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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethylene glycol – Environmental aspects'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mendieta, Carolina Mónica, Giselle González, María Evangelina Vallejos, and María Cristina Area. "Bio-polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) from lignocellulosic biomass adapted to the circular bioeconomy." BioResources 17, no. 4 (October 28, 2022): 7313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.mendieta.

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There is a global trend to replace the production of conventional recyclable plastics with biobased ones, allowing a sustainable alternative adapted to the current concept of a circular bioeconomy. Forest-industrial and agricultural biomass wastes (lignocellulosic biomass waste, LCBW) produce severe problems in some developing countries because they are improperly disposed of or burned in the open air. Such wastes are attractive as a raw material to produce bioplastics due to their low cost. Furthermore, low-pollution processes can complete an economical and environmentally friendly approach. This review focuses on bio-polyethylene furanoate (PEF) production from LCBW as an alternative for polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the most widely used fossil-based plastic. The standpoint is based on the replacement of fossil-based monomers for the manufacture of PET, terephthalic acid (TPA), and ethylene glycol by two bio-based monomers, namely 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and bio-ethylene glycol (Bio-MEG). This study describes the processes to obtain each bio-monomer, as well as the resulting polymers’ performance aspects, biodegradability, environmental and economic considerations, and recycling.

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2

Qin, Dan, Chaosheng Wang, Huaping Wang, Ye Chen, Peng Ji, and Zhenhao Xi. "Modeling and Optimizing of Producing Recycled PET from Fabrics Waste via Falling Film-Rotating Disk Combined Reactor." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1062493.

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Recycling and reusing of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics waste are essential for reducing serious waste of resources and environmental pollution caused by low utilization rate. The liquid-phase polymerization method has advantages of short process flow, low energy consumption, and low production cost. However, unlike prepolymer, the material characteristics of PET fabrics waste (complex composition, high intrinsic viscosity, and large quality fluctuations) make its recycling a technique challenge. In this study, the falling film-rotating disk combined reactor is proposed, and the continuous liquid-phase polymerization is modeled by optimizing and correcting existing models for the final stage of PET polymerization to improve the product quality in plant production. Through modeling and simulation, the weight analysis of indexes closely related to the product quality (intrinsic viscosity, carboxyl end group concentration, and diethylene glycol content) was investigated to optimize the production process in order to obtain the desired polymer properties and meet specific product material characteristics. The model could be applied to other PET wastes (e.g., bottles and films) and extended to investigate different aspects of the recycling process.

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3

Dębska, Bernardeta, and Guilherme Jorge Brigolini Silva. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Epoxy Mortars Made with Polyethylene and Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Waste." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092203.

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The article describes the results of a study to determine the simultaneous effect of polyethylene terephthalate waste (PET) and polyethylene (PE) on the strength characteristics and bulk density of epoxy mortars. In these mortars, 9 wt.% of the polymer binder was replaced by glycolysate which was made from PET waste and propylene glycol. Additionally, 0–10 vol.% of the aggregate was substituted with PE agglomerate made from plastic bags waste, respectively. The modification of the composition of epoxy mortar has a special environmental and economic aspect. It also allows to protect natural sources of the aggregate, while reducing the amount of waste and reducing problems arising from the need to store them. The resulting composite has very good strength properties. With the substitution of 9 wt.% of resin and 5 vol.% of sand, a flexural strength of 35.7 MPa and a compressive strength of 101.1 MPa was obtained. The results of the microstructure study of the obtained mortars constitute a significant part of the paper.

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4

Cai, Ying, Fei Li, Jingdong Zhang, and Zixian Wu. "Occupational Health Risk Assessment in the Electronics Industry in China Based on the Occupational Classification Method and EPA Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102061.

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The awareness of occupational health risk management in the electronics industry is weak in China, and many Chinese occupational health management regulations have not been effectively implemented. China’s current occupational hazards classification method and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inhalation risk assessment model recognized internationally were used to perform health risk assessments for a chip manufacturing company in the electronics industry in order to determine the existing problems and put forward the optimization proposals of the occupational hazards classification method in China. The results showed that the detected concentrations of toxic and harmful chemicals in all testing points did not exceed the occupational health exposure limits in China. According to the EPA inhalation risk assessment model, the highest values of non-carcinogenic risks of ammonia, chlorine, fluoride, sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, ethylene glycol, phosphine, boron trifluoride, isopropanol, benzene, and xylene were 5.10, 67.12, 1.71, 45.98, 1.83, 1.43, 160.35, 46.56, 2.52, 5.55, and 5.37, respectively, which means workers in electronic chip manufacturing companies exposed to these chemicals have higher occupational health risks. However, on the basis of the occupational hazards classification method, the occupational health risks of exposure to the toxic and hazardous chemicals are relatively harmless operations. The evaluation results of the EPA inhalation risk assessment model are generally higher than those of the occupational hazards classification method. It’s recommended to refine the value of occupational exposure limit B, taking more characteristics of the hazard factors into account and fuzzifying the parameters to optimize the occupational hazards classification method. At the same time, it is suggested that the electronic chip manufacturing company should conduct anti-virus risk management covering in three aspects: increasing the awareness of occupational hazards, enhancing system ventilation, and improving personal health management measures.

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5

Al-Hashimi, Osamah, Khalid Hashim, Edward Loffill, Ismini Nakouti, Ayad A. H. Faisal, and Tina Marolt Čebašek. "Kinetic and Equilibrium Isotherm Studies for the Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solution Using Engineered Sand Modified with Calcium Ferric Oxides." Environments 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10010007.

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The novel aspect of this research is the fabrication, characterisation, and application of an engineered adsorbent made from quartz sand coated with calcium ferric oxides (QS/CFO) derived from the wastepaper sludge ash (WPSA) for the removal of tetracycline (TC) from synthetic water. Initially, the new adsorbent was fabricated using a Ca/Fe molar ratio, sand/FeCl3 ratio, pH (of synthesising environment), ethylene glycol dose, and temperature of 1:0.75, 1:1, 12, 6 mL/100 mL, and 95℃, respectively. Then, the new adsorbent was applied to treat water having 50 mg/L of TC in batch experiments, taking into account the effects of the contact time (0–180 min), pH of water (2–12), the dose of adsorbent (0.05–0.5 g), and agitation speed (0–250 rpm). The results obtained proved the engineered adsorbent can remove as much as 90% of the TC (adsorption capacity of 21.96 mg/g) within 180 min at an initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and agitation speed of 7, 0.3g per 50 mL, and 200 rpm, respectively. It was also found that the pseudo-second-order model describes the kinetic measurements better than the pseudo-first-order model, which indicates that the TC molecules have been bonded with the prepared sorbent through chemical forces. Furthermore, the intra-particle diffusion model results demonstrated that the diffusion mechanism plays a significant role in TC adsorption; however, it was not the predominant one. Finally, the outcomes of the characterisation analysis proved that the newly formed layer on the quartz sand substantially contributed to the removal of the TC from the contaminated water.

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6

Harry, P., A. Turcant, G. Bouachour, P. Houze, P. Alquier, and P. Allain. "Efficacy of 4-Methylpyrazole in Ethylene Glycol Poisoning: Clinical and Toxicokinetic Aspects." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 1 (January 1994): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300109.

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Potentially fatal ethylene glycol intoxication in an adult with normal renal function was treated with 4-methylpyrazole administered three hours after the incident occurred. The plasma ethylene glycol concentration was 3.5 g 1-1 on admission. The metabolic acidosis present on admission resolved within four hours, and the subsequent clinical course was uneventful. The apparent plasma half-life of ethylene glycol was 16 h and the mean renal and plasma clearances of ethylene glycol were 24 and 25 ml min-1, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that complete blockade of hepatic metabolism of ethylene glycol is achieved by 4-methylpyrazole. The only side-effect observed as a result of treatment was a transient slight increase in serum transaminase activity.

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7

Simpson, Elliott. "Some Aspects of Calcium Metabolism in a Fatal Case of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 22, no. 1 (January 1985): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328502200110.

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Laboratory results are presented for a patient who died following ingestion of an antifreeze solution containing ethylene glycol. It was observed that the measurement of osmolality, which is of value in the early stages of ethylene glycol poisoning, may give normal results if there are many hours delay between ingestion and admission. The hypocalcaemia which frequently accompanies ethylene glycol poisoning is shown to develop over several hours.

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8

Viinamäki, Jenni, Antti Sajantila, and Ilkka Ojanperä. "Ethylene Glycol and Metabolite Concentrations in Fatal Ethylene Glycol Poisonings." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39, no. 6 (April 23, 2015): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv044.

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9

Staples, Charles A., Rodney J. Boatman, and Manuel L. Cano. "Ethylene glycol ethers: An environmental risk assessment." Chemosphere 36, no. 7 (March 1998): 1585–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(97)10056-x.

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10

Duran, Ali, Mustafa Soylak, and S. Ali Tuncel. "Poly(vinyl pyridine-poly ethylene glycol methacrylate-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) beads for heavy metal removal." Journal of Hazardous Materials 155, no. 1-2 (June 2008): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.037.

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11

Ghosh, Indrani, Shyamal K. Sanyal, and Ram N. Mukherjea. "Pervaporation of methanol-ethylene glycol with cellophane membrane: some mechanistic aspects." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 27, no. 10 (October 1988): 1895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00082a023.

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12

Mrklas, Ole, Angus Chu, Stuart Lunn, and Laurence R. Bentley. "Biodegradation of Monoethanolamine, Ethylene Glycol and Triethylene Glycol in Laboratory Bioreactors." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 159, no. 1 (November 2004): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:wate.0000049178.93865.d4.

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13

Starek-Świechowicz, Beata, and Andrzej Starek. "Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol ethers – Reproductive and developmental toxicity." Medycyna Pracy 66, no. 5 (November 24, 2015): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00219.

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14

Sołowski, Gaweł, Tadeusz Ziminski, and Adam Cenian. "A shift from anaerobic digestion to dark fermentation in glycol ethylene fermentation." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 12 (February 9, 2021): 15556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12149-1.

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AbstractAnaerobic digestion of aqueous glycol ethylene was tested. The process lasted two cycles of 7 days, but after the second cycle, high hydrogen production occurred shift to dark fermentation. The biogas production lasted 14 days, obtaining peak values of hydrogen, and then rapidly stopped. In investigations, the following were checked: dependence of hydrogen, methane and hydrogen sulphide in the process. Mixtures of water with glycol ethylene mass ratio from 0.6 to 0.85 were substrates in experiments. The highest methane production was for water ethylene 0.7 ratio 2.85 L of methane with a yield of 178 mL of methane/g VSS (volatile suspended solids) of glycol ethylene. The optimal ratio of water and glycol ethylene was 0.85 25.5 mL of hydrogen (giving yield 1.71 mL of hydrogen/g VSS of glycol ethylene) and 1.71 mL of hydrogen sulphide emission for a 0.6 ratio. Popular polymer industry wastes, glycol ethylene, can be utilised by anaerobic digestion.

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15

Liang, Lingyun, Zhihuai Mao, Yebo Li, Caixia Wan, Tipeng Wang, Lianhui Zhang, and Lingyan Zhang. "Liquefaction of crop residues for polyol production." BioResources 1, no. 2 (November 20, 2006): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.1.2.248-256.

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The liquefaction of crop residues in the presence of ethylene glycol, ethylene carbonate, or polyethylene glycol using sulfuric acid as a catalyst was studied. For all experiments, the liquefaction was conducted at 160 ° C and atmospheric pressure. The mass ratio of feedstock to liquefaction solvents used in all the experiments was 30:100. The results show that the acid catalyzed liquefaction process fit a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Liquefaction yields of 80, 74, and 60% were obtained in 60 minutes of reaction when corn stover was liquefied with ethylene glycol, a mixture of polyethylene glycol and glycerol (9:1, w/w), and ethylene carbonate, respectively. When ethylene carbonate was used as solvent, the liquefaction yields of rice straw and wheat straw were 67% and 73%, respectively, which is lower than that of corn stover (80%). When a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethylene glycol (8:2, w/w) was used as solvent, the liquefaction yields for corn stover, rice straw and wheat straw were 78, 68, and 70%, respectively.

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16

Szymanski, A. "Determination of short-chained poly(ethylene glycols) and ethylene glycol in environmental samples." Water Research 35, no. 15 (October 2001): 3599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00085-9.

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17

Agrawal, Rashmi, and Pradeep Kaswan. "Heat Transfer and Transport Aspects of a ZnO/Ethylene Glycol-Water Nanofluid Through a Nonlinearly Stretching Sheet." Journal of Nanofluids 12, no. 4 (May 1, 2023): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2023.1987.

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This section proposes investigating the heat transfer and transport phenomena of nanofluid passing through a non-linear stretching sheet. The 50%:50% water-ethylene glycol mixture is accepted as a base fluid to prepare a nanofluid. The influences of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and thermal radiation in modelling are further exerted into attention. For converting partial differential systems to ordinary systems, a transformation technique is adopted. For the validation part, the numerical solution is computed by embracing a fourth-order exactness program (Bvp4c) and compared to the previously published literature. When modest quantities of zinc oxide nanoparticles are introduced to a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (EG), the effect on heat transfer relative to the base fluid is also noticeable. Furthermore, the influence of flow rate change in nanoparticle concentration on heat transfer performance is investigated. Graphical decisions reveal the values of miscellaneous-arising parameters on the velocity, temperature profile. The heat transfer rate is higher for the non-linear stretching surface than the flat surface. In comparison to nanofluid, a mixture of ethylene glycol-water with ZnO nanoparticles has superior cooling capability than the ZnO/water nanofluid.

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18

Paşca, R. D., and T. A. Beu. "Some Aspects of Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylenimine and Ethylene Glycol Linear Polymers." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Physica 64, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2019): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphys.2019.09.

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19

Jora, Manazael Z., Marcus V. C. Cardoso, and Edvaldo Sabadini. "Dynamical aspects of water-poly(ethylene glycol) solutions studied by 1H NMR." Journal of Molecular Liquids 222 (October 2016): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.06.101.

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20

Vigneault, C., S. L. Underwood, V. Fournier, D. Bousquet, J. Belanger, and P. Blondin. "87 BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD: IN VITRO CULTURE OF BOVINE EMBRYOS FOR FREEZING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab87.

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Despite hundreds of scientific papers published, no system has resulted in in vitro embryos comparable to those produced in vivo. We hypothesised that assembling the most pertinent elements of IVF studies into one system would result in a highly efficient in vitro culture system. Here we report the in vitro production of bovine embryos using a culture system with strict environmental conditions that produces very-good-quality embryos at high rates. This system consists of a sequential culture system with media composition based on recent reports that characterise the bovine female reproductive tract (Hugentobler et al. 2007 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74, 445–454; Hugentobler et al. 2007 Theriogenology 68, 538–548; Hugentobler et al. 2008 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75, 496–503). This system uses a 3-step culture media to prevent toxicity resulting from ammonium accumulation and nutrient depletion and also to adjust the component concentrations to support embryo needs at different developmental stages. Fatty acid-free BSA is used as the protein source and the culture is in droplets under high-quality paraffin oil at 38.5°C under 6.8% CO2, 5% O2 and 88.2% N2. Numerous other aspects were investigated to limit embryo stresses (Lane et al. 2008 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 20, 23–32) during manipulations, including the use of mini-incubators and very-high-purity gas combined with stringent laboratory practices. In the first year using this new embryo production system, 2839 oocytes were fertilized, resulting in a transferable blastocyst rate of 51%. Of the 1448 embryos produced, 779 were transferred fresh at our facility with pregnancy rates of 55 and 49% at 28 and 60 days, respectively. Pregnancy rates were directly related to the quality of the embryos transferred as 61% of grade 1 embryos transferred induced a pregnancy at Day 28, compared with 41% of grade 2 embryos. Pregnancy induction is not the only indication of good embryo quality. As is well-documented, in vitro-produced bovine embryos do not tolerate slow freezing, so vitrification was applied to surmount this intolerance. However, this is difficult to apply to industry because direct transfer of vitrified embryos is challenging. We hypothesised that the improvement of embryo culture would result in embryos that could tolerate slow freezing. Grade 1 blastocysts (n = 229) were frozen in 1.6M ethylene glycol and 0.1 M sucrose using standard slow freezing procedures. A very high proportion (91%) of frozen–thawed in vitro-produced embryos re-expanded after 24 h of culture with a good quality inner cell mass. Subsequently, 45 grade 1 blastocysts were frozen and transferred, giving pregnancy rates of 58% at Day 60. In conclusion, combining good-quality culture media and conditions resulted in the production of in vitro embryos that were very efficient at inducing pregnancies and tolerating slow freezing, which makes it now possible to consider direct transfer of frozen in vitro-produced bovine embryos.

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21

Al-Arfaj, Muhammad A., and William L. Luyben. "Control of ethylene glycol reactive distillation column." AIChE Journal 48, no. 4 (April 2002): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690480424.

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22

Jorens, P. G. "Ethylene Glycol Poisoning and Lactate Concentrations." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 33, no. 7 (September 1, 2009): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/33.7.395.

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23

Urbala, Magdalena. "Technological aspects of synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol) mono-1-propenyl ether monomers." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2020-0028.

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AbstractFor the first time, the technological aspects of the highly productive and selective synthesis of UV-reactive poly(ethylene glycol) mono-1-propenyl ether monomers was developed. The solvent-free isomerization of model commercial available 2-allyloxyethanol and allyloxypoly(ethylene glycol) derivatives, type Allyl–[OCH2CH2]n–OH, n = 1–5, into a 1-propenyl derivative under the homogeneous catalysis conditions using the ruthenium complexes were evaluated. The effect of a various reaction conditions (i.e. the concentration of [Ru] complex, the reaction temperature, reaction gas atmosphere) together with trace amounts of allyl hydroperoxides formed via autoxidation reaction of allyl substrates on the productivity of catalyst was examined in detail. Moreover, the significant role of the allyl substrate structures on the catalytic activity of ruthenium catalysts were also recognized. The optimal parameters of the scaled-up synthesis together with productivity of catalyst were first established.

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24

Biancari, A., L. Di Palma, P. Ferrantelli, and C. Merli. "Ethylene Glycol Recovery from Dilute Aqueous Solution." Environmental Engineering Science 20, no. 2 (March 2003): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/109287503763336539.

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25

Bayat, Borna, Kambiz Tahvildari, Alireza Hemmati, Amin Bazyari, and Ahad Ghaemi. "Production of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether through etherification of ethylene glycol using a nanostructured heterogeneous catalyst of amyberlyst-15." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 165 (September 2022): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.07.059.

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26

Lan, Ping, Rui Yang, Hai Yan Mao, Ju Qing Cui, and Nicolas Brosse. "Production of melamine formaldehyde resins used in impregnation by incorporation of ethylene glycol and caprolactam with high flexibility, storage stability, and low formaldehyde content." BioResources 14, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 9916–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9916-9927.

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Ethylene glycol and caprolactam were added during the synthesis process of melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins to develop a new MF formulation with high flexibility, storage stability, and low formaldehyde emissions that can be used for the impregnation of papers. It was demonstrated that the MF resins with amounts of ethylene glycol (molar ratio of ethylene glycol to melamine was 1.0) and caprolactam (molar ratio of caprolactam to formaldehyde was 0.12) achieved higher storage stability, flexibility, and lower free formaldehyde content. The impregnated papers made from these MF resins displayed good dry and wet tensile strength and passed the relevant standard specifications for decorative paper on wood-based panels. The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) studies showed that the MF resins produced via incorporation of ethylene glycol and caprolactam had a different molecular weight distribution and polymeric structure.

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27

McGahey, C., and E. J. Bouwer. "Biodegradation of Ethylene Glycol in Simulated Subsurface Environments." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0384.

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Ethylene glycol is regularly used as an industrial solvent and in vehicular anti-freeze and de-icing compounds. Significant quantities of it are released into treatment streams and onto land. The aim of this study was to establish rates of biodegradation of ethylene glycol in simulated subsurface environments. The utilization of ethylene glycol as substrate by microorganisms naturally occurring in soil and groundwater was monitored over time while substrate concentration, soil type, temperature and nutrient level were varied. Batch studies at 100 and 1000-ppm ethylene glycol demonstrated that increasing substrate concentration decreased the rate of its biotransformation as the first-order kinetic rate constant decreased from 1.01 to 0.95 days−1. Further increase in initial concentration to 10,000-ppm resulted in minimal substrate disappearance from solution which was likely due to oxygen limitation. Studies with two different soils under identical environmental conditions and substrate concentrations indicated soil type had a clear effect on biodegradation rate. Lowering the temperature from 25° to 10°C for a given soil retarded the degradation rate by a factor of 2.44, but at each temperature greater than 99% removal was achieved in less than 7 days. Removal of nutritional amendments from the microbial population had only a slight impact on biotransformation rate. Unamended microcosms still exhibited nearly complete ethylene glycol transformation in 3 days as compared to 2 days for amended microcosms. Groundwater served as a satisfactory bacterial inoculum and generated a rate constant only slightly lower (0.76 days−1) than that found for the soils. All results were comparable to those found by others for the biotransformation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) or of ethylene glycol by activated sludge.

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28

Liang, Songmiao, Junjie Wu, Huafeng Tian, Lina Zhang, and Jian Xu. "High-Strength Cellulose/Poly(ethylene glycol) Gels." ChemSusChem 1, no. 6 (June 23, 2008): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200800003.

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29

Jora, Manazael Z., Marcus V. C. Cardoso, and Edvaldo Sabadini. "WITHDRAWN: Dynamical aspects of water-poly(ethylene glycol) solutions studied by 1H NMR." Journal of Molecular Liquids 225 (January 2017): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.092.

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30

Ohki, Takumi, Makoto Harada, and Tetsuo Okada. "Structural and Thermodynamic Aspects of Ionic Solvation in Concentrated Aqueous Poly(ethylene glycol)." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111, no. 25 (June 2007): 7245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp071666j.

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31

Santacesaria, E., F. Trulli, L. Minervini, M. Di Serio, R. Tesser, and S. Contessa. "Kinetic and catalytic aspects in melt transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54, no. 9 (November 28, 1994): 1371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070540919.

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32

Zhang, G. A., L. Y. Xu, and Y. F. Cheng. "Mechanistic aspects of electrochemical corrosion of aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution." Electrochimica Acta 53, no. 28 (November 2008): 8245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.043.

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33

Panda, Smaranika, Vincent Yuen Kin Fung, Jie Fu J. Zhou, Hong Liang, and Kang Zhou. "Improving ethylene glycol utilization in Escherichia coli fermentation." Biochemical Engineering Journal 168 (April 2021): 107957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2021.107957.

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34

Groeseneken, D., H. Veulemans, R. Masschelein, and E. Van Vlem. "Experimental human exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 61, no. 4 (February 1989): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00381421.

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35

Besnoin, J. M., G. D. Lei, and K. Y. Choi. "Melt transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol." AIChE Journal 35, no. 9 (September 1989): 1445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350905.

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36

Papadopoulos, Lazaros, Alexandra Zamboulis, Nejib Kasmi, Mohamed Wahbi, Christina Nannou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Margaritis Kostoglou, George Z. Papageorgiou, and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris. "Investigation of the catalytic activity and reaction kinetic modeling of two antimony catalysts in the synthesis of poly(ethylene furanoate)." Green Chemistry 23, no. 6 (2021): 2507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc04254d.

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The catalytic activity of two antimony catalysts was studied in the direct polymerization of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with ethylene glycol to afford poly(ethylene furanoate), a biobased polyester for packaging applications.

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37

Bokor, Janos, Krisztina Danics, Eva Keller, and Zoltan Szollosi. "Time-dependent changes in kidney histopathology in ethylene glycol poisoning." Medicine, Science and the Law 58, no. 4 (August 19, 2018): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418795352.

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Ethylene glycol (EG) may be acutely toxic following ingestion. In fatal cases, microscopic examination of urine and kidney specimens can establish a post-mortem diagnosis of EG poisoning. We describe the main renal histopathologic changes during different stages of EG poisoning, which might be helpful when dating the EG poisoning itself. A single-centre retrospective study conducted on all EG poisoning cases demonstrated that in an early stage of EG poisoning, fine dust-like crystals were deposited to the tubular cell basement membrane, followed by internalisation of calcium oxalate crystals into the epithelial cells. Later, the crystals formed larger aggregates within the epithelial cells. As the changes became advanced, pronounced tubular epithelial damage occurred, with detachment of epithelial cells from the basement membrane. In the final stage, coarse calcium oxalate crystals were recognised in the tubular lumen, with cellular debris from damaged epithelial cells. Our study shows that the time-dependent histological changes described follow the clinical stages of EG poisoning and may therefore provide a rough estimate of the time of EG ingestion before death.

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38

Huang, Zhiwei, Jing Chen, Yuqing Jia, Hailong Liu, Chungu Xia, and Haichao Liu. "Selective hydrogenolysis of xylitol to ethylene glycol and propylene glycol over copper catalysts." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 147 (April 2014): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.09.014.

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39

El-Zein, Randa A., Sherif Z. Abdel-Rahman, Debra L. Morris, and Marvin S. Legator. "Exposure to Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether: Clinical and Cytogenetic Findings." Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 57, no. 4 (July 2002): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039890209601424.

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40

Magomedova, D. Sh, Z. M. Alimirzayeva, A. G. Magomedova, A. B. Isaev, and T. A. Kharlamova. "ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF AIRPORT RUNOFF WATER CONTAINING ETHYLENE GLYCOL." Chemical Problems 20, no. 2 (2022): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2022-2-109-115.

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Airports are one of the sources of environmental pollution with runoff water containing emerging contaminants. The process of electrochemical purification of model runoff water containing ethylene glycol and formed during the treatment of aircraft with anti-icing agents was studied. As an anode there was used PbO2 electrode. The structure and morphology of PbO2 electrode samples obtained by electrochemical deposition on the titanium plate surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy. It revealed that the use of PbO2 as an anode makes it possible to bring the COD value of the solution to the required standards. After electrolysis, the COD values for all studied ethylene glycol concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/l were in the range of 0.34-4.6 mgO2/l. The effect of current density, concentration of ethylene glycol and sodium chloride on the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation of ethylene glycol was analyzed.

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41

Ahmad, Sohail, Kashif Ali, Aftab Ahmed Faridi, and Muhammad Ashraf. "Novel thermal aspects of hybrid nanoparticles Cu-TiO in the flow of ethylene glycol." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 129 (December 2021): 105708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105708.

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42

Staples, Charles A., James B. Williams, Gordon R. Craig, and Kathleen M. Roberts. "Fate, effects and potential environmental risks of ethylene glycol: a review." Chemosphere 43, no. 3 (April 2001): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00148-x.

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43

Van Dam, Jozef J., Erik K. Verbeken, and Paul J. A. Daenens. "Nephrotoxic Effects of Thermal Decomposition Mixtures of Type C Hydraulic Fluids." Toxicology and Industrial Health 10, no. 3 (May 1994): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379401000303.

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A survey was conducted to check the toxicological impact of ethylene glycol present in a thermal decomposition mixture of type C hydraulic fluid on laboratory animals submitted to an inhalation test. The target organs, i.e. kidneys, of exposed rats were evaluated histologically and oxalic acid—the ethylene glycol metabolite thought to cause renal failure—was quantified in urine samples. The results show that the low ethylene glycol concentrations present in the inhalation chamber produce only a temporarily increased oxalic acid excretion, at levels that are not significant. These findings are supported by the histological evaluation of the kidneys showing no calcium oxalate deposits or other abnormalities.

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44

Wu, Yan-Hui, Qian Zhou, Tao Zhao, Mei-Ling Deng, Jin Zhang, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Poly(ethylene glycol) enhanced dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride)." Journal of Hazardous Materials 163, no. 2-3 (April 2009): 1408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.047.

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45

Dario, Andrea, Marc Schroeder, Gibson S. Nyanhongo, Gregor Englmayer, and Georg M. Guebitz. "Development of a biodegradable ethylene glycol dinitrate-based explosive." Journal of Hazardous Materials 176, no. 1-3 (April 15, 2010): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.006.

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46

Ullah, Ikram, Tasawar Hayat, Arsalan Aziz, and Ahmed Alsaedi. "Significance of Entropy Generation and the Coriolis Force on the Three-Dimensional Non-Darcy Flow of Ethylene-Glycol Conveying Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs)." Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 47, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2021-0012.

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Abstract Nanofluids based on CNTs/ethylene glycol have a potential role in contributing to industrial applications like heat exchangers, domestic refrigerator, electronics cooling, etc. The aim and novelty of the present research is to communicate the significance of the Coriolis force and Darcy-Forchheimer stretched flow of ethylene glycol (EG) conveying carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a rotating frame. Furthermore, entropy analysis is the main focus in this study. Two types of CNTs known as multiwalled (MWCNT) and single-walled (SWCNT) carbon nanotubes are considered. Ethylene glycol (EG) is treated as the base liquid. Xue’s model is utilized for the physical aspects of specific heat, density and thermal conductivity. The heat transfer mechanism is modeled through nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and convective condition. The governing flow problems have been computed numerically via the NDSolve method. Outcomes for single-walled and multi-walled CNTs are arranged and compared. Our findings reveal that entropy generation is accompanied by an increasing trend in the Brinkman number and temperature ratio parameter. Temperature increases with the intensification of radiative and convective variables. Moreover, the temperature gradient has marginally larger values in the case of SWCNT, when compared with MWCNT.

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Pillard, David A. "Comparative toxicity of formulated glycol deicers and pure ethylene and propylene glycol toCeriodaphnia dubiaandPimephales promelas." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14, no. 2 (February 1995): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620140217.

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Pang, Jifeng, Bo Zhang, Yu Jiang, Yu Zhao, Changzhi Li, Mingyuan Zheng, and Tao Zhang. "Complete conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to mixed organic acids and ethylene glycol via cascade steps." Green Chemistry 23, no. 6 (2021): 2427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc00060h.

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Yu, Weiqiang, Fang Lu, Qianqian Huang, Rui Lu, Shuai Chen, and Jie Xu. "Selective synthesis of dimethoxyethane via directly catalytic etherification of crude ethylene glycol." Green Chemistry 19, no. 14 (2017): 3327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc00659d.

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Tanaka, Shinji, Junichi Sato, and Yumiko Nakajima. "Capturing ethylene glycol with dimethyl carbonate towards depolymerisation of polyethylene terephthalate at ambient temperature." Green Chemistry 23, no. 23 (2021): 9412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02298a.

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