Academic literature on the topic 'Eticlopride'

Hypophonia is an early symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that involves an increase in laryngeal muscle activity, interfering with voice production. Our aim was to use an animal model to better understand the role of different dopamine receptor subtypes in the control of laryngeal neurophysiology. First, we evaluated the combined effects of SCH23390—a D1 receptor antagonist with a D2 receptor antagonist (eticlopride) on laryngeal neurophysiology, and then tested the separate effects of selective receptor antagonists. Thyroarytenoid (TA) and gastrocnemius (GN) muscle activity was measured at rest and while stimulating the internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve to elicit the laryngeal adductor response (LAR) in alpha-chloralose–anesthetized rats. Paired stimuli at different interstimulus intervals between 250 and 5,000 ms measured central conditioning of the LAR. Changes in resting muscle activity, response latency, amplitude, and LAR conditioning after each drug were compared with the saline control. SCH23390 alone increased the resting TA muscle activity ( P < 0.05). With the combined SCH23390 + eticlopride or SCH23390 alone, response latency decreased ( P < 0.01), amplitude increased ( P < 0.01), and the test LAR was reduced at 2,000-ms ISI ( P < 0.01). No LAR changes occurred when eticlopride was administered alone at a low dose and only a tendency to suppress responses was found at a high dose. No changes in GN muscle activity occurred in any of the groups. The results suggest that a loss of stimulation of D1 receptors plays a significant role in laryngeal pathophysiology in PD.

The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of D1-and D2-dopamine receptors blockade on the changes in the ventricular content of catecholamines in rats withdrawn from morphine. Rats were given morphine by subcutaneous (sc) implantation of morphine pellets for 5 days. On the eighth day, morphine withdrawal was induced by sc administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg), and rats were killed 30 min later. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 (dopamine D1, D5 receptor antagonist) 15 min prior to naloxone administration suppressed some the behavioural signs of morphine withdrawal, whereas eticlopride (dopamine D2, D3, D4 receptor antagonist) did not. In addition, biochemical analysis indicate that SCH 23390 completely abolished the withdrawal-induced increase in noradrenaline and dopamine turnover in the right ventricle. By contrast, eticlopride did not block the hyperactivity of catecholaminergic neurons in the heart during morphine withdrawal. These data suggest that the hyperactivity of catecholaminergic neurons in the heart during morphine withdrawal is dependent upon D1 dopamine receptor activation. In addition, our results exclude the involvement of D2 dopamine receptors.Key words: morphine withdrawal, right ventricle, catecholaminergic activity.

We examined the role and the peripheral mechanism of action of central dopamine on basal pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious rats. Rats were fitted with bile and pancreatic catheters to collect bile and pancreatic juice separately and also with a left lateral brain ventricle and external jugular vein catheters. After 90-min basal collection, the D1- and D2-receptor antagonists (Sch-23390 and eticlopride, respectively) and dopamine were administered into the lateral brain ventricle. Sch-23390 (30, 100, and 300 nmol/rat), but not eticlopride (300 nmol/rat), stimulated pancreatic fluid and protein secretion. Dopamine (30, 100, and 300 nmol/rat) inhibited pancreatic secretion dose dependently. Pretreatment with Sch-23390 prevented the inhibitory effect of dopamine. Intravenously injected Sch-23390 or dopamine had no effect on pancreatic secretion. The inhibitory effect of dopamine was blocked by bretylium, an inhibitor of norepinephrine release, and phentolamine, an α-blocker, but not by vagotomy. The β-antagonist propranolol alone significantly inhibited basal pancreatic secretion, and dopamine did not modify the inhibitory effect of propranolol. The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole partially but not completely reduced the inhibition by dopamine. These results suggest that central dopamine inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion via D1-like receptors and that the inhibitory effect is mediated via sympathetic nerves, especially α-adrenoceptors.

Wang, Yu, Krisztina Harsanyi, and Stuart C. Mangel. Endogenous activation of dopamine D2 receptors regulates dopamine release in the fish retina. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 439–449, 1997. In the fish retina, horizontal cell electrical coupling and light responsiveness is regulated by activation of dopamine D1 receptors that are located on the horizontal cells themselves. The effects of dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor agonists and antagonists on cone horizontal cell light responses were studied in in vitro superfused goldfish retinas. Horizontal cell light responses and electrical coupling were assessed by monitoring responses to full-field stimuli and to small, centered (0.4 mm diam) spots of light, respectively. Dopamine (0.2–10 μM) application uncoupled horizontal cells and decreased their responses to full-field stimuli. Application of the D2 antagonist eticlopride (10–50 μM) produced similar effects, whereas quinpirole (0.1–10 μM), a D2 agonist, had the opposite effects. The uncoupling effect of eticlopride was blocked by prior application of SCH23390 (10 μM), a D1 receptor antagonist, and was eliminated after destruction of dopaminergic neurons by prior treatment of the retinas with 6-hydroxydopamine. The effects of these D2 drugs were observed following flickering light stimulation, but were not observed following sustained light stimulation. Application of the D2 antagonists sulpiride (0.5–20 μM) and spiperone (0.25–10 μM) uncoupled horizontal cells when the total concentration of divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) in the Ringer solution was 1.1 mM. However, when the concentration of divalent cations was 0.2 mM, spiperone had no effect on the horizontal cells and sulpiride increased coupling. In contrast, eticlopride uncoupled the cells and decreased their light responsiveness irrespective of the concentration of divalent cations. The effects of quinpirole also depended on the concentration of divalent cations; its coupling effect was reduced when the divalent cation concentration was increased from 0.2 to 1.0 mM. The results suggest that activation of D2 receptors in the fish retina by endogenous dopamine decreases dopamine release and is greater after flickering compared with sustained light stimulation. These D2 receptors thus function as presynaptic autoreceptors that inhibit dopamine release from dopaminergic cells. In addition, the results also indicate that the effectiveness of some D2 drugs at these receptors is dependent on the concentration of divalent cations.

Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) synthesize several major neurotransmitters, including dopamine (DA), GABA, and glutamate. To classify VTA single-unit neural activity from freely moving rats, we used hierarchical agglomerative clustering and probability distributions as quantitative methods. After many parameters were examined, a firing rate of 10 Hz emerged as a transition frequency between clusters of low-firing and high-firing neurons. To form a subgroup identified as high-firing neurons with GABAergic characteristics, the high-firing classification was sorted by spike duration. To form a subgroup identified as putative DA neurons, the low-firing classification was sorted by DA D2-type receptor pharmacological responses to quinpirole and eticlopride. Putative DA neurons were inhibited by the D2-type receptor agonist quinpirole and returned to near-baseline firing rates or higher following the D2-type receptor antagonist eticlopride. Other unit types showed different responses to these D2-type receptor drugs. A multidimensional comparison of neural properties indicated that these subgroups often clustered independently of each other with minimal overlap. Firing pattern variability reliably distinguished putative DA neurons from other unit types. A combination of phasic burst properties and a low skew in the interspike interval distribution produced a neural population that was comparable to the one sorted by D2 pharmacology. These findings provide a quantitative statistical approach for the classification of VTA neurons in unanesthetized animals.

AbstractPropofol has shown strong addictive properties in rats and humans. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) modulate dopamine signal and addictive behaviors such as cocaine- and amphetamine-induced self-administration. However, whether A2AR can modulate propofol addiction remains unknown. AAV-shA2AR was intra-NAc injected 3 weeks before the propofol self-administration training to test the impacts of NAc A2AR on establishing the self-administration model with fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule. Thereafter, the rats were withdrawal from propofol for 14 days and tested cue-induced reinstatement of propofol seeking behavior on day 15. The propofol withdrawal rats received one of the doses of CGS21680 (A2AR agonist, 2.5–10.0 ng/site), MSX-3 (A2AR antagonist, 5.0–20.0 μg/site) or eticlopride (D2 receptor (D2R) antagonist, 0.75–3.0 μg/site) or vehicle via intra-NAc injection before relapse behavior test. The numbers of active and inactive nose-poke response were recorded. Focal knockdown A2AR by shA2AR did not affect the acquisition of propofol self-administration behavior, but enhance cue-induced reinstatement of propofol self-administration compared with the AAV-shCTRLgroup. Pharmacological activation of the A2AR by CGS21680 (≥ 5.0 ng/site) attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of propofol self-administration behavior. Similarly, pharmacological blockade of D2R by eticlopride (0.75–3.0 μg/site) attenuated propofol seeking behavior. These effects were reversed by the administration of MSX-3 (5.0–20.0 μg/site). The A2AR- and D2R-mediated effects on propofol relapse were not confounded by the learning process, and motor activity as the sucrose self-administration and locomotor activity were not affected by all the treatments. This study provides genetic and pharmacological evidence that NAc A2AR activation suppresses cue-induced propofol relapse in rats, possibly by interacting with D2R.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of acute eticlopride (0.02 mg/kg, D2 antagonist) treatment, given immediately before training, in rats neonatally treated with quinpirole, which has been shown to produce long-term D2 receptor supersensitization. Rats were given quinpirole (1mg/kg) or saline treatment from P1-21. Beginning on P22, rats were administered eticlopride or saline (i.p.) fifteen mins before each of seven days of training. Rats were tested on the Morris water task (MWT). For the first three consecutive days, rats were tested on the place version of the MWT with a stationary platform. Animals were given 24 training trials followed by a probe trial, and swim patterns were analyzed with platform removed. The next day, animals began testing on the match-to-place version for four consecutive days and two daily trials were given with the platform moved to a new location each day. On both the search time and target visit measures of the probe trial, animals neonatally treated with quinpirole demonstrated a deficit, and eticlopride eliminated this deficit. Interestingly, animals neonatally treated with saline but given eticlopride before training also demonstrated a deficit on both measures. On the match-to-place version, the difference in latency to locate the platform between the two daily trials served as the dependent measure. Similar to the MWT place version, eticlopride treatment eliminated deficits produced by neonatal quinpirole treatment on this task, and eticlopride produced a deficit in saline controls. This study demonstrates that in a model of dopamine D2 supersensitivity, it appears that the increased sensitivity of the D2 receptor is important for cognitive function.

RATIONALE: Previous studies have shown that neonatal quinpirole treatment which results in long-term dopamine D2 receptor supersensitization (D2 receptor priming) produces cognitive deficits in preweanling and adult rats behaviorally tested on the Morris water task (MWT).OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to analyze whether pretraining administration of the D2 antagonist eticlopride alleviates cognitive deficits produced by neonatal quinpirole treatment.METHODS: Both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with quinpirole HCl (1 mg/kg) or saline from postnatal days 1 to 21. From P22 to P24, rats were tested on the place version of the MWT in which a hidden platform remains stationary throughout training. From P25 to P28, rats were tested on the match-to-place version of the MWT, and rats are given a pair of daily training trials to locate the hidden platform that was moved to a new location each day. Fifteen minutes before each training session, rats were intraperitoneally administered with eticlopride (0.01 or 0.02 mg/kg) or saline.RESULTS: Pretraining eticlopride treatment alleviated cognitive deficits produced by neonatal quinpirole treatment in both male and female rats on the place version of the MWT, as well as in males tested on the match-to-place version of the MWT. However, there were no significant deficits produced by neonatal quinpirole treatment in females tested on the match-to-place version of the MWT, and control males demonstrated superiority over control females on this version of the task.CONCLUSIONS: Pretraining administration of the dopamine D2 antagonist eticlopride alleviated cognitive deficits produced by neonatal quinpirole treatment. However, it appears that the dopamine D2 receptor may have a more important influence on cognitive performance in males than in females, which may be related to increased sensitivity of the D2 receptor in males.

A introdução dos antipsicóticos na clínica psiquiátrica promoveu intensas mudanças no tratamento dos transtornos mentais. Apesar do sucesso terapêutico, a administração dos primeiros antipsicóticos, conhecidos como agentes típicos, foi associada a sérios efeitos adversos, principalmente sintomas extrapiramidais (SEP), comprometendo a adesão ao tratamento. Os SEP incluem distonias, acatisia, pseudoparkinsonismo e discinesia tardia. Após o surgimento da clozapina, uma nova geração de compostos, conhecida como agentes atípicos, de alto valor terapêutico e reduzida incidência de SEP foi desenvolvida. Investigações conduziram a hipótese dopaminérgica da esquizofrenia e demonstraram que o efeito terapêutico destes agentes está associado ao bloqueio de receptores de dopamina da subfamília D2. Acredita-se que os agentes atípicos ocupem somente cerca de 65-80% dos receptores na região nigroestriatal e por isso atinjam o efeito terapêutico sem desencadear o surgimento de SEP, enquanto que agentes típicos ocupam níveis acima de 80%. Para explicar as diferenças entre agentes típicos e atípicos, foi proposto que, enquanto os primeiros se ligam com alta afinidade e bloqueiam os receptores por um longo período, os atípicos se ligam com baixa afinidade e se dissociam do receptor rapidamente, restabelecendo da sinalização dopaminérgica. Estudos recentes também demonstram o bloqueio de receptores D3 como importante alvo terapêutico para o tratamento da esquizofrenia e da dependência química, entre outros transtornos. Neste trabalho foi utilizada a estrutura tridimensional do receptor humano de dopamina D3 co-cristalizado com a eticloprida para investigar o perfil de ligação dos antipsicóticos eticloprida, haloperidol e risperidona neste receptor, através de métodos computacionais classicos e quânticos. A eticloprida é um potente agente com alta seletividade para receptores D2/D3 e de grande utilidade na pesquisa farmacológica. Este agente consiste no único antipsicótico co-cristalizado com um receptor de dopamina existente no momento. Nossos resultados destacam o papel central do resíduo Asp110 no ancoramento da eticloprida, além dos resíduos Val82, Val107, Cys114, Ser182, Ile183, Val189, Trp342, Phe345, Phe346 e Tyr373. Dentre estes, Val107, Ser182, Phe188, Val82 e Asn185 foram pela primeira vez relacionados diretamente com o mecanismo de ligação da eticloprida no receptor D3. O haloperidol é um agente típico com alta afinidade por receptores da subfamília D2. Apesar de estar associado ao surgimento de SEP, o haloperidol é muito utilizado na clínica por suas propriedades terapêuticas e baixo custo. A compreensão do bloqueio de receptores de dopamina pelo haloperidol é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de derivados/novos compostos com reduzido índice de SEP. Nossos resultados descrevem a orientação do haloperidol durante a interação com o receptor D3 e demonstraram a relevância dos resíduos Asp110, Cys114, Ile183, Phe345, Phe346, Tyr365 e Tyr373. A risperidona é um importante antipsicótico atípico utilizado no tratamento de esquizofrenia e sintomas de irritabilidade associado com autismo em crianças. Em nosso estudo, observamos que a risperidona pode ligar-se no receptor D3 em duas orientações distintas, RO1 e RO2. A análise da contribuição individual de cada resíduo juntamente com simulações de dinâmica molecular indicam que RO2 é mais propensa a desligar-se do receptor do que RO1, sugerindo um perfil de ligação misto, com rápida dissociação de uma fração dos antipsicóticos ligados. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo auxiliam na elucidação do mecanismo de ligação da eticloprida, haloperidol e risperidona no receptor de dopamina D3 e consolidam o uso de ferramentas clássicas e quânticas para a obtenção de estruturas tridimensionais e a análise do perfil de contribuição energética individual dos resíduos de aminoácido que compõem o sítio de ligação do receptor de dopamina D3.
The introduction of antipsychotics in the clinic significantly improved the treatment of mental diseases. Nevertheless, besides the therapeutic success of the first antipsychotics (known as typical agents), their administration was associated with serious side-effects known as extrapiramidal symptoms (EPS), that compromised the treatment. The EPS include dystonic reactions, akathisia, pseudoparkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Following the synthesis of clozapine, a new generation of antipsychotics (known as atypical agents) with reduced EPS incidence began to appear. A set of evidences lead to the dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia and many studies associated the mechanism of action of antipsychotics with the blockade of D2-like receptors. It was demonstrated that while atypical antipsychotics elicit clinical effects through 65-80% of dopamine receptor occupancy, typical agents show occupancy levels above 80%, triggering EPS. To explain the differences between typical and atypical agents, it was proposed that the former have higher affinity for the receptors, blocking them for a longer period, while atypical agents show lower affinity and are easily dissociated from the receptor, allowing the restablishment of the dopamine signaling in the nigrostriatal pathway. Recently, the blockade of D3 receptors has been discovered as an important strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia and other neurological diseases. In this study, we took advantage from the published crystallographic data of D3R complexed with eticlopride, to investigate the binding profile of the antipsychotics eticlopride, haloperidol and risperidone, through classical and quantum computational methods. Eticlopride is a potent and selective D2/D3 antagonist agent and is widely used in pharmacological research. Moreover, up to date, it is the only antipsychotic co-crystallized with a dopamine receptor. Our results highlight the central role of the residue Asp110, followed by Val82, Val107, Cys114, Ser182, Ile183, Val189, Trp342, Phe345, Phe346 and Tyr373, among others, and demonstrated for the first time the participation of Val107, Ser182, Phe188, Val82 e Asn185 in this binding. Haloperidol is a typical agent with high affinity for D2-like receptors. Although associated with the onset of EPS, haloperidol is still widely used in clinic due to its clinical properties and lower cost. In this way, the understanding of the mechanism involving dopamine receptor blockade by haloperidol is of great importance for the development of derivatives/novel agents with reduced EPS incidence. Our results unveil the conformation of haloperidol during its interaction with the D3 receptor and highlight the role of residues Asp110, Cys114, Ile183, Phe345, Phe346, Tyr365 and Tyr373. Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotics used in the treatment of schizophrenia and symptoms of irritability associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. Our results show that risperidone binds to D3 receptor in two possible orientations, RO1 and RO2. The analyses of the individual amino acid contribution and the molecular dynamics simulations indicated that RO2 exhibits a trend to dissociate faster from the receptor than RO1, suggesting the existence of a mixing binding profile, with a fast-off behavior observed in only a fraction of ligands corresponding to orientation RO2. Our results give support to the understanding of the binding mechanisms of the important antipsychotics eticlopride, haloperidol and risperidone in the human dopamine receptor D3. Also, our results highlight the relevance of the use of classical and quantum approaches in the modeling and analysis of the individual energy contribution of every amino acid residue in the binding site of the D3 dopamine receptor.