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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethylene sensor'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Agarwal, Mangilal, Mercyma D. Balachandran, Sudhir Shrestha, and Kody Varahramyan. "SnO2Nanoparticle-Based Passive Capacitive Sensor for Ethylene Detection." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/145406.

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A passive capacitor-based ethylene sensor using SnO2nanoparticles is presented for the detection of ethylene gas. The nanoscale particle size (10 nm to 15 nm) and film thickness (1300 nm) of the sensing dielectric layer in the capacitor model aid in sensing ethylene at room temperature and eliminate the need for microhotplates used in existing bulk SnO2-resistive sensors. The SnO2-sensing layer is deposited using room temperature dip coating process on flexible polyimide substrates with copper as the top and bottom plates of the capacitor. The capacitive sensor fabricated with SnO2nanoparticles as the dielectric showed a total decrease in capacitance of 5 pF when ethylene gas concentration was increased from 0 to 100 ppm. A 7 pF decrease in capacitance was achieved by introducing a 10 nm layer of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) alloy deposited on the SnO2layer. This also improved the response time by 40%, recovery time by 28%, and selectivity of the sensor to ethylene mixed in a CO2gas environment by 66%.
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2

Kathirvelan, Jayaraman, and Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan. "Review on sensitive and selective ethylene detection methods for fruit ripening application." Sensor Review 40, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2019-0251.

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Purpose This work encompasses the various laboratory-based and portable methods evolved in recent times for sensitive and selective detection of ethylene for fruit-ripening application. The role of ethylene in natural and artificial fruit ripening and the associated health hazards are well known. So there is a growing need for ethylene detection. This paper aims to highlight potential methods developed for ethylene detection by various researchers, including ours. Intense efforts by various researchers have been on since 2014 for societal benefits. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on types of sensors, fabrication methods and signal conditioning circuits for ethylene detection in ppm levels for various applications. The authors have already designed, developed a laboratory-based set-up belonging to the electrochemical and optical methods for detection of ethylene. Findings The authors have developed a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based chemical sensor whose performance is higher than the reported sensor in terms of material, sensitivity and response, the sensor element being multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in comparison to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). Also the authors have developed infrared (IR)-based physical sensor for the first time based on the strong IR absorption of ethylene at 10.6 µm. These methods have been compared with literature based on comparable parameters. The review highlights the potential possibilities for development of portable device for field applications. Originality/value The authors have reported new chemical and physical sensors for ethylene detection and quantification. It is demonstrated that it could be used for fruit-ripening applications A comparison of reported methods and potential opportunities is discussed.
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3

Li, Xian, Chengcheng Xu, Xiaosong Du, Zhen Wang, Wenjun Huang, Jie Sun, Yang Wang, and Zhemin Li. "Assembled Reduced Graphene Oxide/Tungsten Diselenide/Pd Heterojunction with Matching Energy Bands for Quick Banana Ripeness Detection." Foods 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11131879.

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The monitoring of ethylene is of great importance to fruit and vegetable quality, yet routine techniques rely on manual and complex operation. Herein, a chemiresistive ethylene sensor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/tungsten diselenide (WSe2)/Pd heterojunctions was designed for room-temperature (RT) ethylene detection. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and quick p-type response/recovery (33/13 s) to 10–100 ppm ethylene at RT, and full reversibility and excellent selectivity to ethylene were also achieved. Such excellent ethylene sensing behaviors could be attributed to the synergistic effects of ethylene adsorption abilities derived from the negative adsorption energy and the promoted electron transfer across the WSe2/Pd and rGO/WSe2 interfaces through band energy alignment. Furthermore, its application feasibility to banana ripeness detection was verified by comparison with routine technique through simulation experiments. This work provides a feasible methodology toward designing and fabricating RT ethylene sensors, and may greatly push forward the development of modernized intelligent agriculture.
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4

Chen, Xiaohu, Ryan Wreyford, and Noushin Nasiri. "Recent Advances in Ethylene Gas Detection." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 5813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175813.

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The real-time detecting and monitoring of ethylene gas molecules could benefit the agricultural, horticultural and healthcare industries. In this regard, we comprehensively review the current state-of-the-art ethylene gas sensors and detecting technologies, covering from preconcentrator-equipped gas chromatographic systems, Fourier transform infrared technology, photonic crystal fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface acoustic wave and photoacoustic sensors, printable optically colorimetric sensor arrays to a wide range of nanostructured chemiresistive gas sensors (including the potentiometric and amperometric-type FET-, CNT- and metal oxide-based sensors). The nanofabrication approaches, working conditions and sensing performance of these sensors/technologies are carefully discussed, and a possible roadmap for the development of ethylene detection in the near future is proposed.
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5

Kathirvelan, Jayaraman, Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan, and Anna Thomas. "Ethylene detection using TiO2–WO3 composite sensor for fruit ripening applications." Sensor Review 37, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2016-0262.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to develop a chemo-resistive sensor based on TiO2–WO3 composite material to detect and estimate ethylene released from the fruit ripening process to ensure food safety. Design/methodology/approach The ethylene sensor has been fabricated using TiO2–WO3 composite material through the sol-gel method. Findings The sensitivity of the sensor obtained using the pre-calibrated ethylene is found to be 46.2 per cent at 200 ppm ethylene concentration, and the proposed sensor could measure 8 ppm as the lowest concentration. Originality/value The sensor was tested for continuous ethylene detection during natural ripening of fruits and hence is useful for ensuring food safety through discrimination of the type of fruit ripening. A TiO2–WO3 composite ethylene sensor is developed for the first time.
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6

Jordan, Larry R., Peter C. Hauser, and George A. Dawson. "Amperometric Sensor for Monitoring Ethylene." Analytical Chemistry 69, no. 4 (February 1997): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9610117.

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7

Kathirvelan, J., and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Development of Prototype Laboratory Setup for Selective Detection of Ethylene Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of Sensors 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/395035.

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We report here a prototype laboratory setup for detecting ethylene (C2H4) in ppm level employing a sensor made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes of 40 nm average tube diameter. The proposed reversible chemoresistive ethylene sensor is fabricated using Kapton as the substrate onto which carbon nanotubes are coated using thick film technology. IDT silver electrodes are printed using piezo head based ink-jet printing technology. The increases in electrical resistance of the sensor element are measured on exposure to ethylene for different ethylene concentrations using a potentiostat and data acquisition system. The increase in resistance of the calibrated sensor element on exposure to ethylene (analyte) is about 18.4% at room temperature for 50 ppm ethylene concentration. This change is reversible. Our sensor element exhibits a better performance than those reported earlier (1.8%) and it has got the rise and fall time of 10 s and 60 s, respectively. It could be used for testing the ripening of fruits.
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8

Shlenkevitch, Dima, Sara Stolyarova, Tanya Blank, Igor Brouk, Yossi Levi, and Yael Nemirovsky. "Reducing Food Waste with a Tiny CMOS-MEMS Gas Sensor, Dubbed GMOS." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08190.

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We present a tiny combustion-type gas sensor (named GMOS) fabricated using standard CMOS-SOI-MEMS technology. It is a low-cost thermal sensor with an embedded heater, catalytic layer and suspended transistor as a sensing element. The sensor principle relies on the combustion reaction of the gas that takes place on the catalytic layer. The exothermic combustion leads to a sensor temperature increase, which modifies the transistor current-voltage characteristics. The GMOS is useful for detecting different gases, such as ethanol, acetone and especially ethylene, as well as their mixtures. The sensor demonstrates an excellent sensitivity to ethylene of 40 mV/ppm and selective ethylene detection using nanoparticle catalytic layers of Pt, as well as TiO2. Along with its low energy consumption, GMOS is a promising technology for low-cost ethylene detection systems at different stages in the food supply chain, and it may help reduce global fruit and vegetable loss and waste.
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9

Pattananuwat, Prasit, and Duangdao Aht-Ong. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Polyaniline as Ethylene Gas Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.459.

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The aim of this work is to fabricate an ethylene gas sensor based on polyaniline (PANi). The conductive layer of emeraldine base PANi was prepared by electrochemical synthesis. The aqueous aniline solution in sulfuric acid was electrolyzed by repeating potential cycling between -0.4 and 1.0 V relative to the silver reference electrode and platinum counter electrode. The conductive layers of PANi were deposited on patterned interdigited gold substrate. The numbers of repeated potential cycles on the amount of deposited layers of PANi were investigated for ethylene gas detection. The morphology of PANi films was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ethylene gas sensing of PANi-H2SO4 was evaluated based on the changes in conductivity of PANi-H2SO4. The results revealed that the magnitude sensing provided a good sensitivity against ethylene with concentration in the parts per million (ppm) ranges. The effect of amount of deposited layer of PANi on ethylene gas sensing will be presented.
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10

Lakshmi Supriya, special to C&EN. "Ethylene sensor helps indicate fruit ripeness." C&EN Global Enterprise 98, no. 29 (July 27, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09829-scicon9.

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11

Yi, Hoon, Sang-Hyeon Lee, Dana Kim, Hoon Eui Jeong, and Changyoon Jeong. "Colorimetric Sensor Based on Hydroxypropyl Cellulose for Wide Temperature Sensing Range." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030886.

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Recently, temperature monitoring with practical colorimetric sensors has been highlighted because they can directly visualize the temperature of surfaces without any power sources or electrical transducing systems. Accordingly, several colorimetric sensors that convert the temperature change into visible color alteration through various physical and chemical mechanisms have been proposed. However, the colorimetric temperature sensors that can be used at subzero temperatures and detect a wide range of temperatures have not been sufficiently explored. Here, we present a colorimetric sensory system that can detect and visualize a wide range of temperatures, even at a temperature below 0 °C. This system was developed with easily affordable materials via a simple fabrication method. The sensory system is mainly fabricated using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and ethylene glycol as the coolant. In this system, HPC can self-assemble into a temperature-responsive cholesteric liquid crystalline mesophase, and ethylene glycol can prevent the mesophase from freezing at low temperatures. The colorimetric sensory system can quantitatively visualize the temperature and show repeatability in the temperature change from −20 to 25 °C. This simple and reliable sensory system has great potential as a temperature-monitoring system for structures exposed to real environments.
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12

Kuberský, Petr, Jiří Navrátil, Tomáš Syrový, Petr Sedlák, Stanislav Nešpůrek, and Aleš Hamáček. "An Electrochemical Amperometric Ethylene Sensor with Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based on Ionic Liquid." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030711.

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An electrochemical amperometric ethylene sensor with solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) and semi-planar three electrode topology involving a working, pseudoreference, and counter electrode is presented. The polymer electrolyte is based on the ionic liquid 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMIM][NTf2] immobilized in a poly(vinylidene fluoride) matrix. An innovative aerosol-jet printing technique was used to deposit the gold working electrode (WE) on the solid polymer electrolyte layer to make a unique electrochemical active SPE/WE interface. The analyte, gaseous ethylene, was detected by oxidation at 800 mV vs. the platinum pseudoreference electrode. The sensor parameters such as sensitivity, response/recovery time, repeatability, hysteresis, and limits of detection and quantification were determined and their relation to the morphology and microstructure of the SPE/WE interface examined. The use of additive printing techniques for sensor preparation demonstrates the potential of polymer electrolytes with respect to the mass production of printed electrochemical gas sensors.
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13

Kim, Minho, Hyesu Choi, Taewi Kim, Insic Hong, Yeonwook Roh, Jieun Park, SungChul Seo, Seungyong Han, Je-sung Koh, and Daeshik Kang. "FEP Encapsulated Crack-Based Sensor for Measurement in Moisture-Laden Environment." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091516.

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Among many flexible mechanosensors, a crack-based sensor inspired by a spider’s slit organ has received considerable attention due to its great sensitivity compared to previous strain sensors. The sensor’s limitation, however, lies on its vulnerability to stress concentration and the metal layers’ delamination. To address this issue of vulnerability, we used fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) as an encapsulation layer on both sides of the sensor. The excellent waterproof and chemical resistance capability of FEP may effectively protect the sensor from damage in water and chemicals while improving the durability against friction.
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14

Nabena, Erica Caesariaty Harni Prima, Brian Yuliarto, Nugraha, and Muhammad Iqbal. "Synthesis Sensitive Layer of Ethylene Gas Sensor Based Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Using Water as Solvent In Precipitation Method." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 01060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815901060.

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Ethylene gas is a gas naturally released by fruits. The maturity level of these fruits could be predicted from the amount of ethylene around them. To maintain the freshness of these fruits, the concentrations of surrounding ethylene need to be monitored. Therefore, suitable gas sensor ethylene were still in progress to get good respond. In this paper systhesis of pure SnO2 nanoparticle from SnCl2.2H2O and water solution in precipitation method was held. The tin oxide powder was obtained in good distribution with nanoparticle size. This nanoparticle powder was formed into thick film, using ethylene glycol as solvant. To observe this sensor characteristics, several test was held in various conditions. Gas testing used pure ethylene gas show better respond at higher than room temperature but recovery time still unsatisfying.
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15

Shaalan, Nagih M., Osama Saber, Faheem Ahmed, Abdullah Aljaafari, and Shalendra Kumar. "Growth of Defect-Induced Carbon Nanotubes for Low-Temperature Fruit Monitoring Sensor." Chemosensors 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9060131.

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Herein, a carbon nanotubes-based sensor has been grown for the purpose of ethylene detection. The prepared CNTs had a crystalline structure with a smooth surface of 11.0 nm in diameter and 10.0 µm in length. The low-intensity graphite peak (G-band) as compared to the peak of the defect (D-band) characterizes the defects in the CNTs. An MWNTs-gas sensor was fabricated for monitoring the ethylene gas. The highest response was recorded at a low operating temperature of 30 °C. The sensor was also examined at 300 ppb up to 10 ppm and it showed a response of 2% up to 28%. The sensor response and recovery time constants were varied from 60 to 300 s, depending on the gas concentration. The results that were obtained for the synthetic ethylene gas were also compared with the real measurements for banana ripening. The results confirmed that the sensor is appropriate for the monitoring of fruit ripening.
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16

Chen, Pan, Yu-Jing He, Xiao-Song Zhu, and Yi-Wei Shi. "Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Ethylene Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene Hollow Fiber." Sensors 15, no. 11 (November 3, 2015): 27917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s151127917.

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17

Zhou, Bangze, Chenchen Li, Zhanxu Liu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Qi Li, Haotian He, Yanfen Zhou, and Liang Jiang. "A Highly Sensitive and Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Dopamine-Modified Electrospun Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene Block Copolymer Yarns and Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153030.

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As wearable electronic devices have become commonplace in daily life, great advances in wearable strain sensors occurred in various fields including healthcare, robotics, virtual reality and other sectors. In this work, a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on electrospun styrene-ethylene-butene-styrene copolymer (SEBS) yarn modified by dopamine (DA) and coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was reported. Due to the process of twisting, a strain senor stretched to a strain of 1095.8% while exhibiting a tensile strength was 20.03 MPa. The strain sensor obtained a gauge factor (GF of 1.13 × 105) at a maximum strain of 215%. Concurrently, it also possessed good stability, repeatability and durability under different strain ranges, stretching speeds and 15,000 stretching-releasing cycles. Additionally, the strain sensor exhibited robust washing fastness under an ultrasonic time of 120 min at 240 W and 50 Hz. Furthermore, it had a superior sensing performance in monitoring joint motions of the human body. The high sensitivity and motion sensing performance presented here demonstrate that PDA@SEBS/MWNCTs yarn has great potential to be used as components of wearable devices.
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18

Sholehah, Amalia, Diga Fahrezi Faroz, Nurul Huda, Listya Utari, Ni Luh Wulan Septiani, and Brian Yuliarto. "Synthesis of ZnO Flakes on Flexible Substrate and Its Application on Ethylene Sensing at Room Temperature." Chemosensors 8, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8010002.

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As a hormone that determinates the level of fruit ripeness, ethylene concentration monitoring plays an important role in the agricultural field. One of the techniques that can be used to detect ethylene concentration is the sensing method. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multipurpose metal oxide semiconductor with a wide application in sensing area. Here, we use a ZnO-based flexible sensor to identify the presence of ethylene gas at certain concentrations. The as-synthesized ZnO layers were deposited on a polyethylene terephthalate-indium doped tin oxide (PET-ITO) flexible substrate using a simple electrochemical deposition method. To enhance the performance of the ethylene sensor, a small amount of silver (Ag) was added to the seeding solution. From the study, it was revealed that the ZnO-Ag layers were able to identify the presence of ethylene gas at the lowest concentration of 29 ppm. The most optimal result was obtained using 1 mM Ag. This layer demonstrated a response of 17.2% and 19.6% of ethylene gas at concentrations of 29 and 50 ppm, with recovery times of four and eight minutes, respectively.
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19

ROZE, L. V., A. M. CALVO, A. GUNTERUS, R. BEAUDRY, M. KALL, and J. E. LINZ. "Ethylene Modulates Development and Toxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Possibly via an Ethylene Sensor–Mediated Signaling Pathway." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.438.

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Ethylene, a biologically active natural compound, inhibited aflatoxin accumulation by Aspergillus parasiticus on a solid growth medium in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 0.1 to 150 ppm. The activity of the nor-1 promoter (an early aflatoxin gene) was reduced to nondetectable levels by similar quantities of ethylene, suggesting that the inhibitory effect on toxin synthesis occurred, at least in part, at the level of transcription. The inhibitory effect of ethylene on aflatoxin accumulation was also observed when A. parasiticus was grown on raw peanuts. Under similar growth conditions and doses, ethylene strongly inhibited development of asci and ascospores in Aspergillus nidulans, with no detectable effect on Hülle cell formation, conidiation, or sterigmatocystin accumulation. During early growth, A. parasiticus and A. nidulans produced ethylene with approximately twofold higher quantities measured in continuous light than in the dark. 1-Methylcyclopropene (an inhibitor of ethylene receptors in plants), light, CO2, temperature, and growth medium composition altered the effect of ethylene on A. nidulans and A. parasiticus. These observations are consistent with the existence of an ethylene sensor molecule that mediates the function of an ethylene-responsive signaling pathway(s) in Aspergillus.
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20

Unterkofler, Johanna, Gregor Glanz, Markus Koller, Reinhard Klambauer, and Alexander Bergmann. "Strain Compensation Methods for Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors Suitable for Integration into Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte." Batteries 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010034.

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Temperature is a crucial factor for the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries. During operation, the internal temperature rises above the external temperature due to poor inner thermal conductivity. Various sensors have been proposed to detect the internal temperature, including fiber Bragg grating sensors. However, to the authors’ knowledge, there is no detailed description of the encapsulation of the fiber Bragg grating sensor in the literature to shield it from strain. In this study, different encapsulation methods for strain compensation were compared to find the encapsulation material most compatible with the electrolyte. For this, we stored the proposed sensors with different encapsulation methods in ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate (EC:EMC) 3:7 with LiPF6 (lithium hexafluorophosphate) electrolyte and applied temperature changes. After evaluating the sensor encapsulation methods in terms of handling, diameter, uncertainty, usability, and hysteresis behavior, the most suitable sensor encapsulation was found to be a fused silica capillary with polyimide coating.
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21

Pattananuwat, Prasit, and Duangdao Aht-Ong. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Sensitive Layer of Polyaniline/Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.336.

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The release of ethylene gas from agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, and flowers during storage and transportation is the main cause of blooming of flowers and ripeness of fruits before their ripening phase. The ethylene gas acts as hormone plant leading to a decrease in the life time of agricultural products and a deterioration of product value. The continuous development of ethylene gas sensor is needed to increase an efficiency in detection and indicating life time cycle of agricultural products. The aims of this research were to fabricate ethylene gas sensor based on polyaniline/multiwall carbon nanotube (PANi/MWCNT) composites and to investigate the effect of MWCNT content on an improvement of its sensitivity. The sensitive layer for ethylene sensor was electrochemically synthesized from aniline in acid aqueous solution with different amounts of MWCNT. With cyclic voltammetry method, the sensitive layer of PANi/MWCNT was electrochemically synthesized via an in situ radical polymerization by repeating potential cycling in the range of -0.3 to 1.0 V relative to the silver reference electrode and platinum counter electrode. The response of these composite films for ethylene gas was evaluated by monitoring the change in electrical resistance at room temperature. After three month aging, the results revealed that the PANi/MWCNT composite films had higher response than pure PANi film and can be responded ethylene gas as lower as 10 ppm. The PANi/MWCNT composite films were characterized by fourier transform raman spectroscopy (FT-RAMAN). Thermal behaviors of PANi-MWCNT composite films were investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The morphology of PANi/MWCNT composite films were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
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22

Li, Zheng, and Kenneth S. Suslick. "Colorimetric Sensor Array for Monitoring CO and Ethylene." Analytical Chemistry 91, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04321.

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23

Rahaman, Mostafizur, Tapan Kumar Chaki, and Dipak Khastgir. "Polyaniline/ethylene vinyl acetate composites as dielectric sensor." Polymer Engineering & Science 54, no. 7 (August 2, 2013): 1632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.23714.

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24

Wu, Ying, Yuanjie Su, Junjie Bai, Guang Zhu, Xiaoyun Zhang, Zhanolin Li, Yi Xiang, and Jingliang Shi. "A Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanosensor for PH Detection." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5121572.

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A self-powered, sliding electrification based triboelectric sensor was developed for detecting PH value from a periodic contact/separation motion. This innovative, cost-effective, simply designed sensor is composed of a fluorinated ethylene propylene thin film and an array of electrodes underneath. The operation of the TENG (triboelectric nanogenerator) sensor relies on a repetitive emerging-submerging process with traveling solution waves, in which the coupling between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction gives rise to alternating flows of electrons between electrodes. On the basis of coupling effect between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, the sensor generates electric output signals which are associated with PH value. Experimental results show that the output voltage of the TENG sensor increases with the increasing PH value, which indicate that the PH value of different solution can be real-time monitored. This work not only demonstrates a new principle in the field of PH value measurement but also greatly expands the applicability of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as self-powered sensors.
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25

Levitsky, V. G., D. Y. Oshchepkov, and E. Zemlyanskaya. "DESIGN OF A NEW ETHYLENE PLANT HORMONE SENSOR BASED ON GENOME-WIDE DATA ANALYSIS OF EIN3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING." http://eng.biomos.ru/conference/articles.htm 1, no. 19 (2021): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37747/2312-640x-2021-19-199-200.

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A new structural variant of the transcription factor EIN3 binding site has been obtained. This structural variant is strongly associated with the transcriptional response to ethylene and is preferred for EIN3 binding. Based on this structural variant, a new genetic ethylene sensor was developed.
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26

Wang, Xuepei, Xinwu Li, Daqi Fu, Rajko Vidrih, and Xiaoshuan Zhang. "Ethylene Sensor-Enabled Dynamic Monitoring and Multi-Strategies Control for Quality Management of Fruit Cold Chain Logistics." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 5830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205830.

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Due to the presence of bioactive compounds, fruits are an essential part of people’s healthy diet. However, endogenous ethylene produced by climacteric fruits and exogenous ethylene in the microenvironment could play a pivotal role in the physiological and metabolic activities, leading to quality losses during storage or shelf life. Moreover, due to the variety of fruits and complex scenarios, different ethylene control strategies need to be adapted to improve the marketability of fruits and maintain their high quality. Therefore, this study proposed an ethylene dynamic monitoring based on multi-strategies control to reduce the post-harvest quality loss of fruits, which was evaluated here for blueberries, sweet cherries, and apples. The results showed that the ethylene dynamic monitoring had rapid static/dynamic response speed (2 ppm/s) and accurately monitoring of ethylene content (99% accuracy). In addition, the quality parameters evolution (firmness, soluble solids contents, weight loss rate, and chromatic aberration) showed that the ethylene multi-strategies control could effectively reduce the quality loss of fruits studied, which showed great potential in improving the quality management of fruits in the supply chain.
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27

Henning, Paul E., M. Veronica Rigo, and Peter Geissinger. "Fabrication of a Porous Fiber Cladding Material Using Microsphere Templating for Improved Response Time with Fiber Optic Sensor Arrays." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/876106.

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A highly porous optical-fiber cladding was developed for evanescent-wave fiber sensors, which contains sensor molecules, maintains guiding conditions in the optical fiber, and is suitable for sensing in aqueous environments. To make the cladding material (a poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) polymer) highly porous, a microsphere templating strategy was employed. The resulting pore network increases transport of the target analyte to the sensor molecules located in the cladding, which improves the sensor response time. This was demonstrated using fluorescein-based pH sensor molecules, which were covalently attached to the cladding material. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the structure of the templated polymer and the large network of interconnected pores. Fluorescence measurements showed a tenfold improvement in the response time for the templated polymer and a reliable pH response over a pH range of five to nine with an estimated accuracy of 0.08 pH units.
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28

Oleksenko, Lyudmila, George Fedorenko, Igor Matushko, Nelly Maksymovych, and Inna Vasylenko. "Perspectives for usage of adsorption semiconductor sensors based on Pd/SnO2 in environmental monitoring of carbon monoxide and methane emission." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128006003.

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Nanosized semiconductor sensor materials based on SnO2 with different palladium contents were obtained via zol-gel technology with the use of ethylene glycol and hydrate of tin (VI) chloride as precursors. Morphology and phase composition of nanosized sensor materials were studied by X-ray diffraction and TEM methods. Catalytic activities of the Pd/SnO2 nanomaterials in the reaction of H2 and CO oxidation were investigated. Adsorption semiconductor sensors based on Pd/SnO2 nanomaterials were made by their calcination up to 620 0C in air and the sensors were found to be highly sensitive to presence of CO and CH4 in air ambient. Higher responses to CO of Pd-containing sensors in comparison with their responses to CH4 were confirmed by higher reaction activity of CO in catalytic oxidation reaction. Differences in sensitive properties of the sensors to methane and carbon monoxide were explained by features of the catalytic reactions of methane and carbon monoxide oxidation occurring on surfaces of the gas sensitive layers of the sensors.
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Lim, Caroline, S. Slack, S. Ufer, and E. Lindner. "Protein adsorption to planar electrochemical sensors and sensor materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476040753.

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In electrochemical sensing devices, aimed for acute and chronic in vivo application, the active surface of the sensor is often negligible compared to the overall surface area of the device in contact with the biological host. Consequently, to minimize the perturbation of an implanted sensor on the in vivo environment the chemical composition and surface texturing of the complete device (the active sensor, sensor substrate, and “accessories”) have to be considered. In our work, the adsorption of three abundant proteins (albumin, IgG, and fibrinogen) was determined quantitatively on untreated and modified sensor substrates and sensing membrane surfaces. In this study, a flexible polyimide-based material (Kapton ®) was used as sensor substrate with or without an amorphous diamond-like carbon (DLC) or an amorphous oxygen-containing DLC (o-DLC) coating. The ion-sensitive membranes were cast from high-molecular-weight (HMW) or carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and were doped with increasing concentrations of highly hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The potentiometric characteristics of the potassium-selective membranes cast with up to 6 % PEO were the same as those without PEO. However, the PEO-modified PVC membranes elicited a large amount of protein adsorption, especially in terms of albumin.
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Valente, João, Rodrigo Almeida, and Lammert Kooistra. "A Comprehensive Study of the Potential Application of Flying Ethylene-Sensitive Sensors for Ripeness Detection in Apple Orchards." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020372.

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The right moment to harvest apples in fruit orchards is still decided after persistent monitoring of the fruit orchards via local inspection and using manual instrumentation. However, this task is tedious, time consuming, and requires costly human effort because of the manual work that is necessary to sample large orchard parcels. The sensor miniaturization and the advances in gas detection technology have increased the usage of gas sensors and detectors in many industrial applications. This work explores the combination of small-sized sensors under Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to understand its suitability for ethylene sensing in an apple orchard. To accomplish this goal, a simulated environment built from field data was used to understand the spatial distribution of ethylene when subject to the orchard environment and the wind of the UAV rotors. The simulation results indicate the main driving variables of the ethylene emission. Additionally, preliminary field tests are also reported. It was demonstrated that the minimum sensing wind speed cut-off is 2 ms−1 and that a small commercial UAV (like Phantom 3 Professional) can sense volatile ethylene at less than six meters from the ground with a detection probability of a maximum of 10 % . This work is a step forward in the usage of aerial remote sensing technology to detect the optimal harvest time.
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Yılmaz, Gaye Ezgi, Yeşeren Saylan, Ilgım Göktürk, Fatma Yılmaz, and Adil Denizli. "Selective Amplification of Plasmonic Sensor Signal for Cortisol Detection Using Gold Nanoparticles." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070482.

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Herein, gold nanoparticles (AuNP)-modified cortisol-imprinted (AuNP-MIP) plasmonic sensor was developed for signal amplification and real-time cortisol determination in both aqueous and complex solutions. Firstly, the sensor surfaces were modified with 3-(trimethoxylyl)propyl methacrylate and then pre-complex was prepared using the functional monomer N-methacryloyl-L-histidine methyl ester. The monomer solution was made ready for polymerization by adding 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. In order to confirm the signal enhancing effect of AuNP, only cortisol-imprinted (MIP) plasmonic sensor was prepared without AuNP. To determine the selectivity efficiency of the imprinting process, the non-imprinted (AuNP-NIP) plasmonic sensor was also prepared without cortisol. The characterization studies of the sensors were performed with atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. The kinetic analysis of the AuNP-MIP plasmonic sensor exhibited a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.97) for a wide range (0.01–100 ppb) with a low detection limit (0.0087 ppb) for cortisol detection. Moreover, the high imprinting efficiency (k′ = 9.67) of the AuNP-MIP plasmonic sensor was determined by comparison with the AuNP-NIP plasmonic sensor. All kinetic results were validated and confirmed by HPLC.
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32

Yang, Xin, Justin Lee Kee Leong, Mingtai Sun, Linzhi Jing, Yuannian Zhang, Tian Wang, Suhua Wang, and Dejian Huang. "Quantitative Determination of Ethylene Using a Smartphone-Based Optical Fiber Sensor (SOFS) Coupled with Pyrene-Tagged Grubbs Catalyst." Biosensors 12, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12050316.

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For rapid and portable detection of ethylene in commercial fruit ripening storage rooms, we designed a smartphone-based optical fiber sensor (SOFS), which is composed of a 15 mW 365 nm laser for fluorescence signal excitation and a bifurcated fiber system for signal flow direction from probe to smartphone. Paired with a pyrene-tagged Grubbs catalyst (PYG) probe, our SOFS showed a wide linearity range up to 350 ppm with a detection limit of 0.6 ppm. The common gases in the warehouse had no significant interference with the results. The device is portable (18 cm × 8 cm × 6 cm) with an inbuilt power supply and replaceable optical fiber sensor tip. The images are processed with a dedicated smartphone application for RGB analysis and ethylene concentration. The device was applied in detection of ethylene generated from apples, avocados, and bananas. The linear correlation data showed agreement with data generated from a fluorometer. The SOFS provides a rapid, compact, cost-effective solution for determination of the fruit ethylene concentration dynamic during ripening for better fruit harvest timing and postharvest management to minimize wastage.
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Bisson, Melanie M. A., and Georg Groth. "Cyanide is an adequate agonist of the plant hormone ethylene for studying signalling of sensor kinase ETR1 at the molecular level." Biochemical Journal 444, no. 2 (May 11, 2012): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111447.

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The plant hormone ethylene is involved in many developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses in plants. Although the elements of the signalling cascade and the receptors operating the ethylene pathway have been identified, a detailed understanding of the molecular processes related to signal perception and transfer is still lacking. Analysis of these processes using purified proteins in physical, structural and functional studies is complicated by the gaseous character of the plant hormone. In the present study, we show that cyanide, a π-acceptor compound and structural analogue of ethylene, is a suitable substitute for the plant hormone for in vitro studies with purified proteins. Recombinant ethylene receptor protein ETR1 (ethylene-resistant 1) showed high level and selective binding of [14C]cyanide in the presence of copper, a known cofactor in ethylene binding. Replacement of Cys65 in the ethylene-binding domain by serine dramatically reduced binding of radiolabelled cyanide. In contrast with wild-type ETR1, autokinase activity of the receptor is not reduced in the ETR1-C65S mutant upon addition of cyanide. Additionally, protein–protein interaction with the ethylene signalling protein EIN2 (ethylene-insensitive 2) is considerably sustained by cyanide in wild-type ETR1, but is not affected in the mutant. Further evidence for the structural and functional equivalence of ethylene and cyanide is given by the fact that the ethylene-responsive antagonist silver, which is known to allow ligand binding but prevent intrinsic signal transduction, also allows specific binding of cyanide, but shows no effect on autokinase activity and ETR1–EIN2 interaction.
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34

Slobodian, Petr, Pavel Riha, Robert Olejnik, Jiri Matyas, and Rostislav Slobodian. "Microstrip Resonant Sensor for Differentiation of Components in Vapor Mixtures." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010298.

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A novel microstrip resonant vapor sensor made from a conductive multiwalled carbon nanotubes/ethylene-octene copolymer composite, of which its sensing properties were distinctively altered by vapor polarity, was developed for the detection of organic vapors. The alteration resulted from the modified composite electronic impedance due to the penetration of the vapors into the copolymer matrix, which subsequently swelled, increased the distances between the carbon nanotubes, and disrupted the conducting paths. This in turn modified the reflection coefficient frequency spectra. Since both the spectra and magnitudes of the reflection coefficients at the resonant frequencies of tested vapors were distinct, a combination of these parameters was used to identify the occurrence of a particular vapor or to differentiate components of vapor mixtures. Thus, one multivariate MWCNT/copolymer microstrip resonant sensor superseded an array of selective sensors.
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35

Wei, Shukun, Yaqing Yang, Yuan Yuan, Lingyu Du, Hongjuan Xue, and Bo OuYang. "NMR Detection and Structural Modeling of the Ethylene Receptor LeETR2 from Tomato." Membranes 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020107.

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The gaseous plant hormone ethylene influences many physiological processes in plant growth and development. Plant ethylene responses are mediated by a family of ethylene receptors, in which the N-terminal transmembrane domains are responsible for ethylene binding and membrane localization. Until now, little structural information was available on the molecular mechanism of ethylene responses by the transmembrane binding domain of ethylene receptors. Here, we screened different constructs, fusion tags, detergents, and purification methods of the transmembrane sensor domain of ethylene receptors. However, due to their highly hydrophobic transmembrane domain (TMD), only a KSI-fused LeETR21–131 from tomato yielded a good-quality nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum in the organic solvent. Interestingly, a dimer model of LeETR21–131 built by the AlphaFold2 algorithm showed greatly converged structures. The interaction analysis of ethylene and LeETR21–131 using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated the potential binding sites of ethylene in LeETR21–131. Our exploration provides valuable knowledge for further understanding of the ethylene-perception process in ethylene receptors.
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36

Blanke, M. M., and R. Shekarriz. "GOLD NANOPARTICLES AND SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOR SENSITIVE ETHYLENE DETECTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 934 (June 2012): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.934.31.

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37

Sholehah, A., D. A. Pusparasmi, and B. Yuliarto. "The application of zinc oxide layer as ethylene sensor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 541 (July 3, 2019): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/541/1/012051.

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38

Cao, Xiaoan, Guiming Feng, Haihua Gao, Xiaoqing Luo, and Hailiang Lu. "Nanosizedγ-Al2O3 + Nd2O3-based cataluminescence sensor for ethylene dichloride." Luminescence 20, no. 3 (2005): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bio.823.

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39

Chauhan, Rajat, Monica Moreno, Douglas M. Banda, Francis P. Zamborini, and Craig A. Grapperhaus. "Chemiresistive metal-stabilized thiyl radical films as highly selective ethylene sensors." RSC Adv. 4, no. 87 (2014): 46787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07560a.

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40

Schmidt, Ulrike, Margarita Guenther, and Gerald Gerlach. "Biochemical piezoresistive sensors based on pH- and glucose-sensitive hydrogels for medical applications." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0029.

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AbstractMany conventional analysis techniques to detect chemical or biological species are able to achieve a high detection sensitivity, however, they are equipment- or time-expensive due to a multi-step procedure. In this work we describe sensor concepts using piezoresistive pressure sensor chips with integrated analyte-sensitive hydrogels, that enable inexpensive and robust biochemical sensors which are miniaturizable and in-line capable. Biocompatible hydrogels were developed and tested for pH- and glucose-monitoring during the chemical and biochemical processes. For that, monomer mixtures based on hydroxypropyl methacrylate HPMA, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate DMAEMA, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate TEGDMA and ethylene glycol EG were photo-polymerized. By means of carbodiimide chemistry, glucose oxidase was bound to the pH-sensitive HPMA/DMAEMA/TEGDMA/EG hydrogel squares causing the glucose-sensitivity. The crosslinked hydrogels were integrated in piezoresistive pressure sensors of different designs. pH- and glucose-depending reversible gel swelling processes were observed by means of the output voltage of dip sensors and of a novel implantable flexible sensor set-up. Due to its biocompatible components, the latter could be used inside the human body monitoring physiological blood values, for example glucose.
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41

Lerud, Ryan M., Drew Beseau, Cameran M. Hale, Charles Noll, and Shankar B. Rananavare. "Optimizing the performance of a commercial electrochemical ethylene sensor via controlled ethylene generation in situ." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 281 (February 2019): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.09.127.

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42

Li, Jinyi, Zhenhui Du, Zheyuan Zhang, Limei Song, and Qinghua Guo. "Hollow waveguide-enhanced mid-infrared sensor for fast and sensitive ethylene detection." Sensor Review 37, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-05-2016-0087.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a sensor for fast, sensitive and selective ethylene (C2H4) concentration measurements. Design/methodology/approach The paper developed a sensor platform based on tunable laser absorption spectroscopy with a 3,266-nm interband cascade laser (ICL) as an optical source and a hollow waveguide (HWG) as a gas cell. The ICL wavelength was scanned across a C2H4 strong fundamental absorption band, and an interference-free C2H4 absorption line located at 3,060.76 cm−1 was selected. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy with the second harmonic detection (WMS-2f) technique was used to improve the sensitivity. Furthermore, the HWG gas cell can achieve a long optical path in a very small volume to improve the time response. Findings The results show excellent linearity of the measured 2f signal and the C2H4 concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. Also, the response time is as short as about 10 s. The Allan variance analysis indicates that the detection limit can achieve 53 ppb with an integration time of 24 s. Practical implications The ethylene sensor has many meaningful applications in environmental monitoring, industrial production, national security and the biomedicine field. Originality/value The paper provides a novel sensor architecture which can be a versatile sensor platform for fast and sensitive trace-gas detection in the mid-infrared region.
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43

Li, Wenchao, Zhiquan Li, Jiahuan He, and Liyang Chu. "Design and Performance of a Composite Grating-Coupled Surface Plasmon Resonance Trace Liquid Concentration Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245502.

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In this paper, a grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance concentration sensor employing a gold and indium tin oxide (Au/ITO) nanoparticle composite instead of metal is proposed. The structure and material parameters of the sensor are discussed and analyzed. Taking the ethylene glycol concentration as an example, the influence of the nanocomposite on the wave vector matching, the influence of the refractive index of the medium to be tested and the influence of the concentration on the refractive index were analyzed in detail. The experimental results show that when the sensor is used for the measurement of ethylene glycol concentration, the correlation coefficient between the concentration and the refractive index is as high as 0.999995. The fitting curve and data correlation are good, and the sensitivity has a good linear relationship with the sensitivity. Therefore, the sensor structure proposed in this paper can be used to accurately measure the trace concentration of liquid, and its sensing mode has certain reference value for the measurement of general trace fluid concentration.
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Januszko, Adam, Agnieszka Iwan, Stanislaw Maleczek, Wojciech Przybyl, Iwona Pasternak, Aleksandra Krajewska, and Wlodzimierz Strupinski. "CVD-Graphene-Based Flexible, Thermoelectrochromic Sensor." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2757590.

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The main idea behind this work was demonstrated in a form of a new thermoelectrochromic sensor on a flexible substrate using graphene as an electrically reconfigurable thermal medium (TEChrom™). Our approach relies on electromodulation of thermal properties of graphene on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) via mechanical destruction of a graphene layer. Graphene applied in this work was obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique on copper substrate and characterized by Raman and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Electrical parameters of graphene were evaluated by the van der Pauw method on the transferred graphene layers onto SiO2 substrates by electrochemical delamination method. Two configurations of architecture of sensors, without and with the thermochromic layer, were investigated, taking into account the increase of voltage from 0 to 50 V and were observed by thermographic camera to define heat energy. Current-voltage characteristics obtained for the sensor with damaged graphene layer are linear, and the resistivity is independent from the current applied. The device investigated under 1000 W/m2 exhibited rise of resistivity along with increased temperature. Flexible thermoelectrochromic device with graphene presented here can be widely used as a sensor for both the military and civil monitoring.
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Xu, Fugang, Ying Liu, Shi Xie, and Li Wang. "Electrochemical preparation of a three dimensional PEDOT–CuxO hybrid for enhanced oxidation and sensitive detection of hydrazine." Analytical Methods 8, no. 2 (2016): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02465j.

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46

Huang, Qiao, Qiang Zeng, Min Wang, and Lishi Wang. "A Convenient Approach to Constructing Superhydrophobic Paper Sensor for Gas Detection with High Immunity to Humidity." Nano 15, no. 07 (July 2020): 2050091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292020500915.

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Despite the resistance-type gas sensors attracting intensive research interest, the vulnerability to the interference of humidity is a great challenge for their large-scale productions and applications. Herein, a convenient “gas-sensitized sensing material + adhesive” approach for the fabrication of superhydrophobic interface has been proposed to settle the problem. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) layer formed by spraying the cyclohexane suspension of MWCNTs and SEBS with micro/nanostructure endows the sensor with outstanding superhydrophobic property, presenting that the apparent contact angles (CA) are up to 179.6∘. The superhydrophobic paper sensor exhibited high sensing performance for acetone vapor and most importantly exceptional anti-humidity. The response of as-prepared sensor for other gaseous chemicals was consistent with that of MWCNTs, which indicated that the “gas-sensitized sensing [Formula: see text]” approach did not change the MWCNTs gas-sensitive characteristics. The approach builds an efficient bridge between gas-sensitive particles and flexible, superhydrophobic systems, inspiring a new simple way to the development of gas sensor with high immunity to humidity.
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Sotgiu, Edoardo, Pedro González-Losada, Rui M. R. Pinto, Hao Yang, Mohammadmahdi Faraji, and K. B. Vinayakumar. "Pyroelectrically Charged Flexible Ferroelectret-Based Tactile Sensor for Surface Texture Detection." Electronics 11, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152329.

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Texture detection is one of the essential features requested for artificial tactile sensing to push the demand for flexible low-cost tactile sensors in the robotics sector. In this manuscript, we demonstrate the ability of a ferroelectret-based pressure sensor together with a patterned elastomer layer to detect surface textures. The ferroelectret sensor was fabricated using fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) sheets bonded with a patterned adhesive layer to create cavities, integrated with the elastomer bumped surface, and finally charged using a pyroelectric method developed by our group. The ferroelectret-based sensor showed a linear response to the applied force in the range of 0.5 to 2 N, a piezoelectric coefficient of 150.1 ± 3.2 pC/N in the range of 10–80 Hz, and a flat dynamic response in the range of 10–1000 Hz. The tactile sensing characterization of the sensor, performed at different scanning speeds (10 to 30 mm/s) and gratings with different periodicities (0 to 0.8 mm), showed that the fundamental frequencies observed ranged from 12 Hz to 75 Hz, as expected from the model. These results lay the foundation for the adoption of such sensors in different applications that need fine tactile information, such as an autonomous or teleoperated robotic hand, prostheses, and wearable devices.
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Yang, Woo Seok, Seungoh Han, Gyu-Ri Lim, Hyun You Kim, and Sung-Hoon Hong. "Effects and Mechanism of Surface Water Wettability and Operating Frequency on Response Linearity of Flexible IDE Capacitive Humidity Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 6633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196633.

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Flexible capacitive humidity sensors are promising for low-cost, wearable, and radio frequency identification sensors, but their nonlinear response is an important issue for practical applications. Herein, the linearity of humidity response was controlled by surface water wettability and operating frequency of sensor, and the mechanism was explained in detail by surface water condensation. For a sensor with a Ag interdigitated electrode (IDE) on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate, the capacitance showed a small linear increase with humidity up to 70% RH but a large nonlinear increase in the higher range. The response linearity was increased by a hydrophobic surface treatment of self-assembled monolayer coating while it was decreased by an ultraviolet/ozone irradiation for hydrophilicity. It was also increased by increasing the frequency in the range of 1–100 kHz, more prominently on a more hydrophilic surface. Based on experiment and simulation, the increase in sensor capacitance was greatly dependent on the geometric pattern (e.g., size, number, and contact angle) and electrical permittivity of surface water droplets. A larger and more nonlinear humidity response resulted from a larger increase in the number of droplets with a smaller contact angle on a sensor surface with higher water wettability and also from a higher permittivity of water at a lower frequency.
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Francone, Achille, Timothy Kehoe, Isabel Obieta, Virginia Saez-Martinez, Leire Bilbao, Ali Khokhar, Nikolaj Gadegaard, Claudia Simao, Nikolaos Kehagias, and Clivia Sotomayor Torres. "Integrated 3D Hydrogel Waveguide Out-Coupler by Step-and-Repeat Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography: A Promising Sensor Device for Water and pH." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 3240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103240.

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Hydrogel materials offer many advantages for chemical and biological sensoring due to their response to a small change in their environment with a related change in volume. Several designs have been outlined in the literature in the specific field of hydrogel-based optical sensors, reporting a large number of steps for their fabrication. In this work we present a three-dimensional, hydrogel-based sensor the structure of which is fabricated in a single step using thermal nanoimprint lithography. The sensor is based on a waveguide with a grating readout section. A specific hydrogel formulation, based on a combination of PEGDMA (Poly(Ethylene Glycol DiMethAcrylate)), NIPAAm (N-IsoPropylAcrylAmide), and AA (Acrylic Acid), was developed. This stimulus-responsive hydrogel is sensitive to pH and to water. Moreover, the hydrogel has been modified to be suitable for fabrication by thermal nanoimprint lithography. Once stimulated, the hydrogel-based sensor changes its topography, which is characterised physically by AFM and SEM, and optically using a specific optical set-up.
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50

Li, Lele, Dongliang Li, Baojie Sun, Yanfen Zhou, Jianwei Ma, Shaojuan Chen, Liang Jiang, and Feng-Lei Zhou. "Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene copolymer/carbon nanotubes composite fiber based strain sensor with wide sensing range and high linearity for human motion detection." Journal of Industrial Textiles 52 (August 2022): 152808372211219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837221121971.

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Flexible strain sensors have attracted extensive attention due to their potential applications in wearable electronics and health monitoring. However, it is still a challenge to obtain flexible strain sensors with both high stretchability and wide linear strain sensing range. In this study, styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene copolymer/carbon nanotubes (SEBS/CNTs) composite fiber which showed both electrical conductivity and high stretchability was fabricated through a scalable wet spinning method. The effect of CNTs content on the strain sensing behavior of the SEBS/CNTs fiber based strain sensor was investigated. The results showed that when the CNTs content reached 7 wt%, the SEBS/CNTs composite fiber was capable of sensing strains as high as 500.20% and showed a wide linear strain sensing range of 0-500.2% with a gauge factor (GF) of 38.57. Combining high stretchability, high linearity and reliable stability, the SEBS/CNTs composite fiber based strain sensor had the ability to monitor the activities of different human body parts including hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder and knee.
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