch. Then, Cadophora sp. Fe06, was used with an endomycorrhizal fungus, to co-inoculate ryegrass in a TE-polluted soil. The co-inoculation leads to the decrease of Cd concentration in shoots. Finally, the mechanisms involved in TE-tolerance by DSE were studied through the screening of a library of Leptondontidium sp. insertional random-mutants and an evaluation of the role of melanin against TE stress. The present work highlights the complexity of the interactions between DSE and plants under TE stress. These interactions were influenced by different parameters including plant species, DSE strains, and soil properties. Nevertheless, the ability of DSE to colonize a broad spectrum of plants in different soils and to promote plant growth, suggest that DSE could represent a substantial benefit for the fungus-assisted phytomanagement of polluted soils

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2007.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de racionalização dos processos de gerenciamento de serviços para uma empresa de Telecomunicações, através da utilização dos modelos de referência, eTOM em telecomunicações, e ITIL, em TI, como referência para o gerenciamento dos processos de negócio de uma empresa de telecomunicações e das melhores práticas de gerenciamento de serviços de TI. A abordagem da racionalização dos processos é focalizada no atendimento aos serviços convergentes. Neste trabalho é feita a conceituação da Governança Corporativa e de Governança de TI e suas relações com a lei Sarbanes Oxley e outras regulamentações externas. Estudou-se o framework de melhores práticas para o gerenciamento de serviços de TI, ITIL, e o seu alinhamento com o negócio. É realizada uma conceituação do framework NGOSS (New Generation Operation Support System) e foi realizado um estudo detalhado do Enhanced Telecom Operation Map (eTOM). Aplicou-se também uma atualização e entendimento do cenário atual de telecomunicações e seus relacionamentos com os processos de convergência tecnológica e de serviços. Como ferramenta de apoio para as empresas na adoção de processos para suportar serviços convergentes, foi apresentado o desenvolvimento de proposta de modelo de utilização colaborativa entre os frameworks eTOM e ITIL. Como resultado, tem-se uma avaliação da aplicação de um modelo de utilização colaborativa do eTOM e ITIL, suas oportunidades de aplicação, um entendimento do nível maturidade da convergência dos processos e a mensuração dos ganhos proporcionados pela utilização de um framework convergente. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This work presents a process optimization proposal for a telecommunications company services management processes, using he reference models eTOM, for telecommunications, and ITIL, for IT, as references, respectively, for the business processes management in a telecommunications company and the best practices in services management of IT. The approach for the process improvement is in the fulfillment of the convergent services. In this work the concepts of Corporative Governance and IT Governance are developed and their relationship with the Sarbanes Oxley law and other regulations are detailed. The IT Service Management best practices framework, ITIL, was analyzed, and its alignment with the business was determined. The conceptualization of the framework NGOSS (New Generation Operation Support System) was carried out through a detailed study of the Enhanced Telecom Operation Map (eTOM). Besides, it was presented an information update of the current telecommunications scene and its relationship with the technological convergence processes and services. As a support tool for the companies adopting convergent support services, the development of a collaboration model involving the frameworks eTOM and ITIL was presented. As a result, one has an application evaluation of the convergent model using eTOM and ITIL, its application opportunities, agreement convergence level maturity processes and the benefits of the use of a convergent framework.

The thesis emphasizes the pivotal role that the Monin-Obukhov length (L) can play within the energy balance method for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) from remotely sensed multi spectral data. It focuses on the possibility of using L as a cornerstone parameter for calculations of sensible heat flux from the pixel data, which can be separated from the other unknowns and can be found by means of any general root finding method. The work goes on to show that all other output parameters can be calculated directly from the value of L that is established, and an analytical expression for the evaporative fraction found. A novel approach is proposed that allows a close approximation of the evaporative fraction to be derived directly without the need for time-consuming iterations within the main calculation step. The energy balance approach for calculating ET from remotely sensed data requires that near-surface air temperature be established from surface temperatures. To do this a linear calibration between surface and near surface temperature is required, which is provided by a calibration procedure by means of selection of a dry and a wet pixel within the image. The work demonstrates the importance of appropriate selection of the dry pixel temperature used for calibration on the ET estimate. It goes on to develop a procedure for refining the selection of the most appropriate hot pixel based on albedo, and water and vegetation indices. The proposed approach bounds the possible error to less than 13%. The work assesses the potential error in the estimate of ET associated with establishing surface temperature from remotely sensed data and looks at the potential value of remotely sensed surface temperature correction models. It shows that error arising from poor determination of surface temperature was less than 3.5% in most cases, although it could reach up to 9% in hot arid environments with small areas of transpiring vegetation.

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After the spilt of TELEBRAS that started the consolidation of the Telecommunications in the Brazilian market, which goes through the reduction in the operational costs of the operators of Personal Mobile Service (PMS). The integration of the business processes with the outsourcing companies shall be considered as part of the Work Force Management (WFM) process that was transferred outside the operator s border. The outsourcing of work force should be used as main condition in reduction of these costs. This document presents a new model for implementation of the WFM associated with a Service level Agreement (SLA) with performance indicators and targets pre-established in a signed contract between the parties, and focused on the macro process for guarantee of quality in the enhanced Telecommunications Operation Map (eTOM). This model allows the process to manage outside the operator s borders by using resources B2B, WAP and SMS in external environment defined by the eTOM model, as for proper human resources and as well for outsourcing companies in a more collaborative form.
Ap?s a cis?o da TELEBR?S, deu-se in?cio ? consolida??o do mercado brasileiro de telecomunica??es que passa pela redu??o dos custos operacionais das operadoras de Servi?o M?vel Pessoal (SMP). A integra??o dos processos de neg?cio com as empresas terceirizadas deve considerar que parte do processo de Ger?ncia da For?a de Trabalho (GFT) foi deslocado para fora das fronteiras da operadora. A terceiriza??o da for?a de trabalho vem sendo utilizada como principal forma de redu??o destes custos. Este trabalho, apresenta um novo modelo para a implementa??o da GFT associada a um Acordo de N?vel de Servi?o (Service Level Agreement - SLA) com indicadores de desempenho e metas pr?-estabelecidos num contrato firmado entre as partes e focado no macro processo de garantia de qualidade do enhanced Telecommunications Operation Map (eTOM). Esse modelo, permite gerenciar o processo al?m das fronteiras da operadora utilizando recursos B2B, WAP e SMS no ambiente externo definido pelo modelo eTOM, tanto para recursos humanos pr?prios quanto para empresas terceirizadas de forma mais colaborativa.

Il seguente lavoro nasce dall'esperienza all'interno di ETAM (Animazione di Comunità e Territorio), un servizio "allo sbando" in seguito alle decisioni prese dal Commissario prefettizio per la provvisoria amministrazione del Comune di Venezia, che hanno inciso sull'organizzazione interna del servizio e sulle condizioni lavorative degli operatori. Al fine di sanare lo sforamento del patto di stabilità, già avvenuto all'inizio del 2014, le azioni di spending review hanno riguardato soprattutto i servizi comunali e i contratti decentrati dei dipendenti. Cosa significa fare lavoro sociale in una situazione di incertezza e disorientamento? Questo scritto si propone di raccontare l'ordinarietà di un servizio in una situazione straordinaria: una circostanza che comporta “una perdita di concetti, sensi e professionalità”; seguendo un approccio etnografico e utilizzando la tecnica dell’osservazione partecipata si evidenziano le strategie operative messe in atto dagli operatori, le dinamiche e le riflessioni poste in essere all'interno dell’equipe.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, 2008.
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O Cerrado Rupestre ocorre em paisagens de relevo acidentado, com declividade moderada à acentuada e sob afloramentos rochosos. Além de apresentar destacada riqueza florística, essa fitofisionomia funciona ainda como barreira para o avanço da agropecuária no Cerrado. Apesar do seu importante papel na conservação da biodiversidade, não existe ainda um mapeamento preciso de ocorrências dessa fitofisionomia no referido bioma. O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear áreas de ocorrência de Cerrado Rupestre no Estado de Goiás, incluindo o Distrito Federal, por meio de análise de 24 imagens do satélite LANDSAT ETM+. A estratégia metodológica envolveu segmentação de imagens, classificação automática pelos métodos de Battacharya e ISOSEG, análise visual e refinamento por meio de cruzamento com dados de declividade, geomorfologia e geologia. O uso do classificador ISOSEG permitiu a identificação de 2.262.000 hectares de Cerrado Rupestre, sem validação de campo. Para tanto, foi selecionada uma área-teste contínua menor (aproximadamente 908.000 hectares), também com destacada riqueza biológica: a Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA Pouso Alto e o Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros – PNCV, localizadas no Nordeste de Goiás. O mapeamento final para essa área de estudo, baseado na verificação em campo, resultou em um índice de exatidão global de 76%. O uso de imagens monotemporais do LANDSAT permitiu a identificação de áreas de ocorrência de Cerrado Rupestre, porém, a sua delimitação foi dificultada devido à confusão espectral com as fitofisionomias Cerrado sentido restrito, Mata Seca Decídua e Semidecídua. O uso do classificador Battacharya apresentou limitações computacionais para ambas as áreas. Como continuação desta linha de pesquisa, recomenda-se a validação do mapeamento para o Estado de Goiás, a análise de imagens multitemporais do LANDSAT e a análise sinergística entre LANDSAT e dados de radar. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Cerrado Rupestre occurs in an accident relief landscapes, with moderate declivity to the accented one and under rocky outcrops. Besides its floristic richness, this phytophysiognomy acts as barrier for the agricultural advances in the Cerrado. Despite its importance in the biodiversity conservation, there is no precise mapping of its occurrences in the above mentioned biome. The goal of this study was to map the areas of occurrence of Cerrado Rupestre in the Goias State by analyzing 24 LANDSAT satellite images. The methodological strategy involved image segmentation, Battacharya and ISOSEG automated classifications, visual analysis and refinement through the slope, geological and geomorphological data integration. The use of ISOSEG classifier allowed the identification of 2.262.000 hectares hectares of Cerrado Rupestre, without field validation. For this, we selected a smaller, continuous test site (aproximately 908,000 hectares), again, with highlighted biological richness: the Pouso Alto Environmental Protected Area (EPA) and the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (CVNP), both located in the northeastern part of Goias. The final mapping for this study area, based on the field verification of 34 sites, resulted in an global precision index of 76%. Results of this research indicated that the use of image segmentation technique followed by Battacharya supervised classification presents computer limitations for extensive areas. The use of monotemporal LANDSAT images allowed the identification of Cerrado Rupestre ocurrences, however, its delimitation was difficulted by spectral confusions with the phytophysiognomies Cerrado sentido restrito, Mata Seca Decídua e Mata Seca Semidecídua. The use of Battacharya classifier presented limitation in the computer capability for both areas. As future research, we recommend field validation for the Goias State mapping, analysis of multitemporal LANDSAT scenes, and synergistic analysis between LANDSAT and radar data.

La mer Méditerranée (MS) est une mer semi-fermée divisée en deux bassins: le bassin occidental et le bassin oriental. Les deux sites méditerranéens étudiés dans cette thèse sont au nord-ouest de MS et sud-est de France pour la rade de Toulon et à l'est de MS, Liban pour la baie de St-Georges. Les deux sites sont soumis à une forte densité de population le long de la côte et, sont exposés à de nombreuses activités anthropiques (telles que le tourisme, les transports maritimes, l’aquaculture, les rejets d’eaux usées et des activités industrielles) contaminant l’environnement (colonne d’eau, sédiments, biote, etc.) avec différents contaminants tels que les éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes (ETMM). Chaque site est caractérisé par la présence d'un fleuve urbanisé: le Las (France) et le fleuve Beyrouth (Liban). Les sédiments sont considérés comme une source secondaire de contamination en raison des processus biogéochimiques influençant la mobilité des ETMM dans les sédiments. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse sont (1) d’étudier la contamination des ETMM le long des rivières et dans les deux baies; (2) d'élucider l'influence de la diagenèse précoce sur la mobilité des ETMM; et (3) de caractériser la matière organique sédimentaire dans les deux sites. Pour ces raisons, des sédiments superficiels, des carottes sédimentaires, des eaux superficielles et interstitielles ont été collectés le long des deux rivières et dans les deux sites durant la période 2016-2018. Les échantillons de sédiments et d'eaux ont été analysés pour déterminer leurs principaux paramètres physiques, nutriments, carbone organique (dissous et particulaire) et les éléments majeurs/traces. Les résultats ont montré que les processus de la diagenèse précoce contrôlent fortement la mobilité de la ETMM dans les sédiments. De plus, les résultats ont confirmé que la rade de Toulon est fortement contaminée suite à la deuxième guerre mondiale mais aussi aux activités contemporaines, et que les apports du Las ne contribuent et n’affectent pas de manière significative les sédiments de la baie de Toulon. Quant à la baie de St-Georges, il a été constaté qu’elle est impactée par plusieurs activités (effluents industriels rejetés sans traitement, ruissellement de la zone agricole) transportées par le fleuve Beyrouth et/ou par des apports directs (décharge côtière)
Mediterranean Sea (MS) is a semi-enclosed sea divided into two basins: the Occidental and the Oriental basins. The two studied Mediterranean sites in this thesis are located respectively at N-W of MS and S-E of France for Toulon Bay and at E of MS, Lebanon for St-Georges Bay. They both host high population density especially along the coast and therefore exposed to numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. tourism, marine transport, aquaculture, wastewater discharge, and industrial activities) contaminating the surrounding environment (water column, sediment, biota …) with different contaminants such as trace metals (TM). In addition, each site is characterized by the presence of an urbanized river: le Las (France) and Beirut River (Lebanon). Sediments are considered as a secondary source of contamination due to biogeochemical processes influencing TM mobility in the sediments. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate TM contamination along the rivers and in bays; (2) to elucidate the influence of early diagenesis on TM mobility; and (3) to characterize organic matter at both sites. For all the above, superficial sediments, sediment cores, superficial waters and pore waters were collected along the two rivers and at both sites during the period 2016-2018. Sediments and waters samples were analyzed for main physical parameters, nutrients, organic carbon (dissolved and particulate) and major/ trace elements. Results showed that early diagenesis processes strongly control TM mobility in the sediments. In addition, the results confirmed that Toulon bay is strongly contaminated due to the 2nd World War and the present bay activities. The Las River inputs do not contribute and affect significantly the sediments of Toulon Bay. As for St-Georges Bay, we found that it has been impacted by several activities (industrial effluents discharged without treatment, runoff from agricultural zone) transported by Beirut River and/or by direct inputs (coastal landfill)

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
Os relacionamentos constituem uma das principais formas de diferenciação adoptadas pelas organizações na actualidade, sendo o CRM (Customer Relationship Management) a estratégia utilizada na procura da fidelização de relacionamentos com clientes. O sector das telecomunicações tem sofrido grandes alterações e tem sido marcado por uma vaga de fusões e alianças de empresas, parcerias estratégicas, entrada de novos actores e regulamentação assimétrica. O presente trabalho faz uma reflexão sobre como se processa a elaboração de uma arquitectura de informação, tendo em vista o sistema de informação de CRM de duas grandes empresas portuguesas de telecomunicações no seu processo de convergência/integração. Faz-se também a análise da framework eTOM, verificando os seus contributos práticos para as operadoras de telecomunicações. Para a realização do objectivo proposto foi desenvolvido um de estudo de caso único, onde se analisaram os três pilares do CRM; pessoas, processos e tecnologias. A recolha de dados foi efectuada através de entrevista, observação directa e análise documental. Como resultado observou-se que as características da gestão de topo, a cultura empresarial e a resistência à mudança são factores determinantes no processo de desenvolvimento e utilização bem sucedida de um sistema de CRM, factores estes que se consubstanciam num dos pilares que sustentam as organizações, as pessoas. Também são encontradas características que destacam a importância da tecnologia e dos processos mas observa-se que sozinhos não garantem o sucesso da adopção e utilização dos SI/TI (Sistemas de Informação/Tecnologias de Informação). Constatou-se também durante este estudo que a framework eTOM é um elemento facilitador das relações entre os três pilares do CRM para empresas do sector de telecomunicações.
Nowadays, organizations, adopts relationships as one of the main ways of differentiation, being the CRM (Customer Relationship Management) the strategy used for searching reliable relationships with clients. Telecommunications sector has suffered from major alterations and has been marked by a considerable number of fusions and alliances of enterprises, strategic partnerships, introduction of new actors and asymmetric regulation. This work reflects upon an elaboration of an information architecture, taking into consideration the Information Systems and the CRM of two great Portuguese telecommunications companies, in their convergence/integration process. Also the framework eTOM is analyzed, and its practical contributions for the telecommunications operators, checked. To reach the claimed goals, a unique case study was performed and the three CRM pillars were studied; people, processes and technologies. Data was collected from interviews, direct observation and documental analyses. In this case, top management, company culture and fear/resistance to changes are the principal factors conditioning the development and application of successful CRM systems, which depends mostly upon people, the key element of any enterprise. Technologies and processes are also important, but without worker involvement, do not assure successful use and adoption of IS/IT (Information Systems/Information Technologies). On the other hand, eTOM framework is an element that eases the relationships among the three pillars of CRM, for telecommunication sector enterprises.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo simular imagens com a resolução espacial e espectral do Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM\smallString{+}), a partir de imagens diárias do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) da plataforma Terra. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvido um sistema computacional denominado "Imagem ETM\smallString{+} Simulada Utilizando Imagem MODIS" (IESUIM). Este sistema é dividido em dois procedimentos: 1) calculo da contribuição dos pixels de uma imagem ETM\smallString{+} para a formação dos \textit{pixels} de uma imagem MODIS selecionada (imagens referências), gerando uma matriz de pesos para cada banda espectral e, 2) simulação das imagens com resolução espacial e espectral semelhante a do ETM\smallString{+} a partir das imagens diárias do MODIS de outras datas, utilizando-se a matriz de pesos calculada. Foram simuladas várias imagens dos anos 2002 e 2003 utilizando-se as imagens ETM\smallString{+} e MODIS adquiridas no dia 2 de outubro de 2001 como referências. Para a validação das simulações foram realizadas comparações com imagens existentes do ETM\smallString{+}, por meio de análise de regressão. As análises de correlação e de resíduos demonstraram que existe uma boa concordância entre as imagens simuladas e as originais. Além disso, foram feitas comparações entre os resultados do IESUIM com os obtidos pelas técnicas de fusão e restauração de imagem. Os resultados dessas comparações demonstram que as imagens simuladas pelo IESUIM são bastante semelhantes à imagem original, tanto espacialmente como espectralmente. Realizou-se também um estudo de caso, utilizando a metodologia do Projeto PRODES para estimar áreas desflorestadas; os resultados obtidos revelam uma boa concordância entre as áreas desflorestadas obtidas utilizando as imagens ETM\smallString{+} e as simuladas pelo IESUIM.
The objective of this thesis is to simulate images possessing spatial and spectral resolutions of Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM\smallString{+}) from daily images coming from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor of Terra platform, A computational system, IESUIM (Imagem ETM\smallString{+} Simulada Utilizando Imagem MODIS), has been developed and it is divided into two procedures to: 1) calculate contribuition of pixels ETM\smallString{+} image to form selected pixels MODIS image (reference image), thus, resulting a weight matrix for each spectral band; and 2) simulate daily images of MODIS, from other dates, using weight matrix. Several images of 2002 and 2003 were simulated using ETM\smallString{+} and MODIS images of October 2$^{nd}$ 2001 as references. In order to validate the simulations, available ETM\smallString{+} images were compared by means of regression analysis. Correlation analysis and residue analysis showed that there is a good agreement between the original and simulated images. Besides, results obtained from IESUIM were compared with fusion and restoration techniques and the results showed that images simulated by IESUIM were very similar to the original ones in both space and spectral resolutions. A case study was conducted by employing PRODES project to estimate deforested areas. Results showed good agreement when compared to deforested areas coming írorn ETM\smallString{+} images.

This study shows the results of testing previous research that used remote sensing techniques to determine chlorophyll-a concentrations in turbid surface waters, and developing similar methods and models for Utah Lake using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery and field measured concentrations of chlorophyll-a. The data for the study included images acquired on June 22 and July 8, 2009. The field data included ground measurements taken on June 22 and July 6, 2009 from seven water quality sampling locations. The 48 hour time difference between the Landsat image acquisition (July 8) and the field measurement (July 6), and the small sample size for the data analysis were potential sources of error. The log transformation of red/near-infrared reflectance (i.e. ln[Band3/Band4]) had a high correlation with the field measured chlorophyll-a concentrations (R^2 = 0.9337). With this relationship, a model and 19 contour maps showing the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentrations over Utah Lake was developed for the spring, summer, and fall seasons of 2003 to 2010. Generally about 90% of the Lake area had chlorophyll-a concentrations lower than 20µg/L. High concentrations of Chlorophyll-a (355µg/L and over) were observed mostly at the Provo Bay and Goshen Bay areas of the Lake. Occasionally, elevated levels of chlorophyll-a were observed at the northeastern, middle, and western sections of the lake. Utah Lake's average chlorophyll-a concentration is declining over time. In spring, the Lake average chlorophyll-a concentration reduced from 30.51µg/L in 2004 to 7.08µg/L in 2010. In summer, this average reduced from 132.13µg/L in 2003 to 36.58µg/L in 2010. Finally, in fall, the Lake average chlorophyll-a concentration reduced from 273.40µg/L in 2006 to 33.59µg/L in 2010. Field measured concentrations of phosphorus and model estimates for chlorophyll-a concentrations were highly correlated (R^2 = 0.9046). This suggests that the elevated levels of chlorophyll-a might be a result of the point and non-point discharge of phosphorus-laden wastewater from treatment plants, municipal storm drains, and agricultural activities.

In dieser Masterthesis wird erforscht wie der jetzige Kenntnisstand der Sicherheitsfachkräfte zu den Themen solare Exposition, Schutzmaßnahmen und die Akzeptanz der Schutzmaßnahmen durch die Mitarbeiter in den Mitgliedsbetrieben der BG ETEM ist. Diese Themen gewinnen an Bedeutung seit die Berufskrankheit Nummer 5103 in den Anhang 1 der Berufskrankheitenverordnung aufgenommen wurde und die BG ETEM nun für ihre Versicherten auch diesbezüglich präventiv tätig ist. Im Rahmen dieser Masterthesis wurde für die Erforschung des Kenntnisstands ein Fragebogen mit zugehörigem Interviewleitfaden selbst entwickelt. Die anschließenden Befragungen wurden durch den Ersteller in den teilnehmenden Unternehmen persönlich für die Masterthesis vorgenommen. Der Teilnehmerkreis beschränkt sich auf interne Sicherheitsfachkräfte, die in Unternehmen der Branche Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft beschäftigt sind. Erforscht werden neben allgemeinen und betrieblichen Angaben ihr Kenntnisstand zu den Themengebieten Gefährdungsbewusstsein, Gefährdungsbeurteilung, Schutzmaßnahmen und der Informations- und Fortbildungsbedarf. Die Antworten werden mit den eigenen Erwartungen verglichen und Rückschlüsse daraus gezogen. Für die BG ETEM werden die Ergebnisse dieser Masterthesis im Hinblick auf den Präventionsauftrag analysiert. Hierzu werden im Rahmen der Masterthesis auch Vorschläge zu diesen Maßnahmen gemacht. So sollen die Beratungen, Informationsmaterialien und Fortbildungen auf die Präferenzen sowie die vorhandenen Wissenslücken in den Unternehmen zugeschnitten werden, um hier berufsbedingte Neuerkrankungen durch solare Exposition langfristig weitgehend zu verhindern.

Le nanoalliage cuivre-or (CuAu) pour la catalyse hétérogène fait l'objet d'un intérêt grandissant de la communauté scientifique. En effet, l'alliage de l'or, réputé être un élément stabilisateur, avec le cuivre, réputé très actif notamment vis-à-vis de l'oxygène, offre de très grandes possibilités, tant dans les réactions d'oxydation tel que l'oxydation du monoxyde de carbone, mais aussi dans les réactions d'hydrogénation, telle que l'hydrogénation sélective du butadiène. L'un des processus déterminant dans les réactions d'oxydation et d'hydrogénation est le processus d'adsorption et de dissociation des molécules d'O2 et de H2 par le catalyseur. Afin d'avoir une meilleure compréhension des processus mis en jeu, il est nécessaire d'identifier les sites actifs où a lieu l'adsorption et la dissociation éventuelle des molécules, mais aussi des mécanismes mis en jeu lors de ces processus. Mais aujourd'hui, il n'existe pas de consensus général, dans la communauté scientifique, concernant la localisation des sites actifs. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse, mené au laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ) au sein de l'équipe Microscope électronique Avancée et NanoStructures (Me-ANS) dirigé par le professeur Christian Ricolleau. Les deux problématiques majeures auxquelles nous nous sommes intéressées sont (i) la stabilité structurale et morphologique des nanoparticules de Cu, Au et de Cu-Au dans le vide et en température et ce sur différents supports tels que le nitrure de silicium amorphe et le rutile-TiO2, (ii) la stabilité structurale et morphologique des nanoparticules de Cu, Au et de Cu-Au supportées sur rutile-TiO2, sous atmosphère de gaz oxydant (O2) et réducteur (H2). Les objectifs étant d'identifier les sites d'adsorption éventuels des molécules d'O2 et de H2 par les catalyseurs, et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui conduisent à l'évolution morphologique de ceux-ci en milieu réactif
: Copper-gold nanoalloy (CuAu) for heterogeneous catalysis is of increasing interest in the scientific community. Indeed, the alloy of gold, known to be a stabilizing element, with copper, known to be very active with respect to oxygen particularly, shows interesting catalytic properties, in oxidation reactions such as oxidation of carbon monoxide, but also in hydrogenation reactions, such as the selective hydrogenation of butadiene. One of the rate determining step in oxidation and hydrogenation reactions is the process of adsorption and dissociation of O2 and H2 molecules by the catalyst. In order to have a better understanding of the processes involved, it is necessary to identify, the active sites where the eventual adsorption and dissociation of the molecules takes place, but also the mechanisms involved during these processes. However today, there is no general consensus in the scientific community towards the location of the active sites. It is in this context that this thesis work, conducted in the laboratory Materials and Quantum Phenomena (MPQ) within the team Advanced Electron Microscope and NanoStructures (Me-ANS) led by Professor Christian Ricolleau. The two major issues we have been interested in are (i) the structural and morphological stability, in vacuum and with temperature, of Cu, Au and Cu-Au nanoparticles deposited on different substrates such as amorphous silicon nitride and rutile -TiO2 nanorods, (ii) the structural and morphological stability of Cu, Au and Cu-Au nanoparticles supported on rutile-TiO2 under oxidizing (O2) and reducing (H2) atmospheres. The main goals being to identify the possible adsorption sites of the O2 and H2 molecules by the catalysts, and to better understand the mechanisms that lead to the morphological evolution of these NPs in a reactive medium

The goal of this project was to develop an operational Landsat TM image classification protocol for FIA forest area estimation. A hybrid classifier known as Iterative Guided Spectral Class Rejection (IGSCR) was automated using the ERDAS C Toolkit and ERDAS Macro Language. The resulting program was tested on 4 Landsat ETM+ images using training data collected via region-growing at 200 random points within each image. The classified images were spatially post-processed using variations on a 3x3 majority filter and a clump and eliminate technique. The accuracy of the images was assessed using the center land use of all plots, and subsets containing plots with 50, 75 and 100% homogeneity. The overall classification accuracies ranged from 81.9-95.4%. The forest area estimates derived from all image, filter and accuracy set combinations met the USDA Forest Service precision requirement of less than 3% per million acres timberland. There were no consistently significant filtering effects at the 95% level; however, the 3x3 majority filter significantly improved the accuracy of the most fragmented image and did not decrease the accuracy of the other images. Overall accuracy increased with homogeneity of the plots used in the validation set and decreased with fragmentation (estimated by % edge; R2 = 0.932). We conclude that the use of random points to initiate training data collection via region-growing may be an acceptable and repeatable addition to the IGSCR protocol, if the training data are representative of the spectral characteristics of the image. We recommend 3x3 majority filtering for all images, and, if it would not bias the sample, the selection of validation data using a plot homogeneity requirement rather than plot center land use only. These protocol refinements, along with the automation of IGSCR, make IGSCR suitable for use by the USDA Forest Service in the operational classification of Landsat imagery for forest area estimation.
Master of Science

A transformação dos dados multiespectrais contidos nas imagens de sensoriamento remoto é aplicada para reduzir a informação a um menor volume de dados e para inferir propriedades biofísicas da cobertura da terra. O Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral (MLME) e o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) são transformações que estão relacionadas com a estrutura da vegetação. No entanto, estes métodos apresentam limitações quanto à sua sensibilidade. Existem poucas avaliações sobre o real significado dos produtos gerados através destas técnicas. A videografia aerotransportada permite uma melhor avaliação destas transformações, pois torna possível um melhor entendimento da estrutura da vegetação e como esta afeta o espalhamento da radiação detectada pelos sensores orbitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o comportamento de diversas fisionomias vegetais no município de Marabá, Pará, em relação aos valores de reflectância nas bandas do Landsat 7 ETM+ e em suas transformações e comparar a proporção da componente sombra obtida pelo MLME com o percentual de sombra encontrado nos produtos videográficos. Foram identificados com base na videografia cinco tipos de fisionomias vegetais: Floresta de Terra Firme; Floresta inundada; Floresta Secundária; Floresta com Babaçu e Pasto. Foram feitas análises da distribuição dos níveis de cinza de cada fisionomia em cada banda e suas relações com o NDVI e com os componentes Solo, Vegetação e Sombra extraídos das bandas do Landsat pelo MLME. Também foi analisada a relação entre a componente Sombra e o percentual de sombra determinado pela análise dos dados videográficos. Os resultados mostraram que a assinatura espectral de cada fisionomia está associado à quantidade de cobertura vegetal, à arquitetura do dossel, ao substrato dominante e à distribuição angular das folhas. O NDVI diferenciou apenas Pasto, Floresta Secundária e as demais classes. O percentual de sombra nos dados videográficos permitiu a diferenciação apenas da Floresta com Babaçu das demais classes. A componente Sombra do modelo linear de mistura foi o produto mais eficiente na discriminação das fisionomias vegetais, permitindo a discriminação entre todas as classes exceto entre Pasto e Floresta Secundária. Este resultado reforça o potencial do MLME no estudo da cobertura vegetal natural em regiões de Floresta Tropical.
Transformation of multispectral remote sensing data is needed for compression of data volume and for the inference of biophysical properties of the land cover. Linear Spectral Mixing Models (LSMM) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are transformations that result in indicators of vegetation structure. However these methods present limitations in relation of their sensitivity. There are few evaluations on the real meaning of the products derived with these techniques. Airborne videography allows a thorough evaluation of these transformations, for it allows a better understanding of the vegetation structure and of how it affects the scattering mechanism of the radiation detected by orbital sensors. The objective of this work is to evaluate the spectral response of several vegetation physiognomies in the municipality of Maraba, Para, in relation to the reflectance in Landsat -7 ETM+ and in their transformations and to compare the proportion of the Shadow component derived through the LSMM with the Shadow percent measured in the Videographic products. Based on the videography, five types of vegetation physiognomies were identified: Upland Forest, Floodplain Forest, Secondary forest, Babacu Forest and Grassland. Analysis of the digital number distribution of each physiognomy in each band was conducted and of their relations with NDVI and with the components Soil, Vegetation and Shadow extracted from the Landsat Bands through LSMM. It was also analyzed the relationship between the Shadow component and the percentage of shadow determined through the analysis of videographic data. The results demonstrated that the spectral signature of each physiognomy is associated to the amount of vegetation cover, canopy architecture, and dominant background and to the leaf angular distribution. The IDVN discriminated only Grassland, Secondary Forest and the remaining classes. The percentage of shadow in the videographic data allowed only the differentiation of Babacu Forest from the remaining classes. The Shadow component of the linear mixing model was the most efficient product for the discrimination of the vegetal physiognomies, allowing the discrimination among all the classes but between Grassland and Secondary forest. This result reassures the potential of LSMM to the study of natural vegetation cover in Tropical Forest Regions.

De manière à connaître la distribution et la spéciation solide des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans les sols issus de l'altération supergène de basaltes et de basanites en climat tempéré, six sols du Massif Central français, soumis à des contextes microclimatiques différents, ont été étudiés. Les roches basaltiques tertiaires et les sols qui s'y sont développés sont riches en Cr (248-455 mg/kg) et en Ni (126-237 mg/kg). Les six sols ont tous des propriétés andiques, sont tous dépourvus d'allophanes mais riches en complexes organo-métalliques. Deux types de sols ont été distingués : andosols et cambisols andiques. Trois approches ont été couplées pour y étudier le devenir et la mobilité potentielle des ETM lors de l'altération supergène. 1) L'étude minéralogique a montré que dans les roches saines, les ETM étaient contenus dans les spinelles chromifères, les titanomagnétites et les silicates ferromagnésiens (forstérites et augites). Les deux principaux facteurs contrôlant la libération des ETM et leur piégeage dans des argiles associées à des oxyhydroxydesauthigènes, sont l'hydrolyse des silicates ferromagnésiens et la résistance des spinelles. 2) L'étude pédologique a mis en évidence les facteurs impliqués dans la distribution des ETM dans les sols développés sur basaltes grâce à deux méthodes quantitatives : les bilans iso-volumiques et les facteurs d'enrichissement. Ces calculs ont mis en évidence le rôle des facteurs pédologiques et lithologiques impliqués dans la distribution des ETM dans les sols. Cette étude a confirmé le contrôle minéralogique sur la distribution de Cr et Ni tandis que la matière organique et les complexes organo - minéraux influencent la distribution de Cu et Zn. Malgré la résistance des minéraux porteurs, Cr et Ni tendent à être conservés dans les cambisols andiques alors qu'ils sont partiellement lessivés dans les andosols situés en contexte plus froid et arrosé. L'influence des constituants organiques se traduit par une immobilisation de Cu et Zn alors que les éléments majeurs sont fortement lessivés (Na, Mg, Ca, Si). 3) Les extractions sélectives ont confirmé pour Cu, l'importance des associations avec les constituants organiques du sol. A la différence de ce qui a été constaté par d'autres auteurs sous des climats plus chauds, ce travail met en évidence la faible mobilité potentielle des ETM dans les sols andiques en climat tempéré montagnard
Six soils from the French Massif Central, submitted to different microclimatic environments, have been studied in order to determine the distribution and speciation of metallic trace elements (MTE) in the solid fraction of soils developed on weathered basalts and basanites. The tertiary basaltic rocks, and their subsequent developed soils, present high Cr (248-455 mg/kg) and Ni (126-237 mg/kg) contents. These soils are all andic soils, rich in organo - complexes but presenting no allophane. Three different approaches were combined to study the fate and the mobility of the MTE during supergene alteration. The mineralogical study of the unweathered rocks pointed out that MTE are present in the chromiferous spinels, the titanomagnetites and in the ferromagnesian silicates (forsterite and augite). The hydrolysis of the ferromagnesian silicates as well as the spinels resistance to alteration are the two main parameters respectively controlling the released of the MTE and their retention in clays associated to the authigenic iron oxides. Isovolumic balance and enrichment factor are the two quantitative methods carried out to evidence the pedological and lithological roles of these parameters involved in the MTE distribution in the three soils developed on basalts. This study confirmed the mineralogical control on the Cr and Ni distribution whereas the Cu and Zn distribution is related to organic matter and organo - minerals complexes. Despite the alteration strength of the mineralogical carriers, Cr and Ni tend to be partially released from the leaching of andosols in colder and higher rainfall conditions on the contrary to the andic cambisols environments where Cr and Ni are preserved. The organic components role is evidenced by the immobilisation of Cu and Zn whereas the major elements (Na, Mg, Ca, Si) are highly released. The selective extractions confirmed the main association of Cu with the soil organic components. This study highlight the low potential mobility of the MTE in mountainous temperate climate on the contrary to previous works carried out in warmer climate environments

Cette thèse, déroulée dans le cadre du projet " Instrumentation Multi-capteurs pour les Matériaux et structures Composites (I2MC) " soutenu par la fondation RTRA STAE de Toulouse, propose le patch d'enfouissement de capteurs comme démarche alternative pour l'instrumentation à cœur des structures composites. D'abord, une étude de faisabilité du patch est mise en œuvre dans des éprouvettes composites élémentaires, pour ensuite l'appliquer au cas d'une structure composite plus complexe. Dans ce but, on fait appel à la boîte à outils Evaluateur Technologique Multi - Instrumenté (ETMI) qui regroupe des volets scientifiques interactifs pour l'analyse des structures composites à connotation industrielle. Les performances mécaniques des structures dotées ou pas du patch d'enfouissement sont comparées afin de qualifier la valeur ajoutée de cette démarche. Le patch d'enfouissement est inclus aussi dans de l'instrumentation multi-capteurs pour le suivi de la cuisson d'une structure composite. Finalement, on discute les avantages du patch d'enfouissement pour favoriser l'intégration des capteurs dans le processus industriel de fabrication des structures composites
This thesis, achieved in the framework of the project "Multi-sensor Instrumentation for the Composite Materials and structures (I2MC)" and financed by the RTRA STAE foundation, proposed the sensor monitoring patch as an alternative embedding technique for the in-core instrumentation of composites structures. First, a feasibility study of the monitoring patch is made with elementary composite coupons in order to apply it to a more complex structure. For this goal, we used the toolbox Multi - Instrumented Technological Evaluator (MITE) which regroups interactive methods for the analysis of composites structures of industrial nature. The mechanical performances of structures with and without monitoring patch are compared in order to qualify the value added of this embedding technique. The monitoring patch is also included in the multi-sensor instrumentation of a composite structure to follow its curing process. Finally, the advantages of the monitoring patch are discussed with the aim to include the sensor's integration into the industrial manufacturing of composite structures

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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
This work aims to analyze the spaces occupied by the woman and the dynamics in front of her activities performed in vocational education at the Technical School of Manaus (ETM) and the Federal Technical School of Amazonas (ETFAM) in the period from 1937 to 1971. The temporal cut was due to the need to start with the year 1937, period of the new State (1937-1945), according to the same time that occurred the creation of the Technical School of Manaus (ETM); And until the decade of 1971 when the Federal Technical School of Amazonas (ETFAM) deliberations, on January 8 of the respective year, the authorization of the enrollment of women in the courses offered. The research is relevant when visibilizing the woman, showing that her activities go beyond the private space, and that when facing a patriarchal society, seeks for equal rights, and becomes subject in history. In the decade of 60 to 70 Brazil underwent political, cultural transformations, and women, during this period, claimed better conditions in the public space, were already working in factories, joined the universities and were influenced by the movements Feminists in the United States and Europe. Thus, the specific objectives that guided the research were: 1) contextualize The history of women and their insertion and visibility in the world of work and education; 2) To examine the indications about women in vocational education in Manaus in the ETM and ETFAM in the face of educational policy in the period 1937 to 1971; and 3) Describe the women in the occupied spaces, as well as their functions, dynamics and activities at the Technical School of Manaus (ETM) and the Federal Technical School of Amazonas (ETFAM). The method we elected was history based on the Social and Cultural perspective. This conception was concerned with the studies about the forgotten and marginalized individuals, including the woman, and consequently gives us epistemological and theoretical bases for the development of the historical narrative. This is a documentary research, in which the primary sources were collected in the general archives, the archives of the coordination of Academic Control (CCA) and the Museu Moacir Andrade, all located in the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas ( IFAM). These documents were inside file boxes and the record was through photographs. The collection of documents was also carried out in public and private collections, libraries, newspapers, and complemented with normative documents, decrees and laws, according to the period researched. Through the sources found and problematized, the women who occupied these positions and the spaces, went through little discrimination, some had higher education, and influential parents and husbands in the Manauara society. Before the transition from the schools of apprentices to industrial and technical schools in the government of Getúlio Vargas, in 1942, the Capanema reform was implemented by the Minister of Education Gustavo Capanema with the organic laws of education, and that Regulated secondary, industrial and commercial education and the creation of the National Industrial Learning Service (SENAI). It was with the changes of the Organic Law of Industrial Education that the organization of education and vocational training gained more visibility. With LDB No. 4.024/61 There was a reformulation in the structure of vocational education and changed the teaching in the country again. Thus, the research highlights in 3 chapters the woman in history, female work and occupied spaces in the ETM and ETFAM.
Este trabalho objetiva analisar os espaços ocupados pela mulher e as dinâmicas frente as suas atividades exercidas no ensino profissional na Escola Técnica de Manaus (ETM) e Escola Técnica Federal do Amazonas (ETFAM) no período de 1937 a 1971. O recorte temporal foi devido à necessidade de iniciar com o ano de 1937, período do Estado Novo (1937-1945), conforme a mesma época que ocorreu a criação da Escola Técnica de Manaus (ETM); e até a década de 1971 quando a Escola Técnica Federal do Amazonas (ETFAM) delibera, em 8 de janeiro do respectivo ano, a autorização da matrícula de mulheres nos cursos oferecidos. A pesquisa é relevante ao visibilizar a mulher, mostrar que as suas atividades vão além do espaço privado, e que ao enfrentar uma sociedade patriarcal, busca pela igualdade de direitos, e torna-se sujeito na história. Na década de 60 a 70 o Brasil passou por transformações políticas, culturais, e as mulheres, nesse período, reivindicavam melhores condições no espaço público, já trabalhavam em fábricas, ingressavam nas universidades e eram influenciadas pelos movimentos feministas ocorridos nos Estados Unidos e Europa. Assim, os objetivos específicos que nortearam a pesquisa foram: 1) Contextualizar a história da mulher e sua inserção e visibilidade no mundo do trabalho e na educação; 2) Examinar os indícios sobre as mulheres no ensino profissional em Manaus na ETM e ETFAM frente à política educacional no período de 1937 a 1971; e 3) Descrever as mulheres nos espaços ocupados, assim como as suas funções, dinâmicas e atividades na Escola Técnica de Manaus (ETM) e Escola Técnica Federal do Amazonas (ETFAM). O método que elegemos foi o Histórico com base na perspectiva Social e Cultural. Essa concepção se preocupou com os estudos sobre os indivíduos esquecidos e marginalizados incluindo a mulher, e consequentemente nos dá bases epistemológicas e teóricas para o desenvolvimento da narrativa histórica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, em que as fontes primárias foram coletadas no Arquivo Geral, Arquivo da Coordenação de Controle Acadêmico (CCA) e no Museu Moacir Andrade, todos localizados no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas (IFAM). Esses documentos estavam dentro de caixas-arquivo e o registro foi através de fotografias. A coleta dos documentos também foi realizada em acervos públicos e privados, bibliotecas, jornais, e complementados com os documentos normativos, Decretos e Leis, de acordo com o período pesquisado. Por meio das fontes encontradas e problematizadas, as mulheres que ocupavam esses cargos e os espaços, passavam por pouca discriminação, algumas tinham formação superior, e pais e maridos influentes na sociedade Manauara. Antes de ocorrer a transição das Escolas de Aprendizes Artífices para as Escolas Industriais e Técnicas no governo de Getúlio Vargas, em 1942, foi implementada a Reforma Capanema pelo Ministro da Educação Gustavo Capanema com as Leis Orgânicas do Ensino, e que regulamentaram o Ensino Secundário, Industrial, Comercial e a criação do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI). Foram com as mudanças da Lei Orgânica do Ensino Industrial que a organização do ensino e da formação profissional ganhou mais visibilidade. Com a LDB nº 4.024/61 ocorreu uma reformulação na estrutura do ensino profissional e modificou novamente o ensino no país. Desse modo, a pesquisa destaca em 3 capítulos a mulher na história, no trabalho feminino e nos espaços ocupados na ETM e ETFAM.

Microsistemas eletrotermomecânicos (ETM) são sistemas em escalas micrométricas que operam baseados na deformação por efeito termoelástico, induzida pelo aquecimento da sua estrutura devido a uma corrente elétrica. Já que é desejável que a sua resposta transiente seja rápida, amortecida e estável ao alcançar equilíbrio e, além disso, conhecendo o fato de que o fenômeno térmico é o mais lento entre os diferentes domínios físicos envolvidos nos microsistemas ETM, faz-se necessário minimizar o tempo de resposta nesse domínio com o fim de melhorar o desempenho do sistema. Isso pode ser obtido pela mudança da sua topologia estrutural. Assim, neste trabalho de mestrado, o Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT) é aplicado no projeto de microsistemas ETM levando em conta a resposta térmica transiente de forma a reduzir o seu tempo de resposta e maximizar o seu deslocamento de saída. O MOT combina técnicas de otimização com o Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) para distribuir material em um domínio de projeto fixo com o objetivo de extremizar uma função de custo sujeita às restrições inerentes do problema. A modelagem dos microsistemas ETM é obtida resolvendo-se as equações de equilíbrio utilizando o MEF linear com base em elementos de quatro nós isoparamétricos sem considerar dependência das propriedades do material com a temperatura. O problema elétrico é resolvido com uma análise de correntes estacionárias, já no problema transiente térmico, a distribuição de temperatura é uma função variável no tempo. No domínio elástico, a massa e os efeitos de amortecimento são negligenciados, assim, o problema torna-se quase-estático. Na formulação da Otimização Topológica o modelo de material é baseado no método das densidades ou \"Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization\" (SIMP) combinado com um filtro de sensibilidade e duas funções de penalização como técnicas de controle da solução para reduzir os problemas de instabilidades numéricas intrínsecas ao MOT. Os fatores de penalização do SIMP são obtidos mediante um enfoque analítico. A Programação Linear Seqüencial (PLS) e o Método das Assíntotas Móveis ou \"Method of Moving Asymptotes\" (MMA) são usados para resolver o problema de otimização não-linear. Resultados bidimensionais são apresentados com o intuito de ilustrar o método. Além disso, as topologias finais são obtidas mediante um algoritmo de interpretação de forma e os resultados da otimização dinâmica são confrontados com os obtidos por um enfoque estático, que foi implementado somente para fins comparativos.
Electrothermomechanical (ETM) microsystems are systems in micrometric scale which operate based on thermoelastic effect deformation induced by heating the structure by means of an electrical current. Since a fast, damped and stable (at steady state) transient response is desirable with the aim of improving ETM efficiency, it is necessary to minimize the response time of the thermal effect which is the slowest phenomena among different physics involved in the ETM microsystems. This can be achieved by changing the ETM structural topology. Thus, in this work, the Topology Optimization Method (TOM) is applied to ETM microsystems design, taking into account transient thermal response in order to reduce their response time and to maximize their output displacement. The TOM combines optimization techniques with the finite element method (FEM) to distribute material in a fixed design domain in order to extremize a cost function subjected to some inherent constraints of the problem. The modeling of ETM microsystems is obtained by solving the governing equations using the linear FEM based on four-node isoparametric elements. Non-temperature dependent material properties are considered in the finite element models. The electrical problem is solved by considering a steady current static analysis; the transient state thermal problem considers a temperature distribution that varies over time. In the elastic domain, the mass and the damping effects are neglected, thus, resulting in a quasi-static problem. In the Topology Optimization formulation the material model is based on the Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) model combined with a sensitivity filter and two penalty functions as solution control techniques to reduce mesh dependence and checkerboard problems intrinsic to the TOM. The penalty factors in SIMP are obtained through an analytical approach. Sequential Linear Programming (SLP) and Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) are used for solving the non-linear optimization problem. Two-dimensional results are presented to illustrate the method. Moreover, the final topologies are obtained by a shape interpretation algorithm and the dynamic optimization result is compared with steady-state optimization, which is implemented for comparative purposes.

O desenvolvimento de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto na avaliação da cultura da cana-de-açúcar tem grande importância para o poder público, empresas de melhoramento genético e agricultores, pois proporciona um melhor planejamento de políticas de mercado e otimiza a tomada de decisões. O comportamento espectral de dosséis vegetais reflete características importantes das culturas agrícolas quanto ao seu crescimento, vigor vegetativo e produção de biomassa. O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar uma metodologia para discriminação de variedades, estimativa da produtividade agrícola da cana-de-açúcar e propriedades industriais importantes como Brixº, Pol % caldo, Pol % cana, Fibra %, Umidade %, Pureza %, Kg de ATR/Mg cana e Impureza %, pelo sensor orbital ETM+/LANDSAT 7. Sabe-se que as plantas e culturas de uma forma geral apresentam comportamentos espectrais e interações com a energia eletromagnética em determinadas bandas do espectro eletromagnético devido sua composição/estrutura e também ao efeito dos diversos fatores de produção (solo, clima e variedade). Dessa forma, levanta-se a hipótese de que é possível estabelecer relações entre as características espectrais da cultura de cana-de-açúcar e sua produtividade agrícola e industrial. Para tanto, foram escolhidas talhões de cana-de-açúcar localizadas na região de Paraguaçú Paulista, SP. As informações georeferenciadas de cada talhão foram dispostas num ambiente SIG pela montagem de um banco de dados. Foram selecionados talhões de variedades diferentes, porém com mesma data de plantio. Os talhões foram avaliados quanto aos dados espectrais das seis bandas do sensor e seis índices de vegetação, correlacionando-os com as variedades e com as informações das produtividades agroindustriais médias dos talhões. Concluiu-se que é possível caracterizar e estimar atributos da cultura da cana-de-açúcar através de sensor orbital ETM+/LANDSAT 7. O índice médio de acerto foi de 93,55 % na separação varietal. A observação das curvas espectrais orbitais auxilia na discriminação das variedades e a banda B4 mostrou ser a mais adequada. O gráfico de dispersão entre B4 e o GNDVI auxilia na separação destas variedades. Foram gerados modelos de regressão linear múltipla, visando selecionar variáveis com maior potencial para quantificar os atributos agroindustriais da cultura. Para a estimativa da produtividade agrícola (Mg/ha) obteve-se um coeficiente de determinação (R2) de 0,6935 e em média, 0,5807 para as características tecnológicas. Os atributos tecnológicos com melhores resultados na estimativa foram a Pol % caldo e a Umidade % com R2 de 0,7416 e 0,6397, respectivamente. O método de coleta das informações espectrais influiu nos resultados e, de maneira geral, o método das médias aritméticas dos pixels foi o mais adequado. A utilização de todas as bandas do sensor ETM+/LANDSAT 7 mostra-se importante na caracterização, discriminação varietal e estimativa de atributos da cultura da cana-deaçúcar.
The development of remote sensing techniques on the sugarcane crop evaluation has great importance for government agencies, breeding institutions and farmers, because it helps to attempt better planning of market politics and it optimizes the decision support systems. The spectral behavior of vegetation canopies reflects important characteristics of the agricultural crops as its growth, greenness and biomass production. The objective of this research is to develop a methodology for discrimination of sugarcane varieties and to estimate the crop agronomic yield and some important industrial properties like Brixº, Pol% juice, Pol% cane, Fiber %, Humidity %, Purity %, Kg of ATR/Mg of stalks and Impurity %, by the ETM+/LANDSAT 7 orbital sensor. It is known that plants and crops in general present spectral behaviors and interactions with the electromagnetic energy in certain bands of the electromagnetic spectra due to its composition/structure and also because the effect of the several production factors (soil, climate and variety). It gets up the hypothesis that is possible to establish relationships between the spectral characteristics of the sugarcane crop and its agronomic and industrial productivity. Then, it has been chosen sugarcane fields located in Paraguaçu Paulista County, western of São Paulo state, Brazil. The sugarcane fields data were georeferenced and settled into a GIS environment. Fields which possessed different varieties, however with the same planting date were selected. The fields were evaluated about their spectral data of the six sensor bands and six vegetation indexes, correlating with the varieties discrimination and with the fields average agro industrial yield. It has been concluded that is possible to characterize and to foresee attributes of the sugarcane crop through ETM+/LANDSAT 7 orbital sensor. The average accuracy found was 93,55% in the variety separation. The observation of the orbital spectral plots helps discriminating the sugarcane varieties and B4 appeared to be the most appropriate. The dispersion graphic between B4 and GNDVI also helps in sorting out these varieties. Multiple linear regression models were generated, aiming to select variables with high potential to quantify the crop agro industrial attributes mentioned previously. For the agronomic yield forecast (Mg/ha) it has been obtained 0,6935 of determination coefficient (R2) and a averageof 0,5807 for the technological characteristics. The technological attributes with better results in the forecast (R2) were Pol % juice and the humidity % with 0,7416 and 0,6397, respectively. The spectral data collection method of the spectral information influences on the results and, in a general way, the arithmetic mean of pixels method was the most appropriate. The application of all of ETM+/LANDSAT 7 was important on the sugarcane varieties characterization, discrimination and in the agro industrial yields forecasts.

Le comportement des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) a été étudié dans deux systèmes aquatiques très différents, mais fortement contaminés par d’anciennes activités minières et métallurgiques. Le premier site d’étude se situe dans deux rivières Norvégiennes (Raubekken et Vorma). Les concentrations en Cu, Fe et Zn dans deux rivières ont été déterminées par voltamétrie à l’aide d’un système automatisé développé par le NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). Le résultat le plus marquant de cette étude est la variabilité journalière de ces trois métaux dans la Vorma, avec des maxima de concentrations décalés dans le temps. Le second site d’étude se situe dans le canal de la Deûle à proximité de l’ancienne usine Métaleurop. Bien que les particules en suspension et les sédiments soient fortement contaminées en plomb, zinc et cadmium, ilapparaît globalement que la qualité de l’eau filtrée est bonne. A l’interface eau-sédiment, l’oxydation de la matière organique biodégradable et la réduction conjointe des oxydes de fer et de manganèse conduisent à une libération importante des ETM dans les eaux interstitielles de surface. Pour autant, les valeurs des flux diffusifs et benthiques des ETM du sédiment vers la colonne d’eau restent faibles par rapport à leurs variations journalières de concentration constatées dans la colonne d’eau. En hiver, le suivi continu du zinc a montré que l’augmentation des concentrations survient plusieurs heures après la remise en suspension de sédiments alors qu’au printemps, les variations de température entre le jour et la nuit ainsi que celles de l’activitéphytoplanctonique sont probablement à l’origine de cycles journaliers
Trace-metals behaviour had been studied in two different aquatic systems contaminated by mining and metallurgical activities. The first study site is situated in two Norwegian rivers (Raubekken and Vorma). Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in both rivers were measured by voltammetry by means of an automatic monitoring system developed by the NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). The most significant result of this study was the daily variability of these three metals in Vorma, with noticeable shifts of metal-content maxima detected. The second study site is situated in Deûle river, close to the ancient smelter Metaleurop. Although suspended particles and sediments were strongly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd, the global quality of the filtered water was found to be good. As for the water-sediment interface, the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides result in an important release of trace metals in interstitial waters from surface sediments. Nevertheless, measured and calculated diffusive and benthic fluxes of trace metals from the sediment to the water column were weak with respect to daily metal-concentrations variations in the water column. During monitoring campaigns in winter, it was shown that an increase of dissolved zinc occurred in the water column a few hours after sediment resuspension events, whereas in spring this phenomenon is more dependent upon temperature variations between day and night and phytoplankton activity as key parameters of daily cycles

Ce travail de thèse a consisté en l’étude de catalyseurs ultradispersés, composés de clusters nanométriques ou d’atomes isolés (single-atom catalysts, SACs) de métal, une nouvelle classe de catalyseurs faisant actuellement l’objet d’un engouement mondial. Les systèmes Pt/?-Al2O3 et Pt/TiO2 ont été préparés, caractérisés et testés en oxydation de CO et photogénération d’hydrogène, respectivement. Plusieurs méthodes d’imprégnation et de traitement thermique ont été comparées, notamment grâce à l’analyse de la dispersion du platine par microscopie électronique en transmission à balayage (STEM). Pour la préparation de SACs, notre choix s’est finalement porté sur l’imprégnation à humidité naissante d’une faible charge de précurseur Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2, suivie d’une calcination à l’air. L’étude des performances catalytiques et de l’évolution structurale des catalyseurs au cours des réactions a permis de montrer que les atomes isolés (cations) de platine étaient moins actifs que les clusters (réduits) pour les deux systèmes catalytiques étudiés. Dans le cas de Pt/?-Al2O3, des suivis par spectroscopie d’absorption X (XAS) operando en rayonnement synchrotron, spectroscopie infrarouge par réflexion diffuse (DRIFTS) operando et microscopie environnementale (E-STEM) ont montré la formation et la déstabilisation des SACs, cette dernière étant toutefois moindre en conditions oxydantes. En effet, l’oxygène stabilise le platine isolé via la formation de plusieurs liaisons Pt-O-Al comme montré par modélisation DFT, alors que la présence d’un composé réducteur (CO, H2) conduit à la formation de clusters, mobiles sur leur support. Ce travail met en évidence les limites possibles concernant la stabilisation et la mise en œuvre des SACs dans des réactions catalytiques impliquant des conditions réductrices
This PhD work is focused on the study of ultradispersed catalysts, composed of nanometer-sized clusters or isolated atoms (single-atom catalysts, SACs) of metal, a new class of catalysts which are currently the object of worldwide interest. The Pt/?-Al2O3 and Pt/TiO2 systems were prepared, characterized and evaluated for CO oxidation and hydrogen photogeneration, respectively.Several methods of impregnation and thermal treatment were compared, in particular through platinum dispersion analysis using scanning electron microscopy (STEM). For the preparation of SACs, our choice finally turned to the incipient wetness impregnation of Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2 precursor at low loading, followed by calcination in air.For the two catalytic systems of interest, the study of the performances and the structural evolution of the catalysts during the reactions shows that isolated Pt atoms (cations) are less active than their (reduced) cluster counterparts.In the case of Pt/?-Al2O3, operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) using synchrotron radiation, operando diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and environmental microscopy (E-STEM) allowed us to monitor the SAC formation and destabilization, the latter being however limited in oxidizing conditions. Indeed, the presence of oxygen stabilizes single Pt atoms via the formation of several Pt-O-Al bonds as shown by DFT modeling, whereas the presence of a reducing compound (CO, H2) leads to the formation of Pt clusters, mobile on their support.This work highlights the possible limitations in the stabilization and implementation of SACs for catalytic reactions involving reducing conditions

Currently, wireless communication technologies are expected to be widely employed for in-vehicle communication where in-vehicle communication is built upon the interactions of different parts inside the vehicle. This communication is to enable a variety of applications for driver and passenger needs.  To have improved driving assistance, development of in-vehicle applications is very much needed. At present, intelligent systems inside the vehicle are mostly dominated by the wired technologies. The possibilities of wireless communication have inspired us and made an opportunity to analyse replacements for wired communication within a vehicle. In this connection, the scope of our thesis is to define the in-vehicle applications which are preferred by the wireless technologies, to define the applications using wired technologies which could be replaced by the wireless technologies and to identify those applications which are difficult to implement by the wireless technologies.   In-vehicle wired networks; and problems of these wired networks, along with several existing applications, have been discussed at the initial stage of this thesis for the purpose of having a clear understanding. After that, existing In-vehicle wireless applications and several challenging applications have also been studied. Studies have been done on the most important wireless technologies with their respective specifications. The requirement of establishing wireless communication has also been explained. Finally, an analysis has been done according to the requirements of the applications and verification of their possible reliance on the wireless technologies.   In a brief, comparable studies have been done among the wireless technologies to assess their current and future fitness for In-vehicle applications. The thesis concludes with some recommendations regarding when wireless technologies might be suitable for some in-vehicle applications to replace the wired technologies.

Les Eléments Traces Métalliques (ETM : Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb et Zn) sont dispersés dans l'atmosphère à la suite de processus naturels et anthropiques. Les écosystèmes forestiers, même éloignés de sources de pollutions aigues, sont sous l'influence d'apports atmosphériques. Leur interaction importante avec l'atmosphère les rend sensibles à cette pollution. Ils font l'objet d'une protection vis-à-vis de la pollution atmosphérique par la définition de charges critiques. L'impact potentiel des ETM dans les écosystèmes forestiers est fortement lié à leur dynamique aux interfaces atmosphère/végétation et sol/solution. En effet, le couvert forestier modifie les apports atmosphériques et la solution de sol est le vecteur principal des ETM vers la biosphère et les eaux de surface et souterraines. Ce travail a consisté en l'analyse des ETM (teneurs et spéciation) dans différents compartiments de l'écosystème (apports atmosphériques hors et sous couvert forestier, sols et solution de sol, végétation) au niveau de six placettes forestières françaises. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'étudier et de mettre en relation la partition des ETM entre les phases totales, extractibles et en solution des métaux dans les sols avec des paramètres du sol. Le pH du sol est le paramètre le plus significatif pour la prédiction de l'extractabilité et de la solubilité des ETM en solution. La complexation en solution par des colloïdes organiques contrôle la solubilité de certains éléments (Cu, Pb). Les apports atmosphériques actuels sont modérés et montrent une influence régionale plus marquée dans le nord-est de la France. Le couvert forestier modifie significativement les apports atmosphériques. Certains flux (Cd, Ni, Cu et Zn) sont diminués du fait de l'assimilation des éléments par le couvert au moment du dépôt. D'autres flux sont augmentés (Cr, Pb, Sb) sous le couvert forestier, du fait de l'accumulation de dépôt sec. Le bilan des ETM à l'échelle de la placette (accumulation ou perte) dépend du type de sol, de la solubilité de l'élement considéré dans la solution de sol et de sa mobilité dans la végétation. Les limites et charges critiques ont été déterminées et la comparaison avec les concentrations dans les solutions de sol et les apports actuels n'ont pas montré de dépassement.

Les éléments traces métalliques (ETM : Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb et Zn) sont dispersés dans l'atmosphère à la suite de processus naturels et anthropiques. Les écosystèmes forestiers, même éloignés de sources de pollutions aigues, sont sous l'influence d'apports atmosphériques. Leur interaction importante avec l'atmosphère les rend sensibles à cette pollution. Ils font l'objet d'une protection vis-à-vis de la pollution atmosphérique par la définition de charges critiques. L'impact potentiel des ETM dans les écosystèmes forestiers est fortement lié à leur dynamique aux interfaces atmosphère/végétation et sol/solution. En effet, le couvert forestier modifie les apports atmosphériques et la solution de sol est le vecteur principal des ETM vers la biosphère et les eaux de surface et souterraines. Ce travail a consisté en l'analyse des ETM (teneurs et spéciation) dans différents compartiments de l'écosystème (apports atmosphériques hors et sous couvert forestier, sols et solution de sol, végétation) au niveau de six placettes forestières françaises. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'étudier et de mettre en relation la partition des ETM entre les phases totales, extractibles et en solution des métaux dans les sols avec des paramètres du sol. Le pH du sol est le paramètre le plus significatif pour la prédiction de l'extractabilité et de la solubilité des ETM en solution. La complexation en solution par des colloïdes organiques contrôle la solubilité de certains éléments (Cu, Pb). Les apports atmosphériques actuels sont modérés et montrent une influence régionale plus marquée dans le nord-est de la France. Le couvert forestier modifie significativement les apports atmosphériques. Certains flux (Cd, Ni, Cu et Zn) sont diminués du fait de l'assimilation des éléments par le couvert au moment du dépôt. D'autres flux sont augmentés (Cr, Pb, Sb) sous le couvert forestier, du fait de l'accumulation de dépôt sec. Le bilan des ETM à l'échelle de la placette (accumulation ou perte) dépend du type de sol, de la solubilité de l'élement considéré dans la solution de sol et de sa mobilité dans la végétation. Les limites et charges critiques ont été déterminées et la comparaison avec les concentrations dans les solutions de sol et les apports actuels n'ont pas montré de dépassement
Trace Metals (TM: Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) are dispersed in the atmosphere due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. Forest ecosystems can receive atmospheric inputs, even if they are located far from direct emission sources. In fact, forest ecosystems are particularly sensitive to atmospheric inputs since forest cover can interact with atmospheric pollution. Forest ecosystems are protected from TM atmospheric inputs through the definition of Critical Loads. TM impact on forest ecosystem is linked to their dynamic at the atmosphere/vegetation and soil/solution interfaces. Indeed, forest cover modifies atmospheric inputs. Moreover, it is through soil solution that TM are available to the biosphere and can reach ground and surface waters. During this work, TM content and speciation were determined in diverse compartments of the ecosystem (open field precipitation, throughfall, soil, soil solution and vegetation) on six forested catchments. TM partitioning between total and extractable content and soil solution, was studied in relation with soil parameters. PH was the most significant parameter for most TM extractability and solubility prediction. Cu and Pb solubility was also greatly influenced by complexation with organic colloids. Atmospheric inputs are moderate and regional differences reveal a stronger atmospheric influence on the North-East of France. Forest cover greatly modifies atmospheric inputs. Some fluxes (Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn) are reduced because of direct assimilation by forest canopy. Other fluxes (Pb, Cr and Sb) are increased following dry deposition accumulation on forest canopy. Elemental budget at the plot scale depend on soil type, TM solubility in soil solution and TM mobility in trees. Critical limits and loads have been evaluated and comparison with current soil solution concentration and atmospheric inputs revealed no exceedance

En esta tesis se presenta un método y una serie de herramientas informáticas para obtener automáticamente la posición de líneas de costa partiendo de imágenes registradas por los satélites Landsat (5,7 y 8) con un nivel de precisión cercano a 5,5 m (EMC). Para conseguirlo se han resuelto tres cuestiones: (i) la definición de un algoritmo de extracción automática de la línea de costa a nivel subpíxel, (ii) la georreferenciación de las sucesivas imágenes también a nivel sub-píxel y (iii) la adaptación específica a los distintos tipos de imágenes Landsat. El método desarrollado se sustenta en el análisis de las bandas del infrarojo próximo y medio, en las que existe una diferencia muy marcada en la respuesta radiométrica del agua y el suelo. Una umbralización inicial permite la detección de la línea de costa a nivel píxel. Alrededor de tal línea, se aplica el algoritmo propuesto para alcanzar la precisión sub-píxel. Concretamente, se ajusta una función alrededor de cada píxel de la línea aproximada y, sobre dicha función matemática, se deducen, realizando perfiles transversales, los puntos de máximo gradiente. Finalmente, el promedio de tales puntos define la posición de la línea de costa. En primer lugar se ha evaluado el algoritmo sobre imágenes QuickBird (2,4 m de resolución espacia) definido la posición verdadera de la línea de costa mediante fotointerpretación para servir de referencia. Posteriormente, se han remuestreado esas mismas imágenes a tamaños de píxeles similares a los de las imágenes Landsat, se ha aplicado al algoritmo propuesto y evaluado frente a la línea de referencia. En segundo lugar, se ha propuesto y evaluado un método de georreferenciación basado en la correlación cruzada. Para realizar una evaluación independiente de las líneas de costa, se ha generado un conjunto de imágenes de traslación conocida. Al aplicar el método propuesto y comparar sus resultados con la traslación conocida se ha podido describir el comportamiento de los errores. Los errores observados se acercan a los 0,1 píxeles. Esto implica, al aplicarse sobre imágenes con una resolución igual a la de Landsat (30m/píxel), un error esperable de 2 m. En tercer lugar, se han unificado los procesos de obtención de la línea de costa y de georreferenciación para su aplicación sobre las bandas infrarrojas de Landsat TM/ETM/OLI. Para la validación, se han tomado como referencia ciertas zonas de costa que no han sufrido variaciones en el tiempo de estudio. Se ha demostrado que la reflectancia de las zonas terrestres próximas a la costa afecta a la posición de la línea de costa que obtiene el algoritmo. Este comportamiento ha podido ser descrito estadísticamente. De esta manera, en función de qué sensor y banda se empleen, es posible corregir la línea de costa y llevarla a su posición definitiva. Tomando el total de líneas de costa analizadas se obtiene un error medio cuadrático de 5,5 m. Una vez establecido el nivel de precisión que se consigue con la metodología propuesta en la tesis se abordan dos aplicaciones específicas: (i) un estudio sobre el impacto de una serie de temporales costeros sobre un amplio segmento de playas arenosas (100 km) y los procesos de recuperación de esas playas y (ii) un estudio de la tendencia a medio plazo (casi treinta años) de un segmento costero (14 km). Estos dos estudios han permitido mostrar la utilidad de las líneas de costa así obtenidas, evidenciando que aportan una nueva fuente de información para los estudios de la dinámica de las playas. Si bien la metodología presenta algunas limitaciones, resulta claro que también resuelve otras que son propias del resto del fuentes de datos disponibles para los estudios de la dinámica costera.
Almonacid Caballer, J. (2014). Obtención de líneas de costa con precisión sub-píxel a partir de imágenes Landsat (TM, ETM + y OLI) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48462
TESIS
Premiado

This thesis is focused on the competence of Enterprise Architecture, which is discussed in the introductory theoretical part as a comprehensive practice and subsequently in the relation between Enterprise Architecture and a specific aspect that is used in the EA initiatives - the reference models is discussed. In relation to the set objective the basic definitions of Enterprise Architecture are discussed and analyzed in the Chapter 2, and brief look at the description of the architectures along with the key business drivers and benefits of EA is also provided. In the Chapter 3 the content evolution of architectural disciplines is presented, particularly in terms of the scope of EA and maturity in the enterprises. A general analysis of the Enterprise Architecture is completed in the Chapter 4 where is addressed a crucial aspect of Enterprise Architecture - the architectural frameworks. The second part focuses on the key objectives of the thesis related to the reference models. The criterial evaluation system of reference models and the classification scheme for reference models are introduced as the key proposed approaches. In chapter 5.3 is also provided the structural analysis of five selected reference models that are evaluated on the basis of the predefined criteria and classified in the proposed scheme at the end. Both proposed approaches, the criterial evaluation system and the classification scheme for reference models, are in the chapter 5.6 assessed and verified by the subject matter experts in the field of EA.

Orientador: Jurandir Zullo Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: O uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto orbital e geoprocessamento representa significativo avanço para os levantamentos de dados da agricultura, dados o seu caráter multiespectral e sua repetividade. Sua aplicação no monitoramento de culturas torna-se cada vez mais importante, principalmente com a possibilidade do uso de sensores de melhor resolução espacial, espectral, temporal e radiométrica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação do impacto do aumento das resoluções espacial e radiométrica da imagem pancromática do IKONOS-II na identificação de plantios de café (Coffea arabica) e sua comparando com a imagem do LANDSAT/ETM+. A área de estudo está localizada no município de Pedregulho, na Fazenda Taquari, aonde foram selecionados 50 talhões com plantios de café, sendo levantados em campo dados referentes à altura, idade, espaçamento e variedade de cada talhão. A análise estatística utilizada para avaliar os dados das duas imagens (imagem do satélite IKONOS-II e do LANDSAT/ETM+, bandas 3, 4 e 5) foi o teste de Tukey e a análise de correlação. As imagens analisadas mostraram-se eficientes na identificação de talhões com características diferentes em campo, sendo que a imagem do IKONOS-II com valor de reflectância foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho. Para os talhões com características iguais em campo, as imagens analisadas não se mostraram eficientes, independentemente do satélite utilizado. As correções atmosférica e radiométrica na imagem do IKONOS-II não proporcionaram ganho nas análises realizadas. Cerca de 68% dos talhões identificados na imagem do IKONOS-II puderam ser localizados na imagem do LANDSAT/ETM+. A correlações significativas entre as bandas 3, 4 e 5 do LANDSAT/ETM+ e o canal pancromático do IKONOS-II indica uma forma de ligação entre as imagens dos dois satélites que permitirá aproveitar as vantagens de cada um na determinação da área plantada
Abstract: The use of orbital remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques represents significant advance for agriculture data surveying, considering its multispectral feature and repetitiveness. Its application for crop monitoring becomes more important, mainly with the possibility of using the sensors of high spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric resolution. This work aimed the evaluation of the high spatial and radiometric resolutions from pancromatic images of IKONOS-II in the identification of coffee (Coffea arabica) planting areas, and its comparison to LANDSAT/ETM+ imagery. The study area is located in the city of Pedregulho, Taquari farm, where 50 coffee areas were selected. In each area it was collected information about plant¿s features, like height, age, spacing and variety. The statistic analysis used to evaluate the data (from IKONOS-II panchromatic imagery and from LANDSAT/ETM+, bands 3, 4 and 5) was done using Tukey¿s test and the correlation¿s analysis. According to the accomplished analysis, the images showed to be efficient in the identification of coffee areas with different field features, and the calibrated IKONOS-II image showed the best results. Considering the areas with similar field features, both analyzed satellite images didn¿t showed to be efficient in the coffee identification. The atmospheric and radiometric corrections applied on the IKONOS-II image didn¿t improve the analysis results. More than the half of the identified areas in the IKONOS-II image could be found in the LANDSAT/ETM+ image (68%). The significant correlation between LANDSAT/ETM+ (bands 3, 4 and 5) and IKONOS-II panchromatic channel shows a link between both satellite images
Mestrado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientadores: Rubens Augusto Camargo Lamparelli, Jansle Vieira Rocha
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: O monitoramento e estimativa da quantidade de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar são de fundamental importância no planejamento das atividades de condução, colheita, transporte, processamento e comercialização da produção. Com o avanço tecnológico, técnicas de sensoriamento remoto têm-se mostrado úteis no monitoramento de áreas agrícolas onde se tem observado o potencial em especial do sistema Landsat no fornecimento de informações sobre a cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Dentre estas técnicas pode-se citar a aplicação de índices de vegetação obtidos através de transformação linear entre o valor espectral das diferentes bandas do sensor. Com o objetivo de avaliar a aplicação de imagens multiespectrais do satélite Landsat 7 - ETM+ e dos diversos índices de vegetação, no mapeamento da variação espacial da biomassa, e o seu potencial para estimativa da produtividade utilizando-se de um modelo matemático. O estudo foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Araras e Leme - SP. Para os dois anos de estudo foram analisadas duas passagens por ano, sendo a primeira anterior à colheita (fevereiro a abril) e a segunda dias antes da colheita. As imagens em nível de cinza foram transformadas em valores de reflectância aparente e, através da correção atmosférica, para valores de reflectância real. Sob a área de estudo foram distribuídas amostras de acordo com a variação espacial da resposta espectraL As amostras foram localizadas, demarcadas e colhidas.Foram realizadas análises de correlação entre os valores de produtividade e sua resposta espectraL A correção atmosférica não influenciou na correlação entre os dados de produtividade e a resposta espectraL As melhores correlações foram encontradas com os valores da banda 4 (IVP) e do índice de vegetação GVI. No primeiro ano de estudo os valores da banda 4 e do GVI explicaram respectivamente 51,6% e 52,66% da variação da produtividade. Enquanto que no segundo ano ambos explicaram 83% da variação da produtividade. O modelo polinomial de 2° grau foi o que melhor se adaptou ao comportamento dos dados de produtividade da cultura. A produtividade estimada pelo modelo apresentou um erro médio de 4,O4t/ha e um desvio padrão de 2,47t1ha, este resultado comprovou eficiência da utilização da resposta espectral no processo de estimativa da produtividade da cana-de-açúcar
Abstract: The monitoring and biomass estimate in sugar cane are the fundamental importance in leading, harvest, transport, processing and production marketing. With the technologic advanced techniques in remote sensing has showed very high potential in monitoring of sugarcane are as in special the Landsat system. Among these techniques it can to mention the application of the vegetation indices. Therefore that work has the objective of to evaluate the application of ETM+/Landsat 7 spectral images and different vegetation index to mapping biomass spatial variation and its potential for yield estimate using statistical model. The study was developed in Araras and Leme / SP counties at São João Mill in two years. During that time were analyzed two images per year, being the first before the harvest (February to April) and the second just some days before the harvest. The images in raw level had been transformed into values of apparent reflectance and through the atmospheric correction to values of real reflectance. Through the study area were allocated samples according the spectral response variation. After than this were full filled correlation analysis between yield and spectral response. The atmospheric correction hasn't provoked influence in the correlations. The best correlations had been found with the values of the band 4 (IVP) and of the index of vegetation GVI. In the first year of study band 4 and GVI indices values had explained 51.6% and 52.66% of the variation of the yield, respectively. While that in the second year both had explained 83% of the yield variation. The polynomial model of2° degree had the best agree in relation of the yield data behavior. The estimative productivity calculated by the model presented an average error of 4.04t/ha and a standard deviation of 2.47t/ha, attesting the efficiency of the use of the spectral response in the process of the yield estimate in sugar cane culture
Mestrado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

The hemlock woolly adelgid, an invasive non-native insect, is threatening eastern hemlock in Kentucky. This study examined three techniques to map the distribution of eastern hemlock using decision trees, remote sensing, and species distribution modeling. Accuracy assessments showed that eastern hemlock was best modeled using a decision tree without incorporating satellite radiance. Using the distribution from the optimal model, risk maps for susceptibility to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation were created using two species distribution models. Environmental variables related to dispersal were used to build the models and their contributions to the models assessed. The models showed similar spatial distributions of eastern hemlock at high risk of infestation.

The impacts of training data sample size and sampling method on the accuracy of forest/nonforest classifications of three mosaicked Landsat ETM+ images with the nearest neighbor decision rule were explored. Large training data pools of single pixels were used in simulations to create samples with three sampling methods (random, stratified random, and systematic) and eight sample sizes (25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500). Two forest area estimation techniques were used to estimate the proportion of forest in each image and to calculate forest area precision estimates. Training data editing was explored to remove problem pixels from the training data pools. All possible band combinations of the six non-thermal ETM+ bands were evaluated for every sample draw. Comparisons were made between classification accuracies to determine if all six bands were needed. The utility of separability indices, minimum and average Euclidian distances, and cross-validation accuracies for the selection of band combinations, prediction of classification accuracies, and assessment of sample quality were determined. Larger training data sample sizes produced classifications with higher average accuracies and lower variability. All three sampling methods had similar performance. Training data editing improved the average classification accuracies by a minimum of 5.45%, 5.31%, and 3.47%, respectively, for the three images. Band combinations with fewer than all six bands almost always produced the maximum classification accuracy for a single sample draw. The number of bands and combination of bands, which maximized classification accuracy, was dependent on the characteristics of the individual training data sample draw, the image, sample size, and, to a lesser extent, the sampling method. All three band selection measures were unable to select band combinations that produced higher accuracies on average than all six bands. Cross-validation accuracies with sample size 500 had high correlations with classification accuracies, and provided an indication of sample quality. Collection of a high quality training data sample is key to the performance of the nearest neighbor classifier. Larger samples are necessary to guarantee classifier performance and the utility of cross-validation accuracies. Further research is needed to identify the characteristics of "good" training data samples.
Ph. D.

El proyecto consiste en el rediseño del proceso de instalación de ADSL (Banda Ancha), con énfasis en los procesos de gestión de producción, en la entrega del servicio y de las actividades de apoyo que realiza la Plataforma de Gestión de las Instalaciones (PGI) para asistir al técnico en el momento de presentarse un problema o falla en la instalación. Dichos problemas pueden ir desde la inexistencia de un par de cobre en el armario para conectar al nuevo cliente hasta un cambio en el producto solicitado por parte del cliente al momento de la instalación. Para solucionar estas situaciones, el técnico debe contactarse vía telefónica con la PGI, donde una operadora realizará las gestiones que se requieran para resolver dicho problema en la instalación. Como respuesta a esta problemática, se diseñó una solución de auto-atención utilizando un dispositivo inalámbrico, el cual permite conectividad con los sistemas de Telefónica, permitiendo autonomía y resolución de las distintas situaciones que se presentan en la casa del cliente. Para el modelamiento, tanto de la situación actual como la mejorada, se utiliza la metodología desarrollada por el Dr Oscar Barros para el rediseño de los procesos de negocios con soporte de Tecnologías de la Información. Además se utiliza el FrameWork Etom, el cual ha sido diseñado por un conglomerado de las empresas de Telecomunicaciones más importantes a nivel mundial. En él se plasma las actividades y procesos que debiera tener y realizar una empresa de telecomunicaciones “modelo” en la industria. Como resultado de éste proyecto se obtuvo el ordenamiento de los procesos actuales de la PGI, resolución por tipología, generación de data necesaria para realizar análisis sobre dichas ocurrencias y mejor percepción por parte de los clientes al momento de instalar. Se obtuvieron reducciones de hasta un 50% en llamadas no atendidas y segundos llamados, lo cual se traduce en ahorros de $6 Millones por este concepto y se generan facturaciones tempranas por montos de $9.5 Millones mensuales sólo por ADSL.

This work was written as a cumulative doctoral thesis based on reviewed publications. Climate projections are mainly based on the results of numeric simulations from global or regional climate models. Up to now processes between atmosphere and land surface are only rudimentarily known. This causes one of the major uncertainties in existing models. In order to reduce parameterisation uncertainties and to find a reasonable description of sub grid heterogeneities, the determination and evaluation of parameterisation schemes for modelling require as many datasets from different spatial scales as possible. This work contributes to this topic by implying different datasets from different platforms. Its objective was to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of land surface parameters and energy flux densities obtained from both satellite observations with different spatial and temporal resolutions and in-situ measurements. The investigations were carried out for two target areas in Germany. First, satellite data for the years 2002 and 2003 were analysed and validated from the LITFASS-area (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study). Second, the data from the experimental field sites of the FLUXNET cluster around Tharandt from the years 2006 and 2007 were used to determine the NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index for identifying vegetated areas and their "condition"). The core of the study was the determination of land surface characteristics and hence radiant and energy flux densities (net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) using the three optical satellite sensors ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spektroradiometer) and AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) with different spatial (30 m – 1 km) and temporal (1 day – 16 days) resolution. Different sensor characteristics and different data sets for land use classifications can both lead to deviations of the resultant energy fluxes between the sensors. Thus, sensor differences were quantified, sensor adaptation methods were implemented and a quality analysis for land use classifications was performed. The result is then a single parameterisation scheme that allows for the determination of the energy fluxes from all three different sensors. The main focus was the derivation of the latent heat flux (L.E) using the Penman-Monteith (P-M) approach. Satellite data provide measurements of spectral reflectance and surface temperatures. The P-M approach requires further surface parameters not offered by satellite data. These parameters include the NDVI, Leaf Area Index (LAI), wind speed, relative humidity, vegetation height and roughness length, for example. They were derived indirectly from the given satellite- or in-situ measurements. If no data were available so called default values from literature were taken. The quality of these parameters strongly influenced the exactness of the radiant- and energy fluxes. Sensitivity studies showed that NDVI is one of the most important parameters for determination of evaporation. In contrast it could be shown, that the parameters as vegetation height and measurement height have only minor influence on L.E, which justifies the use of default values for these parameters. Due to the key role of NDVI a field study was carried out investigating the spatial variability and sensitivity of NDVI above five different land use types (winter wheat, corn, grass, beech and spruce). Methods to determine this parameter not only from space (spectral), but also from in-situ tower measurements (broadband) and spectrometer data (spectral) were compared. The best agreement between the methods was found for winter wheat and grass measurements in 2006. For these land use types the results differed by less than 10 % and 15 %, respectively. Larger differences were obtained for the forest measurements. The correlation between the daily MODIS-NDVI data and the in-situ NDVI inferred from the spectrometer and the broadband measurements were r=0.67 and r=0.51, respectively. Subsequently, spatial variability of land surface parameters and fluxes were analysed. The several spatial resolutions of the satellite sensors can be used to describe subscale heterogeneity from one scale to the other and to study the effects of spatial averaging. Therefore land use dependent parameters and fluxes were investigated to find typical distribution patterns of land surface properties and energy fluxes. Implying the distribution patterns found here for albedo and NDVI from ETM+ data in models has high potential to calculate representative energy flux distributions on a coarser scale. The distribution patterns were expressed as probability density functions (PDFs). First results of applying PDFs of albedo, NDVI, relative humidity, and wind speed to the L.E computation are encouraging, and they show the high potential of this method. Summing up, the method of satellite based surface parameter- and energy flux determination has been shown to work reliably on different temporal and spatial scales. The data are useful for detailed analyses of spatial variability of a landscape and for the description of sub grid heterogeneity, as it is needed in model applications. Their usability as input parameters for modelling on different scales is the second important result of this work. The derived vegetation parameters, e.g. LAI and plant cover, possess realistic values and were used as model input for the Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service. This significantly improved the model results for L.E. Additionally, thermal parameter fields, e.g. surface temperature from ETM+ with 30 m spatial resolution, were used as input for SVAT-modelling (Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer scheme). Thus, more realistic L.E results were obtained, providing highly resolved areal information
Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde auf der Grundlage begutachteter Publikationen als kumulative Dissertation verfasst. Klimaprognosen basieren im Allgemeinen auf den Ergebnissen numerischer Simulationen mit globalen oder regionalen Klimamodellen. Eine der entscheidenden Unsicherheiten bestehender Modelle liegt in dem noch unzureichenden Verständnis von Wechselwirkungsprozessen zwischen der Atmosphäre und Landoberflächen und dem daraus folgenden Fehlen entsprechender Parametrisierungen. Um das Problem einer unsicheren Modell-Parametrisierung aufzugreifen und zum Beispiel subskalige Heterogenität in einer Art und Weise zu beschreiben, dass sie für Modelle nutzbar wird, werden für die Bestimmung und Evaluierung von Modell-Parametrisierungsansätzen so viele Datensätze wie möglich benötigt. Die Arbeit trägt zu diesem Thema durch die Verwendung verschiedener Datensätze unterschiedlicher Plattformen bei. Ziel der Studie war es, aus Satellitendaten verschiedener räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung sowie aus in-situ Daten die räumliche Heterogenität von Landoberflächenparametern und Energieflussdichten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchungen wurden für zwei Zielgebiete in Deutschland durchgeführt. Für das LITFASS-Gebiet (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study) wurden Satellitendaten der Jahre 2002 und 2003 untersucht und validiert. Zusätzlich wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine NDVI-Studie (Normalisierter Differenzen Vegetations Index: Maß zur Detektierung von Vegetationflächen, deren Vitalität und Dichte) auf den Testflächen des FLUXNET Clusters um Tharandt in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 realisiert. Die Grundlage der Arbeit bildete die Bestimmung von Landoberflächeneigenschaften und daraus resultierenden Energieflüssen, auf Basis dreier optischer Sensoren (ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) und AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)) mit unterschiedlichen räumlichen (30 m – 1 km) und zeitlichen (1 – 16 Tage) Auflösungen. Unterschiedliche Sensorcharakteristiken, sowie die Verwendung verschiedener, zum Teil ungenauer Datensätze zur Landnutzungsklassifikation führen zu Abweichungen in den Ergebnissen der einzelnen Sensoren. Durch die Quantifizierung der Sensorunterschiede, die Anpassung der Ergebnisse der Sensoren aneinander und eine Qualitätsanalyse von verschiedenen Landnutzungsklassifikationen, wurde eine Basis für eine vergleichbare Parametrisierung der Oberflächenparameter und damit auch für die daraus berechneten Energieflüsse geschaffen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Bestimmung des latenten Wärmestromes (L.E) mit Hilfe des Penman-Monteith Ansatzes (P-M). Satellitendaten liefern Messwerte der spektralen Reflexion und der Oberflächentemperatur. Die P-M Gleichung erfordert weitere Oberflächenparameter wie zum Beispiel den NDVI, den Blattflächenindex (LAI), die Windgeschwindigkeit, die relative Luftfeuchte, die Vegetationshöhe oder die Rauhigkeitslänge, die jedoch aus den Satellitendaten nicht bestimmt werden können. Sie müssen indirekt aus den oben genannten Messgrößen der Satelliten oder aus in-situ Messungen abgeleitet werden. Stehen auch aus diesen Quellen keine Daten zur Verfügung, können sogenannte Standard- (Default-) Werte aus der Literatur verwendet werden. Die Qualität dieser Parameter hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Bestimmung der Strahlungs- und Energieflüsse. Sensitivitätsstudien im Rahmen der Arbeit zeigen die Bedeutung des NDVI als einen der wichtigsten Parameter in der Verdunstungsbestimmung nach P-M. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde deutlich, dass z. B. die Vegetationshöhe und die Messhöhe einen relativ kleinen Einfluss auf L.E haben, so dass für diese Parameter die Verwendung von Standardwerten gerechtfertigt ist. Aufgrund der Schlüsselrolle, welche der NDVI in der Bestimmung der Verdunstung einnimmt, wurden im Rahmen einer Feldstudie Untersuchungen des NDVI über fünf verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen (Winterweizen, Mais, Gras, Buche und Fichte) hinsichtlich seiner räumlichen Variabilität und Sensitivität, unternommen. Dabei wurden verschiedene Bestimmungsmethoden getestet, in welchen der NDVI nicht nur aus Satellitendaten (spektral), sondern auch aus in-situ Turmmessungen (breitbandig) und Spekrometermessungen (spektral) ermittelt wird. Die besten Übereinstimmungen der Ergebnisse wurden dabei für Winterweizen und Gras für das Jahr 2006 gefunden. Für diese Landnutzungstypen betrugen die Maximaldifferenzen aus den drei Methoden jeweils 10 beziehungsweise 15 %. Deutlichere Differenzen ließen sich für die Forstflächen verzeichnen. Die Korrelation zwischen Satelliten- und Spektrometermessung betrug r=0.67. Für Satelliten- und Turmmessungen ergab sich ein Wert von r=0.5. Basierend auf den beschriebenen Vorarbeiten wurde die räumliche Variabilität von Landoberflächenparametern und Flüssen untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen räumlichen Auflösungen der Satelliten können genutzt werden, um zum einen die subskalige Heterogenität zu beschreiben, aber auch, um den Effekt räumlicher Mittelungsverfahren zu testen. Dafür wurden Parameter und Energieflüsse in Abhängigkeit der Landnutzungsklasse untersucht, um typische Verteilungsmuster dieser Größen zu finden. Die Verwendung der Verteilungsmuster (in Form von Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichteverteilungen – PDFs), die für die Albedo und den NDVI aus ETM+ Daten gefunden wurden, bietet ein hohes Potential als Modellinput, um repräsentative PDFs der Energieflüsse auf gröberen Skalen zu erhalten. Die ersten Ergebnisse in der Verwendung der PDFs von Albedo, NDVI, relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit und Windgeschwindigkeit für die Bestimmung von L.E waren sehr ermutigend und zeigten das hohe Potential der Methode. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Methode der Ableitung von Oberflächenparametern und Energieflüssen aus Satellitendaten zuverlässige Daten auf verschiedenen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen liefert. Die Daten sind für eine detaillierte Analyse der räumlichen Variabilität der Landschaft und für die Beschreibung der subskaligen Heterogenität, wie sie oft in Modellanwendungen benötigt wird, geeignet. Ihre Nutzbarkeit als Inputparameter in Modellen auf verschiedenen Skalen ist das zweite wichtige Ergebnis der Arbeit. Aus Satellitendaten abgeleitete Vegetationsparameter wie der LAI oder die Pflanzenbedeckung liefern realistische Ergebnisse, die zum Beispiel als Modellinput in das Lokalmodell des Deutschen Wetterdienstes implementiert werden konnten und die Modellergebnisse von L.E signifikant verbessert haben. Aber auch thermale Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Oberflächentemperatur aus ETM+ Daten in 30 m Auflösung, wurden als Eingabeparameter eines Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer-Modells (SVAT) verwendet. Dadurch erhält man realistischere Ergebnisse für L.E, die hochaufgelöste Flächeninformationen bieten

This work was written as a cumulative doctoral thesis based on reviewed publications. Climate projections are mainly based on the results of numeric simulations from global or regional climate models. Up to now processes between atmosphere and land surface are only rudimentarily known. This causes one of the major uncertainties in existing models. In order to reduce parameterisation uncertainties and to find a reasonable description of sub grid heterogeneities, the determination and evaluation of parameterisation schemes for modelling require as many datasets from different spatial scales as possible. This work contributes to this topic by implying different datasets from different platforms. Its objective was to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of land surface parameters and energy flux densities obtained from both satellite observations with different spatial and temporal resolutions and in-situ measurements. The investigations were carried out for two target areas in Germany. First, satellite data for the years 2002 and 2003 were analysed and validated from the LITFASS-area (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study). Second, the data from the experimental field sites of the FLUXNET cluster around Tharandt from the years 2006 and 2007 were used to determine the NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index for identifying vegetated areas and their "condition"). The core of the study was the determination of land surface characteristics and hence radiant and energy flux densities (net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) using the three optical satellite sensors ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spektroradiometer) and AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) with different spatial (30 m – 1 km) and temporal (1 day – 16 days) resolution. Different sensor characteristics and different data sets for land use classifications can both lead to deviations of the resultant energy fluxes between the sensors. Thus, sensor differences were quantified, sensor adaptation methods were implemented and a quality analysis for land use classifications was performed. The result is then a single parameterisation scheme that allows for the determination of the energy fluxes from all three different sensors. The main focus was the derivation of the latent heat flux (L.E) using the Penman-Monteith (P-M) approach. Satellite data provide measurements of spectral reflectance and surface temperatures. The P-M approach requires further surface parameters not offered by satellite data. These parameters include the NDVI, Leaf Area Index (LAI), wind speed, relative humidity, vegetation height and roughness length, for example. They were derived indirectly from the given satellite- or in-situ measurements. If no data were available so called default values from literature were taken. The quality of these parameters strongly influenced the exactness of the radiant- and energy fluxes. Sensitivity studies showed that NDVI is one of the most important parameters for determination of evaporation. In contrast it could be shown, that the parameters as vegetation height and measurement height have only minor influence on L.E, which justifies the use of default values for these parameters. Due to the key role of NDVI a field study was carried out investigating the spatial variability and sensitivity of NDVI above five different land use types (winter wheat, corn, grass, beech and spruce). Methods to determine this parameter not only from space (spectral), but also from in-situ tower measurements (broadband) and spectrometer data (spectral) were compared. The best agreement between the methods was found for winter wheat and grass measurements in 2006. For these land use types the results differed by less than 10 % and 15 %, respectively. Larger differences were obtained for the forest measurements. The correlation between the daily MODIS-NDVI data and the in-situ NDVI inferred from the spectrometer and the broadband measurements were r=0.67 and r=0.51, respectively. Subsequently, spatial variability of land surface parameters and fluxes were analysed. The several spatial resolutions of the satellite sensors can be used to describe subscale heterogeneity from one scale to the other and to study the effects of spatial averaging. Therefore land use dependent parameters and fluxes were investigated to find typical distribution patterns of land surface properties and energy fluxes. Implying the distribution patterns found here for albedo and NDVI from ETM+ data in models has high potential to calculate representative energy flux distributions on a coarser scale. The distribution patterns were expressed as probability density functions (PDFs). First results of applying PDFs of albedo, NDVI, relative humidity, and wind speed to the L.E computation are encouraging, and they show the high potential of this method. Summing up, the method of satellite based surface parameter- and energy flux determination has been shown to work reliably on different temporal and spatial scales. The data are useful for detailed analyses of spatial variability of a landscape and for the description of sub grid heterogeneity, as it is needed in model applications. Their usability as input parameters for modelling on different scales is the second important result of this work. The derived vegetation parameters, e.g. LAI and plant cover, possess realistic values and were used as model input for the Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service. This significantly improved the model results for L.E. Additionally, thermal parameter fields, e.g. surface temperature from ETM+ with 30 m spatial resolution, were used as input for SVAT-modelling (Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer scheme). Thus, more realistic L.E results were obtained, providing highly resolved areal information
Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde auf der Grundlage begutachteter Publikationen als kumulative Dissertation verfasst. Klimaprognosen basieren im Allgemeinen auf den Ergebnissen numerischer Simulationen mit globalen oder regionalen Klimamodellen. Eine der entscheidenden Unsicherheiten bestehender Modelle liegt in dem noch unzureichenden Verständnis von Wechselwirkungsprozessen zwischen der Atmosphäre und Landoberflächen und dem daraus folgenden Fehlen entsprechender Parametrisierungen. Um das Problem einer unsicheren Modell-Parametrisierung aufzugreifen und zum Beispiel subskalige Heterogenität in einer Art und Weise zu beschreiben, dass sie für Modelle nutzbar wird, werden für die Bestimmung und Evaluierung von Modell-Parametrisierungsansätzen so viele Datensätze wie möglich benötigt. Die Arbeit trägt zu diesem Thema durch die Verwendung verschiedener Datensätze unterschiedlicher Plattformen bei. Ziel der Studie war es, aus Satellitendaten verschiedener räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung sowie aus in-situ Daten die räumliche Heterogenität von Landoberflächenparametern und Energieflussdichten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchungen wurden für zwei Zielgebiete in Deutschland durchgeführt. Für das LITFASS-Gebiet (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study) wurden Satellitendaten der Jahre 2002 und 2003 untersucht und validiert. Zusätzlich wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine NDVI-Studie (Normalisierter Differenzen Vegetations Index: Maß zur Detektierung von Vegetationflächen, deren Vitalität und Dichte) auf den Testflächen des FLUXNET Clusters um Tharandt in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 realisiert. Die Grundlage der Arbeit bildete die Bestimmung von Landoberflächeneigenschaften und daraus resultierenden Energieflüssen, auf Basis dreier optischer Sensoren (ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) und AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)) mit unterschiedlichen räumlichen (30 m – 1 km) und zeitlichen (1 – 16 Tage) Auflösungen. Unterschiedliche Sensorcharakteristiken, sowie die Verwendung verschiedener, zum Teil ungenauer Datensätze zur Landnutzungsklassifikation führen zu Abweichungen in den Ergebnissen der einzelnen Sensoren. Durch die Quantifizierung der Sensorunterschiede, die Anpassung der Ergebnisse der Sensoren aneinander und eine Qualitätsanalyse von verschiedenen Landnutzungsklassifikationen, wurde eine Basis für eine vergleichbare Parametrisierung der Oberflächenparameter und damit auch für die daraus berechneten Energieflüsse geschaffen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Bestimmung des latenten Wärmestromes (L.E) mit Hilfe des Penman-Monteith Ansatzes (P-M). Satellitendaten liefern Messwerte der spektralen Reflexion und der Oberflächentemperatur. Die P-M Gleichung erfordert weitere Oberflächenparameter wie zum Beispiel den NDVI, den Blattflächenindex (LAI), die Windgeschwindigkeit, die relative Luftfeuchte, die Vegetationshöhe oder die Rauhigkeitslänge, die jedoch aus den Satellitendaten nicht bestimmt werden können. Sie müssen indirekt aus den oben genannten Messgrößen der Satelliten oder aus in-situ Messungen abgeleitet werden. Stehen auch aus diesen Quellen keine Daten zur Verfügung, können sogenannte Standard- (Default-) Werte aus der Literatur verwendet werden. Die Qualität dieser Parameter hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Bestimmung der Strahlungs- und Energieflüsse. Sensitivitätsstudien im Rahmen der Arbeit zeigen die Bedeutung des NDVI als einen der wichtigsten Parameter in der Verdunstungsbestimmung nach P-M. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde deutlich, dass z. B. die Vegetationshöhe und die Messhöhe einen relativ kleinen Einfluss auf L.E haben, so dass für diese Parameter die Verwendung von Standardwerten gerechtfertigt ist. Aufgrund der Schlüsselrolle, welche der NDVI in der Bestimmung der Verdunstung einnimmt, wurden im Rahmen einer Feldstudie Untersuchungen des NDVI über fünf verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen (Winterweizen, Mais, Gras, Buche und Fichte) hinsichtlich seiner räumlichen Variabilität und Sensitivität, unternommen. Dabei wurden verschiedene Bestimmungsmethoden getestet, in welchen der NDVI nicht nur aus Satellitendaten (spektral), sondern auch aus in-situ Turmmessungen (breitbandig) und Spekrometermessungen (spektral) ermittelt wird. Die besten Übereinstimmungen der Ergebnisse wurden dabei für Winterweizen und Gras für das Jahr 2006 gefunden. Für diese Landnutzungstypen betrugen die Maximaldifferenzen aus den drei Methoden jeweils 10 beziehungsweise 15 %. Deutlichere Differenzen ließen sich für die Forstflächen verzeichnen. Die Korrelation zwischen Satelliten- und Spektrometermessung betrug r=0.67. Für Satelliten- und Turmmessungen ergab sich ein Wert von r=0.5. Basierend auf den beschriebenen Vorarbeiten wurde die räumliche Variabilität von Landoberflächenparametern und Flüssen untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen räumlichen Auflösungen der Satelliten können genutzt werden, um zum einen die subskalige Heterogenität zu beschreiben, aber auch, um den Effekt räumlicher Mittelungsverfahren zu testen. Dafür wurden Parameter und Energieflüsse in Abhängigkeit der Landnutzungsklasse untersucht, um typische Verteilungsmuster dieser Größen zu finden. Die Verwendung der Verteilungsmuster (in Form von Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichteverteilungen – PDFs), die für die Albedo und den NDVI aus ETM+ Daten gefunden wurden, bietet ein hohes Potential als Modellinput, um repräsentative PDFs der Energieflüsse auf gröberen Skalen zu erhalten. Die ersten Ergebnisse in der Verwendung der PDFs von Albedo, NDVI, relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit und Windgeschwindigkeit für die Bestimmung von L.E waren sehr ermutigend und zeigten das hohe Potential der Methode. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Methode der Ableitung von Oberflächenparametern und Energieflüssen aus Satellitendaten zuverlässige Daten auf verschiedenen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen liefert. Die Daten sind für eine detaillierte Analyse der räumlichen Variabilität der Landschaft und für die Beschreibung der subskaligen Heterogenität, wie sie oft in Modellanwendungen benötigt wird, geeignet. Ihre Nutzbarkeit als Inputparameter in Modellen auf verschiedenen Skalen ist das zweite wichtige Ergebnis der Arbeit. Aus Satellitendaten abgeleitete Vegetationsparameter wie der LAI oder die Pflanzenbedeckung liefern realistische Ergebnisse, die zum Beispiel als Modellinput in das Lokalmodell des Deutschen Wetterdienstes implementiert werden konnten und die Modellergebnisse von L.E signifikant verbessert haben. Aber auch thermale Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Oberflächentemperatur aus ETM+ Daten in 30 m Auflösung, wurden als Eingabeparameter eines Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer-Modells (SVAT) verwendet. Dadurch erhält man realistischere Ergebnisse für L.E, die hochaufgelöste Flächeninformationen bieten

La classification d'une image ETM+ de Landsat a été réalisée pour la cartographie des types de couverture du sol dans la moitié sud du parc national du Canada Auyuittuq. Le projet fait appel à l'analyse d'image par objets spatiaux (object-based image analysis ). Le logiciel eCognition 4.0 permet une segmentation hiérarchique de l'image qui est analogue au concept de l'inventaire écologique des parcs nationaux. Un territoire d'environ 8 300 km 2 a été cartographié à trois niveaux de perception différents à partir d'une image acquise le 13 août 2000. Un modèle numérique d'altitude fut incorporé au projet et de nombreux indices spectraux ont été calculés à partir des données ETM + . Le niveau de segmentation brute comporte 375 312 objets regroupés en 36 classes. À ce niveau, la structure de classification repose sur 118 règles référant aux paramètres spectraux, spatiaux et topographiques des segments. Ces règles combinent des systèmes de seuillages chiffrés et des opérations de tri au plus proche voisin. L'attribution des segments aux classes du projet est tributaire de ces règles et répond à une logique floue. À la suite d'une fusion de segments et d'un premier regroupement de classes, on obtient le second niveau du projet, qui compte 102 239 objets et 28 classes thématiques. Ce niveau s'apparente aux"écotypes" au sens de l'inventaire écologique des parcs nationaux. Un second regroupement réduit à 9 le nombre de classes et à 36 887 le nombre d'objets, ce qui se rapproche d'une cartographie des «écosystèmes » de l'inventaire écologique. Sur le terrain, 315 relevés photographiques de la végétation ont été réalisés dans les vallées Akshayuk et Naqsaq. Pour chaque relevé, les pourcentages de couverture de 5 strates végétales ont été estimés, de manière à ranger les relevés dans 8 classes de végétation connues a priori. Dans l'image, ce sont 135 segments qui ont pu être retenus comme échantillons. De ce nombre, 71 et 64 échantillons furent retenus respectivement pour l'entraînement et la validation de la classification au plus proche voisin qui fut réalisée pour la végétation. L'exactitude générale de la classification de la végétation a été estimée à 54,7 %. Contrairement à la végétation, le couvert non-végétal est classifié suivant principalement un système de règles, lesquelles décrivent le comportement spectral de 34 types de surfaces selon une structure de classification hiérarchique.La classification des 20 écotypes non-végétaux a été validée par photo-interprétation à l'aide de 992 segments-non-végétale est évaluée à 83,2 %. Une fois synthétisée au niveau des écosystèmes, la classification atteint un taux de succès global de 92,7 %. Pour la classification de la végétation, l'analyse d'image par objets spatiaux livre une cartographie dont l'exactitude est équivalente à celle d'une classification basée sur le pixel réalisée par Parcs Canada pour la même image (54,7 % vs 53,4 %). Notre stratification comporte cependant un plus grand nombre de catégories non-végétales et leur classification atteint un niveau d'exactitude supérieur. L'analyse par objet spatiaux nous a permis d'aller au-delà de l'analyse pûrement spectrale pour incorporer des paramètres texturaux, géométriques et contextuels à la procédure de classification. Elle résulte en une représentation plus synthétique de l'information cartographique que la classification basée sur le pixel, mais les patrons spatiaux les plus fins des milieux les plus hétérogènes sont alors perdus.La structure de classification développée pour notre image peut être transposée avec succès vers une nouvelle image, mais ceci exige que soient apportés des ajustements aux règles de classification, voire l'ajout ou la suppréssion de certaines règles.La segmentation hiérarchique s'avère utile comme analogue au concept de l'inventaire écologique des parcs nationaux. Les informations véhiculées par chacun des niveaux de notre classification sont des intrants importants pour l'inventaire écologique du parc national du Canada Auyuittuq. Une typologie définitive reste à définir tant pour la classification de la végétation que pour le couvert non-végétal des parcs nationaux de l'Arctique. Des clés de classification seraient requises pour traduire ces typologies en paramètres reconnaissables sur le terrain. En mettant en commun les diverses données de terrain existantes pour le parc national du Canada Auyuittuq et en les structurant selon ces typologies, on obtiendrait une banque d'échantillons augmentée et plus cohérente. De telles données de références s'avéreraient une base solide pour la validation des classifications présentement disponibles ainsi que pour la mise en oeuvre de travaux futurs en matière d'inventaire écologique pour le parc national du Canada Auyuittuq.

Geographic Information System technology today allows for the rapid analysis of vast amounts of spatial and non-spatial data. The power of a GIS can only be effected with the rapid collection of accurate input data. This is particularly true in the case of the South African National Working for Water (WFW) Programme where large volumes of spatial data on alien vegetation infestations are captured throughout the country. Alien vegetation clearing contracts cannot be generated, for WFW, without this data, so that the accurate capture of such data is crucial to the success of the programme. Mapping Invasive Alien Plant (IAP) data within WFW is a perennial problem (Coetzee, pers com, 2002), because not enough mapping is being done to meet the annual requirements of the programme in the various provinces. This is re-iterated by Richardson, 2004, who states that there is a shortage of accurate data on IAP abundance in South Africa. Therefore there is a need to investigate alternate methods of data capture; such as remote sensing, whilst working within the existing WFW data capture standards. The aim of this research was to investigate the use of Landsat ETM imagery as a data capture source for mapping alien vegetation for the WFW Programme in terms of their approved mapping methods, for both automated and manual classification techniques. The automated and manual classification results were compared to control data captured by differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS). The research tested the various methods of data capture using Landsat ETM images over a range of study sites of varying complexity: a simple grassland area, a medium complexity grassy fynbos site and a complicated indigenous forest site. An important component of the research was to develop a mapping (classification) Ranking System based upon variables identified by WFW as fundamental in data capture decision making: spatial and positional accuracy, time constraints and cost constraints for three typical alien invaded areas. The mapping Ranking System compared the results of the various mapping methods for each factor for the study sites against each other. This provided an indication of which mapping method is the most efficient or suitable for a particular area.