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1

Deysel, Lesley Claire Frances. "Animal names and categorisation in the Hebrew Bible : a textual and cognitive approach." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62675.

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The subject matter of this study is animal names in the Hebrew Bible. Centring on a corpus-linguistic analysis of every word for an animal or type of animal used within the text, it sheds light on the methods and paradigms of categorisation used by the ancient Hebrews and thus on previously unknown aspects of their worldview. The discipline of cognitive linguistics, in particular the prototype theory of categories, is used to interpret the various types and levels of animal classification; a theory on spatiality as the main basis for classification is developed, and new light is shed on a wrongly undervalued theory of cleanness/uncleanness. This theoretical work is also applied to certain texts to prove its usefulness in helping with the translation and interpretation of problematic words and passages.
Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Ancient Languages
DLitt
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2

MELO, Robson Soares de. "Conhecimento e utilização de mamíferos por duas comunidades em uma Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA/Araripe) : uma abordagem etnomastozoológica." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5294.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Studies on the knowledge and use of natural resources are a crucial tool to identify the way each individual observe and use the environment they live. Each person has a proper knowledge of the environment, and this knowledge can vary by gender, age, housing conditions and schooling. In this context, this study aims to verify and list the species of mammals used in two communities located in the Araripe Area of Environmental Protection – APA/Araripe, verify possible significant difference in knowledge regarding the use of mammals according to sex and age group, identify the diseases treated with zootherapics and obtain information about mammalian parts use as medicine and about medicine preparation. The study was conducted in two communities located in the APA/Araripe: Sítio Betânia community and Caldas community, both belonging to the city of Barbalha (Ceará, Brazil). The data collection was performed through semi-structured forms, where the interviewed were randomly selected through stratified random sampling, so that all individuals in the community had the same chance of being selected. For this stratification we considered sex and three age groups based on the classification criteria of the Ministry of Health: adolescents (12-19 years), adults (20-59 years) and elderly (above 60 years). A total of 229 interviews were conducted between October and November of 2012. We verify that men know and use more the mammals as zootherapics and as food resource than women, while for the religious mystic use there were no significant differences between genders. In relation to age, it was observed that adults know and use more mammals as zootherapics and the elderly use more as food resource. This study reveals that the practice of using mammals still persist even in communities inserted in conservation units where laws are stricter. Probably, traditions, poverty and the lack of more rigorous inspections lead to such conducts. Thus, the development of a rigorous management plan considering social and cultural aspects of the local communities is highly recommended.
Estudos sobre o conhecimento e uso dos recursos naturais vêm a ser uma crucial ferramenta para identificar a forma como cada indivíduo observa e utiliza o ambiente em que vive. Cada pessoa apresenta um próprio conhecimento do ambiente, e esse conhecimento pode variar em função do sexo, idade, condições de moradia e grau de escolaridade. Nesse contexto este trabalho apresenta os seguintes objetivos: Inventariar as espécies de mamíferos utilizadas e conhecidas em duas comunidades inseridas dentro da Área de Proteção Ambiental Araripe – APA/Araripe; verificar se existe diferença significativa no conhecimento com relação ao uso de mamíferos de acordo com o sexo e a faixa etária; identificar os tipos de enfermidades tratadas pelos zooterápicos e obter informações com relação às partes dos mamíferos utilizados para fins medicinais e ao modo de preparo dos medicamentos. O trabalho foi realizado em duas comunidades inseridas na APA/Araripe, comunidade do Sítio Betânia e comunidade do Caldas, ambas pertencentes a cidade de Barbalha (Ceará, Brasil). As entrevistas foram realizadas através de formulários semi-estruturados. Todas as casas habitadas das duas comunidades foram visitadas, sendo entrevistadas no máximo duas pessoas por residência. Tomou-se o cuidado de evitar que o primeiro entrevistado entrasse em contato com o próximo, evitando desta forma que um interferisse nas respostas do outro. Caso houvesse essa interferência a pessoa entrevistada era eliminada da amostragem. A amostragem foi dividida através do sexo e três grupos de idade baseado nos critérios de classificação do Ministério da Saúde do Governo Brasileiro: adolescentes (12 a 19 anos), adultos (20 a 59 anos) e idosos (acima de 60 anos). Foram realizadas 229 entrevistas entre os meses de outubro e novembro de 2012. Sendo verificado que os homens conhecem e utilizam mais os mamíferos como zooterápicos e como recurso alimentar do que as mulheres, enquanto para o uso místico religioso não foi observado diferença significativa entre os gêneros. Com relação às idades, observou-se que os adultos conhecem e utilizam mais os mamíferos como zooterápicos e os idosos como recurso alimentar. Este estudo mostra que a prática do uso de mamíferos ainda persiste mesmo em comunidades inseridas em unidades de conservação onde as leis são mais rigorosas. Provavelmente, tradições enraizadas, pobreza e falta de fiscalizações mais rigorosas levam a tais práticas. Dessa forma, a elaboração de um rigoroso plano de manejo, levando-se em consideração os aspectos sociais e culturais das comunidades locais envolvidas, vem a ser de suma importância.
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3

Kitson, Jane C., and n/a. "Traditional ecological knowledge and harvest management of Titi (Puffinus griseus) by Rakiura Maori." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2004. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070502.153344.

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Rakiura Maori continue a centuries old harvest of titi chicks (sooty shearwater, Puffinus griseus) which is governed primarily by Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). The sustainability of titi harvesting is of high cultural, social and ecological importance. Some commentators view contemporary use of TEK as insufficient to ensure sustainability because it is no longer intact, too passive, and/or potentially inadequate to meet new ecological and technical challenges. Such assertions have been made in the absence of detailed description of TEK and associated social mechanisms. This thesis describes Rakiura Maori TEK practices and management systems that are in place and asks whether such systems are effective today, and whether they will remain effective in future. Ecological, social and cultural factors are intertwined in cultural wildlife harvests so the methodology used was a combination of quantitative ecological methods and semi-directive interviews of 20 experienced harvesting elders. The research also used ecological science to evaluate potential harvest monitoring methods and to determine what sets the limits on harvest. These ecological studies focused on harvesting by four families on Putauhinu Island in 1997-1999. Harvest is divided into two parts. In the first period (�nanao�) chicks are extracted from breeding burrows during daytime. In the second period (�rama�) chicks are captured at night when they have emerged from burrows. Nanao harvest rates only increased slightly with increasing chick densities and birders� harvest rates varied in their sensitivities to changing chick density. Although harvest rates can only provide a general index of population change a monitoring panel, with careful selection of participants, may be the only feasible way to assess population trend and thereby harvest sustainability or the resource�s response to changed management. Rakiura Maori harvesting practice constitutes common property resource management based on birthright and a system of traditional rules. Protection of island habitat and adult birds, and temporal restricitions on harvest are considered most important. Legislation and a belief system of reciprocity and connection to ancestors and environment aid enforcement of the rules. Ecological knowledge is learnt through observation, hands-on experience and storytelling. Younger Rakiura Maori now spend less time harvesting which puts pressure on the transmission of knowledge. Paradoxically, use of modern technology for harvesting aids transfer of essential skills because it is easier and faster to learn, thereby contributing to the continuance of a culturally important harvest. Limits on harvest are passive, with the numbers of chicks taken determined by the time spent harvesting and processing. Processing is more limiting during the rama period. Future innovations that decrease the time to process each chick during rama could greatly increase the total number of chicks caught. Recently introduced motorised plucking machines decrease the time required to pluck each chick. However, on Putauhinu Island, use of plucking machines did not increase the number of chicks harvested, indicating social mechanisms were also limiting. Elders identified changing values between the generations, which may reduce the future strength of social limitations on harvest pressure. Global climate change may reduce the predicability of traditional knowledge. Rakiura Maori have identified this risk and sought to examine ecological science as a tool to complement traditional knowledge for monitoring harvest sustainability. Climate change, declining tītī numbers and potential changes in technology or markets all threaten the effectiveness of current social limits to harvest. Rakiura Maori have previously shown the ability to adapt and must look to add resilience to their institutions to ensure we keep the titi forever.
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4

Stoffle, Richard W. "Bandelier National Monument A Study of Natural Resource Use among Culturally Affiliated Pueblo Communities." Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292608.

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This presentation is a summary key findings and recommendations for the Bandelier National Monument Traditional Use Study. This presentation was given by Dr. Stoffle during seperate meetings with National Park Service staff and the involved tribes.
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5

Silva, Nalba Lúcia Gomes da. "Zooterápicos utilizados em comunidades rurais do município de Sumé, semiárido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil e avaliação da atividade antibacteriana da gordura da jibóia Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758)." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1731.

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Gonçalves, Maria Betânia Ribeiro. "Conhecimento de uso da fauna cinegética por caçadores no semiárido paraibano." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1871.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Hunting and use of wildlife resources are ancient practices and social, cultural and ecological. In particular in the Brasileiro Northeast, these activities has an important role, since animals play an important socioeconomic role in the region by providing meat and other products to local families and has obvious environmental implications. In this context, research etnozoológicas, the establishment of strategies for wildlife conservation and maintenance of local cultural practices, are undoubtedly of great importance. The objective of this research was to document and characterize the biological and ecological context in which it gives the use of wildlife resources in the municipalities of the São João do Cariri and Cabaceiras, semiarid region of Paraíba. Therefore, we conducted 37 interviews with local hunters, distributed in 24 men and 13 women. The average age of respondents was 51.21 years. The data collected enabled the creation of a list represented by 81 animals, distributed in birds (49), reptiles (19) and mammals (13). All described species were distributed in the categories of use: Food (51%), Estimation (38%), control (25%), Medical (18%), Craft (6%), Ritualistic (4%). The hunting techniques mentioned by respondents were: Shotgun, hook, hunt chase with the use of dog and gun, traps, sangra, Wait, Fojo, Quixó, Assaprão, imitation, Facheado, Visgo, Tracking, Cage for Armadillo, loop to capture small birds and Arataca. Some species have seasonal importance, especially migratory birds in the rainy and mammals and reptiles in times of drought. The interviewees showed concern facing the preservation of local fauna. It is concluded that research activities that register are important because they allow hunting guide jobs under the most exploited species, focused on environmental education in line with human needs and protection of these resources.
A caça e a utilização dos recursos faunísticos são práticas antigas e de importância social, cultural e ecológica. Em especial no Nordeste Brasileiro, estas atividades tem papel relevante, uma vez que animais desempenham importante papel socioeconômico na região, por fornecer carne e outros produtos às famílias locais e tem evidentes implicações ambientais. Nesse contexto, pesquisas etnozoológicas para o estabelecimento de estratégias de conservação da fauna e manutenção das práticas culturais locais, são sem dúvidas de grande importância. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi documentar e caracterizar o contexto biológico e ecológico em que se dá a utilização dos recursos faunísticos nos municípios de São João do Cariri e Cabaceiras, semiárido paraibano. Para tanto foram realizadas 37 entrevistas com caçadores locais, distribuídas em 24 homens e 13 mulheres. A média de idade dos entrevistados foi de 51,21 anos. Os dados colhidos possibilitaram a elaboração de uma listagem representada por 81 animais caçados, distribuídos em aves (49), répteis (19) e mamíferos (13). As espécies catalogadas foram distribuídas nas categorias de uso: Alimentação (51%), Estimação (38%), Controle (25%), Medicinal (18%), Artesanal (6%), Ritualística (4%). As técnicas de caça mencionadas pelos entrevistados foram as seguintes: Espingarda, Anzol, caça de perseguição com uso de cachorro e espingarda, Arapucas, Sangra, Espera, Fojo, Quixó, Assaprão, Arremedo, Facheado, Visgo, Rastreamento, Gaiola pra tatu, laço para capturar aves de pequeno porte e arataca. Algumas espécies possuem importância sazonal, destacando as aves migratórias em épocas de chuvas e mamíferos e répteis em épocas de seca. Os entrevistados revelaram estar preocupados frente à conservação da fauna local. Conclui-se que pesquisas que registrem atividades cinegéticas são importantes porque possibilitam guiar trabalhos sob as espécies mais exploradas, voltadas para a educação ambiental em consonância com as necessidades humanas e proteção a esses recursos.
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Mahlo, Salome Mamokone. "Antibacterial activity of selected plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/929.

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8

Santos, Silene Lima Dourado Ximenes. "ANIMAIS E PLANTAS UTILIZADAS COMO MEDICINAIS POR UMA COMUNIDADE RURAL DO SEMI-ÁRIDO DA PARAIBA, NORDESTE DO BRASIL." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2165.

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The knowledge concerning the therapeutic properties of animals and plants has been developed by human communities since the times remote and last of generations in generations. As the traditional medicine is intimately related to the natural resources, specifically to the biodiversity, it is more evident that the traditional knowledge associated to the use of the biological resources becomes important for its conservation and durable use. It is still more important in areas as the semi-arid Northeasterner, where the biome Caatinga prevails, which is little studied, above all of the point of ethnobiologic view. It was aimed at to accomplish a rising of the animal species and vegetable employees as medicinal in a rural community of the Queimadas Municipal district, semi-arid of the state of Paraíba, Northeast of Brazil, knowing the several related aspects the those practices. Free interviews were accomplished and applied semi-structured forms to the users of medicinal plants and animals. The value of use of each species and the factor of consent of the informers were calculated. A total of 53 medicinal animals (43 vertebrates and 10 spineless), distributed in 42 families, were mentioned for the treatment of 68 diseases. The animal species more mentioned were Gallus gallus - domestic chicken, and Tupinambis merianae - lizard. A total of 143 plants were mentioned, distributed in 64 families, which are used for the treatment of 88 diseases. The species more mentioned were Anacardium occidentale - purple chestnut and Mentha x villosa-nervata - mint-small. The Breathing Apparel was the isolated organic system with larger number of citations of animals and plants together. Some species of animals and plants threatened of extinction are being used by the community. Studies in pharmacology subsequent will be important for identification of bioactives compositions and therapeutic proofs of the used biological resources. Any conservation strategy should have direct connection with improvement of public health, particular ly for rural communities that have limited access to services of health efficient.
O conhecimento acerca das propriedades terapêuticas de animais e plantas vem sendo desenvolvido por comunidades humanas desde os tempos remotos e passado de gerações em gerações. Como a medicina tradicional está intimamente relacionada aos recursos naturais, especificamente à biodiversidade, é cada vez mais evidente que o saber tradicional associado ao uso dos recursos biológicos torna-se importante para sua conservação e uso duradouro. Torna-se ainda mais importante em áreas como o semiárido nordestino, onde predomina o bioma Caatinga, o qual é pouco estudado, sobretudo do ponto de vista etnobiológico. Objetivou-se, neste estudo realizar um levantamento das espécies animais e vegetais empregados como medicinais em uma comunidade rural do Município de Queimadas, no agreste semi-árido do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, conhecendo os vários aspectos relacionados a essas práticas. Foram realizadas entrevistas livres e aplicados formulários semi-estruturados a usuários de plantas e animais medicinais. Foram calculados o valor de uso de cada espécie e o fator de consenso dos informantes. Um total de 53 animais medicinais (43 vertebrados e 10 invertebrados), distribuídos em 42 famílias, foram citados para o tratamento de 68 doenças. As espécies animais mais citadas foram Gallus gallus - galinha doméstica, e Tupinambis merianae - lagarto. Um total de 143 plantas medicinais foram citadas, distribuídas em 64 famílias, as quais são utilizadas para o tratamento de 88 doenças. As espécies mais citadas foram Anacardium occidentale - cajú-rôxo e Mentha x villosanervata - hortelã-miúda. Doencas do Aparelho Respiratório foi o sistema orgânico isolado com maior número de citações de animais e plantas juntos. Algumas espécies de animais e plantas ameaçadas de extinção estão sendo utilizadas pela comunidade. Estudos farmacológicos posteriores serão importantes para identificação de compostos bioativos e comprovações terapêuticas dos recursos biológicos utilizados. Qualquer estratégia de conservação deve ter conexão direta com melhoria de saúde pública, particularmente para comunidades rurais que têm acesso limitado a serviços de saúde eficientes.
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Silva, Maxciell Ricardo Azevedo da. "Uso de animais em uma comunidade rural do semiárido brasileiro: Um enfoque etnozoológico." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2466.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The Brazilian semiarid region has unique characteristics regarding the composition of its biodiversity, being a region of significant importance in several respects both biological and ecological and cultural. The creation and trade of wildlife has been identified as a threat to many species of animals. These practices are constant throughout the semi-arid, despite having legal measures prohibiting many of them. Throughout the world the use of animals for various purposes is quite common, these modes of use are almost always incorporated into the culture and community identity in question. This study, which ethnozoological approach has investigated the different use of wildlife modes in a rural community of a municipality in the Brazilian semiarid region. Our results showed that among the modes of animal use, said the creation of wild birds as pets (n = 16 species), as well as animals used for trade (n = 10 species) and as a nutritional source (n = 7 species). The creation and marketing of wild animals in the region is sometimes illegally and is part of everyday life for people of different socioeconomic levels, part of the cultural identity of communities in the region, even though there are legal measures prohibiting many of these practices . Given the importance of knowledge of the communities for the sustainable use of local fauna biodiversity, such studies can contribute significantly with regard to understanding as is the use of animals in this region of Brazil and its implications for the establishment of educational measures and conservation and wildlife management projects.
O semiárido brasileiro possui características singulares no tocante à composição da sua biodiversidade, sendo uma região de significativa importância em diversos aspectos tanto biológicos quanto ecológicos e culturais. A criação e o comércio da fauna silvestre tem sido apontados como uma ameaça para muitas espécies de animais. Estas práticas são constantes em todo o semiárido, mesmo possuindo medidas legais que proíbem muitas delas. Em todo o mundo o uso de animais para diversos fins é bastante comum, estes modos de uso estão, quase sempre, incorporados à cultura e identidade da comunidade em questão. O presente estudo, que possui enfoque etnozoológico, investigou os diferentes modos de uso da fauna em uma comunidade rural de um município do semiárido brasileiro. Nossos resultados mostraram que dentre os modos de uso dos animais, destacou-se a criação de aves silvestres como animais de estimação (n=16 espécies), bem como os animais utilizados para comércio (n= 10 espécies) e como fonte nutricional (n=7 espécies). A criação e a comercialização de animais silvestres na região ocorre, por vezes, de forma ilegal e faz parte do cotidiano de pessoas de diferentes níveis sócio econômicos, fazendo parte da identidade cultural das comunidades da região, mesmo existindo medidas legais que proíbem muitas dessas práticas. Dada a importância do conhecimento das comunidades para o uso sustentável da biodiversidade da fauna local, estudos desta natureza pode contribuir de forma significativa no tocante ao entendimento de como ocorre o uso dos animais nesta região do Brasil e suas implicações para o estabelecimento de medidas educativas e projetos de conservação e manejo da fauna.
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Ferreira, Hugo Fernandes. "A caça no Brasil: panorama histórico e atual." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8221.

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historical and current scenario. In Brazil, hunting is widely practiced throughout the territory since ancient times, causing dramatic environmental consequences, although there has never been a comprehensive analysis that addressed this issue at a national level under a conservation perspective. In summary, it is known that the Brazilian hunting is a problem, but no one knows for sure what it is, what its history and what the actual size of the problem. Thus, this research aims to analyze the hunting in Brazil and the historical, socioeconomic and cultural contexts associated with such activity, with the main focus on wildlife involved in different ways to human use, the techniques used for hunting and conservation implications associated with such uses, in a comparative analysis between different biomes. The manuscript was divided into two volumes. The first one deals with the historical aspect. In the Chapter I, the survey of official documents, paintings, accounts of natural history expeditions, scientific chapters, books and papers involving hunting in Brazil were conducted. It was possible to analyze the evolution of the use of the techniques; indigenous and European influences; data on regional extinction of species; preferences of game species for food consumption, among many other factors. In the Chapter II, we realized an historical survey and listed the changes of legislation and the perceptions of the national mass media involving hunting activities to establish if there is a correlation between these factors and what the possible consequences of these changes for wildlife conservation. We demonstrate that this correlation exists and has evolved interdependently. The second volume deals with the current situation and was accomplished through 529 interviews in 25 localities from 12 states and in all Brazilian biomes. The first chapter aimed to inventory, describe and categorize these techniques in all biomes. Moreover, further analysis on the Index of Cultural Significance of these strategies, which were discussed in regional and national levels have been proposed. Altogether, 39 techniques have been documented, described and categorized according to purpose, autonomy, lethality, selectivity of species and abundance of specimens captured. The Chapter II proposes to conduct an inventory of the wildlife hunting related in food purposes of rural communities in localities of all biomes of the country, through interviews and literature review. We documented 344 species, although our estimates indicate that this number could reach more than 525, where 46% are birds, 42% are mammals, 11% are reptiles and 1% is amphibians. The last chapter aimed to point out what is the region historically most impacted by hunting in Brazil, assuming the Northeast region as hypothesis. Data were quantified to calculate the Use of Frequency Value (UFV) and statistically analyzed with data from the biomass of each species cited in each area. The results indicate a national trend of high UFV’s for large species. This pattern is followed in the Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado and Pampas. In contrast, the areas of the Atlantic Forest and mainly Caatinga, both in Northeastern Brazil, present the reverse of this pattern, indicating depletion and local extinction of large animals. This can be explained by the history of occupation, economic aspects, ecological support capacity, difficulty in livelihood alternatives and specific cultural patterns.
No Brasil, atividades cinegéticas são amplamente realizadas em todo o território e desde períodos remotos, provocando drásticas consequências ambientais, embora nunca tenha havido uma análise abrangente que abordasse esse tema em nível nacional, sob uma óptica conservacionista. Em resumo, sabe-se que a caça brasileira é um problema, mas não se conhece ao certo o que é, qual sua história e qual o tamanho real desse problema no país. Desse modo, a pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as atividades cinegéticas do Brasil e os contextos históricos, socioeconômicos e culturais associados a tais atividades, com foco principal na fauna envolvida em diferentes formas de uso humano, as técnicas de caça utilizadas e as implicações conservacionistas associadas a tais usos, em uma análise comparada entre os diferentes biomas brasileiros. A Tese foi dividida em dois volumes. O primeiro trata do aspecto histórico. No Capítulo I, foi realizado o levantamento de documentos oficiais, pinturas, relatos de expedições naturalistas, além de livros didáticos, artigos de periódicos, livros e capítulos de livros científicos envolvendo as atividades cinegéticas no Brasil. Foi possível analisar a evolução do uso das técnicas; as influências indígenas e europeias; dados sobre extinção regional de espécies; preferências de espécies para consumo alimentar, dentre diversos outros fatores. No Capítulo II, elencamos as mudanças da legislação e das percepções da mídia nacional envolvendo as atividades cinegéticas para estabelecer se há uma correlação entre tais fatores e quais as possíveis consequências dessas mudanças para a conservação da fauna silvestre. Demonstramos que essa correlação existe e que evoluiu de forma interdependente. O segundo volume trata do panorama atual e foi realizado através de 529 entrevistas em 25 localidades, pertencentes a 12 estados em todos os biomas do Brasil. O primeiro capítulo objetivou inventariar, descrever e categorizar essas técnicas em todos os biomas do país. Além disso, foram adaptadas novas análises sobre o Índice de Significância Cultural (ISC) dessas estratégias. Ao todo, 39 técnicas foram documentadas, descritas e categorizadas quanto à finalidade, autonomia, letalidade, seletividade de espécies e abundância de espécimes capturados. O Capítulo II se propôs a realizar um inventário sobre a fauna cinegética relacionada a fins alimentares de comunidades rurais em localidades situadas em todos os biomas do país, através de entrevistas e revisão bibliográfica. Foram documentadas 344 espécies, embora as estimativas apontem que esse número pode atingir mais que 525, sendo 46% aves, 42% mamíferos, 11% répteis e 1% anfíbios. O último capítulo teve como objetivo analisar qual a região historicamente mais impactada pela caça no Brasil, assumindo como hipótese a Região Nordeste. Os dados foram quantificados pelo cálculo do Valor de Frequência de Uso e analisados estatisticamente com os dados da biomassa de cada espécie citada em cada área. Os resultados apontam uma tendência nacional de maior valoração de uso para espécies de grande porte. Esse panorama é seguido na Amazônia, Pantanal, Cerrado e nos Pampas. Em contraste, as áreas de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste e principalmente a área de Caatinga apontam o inverso desse padrão, indicando extinção local e depleção de grandes animais. Isso pode ser explicado através do histórico de ocupação, aspectos econômicos, capacidade de suporte ecológico, dificuldade em alternativas de subsistência e padrões culturais específicos.
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11

TEIXEIRA, Pedro Hudson Rodrigues. "Conhecimento e uso efetivo da avifauna em uma comunidade no entorno da Floresta Nacional do Araripe - FLONA, Barbalha - CE." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5269.

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This study was conducted in a community located within Araripe National Forest (Floresta Nacional do Araripe – FLONA) was to verify and claim the attractive features of the birds that call the attention of local experts, the types of birds captured and types of use. Interviews were conducted with 19 informants experts who held knowledge about birds, between the months of September 2012 to May 2013, identified by the “snowball” technique. The interviews were semi-structured and recorded, and included identifying the birds by photos (Checklist). The appealing characteristics that most attract the informants are the birds’ singing, followed by the beauty of their plumage; their potential for being hunted was another characteristic that appealed to the informants. The participants cited 98 species of birds from 32 families, which constituted 50.7% of the species in that region. The birds are used in three ways: consumption, breeding and for medicinal purposes. Consumption is the activity most frequently mentioned by the informants, and which includes the greatest number of species, ten of which stand out with greater UV – those which possess the characteristic of a high potential for being hunted. In terms of breeding, three stand out with greater UV – those which possess a singing characteristic. Three species of birds were mentioned as being used for medicinal purposes: Cyanocorax cyanopogon, which is used whole for speech problems; the feathers of Crypturellus noctivagus, for snakebites; and Crotophaga ani, used whole for treating “heavy cough”. Thus, knowledge of the medicinal use of birds in the semi-arid region of Brazil provide a relevant contribution to the phenomenon of zootherapy, by providing opportunities for discussions on conservation biology and sustainable use of natural resources, and by defining the best strategies to be adopted by environmental agencies to ensure the survival both of the species of birds used and of the communities that depend on them.
Essa pesquisa foi realizada em uma comunidade localizada no entorno da Floresta Nacional do Araripe (FLONA) e teve como pretensão verificar as características atrativas das aves que chamam a atenção dos especialistas locais, os tipos de aves capturadas e os tipos de uso. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 19 informantes especialistas que detinham conhecimento sobre as aves, entre os meses de setembro de 2012 a maio de 2013, identificadas por meio da técnica “bola de neve”, sendo realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e gravadas, além da identificação das aves através de pranchas com fotos (Chechlist). As características atrativas das aves que mais chamam a atenção dos informantes são o canto e a beleza das penas, em seguida o potencial cinegético. Foram citadas pelos informantes 98 espécies de aves de 32 famílias constituindo 50,7% das espécies da região. O uso das aves é feito de duas formas: consumo (alimentação e fins medicinais) e criação. O consumo é a atividade mais citada pelos informantes e que reúne o maior número de espécies, entre elas dez se destacam com maior VU, sendo aquelas que têm por característica o potencial de caça elevado, já na criação se destacam três com maior VU, as quais possuem características canoras. Foram mencionadas três espécies de aves para fins medicinais: Cyanocorax cyanopogon, usado inteiro para problemas relacionados à fala, as penas de Crypturellus noctivagus para acidentes ofídicos e Crotophaga ani sendo utilizado o corpo inteiro da ave para tratamento da “tosse braba”. Assim, o conhecimento da utilização medicinal das aves no semiárido do Brasil fornece uma contribuição relevante ao fenômeno da zooterapia, abrindo espaço para debates sobre biologia da conservação e manejo sustentável dos recursos naturais, definindo quais as melhores estratégias poderão ser adotadas pelos órgãos ambientais, de modo a garantir tanto a sobrevivência das espécies utilizadas quanto das comunidades que delas dependem.
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12

Abreu, M?nica Costa de. "Evid?ncia de sinurbiza??o do sarigu? (Didelphis) no ecossistema urbano de Feira de Santana (BA): ocorr?ncia e intera??o com os seres humanos." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/324.

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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB
The cities have become rich sites in different life forms, harboring a biodiversity hardly noticeable by people. The phenomenon of adaptation of wild animal populations colonizing the urban environment is named sinurbization. The sinurbization process is evident in the case of possums (Didelphis). These animals adapt easily to urban field and can be seen in the streets or on trees. This work aimed to highlight the phenomenon of sinurbization related to Didelphis, its occurrences and relations with people, in urban ecosystem of Feira de Santana (BA). The research was eminently qualitative being the relevant data analysed by means of quantification parsimonious represented only by descriptive statistics, graphic depictions and tables. Sampling was performed by non-probabilistic method, in part by resorting to the accidental sample type. 50 interviews were conducted, 32 semi-structure and 18 visually stimulated (it was displayed a photographic kit contains 10 photos for visual stimuli) with people living in the urban area of the city for more than three years. The road maps of interviews involved questions related to: geographical distribution and frequency of observation of animals, aspects of general biology, attitudes and beliefs of people front the possums. Were also conducted photographic records of traces found and direct sightings of animals, as well as a visual ethnography. Data were analyzed and systematized from the union model of multiple skills. Of the 41 existing neighborhoods in urban area, were verified occurrences of Didelphis in 23. In relation to the feelings of the participants, predominated the biophobia (46%), what was also demonstrated in the aggressive attitudes (56%) of respondents. The beliefs about the possums in the locality showed up to be discreet. The residents also showed knowledge about the morphology, reproduction, ethology and chronobiology of Didelphis. The use of possums in folk medicine was also cited by respondents. On the aspects of the diet of these animals, the category "birds" was the most cited by respondents. A visual ethnography demonstrated the fact that people feed on possums. On this basis, it is possible to say that a process of sinurbization of the possum (Didelphis) in the urban environment of Feira de Santana is doable and urban dwellers of this town have knowledge about the animal which largely corresponds to the scientific literature.
As cidades tornaram-se locais ricos em diferentes formas de vidas, abrigando uma biodiversidade dificilmente percept?vel pelas pessoas. O fen?meno de adapta??o das popula??es de animais silvestres colonizando o meio urbano ? denominado sinurbiza??o. O processo de sinurbiza??o ? evidente no caso dos sarigu?s (Didelphis). Estes animais se adaptam facilmente ?s ?reas urbanas e podem ser vistos em ruas ou sobre ?rvores. Este trabalho objetivou evidenciar o fen?meno de sinurbiza??o relacionada aos Didelphis, suas ocorr?ncias e rela??es com as pessoas, no ecossistema urbano de Feira de Santana (BA). A pesquisa foi eminentemente qualitativa, sendo os dados relevantes analisados por meio de quantifica??o parcimoniosa representadas apenas por estat?stica descritiva, representa??es gr?ficas e tabelas. A amostragem foi realizada por m?todo n?o-probabil?stico, em parte recorrendo-se ao tipo amostral acidental. Foram realizadas 50 entrevistas, 32 semi-estruturadas e 18 visualmente estimuladas (foi exibido um kit fotogr?fico contendo 10 fotos para estimulo visual) com pessoas que habitam a ?rea urbana do munic?pio h? mais de tr?s anos. Os roteiros de entrevistas envolveram perguntas relacionadas a: distribui??o geogr?fica e frequ?ncia de observa??o dos animais, aspectos da biologia geral, atitudes e cren?as das pessoas frente aos sarigu?s. Tamb?m foram realizados registros fotogr?ficos de vest?gios encontrados e de avistamentos diretos dos animais, bem como uma etnografia visual. Os dados foram sistematizados e analisados a partir do modelo de uni?o de diversas compet?ncias. Dos 41 bairros existentes na ?rea urbana, foram verificadas ocorr?ncias de Didelphis em 23. Em rela??o aos sentimentos dos participantes, predominou a biofobia (46%), o que ficou igualmente demonstrado nas atitudes agressivas (56%) dos entrevistados. As cren?as sobre os sarigu?s na localidade mostrou-se discreta. Os moradores tamb?m mostraram conhecimento sobre a morfologia, reprodu??o, cronobiologia e etologia dos Didelphis. O uso dos sarigu?s na medicina popular tamb?m foi citado pelos entrevistados. Sobre os aspectos da dieta desses animais, a categoria ?aves? foi a mais citada pelos entrevistados. A etnografia visual demonstrou o fato das pessoas alimentarem-se de sarigu?s. Com base nisso, ? possivel afirmar que o processo de sinurbiza??o do sarigu? (Didelphis) no ambiente urbano de Feira de Santana ? fact?vel e que os moradores urbanos desta localidade possuem conhecimentos sobre o animal que em grande parte corresponde a literatura cient?fica.
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Souza, Jamylle Barcellos de. "Aspectos sócio-culturais e ecológicos das atividades cinegéticas no município do Conde, Paraíba: uma abordagem etnozoológica." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4535.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The hunting of wild vertebrates is a widespread practice in Brazil. From a socioeconomic perspective it plays an important role by providing meat and other products. On the other hand, it has important implications for conservation as a pressure to the exploited species. This dichotomy highlights the need for research addressing the hunting activity and its associated knowledge among Brazilian populations. This study aims to investigate, under an ethnozoological perspective, the socio-cultural, ecological and economic elements associated with hunting in the city of Conde1. Data were gathered using the snowball‟ sampling procedure, as well as structured and semi-structured interviews, applying the free listing technique. Eighteen expert hunters were interviewed, and reported 68 cinegetic animal species, distributed in the following categories: mammals (n = 24 species), birds (26) and reptiles (18). The techniques used for animals capture included hunting with dogs, ambush hunting with shotgun, arremedo and traps. The use of wildlife resources was mainly associated with the consumption of meat, but was also reported for zootherapy purposes, to protect livestock and control hunting. The pet trade did not comprised a current activity. Hunting is considered an ancient activity in the region, currently undertaken primarily for entertainment, with the exception of hunting animals that threaten agriculture/domestic livestock or pose human health risks. The informants reported a decline of some species in the sampling area, particularly due to deforestation and burning, and of fauna and hunting pressure. The reality experienced by hunters and their conflict with wildlife protection laws is a fundamental aspect in understanding the obstacles and opportunities for the conservation of wildlife resources of Conde. The species recorded extends the knowledge of wildlife hunting in the state of Paraiba, as this is the first study on that matter in areas of Atlantic Forest. It is expected that our results contribute to the implementation / improvement of public policies towards wildlife management, aiming at the conservation of biodiversity in the region.
A caça de vertebrados silvestres é uma prática disseminada no Brasil e sob uma perspectiva socioeconômica, tem papel importante por fornecer carne e outros produtos. Por outro lado, tem importantes implicações conservacionistas, resultando em impacto sobre as espécies exploradas, o que evidencia a necessidade de pesquisas que abordem a atividade cinegética e os seus conhecimentos associados entre as populações brasileiras. Este trabalho objetiva investigar, a partir de uma abordagem etnozoológica, os elementos sócio-culturais, ecológicos e econômicos associados às atividades cinegéticas no município do Conde, área inserida na Mesorregião Mata Paraibana do Estado da Paraíba. Estão incluídos na coleta de dados, o procedimento amostral bola de neve , entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas e a técnica lista livre. Foram entrevistados dezoito caçadores especialistas, sendo registrados 68 animais cinegéticos, distribuídos nas categorias mamíferos (n = 24 espécies), aves (26) e répteis (18). As técnicas utilizadas durante a captura dos animais incluem a caça com cachorro, espingarda, tocaia, arremedo e armadilhas. O uso dos recursos faunísticos associa-se principalmente ao consumo da carne, também sendo relatados usos zooterápicos, para fins de estimação e a caça de controle. O comércio de animais não constitui uma modalidade atual. A caça é considerada uma atividade antiga na região, sendo atualmente motivada principalmente pelo entretenimento, com exceção da caça aos animais que ameaçam a agricultura, a criação de galinhas e representam riscos a saúde do caçador. Há o registro do declínio de algumas espécies animais na opinião dos informantes, os quais atribuem tal fato principalmente ao desmatamento e queimadas na região e à pressão da caça. A realidade vivenciada pelos caçadores e o seu conflito com a legislação de proteção da fauna constitui um aspecto fundamental na compreensão dos entraves e possibilidades na conservação dos recursos faunísticos do município. O registro das espécies amplia o conhecimento da fauna cinegética no estado da Paraíba, onde ainda não foram realizadas pesquisas sobre caça em áreas de Mata Atlântica, sendo este o primeiro trabalho. Espera-se que nossos resultados contribuam com a implementação / aprimoramento de políticas públicas direcionadas ao manejo da fauna silvestre, visando à conservação da biodiversidade da região.
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14

Stoffle, Richard W., Michael J. Evans, David B. Halmo, Molly E. Dufort, and Brian K. Fulfrost. "Native American Cultural Resources on Pahute and Rainer Mesas, Nevada Test Site." Desert Research Institute Technical Report No. 84, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276092.

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Seventeen American Indian tribes having traditional prehistoric or historic ties to lands within and in the vicinity of the NTS study area were invited to participate in this study. Their participation was in keeping with a Native American consultation process that has been developed over a period of seventeen years and has involved more than sixty tribes. Indian people participating in this study were asked to identify and make recommendations about cultural resources that are potentially impacted by the underground testing activities on Pahute and Rainier Mesas, on the Nevada Test Site (NTS). This report focuses on information collected on both ethnobiology and ethnoarchaeology. Data was collected through on-site interviews with officially appointed tribal representatives and through mail surveys. This study was conducted in compliance with the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) of 1978 (PL 95 -341) and was in keeping with Department of Energy (DOE) directives to be responsive to this and other laws regarding cultural resources located on DOE facilities. This study built upon previous Native American cultural resource consultation studies conducted on the Nevada Test Site.
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15

Williams, Jim, and jim williams@otago ac nz. "E pakihi hakinga a kai : an examination of pre-contact resource management practice in Southern Te Wai Pounamu." University of Otago. Te Tumu - School of Maori, Pacific and Indigenous Studies, 2004. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070501.151631.

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Life was difficult in Te Wai Pounamu before European contact. Food collecting had to return more calories than were expended in the efforts of acquisition. Areas where food was available were conserved as well as enhanced and were exploited seasonally in such a way as to optimise each season's take. It is suggested that the absence of kumera cultivations south of the Opihi river, prior to the introduction of the potato towards the end of the 18th Century, was clearly reflected in Maori life-style and social structure. Hapu were resource based rather than regional, and the resources of various hapu might be intermingled over a wide area or indeed, in some cases, shared (see: Anderson, 1980). The "orthodox" view (Anderson, 1980, etc.) is one of "Hunters and Gatherers" who exploit available resources. I argue that the resources were, in fact, managed with a view to sustainable and optimal harvests in the future. I shall apply Harris' (1987:75) optimal foraging theory in an endeavour to show that there are signs of the quality of life as a result of a low per capita human energy input into food production. This is principally evidenced by the foods eaten just for pleasure (kai rehia) and the time available for optional activities. Accordingly, kai and the practices to control them differed from the often better documented food resources of more Northern parts of Te Wai Pounamu and Aotearoa. Nevertheless, the absence of horticulture in the south and the concomitant peripatetic life-style did not result in a lack of stewardship of resources. Based substantially on the analysis of a series of mahika kai lists, collected from elders early in the contact period, and details of traditional practices that have been handed down, this thesis argues that by 1780, when Captain Cook introduced European goods, southern Kai Tahu had in place effective procedures and practices for the sustainable use of renewable resources.
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Costa, Annyelle Kelly da Silva. "Etnoprimatologia de Sapajus flavius (SCHREBER, 1774) em fragmentos de floresta atlântica no nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3037.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The ecological overlapping of humans and other primates through anthropization leads to diverse interactions between these animal groups, some with a harmonious character and others creating conflicts between them, thus damaging the state of conservation of the wild species involved. With the present study, we investigat ed the interaction and knowledge of the inhabitants about the biology of Sapajus flavius. Data were obtained through structured questionnaires and semi-structured and free interviews with local communities living on the banks of two fragments of Atlantic Forest important for the conservation of S. flavius, Camaratuba Experimental Station / ASPLAN and Pau Brasil State Ecological Station, in the municipality of Mamanguape, PB. Through questionnaires applied to the residents about the blond capuchin monkey, information was obtained on the ecology and attitudes of the interviewees in relation to their conservation. Subsequently, Local Ecological Knowledge Indicators (LEK) and Conservation Attitudes were developed for residents. The results show that the inhabitants' contact with the forest brings experience about the biology of the blond capuchin monkey to them, and thus, they have knowledge regarding mainly their diet. Residents interviewed stated that the blond capuchin monkey have been decreasing in forest fragments over the years, and that possibly the main reason is the reduction of the availability of resources and the increase of antropic activities in the areas. Most of the residents have a high index of local ecological knowledge about the blond capuchi n monkey, although the information is distributed differently between men and women and according to age, with older men having a higher index of knowledge. Likewise, the presence of existing conflicts from the invasion of monkeys to the plantations of the residents did not affect their conservation attitude, and the interviewees showed a high predisposition to conserve the species. These results lead us to consider that the blond capuchin monkey is seen as a charismatic species, arousing the inhabitants' interest in knowing the species, and, above all, conserving it
A sobreposição ecológica de humanos e demais primatas através da antropização acaba proporcionando interações diversas entre esses grupos animais, algumas de caráter harmonioso e outras gerando conflitos entre os mesmos, prejudicando, assim, o estado de conservação das espécies silvestres envolvidas. Com o presente estudo, investigamos a interação e conhecimentos dos moradores sobre a biologia de Sapajus flavius. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionários estruturados e entrevistas semiestruturadas e livres com comunidades locais que vivem às margens de dois fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica importantes para a conservação de S. flavius, Estação Experimental de Camaratuba/ASPLAN e Estação Ecológica Estadual Pau Brasil, no município de Mamanguape, PB. Através de questionários aplicados aos moradores a respeito dos macacos-prego-galegos, foram obtidas informações sobre a ecologia e atitudes dos entrevistados com relação à conservação dos mesmos. Posteriormente foram elaborados Indicadores de Conhecimento Ecológico Local (CEL) e de Atitudes de Conservação para os moradores. Os resultados mostram que o contato dos moradores com a mata traz experiência sobre a biologia do macaco-prego-galego aos mesmos, e assim, eles possuem conhecimento no que diz respeito principalmente à sua dieta. Os moradores entrevistados afirmaram que os macacos-prego-galegos vêm diminuindo nos fragmentos de mata ao longo dos anos, e que possivelmente o motivo principal seja a redução da disponibilidade de recursos e o aumento de atividades antrópicas nas áreas. A maior parte dos moradores possui alto índice de conhecimento ecológico local sobre o macaco -prego- galego, embora as informações sejam distribuídas diferentemente entre homens e mulheres e conforme a idade, com os homens mais velhos possuindo maior índice de conhecimento. Da mesma forma, a presença de conflitos existente oriundos das invasões dos macacos às plantações dos moradores não afetou a atitude de conservação dos mesmos, e os entrevistados apresentaram alta predisposição em conservar a espécie. Esses resultados nos levam a considerar que o macaco-prego-galego é visto como uma espécie carismática, despertando o interesse dos moradores em conhecer a espécie, e, sobretudo a conservá-la.
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17

Alves, Mauricélia Macário. "Fauna silvestre usada como animais de estimação no semiárido brasileiro." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2259.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This study aimed to inventory and quantify the wealth of species of wildlife that are being kept as pets and pinpoints ways of acquiring the animal, the main reasons for creating and analyzing the socioeconomic profile of the available population. The fieldwork was carried out between July 2013 and January 2015, with residents of the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semiarid Northeast. They interviewed 1,195 locals who created or not wild species as a pet. Data were collected through semistructured questionnaires individually. 271 specimens belonging to 35 species belonging to 11 families were recorded. The avifauna was the most significant group in which the Thraupidae Family was the most representative in number of species (n = 12) and specimens (n = 122). The animals are mostly (38.5%) captured from nature and its main form of use is as a pet (76%). Find wild animals being kept as pets in possession of creators of both genders (male and female), divided into different age categories predominantly in the category 20-40 years and different levels of education. The results also showed that the maintenance of domestic species in selected households exceeded considerably the creation of wild species. Thus, we understand that positively choosing a cat, dog, rabbit or any other animal domestic fauna, as estimates of animal in this region, is mitigating the exploitation and removal of many wild species of nature, assisting in the conservation process thereof. Given the above, we hope that our findings are important to support the development of management plans for conservation of the species of wildlife that are being used as pets in northeastern Brazil.
O presente trabalho objetivou inventariar e quantificar a riqueza de espécies da fauna silvestre que estão sendo mantidas como animais de estimação, evidenciando as formas de aquisição dos animais, os principais motivos da criação e analisando o perfil socioeconômico da população acessível. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada entre Julho de 2013 e Janeiro de 2015, junto aos moradores do município de Santa Luzia situado no semiárido Nordestino. Foram entrevistados 1.195 moradores locais que criavam ou não espécies silvestres como animal de estimação. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários semiestruturados aplicados individualmente. Foram registrados 271 espécimes, pertencentes a 35 espécies, distribuídas em 11 famílias. A avifauna foi o grupo mais expressivo, no qual a Família Thraupidae foi a mais representativa em número de espécies (n=12) e espécimes (n=122). Os animais são em sua maioria (38,5%) capturados da natureza e sua principal forma de uso é como animal de companhia (76%). Encontramos animais silvestres sendo mantidos como animais de estimação em posse de criadores de ambos os gêneros (masculino e feminino), distribuídos em diferentes categorias etárias com predominância na categoria de 20 a 40 anos e diferentes graus de escolaridade. Os resultados evidenciaram ainda, que a manutenção de espécies domésticas nos domicílios visitados superou, consideravelmente, a criação de espécies silvestres. Dessa forma, entendemos que de maneira positiva a escolha de um gato, cachorro, coelho ou qualquer outro animal de fauna doméstica, como animal de estima nessa região, está mitigando a exploração e retirada de muitas espécies silvestres da natureza, auxiliando no processo de conservação das mesmas. Diante do exposto, esperamos que nossos resultados sejam importantes para subsidiar a elaboração de planos de manejo para conservação das espécies da fauna silvestre que estão sendo utilizadas como animais de estimação no Nordeste do Brasil.
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Vogliotti, Alexandre. "História natural de Mazama bororo (Artiodactyla; Cervidae) através de etnozoologia, monitoramento fotográfico e rádio-telemetria." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-29072004-161012/.

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A espécie Mazama bororo foi proposta em 1996 com base no cariótipo exclusivo (2n=32-34) encontrado em alguns animais de cativeiro. O presente estudo teve início em 1998, com os objetivos de confirmar a ocorrência da espécie na natureza, desenvolver metodologias de captura adequadas aos cervídeos de ambientes florestais e obter informações ecológicas básicas através da etnozoologia, do uso de armadilhas fotográficas e do monitoramento de animais marcados com rádio-colares. As pesquisas ocorreram em diferentes municípios e unidades de conservação públicas ou privadas ao longo da Serra de Paranapiacaba, região sul de São Paulo. As entrevistas realizadas com caçadores e palmiteiros da região indicaram a existência de 3 espécies de Mazama: M. americana, M. gouazoubira e M. bororo, além de fornecer informações gerais sobre sua ecologia, comportamento, dieta, reprodução e as técnicas de caça normalmente empregadas na região. Através das armadilhas fotográficas foi possível observar hábitos crepusculares e noturnos em M. bororo e detectar alguns padrões de utilização do habitat, possivelmente relacionados a estratégias anti-predatórias, reprodução e disponibilidade de recursos ao longo do ano. As diversas técnicas de captura empregadas apresentaram índices muito baixos de captura, a despeito do esforço relativamente alto investido nas tentativas. As técnicas de interceptação, utilizando armadilhas fixas ou desmontáveis foram as mais eficientes, resultando na captura de 4 animais. Foram estimadas áreas de uso para dois M. bororo (fêmeas) e um M. gouazoubira (macho) no interior e entorno do Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), através da rádio-telemetria. As áreas de M. bororo foram consideravelmente menores e cobertas por vegetação nativa em bom estado de conservação enquanto que o M. gouazoubira ocupou áreas bastante antropizadas, indicando preferências de habitat distintas entre estas espécies. Evidências não comprovadas da existência de M. americana na região levantam questões relevantes acerca da conservação de M. bororo e apontam a extrema necessidade de estudos mais intensivos visando confirmar essa simpatria, determinar os nichos de cada espécie e principalmente definir a distribuição geográfica de M. bororo nos últimos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do país.
The species Mazama bororo was proposed in 1996 based on the unique karyotype (2n=32-34) found in some captive animals. The present study began in 1998 and intended to confirm the occurrence of this species in nature as well as to develop deer capture methods adequate in forest environments and to obtain basic ecological information using etnozoological approach, camera traps and radio-collared animals. For this purpose research was carried out several in municipalities and in public or private conservation units along the Paranapiacaba Ridge, southern region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Interviews accomplished with hunters and heart of palm gatherers from this region indicated the existence of 3 Mazama's species: M. americana, M. gouazoubira and M. bororo. These interviews also supplied general information about the ecology, behavior, diet and reproduction of these deer species and the hunting techniques employed in the region. Camera traps allowed the observation of the twilight and nocturnal habits of M. bororo and of some patterns of habitat utilization, probably related to anti-predatory strategies, reproduction and resources availability along the year. In spite of the intense efforts, all techniques employed for capture in this study had a low capture index. The interception technique, using fixed or dismountable traps and resulting in the capture of 4 animals, was the most efficient. Home ranges of two M. bororo (females) and a M. gouazoubira (male) were estimated in the Intervales State Park (PEI) and it’s outskirts by radio-telemetry. The home ranges of M. bororo were considerably smaller and covered by well preserved native vegetation. M. gouazoubira many times occupied degraded areas, indicating distinct habitat preferences between these species. Not proven evidences of the existence of M. americana in the studied region rise important questions regarding M. bororo preservation; there is an urgent need for intensive studies to confirm this simpatry, to determine the niches of both species and to define the geographical distribution of Mazama bororo in the last Atlantic Rain Forest remainders of the Brazil.
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Torres, Denise de Freitas. "Uso da biodiversidade por popula??es humanas na caatinga e na Mata Atl?ntica, Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14027.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The use of animals is a common activity but it can be really variable between human populations. This work analyzed the knowledge about useful animal species between human communities in Caatinga and Atlantic Forest considering the influence of socioeconomics and environmental factors on the species selection. Forty people were interviewed in Cara?bas community (Atlantic Forest) and thirty were interviewed in Barrocas community (Caatinga). A total of 193 animals were cited. The communities showed a low degree of similarity (20%) and the general diversity of mentioned species was significantly bigger in Cara?bas. Men cited a diversity of species greater than women for food category in Cara?bas and pet category in Cara?bas and Barrocas. Women cited greater species diversity for medicinal use in Cara?bas. In general, in both communities, the age group >60 years showed a greater knowledge than the others. The multiple regression analysis showed the age as the only socioeconomic factor which influenced significantly the knowledge about animals for the food category in both communities. Considering the richness of known species, there were differences only between gender for sum of uses and food category in Cara?bas and for the pet category in Barrocas with men showing a greater knowledge than women. The results showed that local environmental differences are fundamental at the species selection but they also showed that within communities there are other factors like gender and age that tend to influence the knowledge about species. It is important to consider cultural, economic, social and environmental factors to understand better the interactions between people and animals so that this information can be used to facilitate the implementation of conservation measures
O uso da fauna ? uma pr?tica comum, mas pode ser bastante vari?vel entre popula??es humanas. Este estudo analisou o conhecimento sobre as esp?cies de animais ?teis entre comunidades humanas na Caatinga e na Mata Atl?ntica, levando em considera??o a influ?ncia de fatores socioecon?micos e ambientais na sele??o das esp?cies. Quarenta pessoas foram entrevistadas na comunidade Cara?bas (Mata Atl?ntica) e trinta na comunidade Barrocas (Caatinga). Um total de 193 animais foi citado. As comunidades apresentaram um baixo grau de similaridade (20%) e a diversidade geral de esp?cies citadas foi significativamente maior em Cara?bas. Os homens mencionaram uma diversidade de esp?cies maior do que as mulheres para as categorias alimentar em Cara?bas e estima??o em Cara?bas e Barrocas. J? as mulheres citaram uma maior diversidade de esp?cies para o uso medicinal em Cara?bas. De maneira geral, nas duas comunidades, o grupo de idade >60 anos apresentou um conhecimento maior que os demais. A an?lise de regress?o m?ltipla mostrou que a idade foi o ?nico fator socioecon?mico que influenciou significativamente o conhecimento sobre os animais na categoria alimentar nas duas comunidades. Levando em considera??o a riqueza de esp?cies conhecidas, houve diferen?a apenas entre os g?neros para a categoria alimentar e para a soma dos usos em Cara?bas e para a categoria estima??o em Barrocas, com os homens apresentando um conhecimento mais representativo do que as mulheres. Os resultados mostraram que as diferen?as ambientais locais s?o fundamentais na sele??o das esp?cies, mas mostrou tamb?m que dentro das comunidades existem outros fatores como g?nero e a idade que tamb?m tendem a influenciar o conhecimento sobre as esp?cies. ? importante considerar fatores culturais, econ?micos, sociais e ambientais para melhor entender as intera??es existentes entre pessoas e animais, de forma que estas informa??es possam ser utilizadas para favorecer a implementa??o de medidas conservacionistas
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Elder, J. Tait. "Exploring Prehistoric Salmon Subsistence in the Willamette Valley using Zooarchaeological Records and Optimal Foraging Theory." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/22.

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My research examines the prehistoric subsistence of native peoples of the Willamette Valley, Oregon through an analysis of the regional zooarchaeological records, and then modeling regional diet breadth. Through this analysis, I challenge commonly held stereotypes that the indigenous people of the Willamette Valley were strictly root eaters, and the basis for this claim, that salmon were not part of Native subsistence. The results of my research indicate that given the incomplete nature of the ethnohistoric record, very little can be said about expected cultural behaviors, such as salmon consumption, that appear to be absent in the Willamette Valley. In addition, since the faunal assemblage is so small in the Willamette Valley, zooarchaeological data are simply inadequate for studying the relationship between prehistoric peoples and their animal resources. Finally, optimal foraging modeling suggests that salmon is one of the higher ranked resources available to the Native People of the Willamette Valley.
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21

Moyo, Busani. "Determination and validation of ethno-veterinary practices used as alternatives in controlling cattle ticks by resource-limited farmers in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/165.

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Ticks are the most common external parasites of economic importance in the livestock farming sector of Southern Africa. They are vectors of tick-borne diseases and are commonly controlled using conventional acaricides, which are expensive and not readily available to resource-limited farmers. As a result many resource-limited farmers resort to use of alternative materials to control ticks on their livestock. Tick resistance to acaricide is an increasing problem in Southern Africa and poses a real economic threat to livestock and veterinary pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study was to document and validate the ethno-veterinary remedies used as alternative methods of controlling cattle ticks by resource-limited farmers. A questionnaire survey was conducted in May 2007, at Qolora by-Sea and Nontshinga in Centane district, to determine tick control methods used by resource limited farmers in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments were done to validate the acaricidal properties of ethnoveterinary remedies used by resource-limited farmers. Ticks were reported to be a major problem, transmitting diseases like anaplasmosis (89.8%), babesiosis (55.9%) and ehrlichiosis (16.9%), they also cause wounds that predispose cattle to screwworm infestation, tick worry and teat damage. All farmers used acaricides and dipping tanks provided by the government to control ticks, as the main tick control method. However, the majority (94.9%) were of the opinion that the dip wash was not effective in controlling ticks. As a result, farmers complemented the government dipping service with use of own initiatives like spraying with conventional acaricides (22%), household disinfectants such as Jeyes fluid (18.6%), used engine oil (10.2%), chickens feeding on ticks (5.1%), manual iv removal (5.1%), and pouricides (1.7%). In addition, some farmers also use plants (6.8%), mainly the leaf of Aloe ferox and the bark of Ptaeroxylon obliquum. The in vitro repellency models showed Jeyes fluid (76.8 and 100% concentrations) and P. obliquum (40%) had repellent properties that lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes respectively while that of, Tabard (35% diethyltoluamide) positive control, lasted for 4 hours when applied against nymphal stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. In the contact bio-assay, undiluted used engine oil, T. minuta oil (50%), Ektoban® (Cymiazol 17.5% and cypermethrin 2.5%) and Jeyes fluid (76.8%) caused higher tick mortality of more than 86%. Other materials (A. ferox, Lantana camara and Tagetes minuta) had no repellence and acaricidal properties. In the in vivo study, Jeyes fluid at a concentration of 76.8% and used engine oil displayed efficacy of 71 and 76.4% respectively which was similar to that of the positive control Ektoban® at 97.8% tick load reduction. Among plant materials L. camara at 40% concentrations had an efficacy of 57% while A. ferox, P. obliquum and T. minuta were not effective at all. The remedies used by resource-limited farmers to control ticks vary in efficacy. Their ability to reduce tick load on cattle appears to be promising and a welcome development as their use could probably reduce tick burdens in cattle with less expenditure. However, further investigations need to be done before they are recommended for use. Despite being effective some of the materials have potential toxic effects in animals and also cause environmental contamination and I recommend used engine oil, Jeyes fluid and L. camara for further testing as they showed some efficacy compared to other remedies.
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22

Mogomba, Guy Serge. "Ethnoécologie des Mitsogho du Gabon : Ethnobotanique et Ethnozoologie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0309/document.

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Notre étude a porté sur les utilisations socioculturelles de la faune et de la flore chez les Mitsogho du Gabon. Autrement dit, elle met l'homme en relation avec son environnement. Il s'est agi de la mise en évidence de la façon dont les Mitsogho du Gabon conçoivent, conceptualisent et activent leur relation avec le monde non humain visible et invisible, notamment végétal et animal. Nous avons ainsi vu apparaître deux approches contrastées par rapport à une hypothétique relation homme/nature : la première, celle des Sociétés dites « traditionnelles », considère, conformément aux « théories indigènes » (Claude Lévi-Strauss) et à la démonstration d'un Philippe Descola, que l'ensemble des créateurs font partie d'un continuum dont les éléments différenciés se doivent d'entretenir des relations de conciliation et d'échange équitable, où l'être humain particulièrement est défini comme partie intégrante des biotopes et des écosystèmes, la seconde, celle des sociétés industrialisées, repose sur un antagonisme explicite dans les textes fondateurs (la Genèse dans la tradition chrétienne), des religions dites « révélées » qui positionnent les êtres humains comme « maîtres » et « régisseurs » de la création. Une telle attitude est le moteur de toutes politiques dites « de développement » durable ou non. La perspective est diachronique et elle vise à montrer ce qui se passe lorsque deux modes d'être, de penser et d'agir (MEPA) contraires entrent en collision, dans un contexte que nous définissons globalement comme « colonial »
Our study focused on the sociocultural use of fauna and flora amongst the Mitsogho of Gabon. In other terms, it puts the man in relationship with his environment. It was about demonstrating the way of which the Mitsogho of Gabon conceive, conceptualize and activate their relationship with the visible and invisible world, notably plant and animal. The study showed the emerging of two approaches contrasted in relation to an hypothetical relationship between man and nature : the first approach being the so call "traditional", consider according to the "indigenous" theories (Claude Lévi-Strauss) and to the demonstration of Philippe Descola, that all creatures are part of a continuum of which the differentiated elements must maintain relations of conciliation and equitable exchange, where the human being is particularly defined as integral part of the biotopes and the ecosystems ; the second, the one of the industrialized societies, based on an explicit antagonism in the founding texts (the Genesis in the Christian tradition), of the so call "revealed" religion that positions the human beings as "masters" and "managers" of the creation. Such an attitude is the motor of all policies so call "sustainable development" or not. The perspective is diachronic and it aims to show what happens when two opposite ways of being, of thinking and of acting (MEPA) come into collision, in a context that we define globally as "colonial"
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Léo, Neto Nivaldo Aureliano. "Dinâmica da caça e conflitos socioambientais no sertão da Serra Negra (PE)." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9716.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This study examined the dynamics linked to hunting, a way to experience and build niches. Accordingly, the participants in this study were the Kambiwá and Pippã, indigenous people of the backcountry of Pernambuco State. Nineteen individuals (7 Kambiwá and 12 Pippã) were interviewed; they cited 58 animals as game, including 25 mammals, 29 birds and 4 reptiles. If now, due to various factors, hunting becomes less common or some of these people stop hunting because this would be seen as a tradition. Because the hunting tradition is dynamic, it is resilient in an environment where deforestation, partly by non-indigenous people and often authorized by federal agencies, causes changes. With the loss of territory of the environment of the Pipipã and Kambiwá, the indigenous people struggle to maintain it, including the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBIO). The indigenous people in question know the boundaries of their territory (ancestor and claimed) and have extensive accounts of the ancestors associated with the Serra Negra. This is moreover a conservation unit, governed by specific agencies and managed by ICMBIO. In trying to understand such conflicts and talks by the parties, four employees of that municipality as well as the indigenous individuals were interviewed. Given this, one can understand the history of environments and processes of co-evolution of organisms, acting incisively in the construction of niches. In such movements, the actions of many subjects intertwine, alerting us to the need for integrative and collaborative approaches to minimize conflicts that are generated by perceptions viewed as antagonistic, considered opposing interests while showing similarities.
Este estudo abordou a dinâmica que está atrelada à atividade de caça, ao percebê-la como uma forma de experienciar e construir os nichos. Para tal, participaram deste trabalho os povos indígenas Kambiwá e Pipipã, localizados no sertão do Estado de Pernambuco, entrevistando-se 19 índios (7 do povo Kambiwá e 12 do povo Pipipã), que citaram 58 animais, sendo 25 mamíferos, 29 aves e 4 répteis. Se atualmente, por vários fatores, a caça torna-se menos frequente, nem por isto alguns indígenas deixam de realizá-la pois esta, segundo as percepções, seria uma tradição. Por ser dinâmica, a tradição da caça encontra processos de resignificação em um ambiente no qual o desmatamento por parte de nãoíndios, muitas vezes autorizada por órgãos federais, modifica e impõe alterações. A perda do território, do ambiente do povo Pipipã e Kambiwá, faz com que a luta dos indígenas pela manutenção deste se confronte, inclusive, com o Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO). Os povos indígenas em questão possuem limites de seu território (ancestral e reivindicado), além de extensas narrativas sobre os antepassados, associadas à Serra Negra. Esta, por sua vez, constitui-se em uma Unidade de Conservação, regida por dispositivos específicos e gerida pelo ICMBIO. Procurando compreender tais conflitos e os discursos proferidos pelas partes, foram entrevistados quatro funcionários da referida autarquia, além dos indígenas. Diante disto, compreende-se a historicidade dos ambientes e os processos de co-evolução dos organismos, atuando incisivamente na construção dos nichos. Em tais movimentos, as ações de diversos sujeitos se emaranham, nos alertando para a necessidade de abordagens integrativas e colaborativas, minimizando conflitos que são gerados por percepções postas como antagônicas, rotuladas como oposição de interesses enquanto guardam semelhanças.
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NASCIMENTO, André Luiz Borba do. "Riqueza e redundância utilitária da assembléia de plantas e animais forrageados para fins medicinais no semiárido do nordeste brasileiro." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5275.

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Plants and animals are used as important medicinal resources by rural communities worldwide. Its uses can result in impact to biodiversity. However studies that seek to understand the interaction between these two resources in the same local medical system are nonexistent. An important tool for this type of research is the utilitarian redundancy model, because it allows us to evaluate how the richness of medicinal resources is distributed among the different therapeutic targets, indicating possible overlapping of use between plants and animals and revealing species that could suffer a higher use pressure. This model also involves issues related to resilience, predicting that therapeutic targets with a smaller arsenal of species would be more vulnerable to changes in local medical systems. In this context, this study aims to investigate the relationships between the use of medicinal plants and animals and the traditional medical system of Horizonte, which is an extractive community located in the Environmental Protection Area of FLONA Araripe - Apodi in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. We found that most of the therapeutic targets treated by animal substances are overlapped, i.e., are also treated by plant substances, and these targets concentrate most of medicinal resources. They are perceived as very usual, although considered a little dangerous. This similar behavior of people using medicinal plants and animals reflect in the formation of a common core of knowledge, shared by most of the community. Furthermore, the population considers plants and animals equally effective in curing overlapped therapeutic targets. However, plants are used mostly due to their greater availability. The data also indicates that women have more knowledge about medicinal resources closer to their residential area; a space where they spend more time due to their responsibilities in taking care of the families. On the other hand men know more about medicinal resources related to forests; spaces often more visited by them. This occur because they are responsible for supporting their families, fact that leads them to frequently explore these areas. The results indicate the existence of general patterns related to the use of medicinal resources, in which the energy optimization, perceived priorities, spaces occupied and social functions seem to guide the use, collection and the sharing of knowledge of medicinal plants and animals; attributing greater resilience and adaptability to the local medical system.
Plantas e animais são utilizados como importantes recursos medicinais por comunidades rurais em todo o mundo. Seus usos podem implicar em impactos a biodiversidade, no entanto, trabalhos que busquem entender a interação entre esses dois recursos no mesmo sistema médico local são inexistentes. Uma importante ferramenta para esse tipo de investigação é o modelo de redundância utilitária, por permitir avaliar como a riqueza de recursos medicinais é distribuída entre os diferentes alvos terapêuticos, indicando possíveis sobreposições de uso entre plantas e animais, podendo revelar as espécies que poderiam sofrer maior pressão de uso. Esse modelo implica também questões relativas à resiliência, prevendo que alvos terapêuticos com um menor arsenal de espécies, estariam mais vulneráveis a alterações nos sistemas médicos locais como perda de espécies. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetiva investigar as relações no uso de plantas e animais medicinais no sistema médico tradicional da comunidade extrativista Horizonte situada na Área de Proteção Ambiental da FLONA Araripe – Apodi, no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro. Foi encontrado que a maioria dos alvos terapêuticos tratados por animais são sobrepostos, ou seja, também tratados por plantas, sendo esses alvos os que concentram maior riqueza de recursos medicinais. Os alvos que possuem grande acúmulo de espécies em seu tratamento são percebidos como muito frequentes, embora considerados pouco perigosos. Essa tendência semelhante de uso de plantas e animais medicinais pelas pessoas se refletem na formação de um tronco comum de conhecimento bem compartilhado pela comunidade. Além disso, a população considera plantas e animais igualmente efetivos na cura de alvos terapêuticos sobrepostos, no entanto, plantas são mais usadas devido a sua maior disponibilidade. Os dados indicam ainda, que mulheres demonstram conhecer mais sobre os recursos medicinais mais próximos das residências, espaço que as mesmas passam maior tempo devido a sua responsabilidade no cuidado da família, enquanto, que os homens conhecem mais sobre recursos medicinais ligados a floresta, espaço visitado com maior frequência pelos mesmos que são responsáveis por prover o sustento da família, o que os leva a explorar mais essas áreas. Os resultados indicam a existência de padrões gerais relacionados ao uso de recursos medicinais, no qual a otimização energética, percepção de prioridades, espaço ocupado e função social, parecem guiar o uso, a coleta e a divisão do conhecimento de plantas e animais medicinais, atribuindo maior resiliência e adaptabilidade ao sistema médico local.
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Boll, Valérie. "Autour du couple ambigu crapaud-grenouille. Essai de recherches ethnozoologiques au niveau europeen." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR20041.

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Grenouille et crapaud forment,selon l'opinion de la majorite des occi, dentaux,un couple;la grenouille etant apprehendee comme la femelle du crapaud. Ces animaux font ainsi l'objet de multiples traditions,croyances et utilisations qui refletent un etat de connaissance d'origine populaire,particulierement revelateur et instructif en ce qui concerne l'histoire des mentalites,l'evolution entre l'homme et l'animal. Animaux chtoniens,ils entretiennent des relations avec les elements et se situent toujours entre le sec et l'humide,le cache et le visible. Intervenant dans les cycles ceremoniels,qui suivent de pres l'ordre des saisons et du travail,ils sont recherches a certains moments cles,alors qu'ils sont chasses a d'autres periodes. "du berceau a la tombe",l'homme est souvent confronte a ces deux batraciens. De meme qu'ils nuisent ou qu'ils tuent,ils secourent et guerissent. Provoquant tour a tour attirance et repulsion,ces animaux ambivalents restent cependant charges des mysteres de leur evolution biologique. Ainsi,la grenouille et bien plus encore le crapaud se situent dans un espace intermediaire,entre le monde des morts et celui des vivants. Se presentant comme mysterieux, ces deux etres demeurent a la fois objet de respect et de crainte;on les admire,mais on les redoute aussi. Mais le crapaud se voit investi d'une dimension supplementaire. Etant un veilleur de marge,il n'evolue plus seulement dans le domaine de l'ambiva, lence,mais se place ailleurs,au-dela,dans le monde de l'equivoque. Introduit dans le domaine du sacre,il devient un intercesseur,le reci- pient des forces magico-religieuses. Ainsi de part sa sacralite,le crapaud represente la concentration a la fois de tout ce qui menace et sauve l'homme
According to the opinion of the majority of the westerners,frog and toad make a couple. The frog is considered as the female of the toad. Therefore these animals are the subject of multiple traditions,believes and uses which reflect a state of popular knowledge,especially revealing and instructive as regards the history of the mentalities,the evolution between men and animals. As they are animals living in earth, they maintain relations with the elements and always take place between dry and humid,hidden and visible. Taking place in the ceremonial cycles,which follow close the order of seasons and work,they sometimes are sought after,even though they are hunted at other times. "from cradle to grave",men are often confronted with these two amphibians. In the same way, they can be harmful or can kill,they can help and cure. Instigating attraction and repulsion in turn,these ambivalent animals still remain loaded with the mysteries of their biological evolution. So, the frog and more particulary the toad take place in an intermediate space,between the world of the dead and the one of the living. Appearing as mysterious,these two beings remain object of both respect and fear;they are admired but also feared. But the toad is invested with a supplementary dimension. Being a watch of edge, it doesn't only move around in the domain of ambivalence, but it finds a place somewhere else,beyond,in the world of ambiguity. Introduced in the domain of sacred,he has became an interceder,the receptacle of the magico-religious forces. So through his sacrality,the toad represents the concentration of what threatens and save men at the same time
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26

Brunois, Florence. "Le jardin du casoar, la forêt des Kasua : influences des relations au milieu forestier tropical sur la constitution de l'identité et des savoir et savoir-faire écologiques de la société Kasua, Grand-Plateau de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0049.

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Le jardin du casoar, la forêt des Kasua est une monographie en anthropologie écologique se consacrant à la multiplicité des relations qu'entretient la société Kasua du Grand-Plateau de Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée avec les êtres vivants et spirituels de son milieu forestier tropical, menacés aujourd'hui par une exploitation industrielle aveugle de son bois. Son intention est double. Analysant et décrivant le savoir naturaliste, les techniques forestières, l'imaginaire, la cosmologie et les rituels ponctuant le cycle de vie comme l'accès à la reproduction humaine des Kasua, cette thèse démontre d'une part, l'impossibilité de dissocier les relations sociales des relations cosmologiques et écologiques quant à la définition de l'ontologie de cette société, et d'autre part, combien une ontologie ambivalente fondée sur le rêve nocturne produit non seulement un savoir écologique d'une formidable acuité mais surtout un savoir-faire écologique assurant une gestion durable de la biodiversité tropicale. Enfin, théoriquement, elle propose de qualifier le système relationnel qu'entretient l'humanité avec les non humains d'après le terme des relations et la génération de la dette.
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Diarra, Wamian. "Connaissance et contrôle des "rongeurs nuisibles" par les villageois en région soudano-sahélienne : test de l'efficacité des méthodes locales de contrôle." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11069.

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Cet essai représente une première tentative d'évaluation des possibilités d'améliorer sur des bases scientifiques la lutte contre les rongeurs nuisibles au Mali. Il tente d'abord de repérer les détenteurs dépositaires du savoir rodontologique local puis d'inventorier et de décrire dans leur fonctionnement intégral les méthodes traditionnelles de lutte à partir desquelles les populations villageoises s'efforcent de combattre les rongeurs nuisibles. A ce propos sont brièvement exposées deux thématiques contrastées : savoir local et savoir scientifique qui, chacune à sa manière essaie de résoudre le problème rongeurs nuisibles par des procédés spécifiques propres. Ces relations de synergie ou d'antagonisme entre ces deux systèmes de valeur sont comparées puis discutées dans la suite du document afin d'informer le lecteur sur les insuffisances et les performances de chaque stratégie dans la résolution du problème rongeurs nuisibles
This essay is a first attempt to assess scientific efforts to improve the fight against rodent pests in Mali. On the one hand, it tries to identify knowledgeable farmers, and on the other hand it details traditional means of village populations to fight harmful rodents. There are two different approaches : the local and the scientific knowledge, each of them tries to solve the problem of rodent pests by its own means. The last part of this essay addresses comparisons and discussions about synergetic or antagonistic relationships between these two value systems in order to inform the reader about inadequacies and results on the struggle against rodents vermins
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Carette, Janine. "L'âne : zoologie-éthologie, représentations-usages." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05H009.

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Emourgeon, Clève. "Usage et représentations de l’éléphant en Thaïlande : L’animal, le patrimoine, le symbole." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100223.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif de dégager les processus mis en place pour qu’un animal en voie de disparition, l’éléphant en Thaïlande, reste un des symboles nationaux. Ainsi dans un premier temps, une étude du système domesticatoire met en évidence les représentations de l’animal associées au trois piliers de l’identité thaï : la royauté, la religion et la nation. Puis une analyse du discours de la population et des médias démontre que l’éléphant, fortement lié à l’homme et à la nation depuis des siècles, se retrouve aujourd’hui considéré comme un objet de maltraitance engendrant une perte de sens tant de ses représentations que dans la culture thaï. A partir de ce constat, une étude de tous les processus de conservation de l’animal réalisés par une ONG et le gouvernement est menée. Puis une analyse de la nouvelle grande utilisation de l’animal qu’est le tourisme révèle alors que l’animal alors conservé, protégé, touristifié devient un patrimoine thaï renvoyant grâce au tourisme les mêmes représentations dégagées dans la première partie. Le processus de patrimonialisation réalisé par les ONG, l’état et les camps touristiques permet alors de perpétuer l’animal et son symbolisme. Puis dans la dernière partie, il apparaît un processus d’invention de tradition autour du pachyderme permettant ainsi de lui redonner une place dans la vie de la population thaïlandaise, malgré les problèmes que l’espèce et les cornacs rencontrent. Forte des ces différentes analyses, en conclusion, l’éléphant reste l’objet le plus à même à symboliser la Thaïlande dans sa globalité
The aims of this research are to expose the process set up to keep significant as a national symbol an animal on way of disappearance, the elephant in Thailand. In the first part, a study of its domestication system reveals some representations of this animal associated to the three pillars of the thai national identity: the kingship, the religion and the nation. Then an analyse of the population and media ‘s discourse demonstrate that the animal is now considered as mistreated, generating a loss of signification of the representations of the elephant, bounded to human and the nation for century, and the thai culture linked with it. Based on this fact, a study of all the conservation of the elephant process initiated by NGO’s and the state is made. Moreover an analyse of tourism, the new mass used of the pachyderm, shows that protected and being a touristic attraction, the elephant is becoming a thai heritage sending via tourism the same representation demonstrated in the first part. Due to the process of patrimonialization of the animal made by the NGO’s, the state as well as touristic camps, the elephant and its representations are surviving. In the last part appear some inventions of tradition involving elephant and giving it a new place in thai life, even the problems facing the animal and its mahout. Based in this tudies, I conclude that elephant is still the best object to symbolise the global thai nation
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Martin, Michel. "Les représentations du Bouquetin dans l'art paléolitique en Europe méditerranéenne." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0046.

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A partir du thème figuratif du Bouquetin dans l'Art Paléolithique pariétal et mobilier en Europe méditerranéenne, un double objectif de recherche est poursuivi : repérer son intégration à un éventuel dispositif orné et conduire une analyse techno-stylistique détaillée. L'étude développe en six chapitres l'inventaire du corpus, la zoologie de l'espèce, l'analyse descriptive et contextuelle des figures, la synthèse, l'analyse comparative des représentations méditerranéennes étendue ensuite au plan stylistique à celles d'un panel de cavernes extra-méditerranéennes, et une confrontation aux données chrono-culturelles directes et indirectes. Un courant artistique stylisé est identifiable au Solutréen qui, des régions méditerranéennes, s'étend au Quercy et aux Charentes et plus discrètement à l'ouest. Le naturalisme aurignaco-gravettien ressurgit au Magdalénien dans des figures de petit gabarit coexistant avec des représentations schématiques. Les données manifestent un emploi intentionnel du BQ par sa distribution pariétale et par sa grande sociabilité vis à vis des autres espèces résultant de choix socio-culturels et de facteurs géo-climatiques propres à chaque site, qui n'impliquent aucunement une valeur monosémique de son image
From the figurative theme of the Ibex in the Paleolithic Art of caverns and movable pieces of European Mediterranean space, a dual line of inquiry is followed : to mark the way in which the Ibex integrates a possible ornamentary device and to conduct a detailed technical stylistic analysis. The study developed in six chapters makes the inventory of the body, the zoology, the descriptive analysis in the context of the figures, the synthesis, the comparative analysis among Mediterranean sites, extended with a sample group of caves outside of Mediterranean space, and a chrono-cultural comparison with relative and absolute dating. The aurignaco-gravettian naturalism goes back to the Magdalenian on figures in smaller size. An artistic current of stylisation of the Ibex exists incontestably in the Solutrean which from the Mediterranean circulates in Quercy and Charente and more discretely in the west. The facts show in a manifest fashion an intentionality of the rock wall repartition of the Ibex figure, confirming the structural planning of the cavern space that vary in each cave as a function of socio-cultural and environmental choices which do not implicate an unique sense to its image
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Dittmar, de la Cruz Katharina. "Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei domestizierten und wildlebenden Meerschweinchen (Cavia spp.)sowie an präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru, Südamerika." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-36968.

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7. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zu Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei domestizierten und wildlebenden Meerschweinchen (Cavia spp.) sowie an präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru, Südamerika Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig (120 Seiten, 29 Tabellen, 67 Abbildungen, 187 Literaturangaben, 3 Anhänge) In den Zeiträumen von Dezember 1996 bis Februar 1997 und Februar bis Oktober 1998 sowie im Mai 1999 wurden Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei Cavia spp. in Peru durchgeführt. In die Auswertungen waren insgesamt 17 421 domestizierte Meerschweinchen (Cavia porcellus) aus 14 Departments in allen Bioregionen und Höhenlagen des Landes, 143 wildlebende Meerschweinchen (Cavia aperea) aus 3 Gebieten (El Paramo, Junin, La Raya) in den Anden und Kordilleren sowie 180 etwa 1000 Jahre alte präinkaische Mumien domestizierter Meerschweinchen, Opfertiere aus der küstennahen Chiribaya-Kultur (Fundstätten Chiribaya Baja und El Yaral) im Süden Perus, einbezogen. Die rezenten domestizierten Meerschweinchen sind in intensiver Haltung in aus Beton errichteten Stallungen, in intensiver Haltung in Stallungen regional typischer Bauweise (z. B. Schilfrohr- und Flechtzäune) sowie in extensiver Haltung im unmittelbaren Umfeld des Menschen (Küche, Wohnräume) zur Fleischversorgung der Bevölkerung gezüchtet und gehalten worden. Aufarbeitung und Bestimmung der nachgewiesenen Ektoparasiten erfolgten nach parasitologischen Standardmethoden. Für die Aufbereitung der fragilen Ektoparasiten der Meerschweinchenmumien wurde eine spezielle Methode unter Verwendung von Essigsäure und 1 %iger wässriger Kalilauge selbst erarbeitet. - Insgesamt sind 24 Ektoparasiten-Spezies, d. h. Vertreter der Siphonaptera (Flöhe), Mallophaga (Haarlinge), Anoplura (Läuse), Milben und Raubwanzen in Mono- oder Polyinfestationen bei den rezenten und präinkaischen Meerschweinchen festgestellt worden, bei den Meerschweinchenmumien wurden außerdem freilebende Arthropoden, Vertreter der Pyroglyphidae (Hausstaubmilben) und Pseudoskorpione, gefunden. Von den festgestellten Ektoparasiten sind 2 Arten Erstnachweise für Cavia porcellus, 5 Arten für Cavia aperea; 8 Spezies sind erstmals bei Meerschweinchen in Peru bzw. in bestimmten Bioregionen in Peru festgestellt worden. Von den untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen waren 96,6 % mit Ektoparasiten befallen, dabei konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (27 verschiedene Kombinationen mit bis zu 7 Arten) nachgewiesen werden: Flöhe: Pulex sp. (Artenzuordnung noch unklar), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; Milben: Ornithonyssus bacoti, Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi, Notoedres muris; Raubwanzen: Triatoma infestans. Die Prävalenz von Ornithonyssus bacoti, der am häufigsten vertretenen Milbenart, lag bei 51,7 %. Diese Spezies konnte in der Bioregion Chala nicht nachgewiesen werden; das Vorkommen in der Küstenregion (Costa) geht auf Zukäufe von Tieren aus den anderen Bioregionen zurück. Bei mittel- bis hochgradiger Befallsstärke mit der Tropischen Rattenmilbe wiesen die Meerschweinchen starke Hautveränderungen auf, bei 38 % der Tiere trat eine Anämie durch blasse Schleimhäute und blau gefärbte Ohren klinisch in Erscheinung. Es war ein Zusammenhang zwischen einem O.-bacoti-Befall der Meerschweinchen und dem Kontakt mit wildlebenden Nagetieren (Mäuse, Ratten) sowie auch mit gleichzeitig bestehenden Microsporum-caninum- und Trichophyton-mentagrophytes-Infektionen nachzuweisen. Innerhalb einer untersuchten O.-bacoti-Population im Gebiet Huancayo zeigten sich deutliche saisonale Schwankungen im Anteil an Protonymphen, welche schwach signifikant negativ mit den Niederschlagsmengen in dieser Region korrelierten. Die Befallshäufigkeit mit Siphonaptera lag bei 76,8 %, dominierend war ein Vertreter der Gattung Pulex, während Tiamastus cavicola zu 42,4 %, Xenopsylla cheopis zu 15,1 % und Ctenocephalides felis felis zu 3,5 % vorkamen. Flöhe waren in 4 der 5 Bioregionen Perus nachzuweisen, in der Selva konnten auf keinem der untersuchten Meerschweinchen Flöhe gefunden werden. Männliche und weibliche Meerschweinchen waren gleichermaßen mit den verschiedenen Siphonaptera-Spezies befallen, auf weiblichen Meerschweinchen kamen hochsignifikant mehr weibliche Pulex sp. vor als auf männlichen. Es bestand ein hochsignifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen einem Befall mit Siphonaptera und dem Kontakt der Meerschweinchen mit anderen Tierarten (Hunde, Hühnervögel, peridomestische Nagetiere). Mallophagen wurden bei 27,8 % der untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen aus allen Bioregionen nachgewiesen; die am häufigsten festgestellte Spezies war Trimenopon hispidum (60,5 %), gefolgt von Gliricola porcelli (42,7 %) und Gyropus ovalis (7,5 %). Die Befallsintensität mit Mallophagen war bei den Meerschweinchen überwiegend geringgradig. - Auf den wildlebenden Meerschweinchen konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (10 verschiedene Kombinationen mit maximal 5 Arten) folgende Ektoparasiten festgestellt werden: Flöhe: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; Läuse: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli; Milben: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi. Die Siphonaptera-Spezies Ctenophthalmus hispanicus wurden erstmalig in der Neotropischen Region nachgewiesen. Nur Myobia musculi und Myocoptes musculinus waren bei Tieren aus allen 3 Untersuchungsgebieten anzutreffen. Bei den Meerschweinchen überwogen Infestationen mit Gliricola porcelli, Eutrombicula bruyanti und Myocoptes musculinus, die Befallsintensität mit Myocoptes musculinus korrelierte positiv mit dem Alter der Meerschweinchen. - Bei 67 der 180 untersuchten Meerschweinchenmumien von beiden Fundorten konnten Ektoparasiten nachgewiesen werden. Diese befanden sich, wie auch die Mumien der ehemaligen Wirtstiere, bedingt durch die geologischen und klimatischen Bedingungen in den Fundgebieten in einem ausgezeichneten Erhaltungszustand. Flöhe aus der Gattung Pulex waren die insgesamt am häufigsten festgestellten Ektoparasiten, auf den Mumien von Chiribaya Baja wurden sie ausschließlich gefunden. Meerschweinchenmumien aus El Yaral wiesen Infestationen mit Trimenopon hispidum, Gliricola porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. und Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Erstnachweis von einem domestizierten Meerschweinchen in natürlicher Infestation) auf. Der erfolgreiche Nachweis der Ektoparasiten auf präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru eröffnet Möglichkeiten für die paläoparasitologische Bearbeitung auch der Mumien von Menschen und weiteren Opfertieren (Hunde, Lamas, Alpakas) aus diesem Kulturkreis
7. 1. Summary Investigation about the occurrence of ectoparasites on domesticated and wild guinea pigs (Cavia spp.) and preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru, South America Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institute of Parasitology. Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig (120 pages, 29 tables, 67 figures, 187 references, 3 adnex. ) Between December 1996 and February 1997, February and October 1998 and in May 1999 investigations about the occurrence of ectoparasites on the genus Cavia in Peru were carried out. The survey included 17 421 domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from 14 departments in all bioregions and altitude levels, 143 wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) from three areas (El Paramo, Junin and La Raya) in the Andes and the Cordillera and 180 about 1000 year old guinea pig mummies of C. porcellus, ritual offers from the coastal Chiribaya-Culture (archeological sites of Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) in the South of Peru. The recent domesticated guinea pigs are bred in intensive utilization systems, with concrete stables, in intensive utilization systems with regional-traditional architecture (big reed hutches or adobe stables) or in extensive utilization systems (kitchen or outdoor dips). The identification and mounting of the specimen was done by parasitological standard techniques. In the course of the study a special technique for the preservation and mounting of the fragile ectoparasites from the guinea pig mummies was developed, using acetic acid and a 1 % potassium hydroxide solution. In total 24 ectoparasite species of the siphonaptera, mallophaga, anoplura, mites and reduviids were found in mono- and polyinfestations, the guinea pig mummies also hosted free living arthropods, such as pseudoscorpions and specimen of the Pyroglyphidae (house dust mites). In two cases C. porcellus was reported as first host record, in five cases C. aperea was mentioned for the first time as a host for some ectoparasites, 8 times for several ectoparasites new locality records for Peru or bioregions of Peru could be made 96,6 % of all domesticated guinea pigs (C. porcellus) showed an infestation with ectoparasites in mono- and polyinfestations, revealing 27 different combinations with up to 7 species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Pulex sp. (taxonomical status still unclear), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides f. felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; mites: Ornithonyssus bacoti , Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Notoedres muris; reduviids: Triatoma infestans. The prevalence of O. bacoti, the most frequent species, was 51,7 %. This mite had never been recorded in the bioregion Chala; the presence of the species in the Costa could be explained by a recent purchase out of the other bioregions. A medium to high infestation rate with the tropical rat mite always resulted in obvious skin alterations, of whom 38 % also showed signs of clinical anemia, with pale mucosa and blue ear tips. There was a relation between an infestation with O. bacoti and the contact with rodents as well as an simultaneus infection with dermatophytes (Microsporum caninum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes). In an O.-bacoti-population in the Huancayo region the rate of protonymphs showed a low significant monthly variation, which correlated negative with the monthly rainfall. The prevalence of siphonaptera was 76,8 %, the species most frequently detected was Pulex sp. (89,2 %), followed by T. cavicola (42,4 %), X. cheopis (15,1 %) and C. f. felis (3,5 %). The species of fleas were distributed in 4 of the 5 bioregions; in the Selva no fleas could be found. There was no difference in the infestation rate of male and female hosts, female guinea pigs were infested with a higher rate of female Pulex sp. than male guinea pigs. A highly significant relation between the contact with other mammals (dogs, fowl and peridomestic rodents) and an infestation with siphonaptera could be detected. The prevalence of mallophaga, coming from all bioregions, was 27,8 %; the most frequently detected species was T. hispidum (60,5 %), followed by G. porcelli (42,7 %) and G. ovalis (7,5 %). The infestation levels were generally low.- On the wild guinea pigs (C. aperea) prevailed mono- and polyinfestations, represented by 10 combinations with up to 5 species, with the following species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; anoplura: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli; mites: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi. Ctenophthalmus hispanicus was mentioned for the first time from the Neotropical region. M. musculinus and Myobia musculi were the only species to be found in all three sampling areas. Infestations with G. porcelli, E. bruyanti and M. musculinus were the most common, the infestation rate with Myocoptes musculinus correlated positive with the age of the hosts.- On 67 of 180 guinea pig mummies of both excavation areas (Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) ectoparasites could be found. The conservation of the ectoparasites, as well as their former hosts was extraordinarily good due to geological and climatical conditions . Fleas of the genus Pulex were the most frequently detected specimen; on the guinea pig mummies of Chiribaya Baja only this species could be found. The mummies from El Yaral revealed the presence of T. hispidum, G. porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (first record for a natural infestation). The successful detection of ectoparasites on preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru opens new possibilities for a paleoparasitological survey including also human mummies and other animal offerings (dogs, lamas, alpakas) from this cultural background
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Coillard, Jean-Christophe. "La pensée scientifique aztèque en matière de minéralogie et de zoologie." Toulouse 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU20081.

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Châtelain, Bertrand. "L'âne dans le Proch-Orient antique : l'asinité sémitique et biblique." Grenoble 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE39039.

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C'est avec des disciplines comme l'anthropologie, la linguistique, l'ethnozoologie, l'histoire et l'archéozoologie que le concept d'asinité dans la sphère culturelle sémitique du Proche Orient antique est analysé ici. La première partie porte sur les aspects physiologiques et signifiants de l’âne et donne un éclaircissement linguistique et zootechnique sur les équidés en présence à cette haute époque. A l'aide des outils heuristiques de l'anthropologie structurale définie par Claude Lévi-Strauss, la seconde partie aborde les aspects philologiques et mythologiques permettant de redéfinir la place centrale de l'âne dans le texte biblique à partir des cultures sumérienne, égyptienne et amorrite. Le potentiel signifiant des langues sémitiques autorise une relecture des textes bibliques à la lumière du concept d'asinité : âne sauvage et homme sauvage, domestication, retrempage et hybridation, aspects calendaires, anthropomorphisme, anthropogonie, rite d'initiation, sacrifice, nature du sang et de l’âme, hiérogamie, parenté et système d'alliance. Les bases conceptuelles permettant de comprendre les dichotomies âne/cheval et Sémite/Indo-européen parcourent tout ce travail, prélude à une véritable étude ethnologique et folklorique sur les représentations de cet équidé dans l’Europe médiévale
It is with disciplines such as anthropology, linguistics, ethnozoology, history and archeozoology that the concept of asinity in the Semitic cultural sphere of the antique Middle East is analyzed here. The first part concerns the physiological and significant aspects of the donkey and gives a linguistic and zootechnic clarification of Equidae that were present in this high period. Using heuristics tools of structural anthropology defined by Claude Lévi-Strauss, the second part approaches the philological and mythological aspects allowing to redefine the central place of the donkey in the biblical text from the Sumerian, Egyptian and Amorite cultures. The meaning potential of the Semitic languages authorizes a second reading of the biblical texts in the light of the concept of asinity : wild donkey and wild man, taming, domestic savage interspecific mating and hybridisation, calendar aspects, anthropomorphism, anthropogony, initiation rite, sacrifice, nature of the blood and the soul, hierogamy, kinship and system of alliance. The conceptual basis allowing to understand the dichotomies donkey/horse and Semite/Indo -European go through all this work, prelude to a real ethnological and folk study of the representations of this Equidae in medieval Europe
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Kialo, Paulin. "Pové et forestiers face à la forêt gabonaise : esquisse d'une anthropologie comparée de la forêt." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05H059.

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Partant d'une comparaison des rapports à la forêt entretenus respectivement par la population pové et par les exploitants forestiers français au Gabon dans la province de l'Ogooué-Lolo, cette thèse se propose d'ésquisser les principes d'une anthropologie de la forêt. Cet objectif est atteint par la modélisation des formes d'humanisation de la forêt à travers la "longue histoire" des deux populations témoins. Deux modèles antinomiques principaux sont ainsi identifiés sous les dénominations "modèle pro-forêt" et de "modèle anti-forêt" qui sont à considérer comme les positions extrêmes et tour à tour dominantes d'un "groupe de transformations" qui modèlise en réalité toutes les postures idéologiques et praxiologiques intermédiaires. Celles-ci sont illustrées à travers l'histoire et à travers les civilisations par des exemples empruntés à des cultures proches dans l'espace (Pygmées au Gabon, ONG et mouvements écologistes en Occident) ou éloignées dans le temps (période pharaonique en Afrique, période druidique en Europe) des deux cultures initiales considérées. Cette validation des modèles par confrontation aux espaces et aux temps aboutit à poser les principes d'une comparative anthropologique de la forêt, suivant les principes de la comparative lingusitique déjà mise en oeuvre en Afrique bantu
The Pové people (a Gabonese ethnic group living in Ogooué-Lolo province) and French forestry workers have a very different conceptualization of what the "forest" is. Working from this difference, this thesis lays out a sketch, and develops some key principles, of a working anthropology of the concept "forest". Each of the two populations studied has a different cognitive model of what the forest is and what it does. In effect a cognitive model is ot the "forest" is a model of how the "forest" is humanized or brought under human control. And there is a long history in each case of how these groups relate to the forest. These models are identified as (i) pro-forest model and (ii) and anti-forest model, but this is just a rough first approximation. The real interest lies not in the extreme formulation of thesis and anti-thesis but in the various subtle ideological postures and practices that occupy the middle ground between the extremes. These are illustrated by drawing on examples from close at hand, namely the Pygmy populations of Gabon, and various ecologically-oriented NGOs that have projects in Gabon. The thesis also considers examples from historically more distant cultures such as the Pharos in Egypt and the Druids in Europe. By considering these various case studies, and using yhe comparative linguistic methodology familiar from Bantu research, the study proposes a model which comprises a comparative anthropology of the forest
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Harpet, Claire. "Le lémurien dans les groupes linguistiques du nord-ouest de Madagascar et du sud de Mayotte : éléments pour une anthropologie de la biodiversité." Paris, INALCO, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00176057.

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Chen, Jun Lin, and 陳俊霖. "Ethnozoology Study of Rukai on Mountain Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis)." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gc257k.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
野生動物保育研究所
105
Ethnozoology is the discipline of studying local culture, which was developed through the way how local people treat and use wild animals. In Taiwan, mountain hawk-eagles (Nisaetus nipalensis) have a deep connection with the traditional cultures of the Paiwan and Rukai tribes. However, past works have mostly focused on the Paiwan tribe instead of those on the Rukai tribe. Through in-depth interviews with 50 chiefs and mamazangilan (the nobility) from 13 Rukai tribal regions in Kaohsiung City, Pingtung, and Taitung Counties, we identified adrisi being the traditional name for mountain hawk-eagles in Rukai (and adhiyi in the Wanshan tribal region). The bird was symbolized as royalty and only can those who took controls over river (laugelauge), land (abausu), hunting grounds (daban) wear hawk-eagle feathers. The transformation of hundred-pace snake (Deinagkistrodon acutus) into the hawk-eagle is the most commonly mentioned Rukai legend. Traditionally, those qualified to wear hawk-eagle feathers included big chiefs, warriors who took lives of enemies, and brides. The brides were allowed to wear on the wedding day only and then they had to give the feather back to the big chief. Feather-wearing rules differ among tribes; for instance, some chiefs were buried with feathers. Many tribes have folksongs about the hawk-eagle to commentate hunting achievements. Traditional ecological knowledge recognizes the bird inhabited and nested on mountain cliffs at 200~2,000 m a.s.l. It is more often seen in autumn/winter and it is characterized with feathered toes and a crest. Eagle hunters often use shotguns or steel jaw baited with animal corpses to capture them for ceremony, meat, feather, gift, and funerals. Mostly respondents said they used the feathers instead of other parts of the hawk-eagle body such as bush meat in tradition. There were about 12 different terms for various feathers used in the culture. The Palrici (P5-P6) was regarded as the most valuable feathers of all and only the big chief can wear the Palrici ; however there was inconsistence in whether P5 or P5 is the Palrici among villages. The longer and wider the feathers, the more triangular markings and precious they are. In the old days, the big chief wore just one single feather by inserting it on the headdress upright but nowadays most wore two to three ones. In total, 13 out of 52 respondents of 13 tribal villages possessed 1-5 sets of feathers and nine respondents owned 6-10 sets. Fourteen loyal families, who are in possession of single feather, were mostly uncertain of the amount of feathers they actually had. The feathers mainly came from inheritance, being followed by purchase (76% from art store). Each feather set costs 3,000~36,000 NTD and 32% of the trading was due to the betrothal gift for children’s wedding. Around half of the respondents supported the traditional feather usage because they wished such tradition can carry on. However, some 30% of those respondents were pessimistic about the tradition restoration. Half of the respondents accepted the idea of using imitated feathers. If government would provide real ones by free, more than 60% would cease to purchase any longer. Around 40% of the respondents considered the first priority of filing feather application will be for the betrothal gift.
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Marešová, Jana. "Lidské preference živočišných druhů a jejich vliv na druhovou ochranu." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312190.

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The dissertation thesis deals with human aesthetic preference to other species and its anthropological and conservation aspect. The aesthetic preference to animal species has rarely been systematically studied before and quantitative analyses, especially on a fine taxonomic scale did not exist. On the other hand, it was known that attractive species often receive more support for their conservation. From these simple facts rose the idea to test human aesthetic preference to snake species (and consequently to species across major vertebrate taxa) and use this quantified preference to explain the conservation effort devoted to captive breeding worldwide (measured as size of zoo populations). We confirmed that the perceived attractiveness (preference and/or species' body size) succesfully predicts the size of zoo populations across mammal, bird and reptile taxa. On contrary, we found no effect of the IUCN listing of the species. To find out whether we work with Czech students' preference only or we may generalize to other populations, we carried out the same experiment to determine human preference to boas and pythons in eight cultures of five continents. Despite profound differences of the studied ethnics, we revealed a considerable agreement. Moreover, we found an agreement between pre-school...
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Monson, Clark S. "Indigenous resource taboos : a practical approach towards the conservation of commercialized species." Thesis, 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3&did=775171521&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233886702&clientId=23440.

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39

Edwards, Ian B. "The fetish market and animal parts trade of Mali, West Africa : an ethnographic investigation into cultural use and significance." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28522.

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While much research has examined the intricate interactions associated with the harvesting of wild animals for human consumption, little work has been undertaken in attempting to understand the greater socio-cultural significance of such use. In addition, to properly understand such systems of interaction, an intimate knowledge is required with regard to the rationale or motivation of resource users. In present day Mali, West Africa, the population perceives and upholds wildlife as a resource not only of valuable animal protein, in a region of famine and drought, but a means of generating income. The animal parts trade is but one mechanism within the larger socio-cultural structure that exploits wildlife through a complex human-environmental system to the benefit of those who participate. Moreover, this informal, yet highly structured system serves both cultural and outsider demand through its goods and services. By using traditional ethnographic investigation techniques (participant observation and semi-structured interviews) in combination with thick narration and multidisciplinary analysis (sociocultural and biological-environmental), it is possible to construct a better understanding of the functions, processes, and motivation of those who participate. In a world where there is but only a limited supply of natural and wild resources, understanding human-environmental systems is of critical value.
Graduation date: 2003
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Kloppers, Roelof Jacobus. "The utilisation of natural resources in the Matutuine district of Southern Mozambique : implications for transfrontier conservation." Diss., 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30419.

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This dissertation deals with the economic aspect of culture and focuses on the patterns of renewable natural resources utilisation among the people living in the Matutuine District of Southern Mozambique. The study also focuses on the demography, history and socio-political organisation of the area. Against this background the study emphasises the importance of the fact that these aspects will have to be taken into account if the establishment of the planned Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area in the same region is to be in any way successful. This area has no conservation status at present but has been earmarked to become part of the Lumbobo Transfrontier Conservation Area. This will mean that the entire area, or a substantial part thereof, will have to be proclaimed as a protected area. In Southern Africa the establishment of conservation areas have often been coupled with the removal of people from such areas. People removed from land declared as nature conservation areas were often denied access to resources they previously utilised to survive. The research findings indicate that the local people who live in the Matutuine District of Mozambique are extremely dependent on the natural environment for their everyday survival. The vast majority of people are concentrated in small villages where they practise subsistence agriculture. Due to nutrient poor soils and other factors, the local people are not able to produce enough foodstuffs to fulfil their survival needs. Although most people own small stock, the absolute minority of people own cattle. This is largely, although not solely attributable to the turbulent history of the area, especially the effects of the Mozambican Civil War. The poverty of the people in the area increases their dependence on natural resources. Local people supplement their diets by fish, caught in the lakes and rivers in the area, and wild fruits. Due to the effects of the Civil War, most fauna in the area have been depleted but people still hunt wild animals, especially small game, for food. The local people are thus extremely dependent on the resource base of the area earmarked to become part of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area. With the information presented in this study it is possible for the planners of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area to devise a strategy that will not impair the livelihoods of the local people who live in the area, but instead accommodate their socio-economic needs in the planning process and in the eventual establishment of the Lubobo Transfrontier Conservation Area.
Dissertation (MA (Anthropology))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Anthropology and Archaeology
Unrestricted
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41

Lafleur, Benoît. ""Je monstre un singe acoustré en damoiselle" : représentations et identités simiesques dans les polémiques religieuses en France (1542-1584)." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5529/1/M12957.pdf.

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La recherche sur le symbolisme animalier en Occident est un objet d'histoire à part entière que recouvre désormais le domaine pluridisciplinaire de la zoohistoire. Des études spécialisées montrent que diverses sources textuelles et iconographiques regorgent de nombreuses représentations simiesques, malgré le fait que cet animal soit peu présent physiquement sur le sol européen. Néanmoins, toutes les analyses de sources culturelles convergent en témoignant de manière très cohérente sur les multiples caractéristiques que l'homme occidental prête intrinsèquement à cet animal, mais dans un rapport diamétralement opposé à notre perception contemporaine de la figure simiesque, amusante et sympathique. En effet, de l'Antiquité jusqu'au milieu du XXe siècle, les représentations simiesques ont systématiquement une connotation péjorative. Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la construction du mythe simiesque, sur sa présence symbolique itérative dans la culture et son utilisation dans la société. Une incursion dans le cadre spatio-temporel de la France au XVIe siècle, et en particulier dans un rapport historiographique étroit avec les guerres de Religion, s'avère être un terrain d'étude propice pour circonscrire de manière précise les concepts de représentation et d'identité en les appliquant aux échanges de la polémique religieuse entre les protestants et les catholiques. Durant cette période, la représentation simiesque sert d'arme symbolique et identitaire pour les polémistes religieux. Le but recherché est de discréditer l'autre en le représentant sous les traits animalisés du singe, qui endosse une multiplicité de rôles, allant de la figure d'inversion comique et carnavalesque du théâtre populaire à la figure diabolique et hérétique d'un théâtre infernal de la désolation. Les analyses démontrent une évolution diachronique dans l'utilisation de la représentation simiesque en France et qui suit sensiblement le même mouvement que celui des tensions politiques et sociales. En comparant les représentations conceptuelles du « singe religieux » produites par les polémistes des deux camps et sur un court demi-siècle, nous isolons un indicateur probant de l'histoire culturelle qui nous permet de mesurer et de suivre, avec d'autres manifestations symboliques connexes, l'évolution des changements socioculturels en cours dans l'histoire de la France. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Histoire culturelle, France, Renaissance, Guerres de Religion, Zoohistoire, Symbolisme animalier, Singe, Animalisation, Polémique religieuse, Tradition, Mythes, Représentation, Identité.
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Dittmar, de la Cruz Katharina. "Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei domestizierten und wildlebenden Meerschweinchen (Cavia spp.)sowie an präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru, Südamerika: Faunistische und paläoparasitologische Untersuchungen." Doctoral thesis, 2001. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A10917.

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7. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zu Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei domestizierten und wildlebenden Meerschweinchen (Cavia spp.) sowie an präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru, Südamerika Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig (120 Seiten, 29 Tabellen, 67 Abbildungen, 187 Literaturangaben, 3 Anhänge) In den Zeiträumen von Dezember 1996 bis Februar 1997 und Februar bis Oktober 1998 sowie im Mai 1999 wurden Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten bei Cavia spp. in Peru durchgeführt. In die Auswertungen waren insgesamt 17 421 domestizierte Meerschweinchen (Cavia porcellus) aus 14 Departments in allen Bioregionen und Höhenlagen des Landes, 143 wildlebende Meerschweinchen (Cavia aperea) aus 3 Gebieten (El Paramo, Junin, La Raya) in den Anden und Kordilleren sowie 180 etwa 1000 Jahre alte präinkaische Mumien domestizierter Meerschweinchen, Opfertiere aus der küstennahen Chiribaya-Kultur (Fundstätten Chiribaya Baja und El Yaral) im Süden Perus, einbezogen. Die rezenten domestizierten Meerschweinchen sind in intensiver Haltung in aus Beton errichteten Stallungen, in intensiver Haltung in Stallungen regional typischer Bauweise (z. B. Schilfrohr- und Flechtzäune) sowie in extensiver Haltung im unmittelbaren Umfeld des Menschen (Küche, Wohnräume) zur Fleischversorgung der Bevölkerung gezüchtet und gehalten worden. Aufarbeitung und Bestimmung der nachgewiesenen Ektoparasiten erfolgten nach parasitologischen Standardmethoden. Für die Aufbereitung der fragilen Ektoparasiten der Meerschweinchenmumien wurde eine spezielle Methode unter Verwendung von Essigsäure und 1 %iger wässriger Kalilauge selbst erarbeitet. - Insgesamt sind 24 Ektoparasiten-Spezies, d. h. Vertreter der Siphonaptera (Flöhe), Mallophaga (Haarlinge), Anoplura (Läuse), Milben und Raubwanzen in Mono- oder Polyinfestationen bei den rezenten und präinkaischen Meerschweinchen festgestellt worden, bei den Meerschweinchenmumien wurden außerdem freilebende Arthropoden, Vertreter der Pyroglyphidae (Hausstaubmilben) und Pseudoskorpione, gefunden. Von den festgestellten Ektoparasiten sind 2 Arten Erstnachweise für Cavia porcellus, 5 Arten für Cavia aperea; 8 Spezies sind erstmals bei Meerschweinchen in Peru bzw. in bestimmten Bioregionen in Peru festgestellt worden. Von den untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen waren 96,6 % mit Ektoparasiten befallen, dabei konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (27 verschiedene Kombinationen mit bis zu 7 Arten) nachgewiesen werden: Flöhe: Pulex sp. (Artenzuordnung noch unklar), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; Milben: Ornithonyssus bacoti, Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi, Notoedres muris; Raubwanzen: Triatoma infestans. Die Prävalenz von Ornithonyssus bacoti, der am häufigsten vertretenen Milbenart, lag bei 51,7 %. Diese Spezies konnte in der Bioregion Chala nicht nachgewiesen werden; das Vorkommen in der Küstenregion (Costa) geht auf Zukäufe von Tieren aus den anderen Bioregionen zurück. Bei mittel- bis hochgradiger Befallsstärke mit der Tropischen Rattenmilbe wiesen die Meerschweinchen starke Hautveränderungen auf, bei 38 % der Tiere trat eine Anämie durch blasse Schleimhäute und blau gefärbte Ohren klinisch in Erscheinung. Es war ein Zusammenhang zwischen einem O.-bacoti-Befall der Meerschweinchen und dem Kontakt mit wildlebenden Nagetieren (Mäuse, Ratten) sowie auch mit gleichzeitig bestehenden Microsporum-caninum- und Trichophyton-mentagrophytes-Infektionen nachzuweisen. Innerhalb einer untersuchten O.-bacoti-Population im Gebiet Huancayo zeigten sich deutliche saisonale Schwankungen im Anteil an Protonymphen, welche schwach signifikant negativ mit den Niederschlagsmengen in dieser Region korrelierten. Die Befallshäufigkeit mit Siphonaptera lag bei 76,8 %, dominierend war ein Vertreter der Gattung Pulex, während Tiamastus cavicola zu 42,4 %, Xenopsylla cheopis zu 15,1 % und Ctenocephalides felis felis zu 3,5 % vorkamen. Flöhe waren in 4 der 5 Bioregionen Perus nachzuweisen, in der Selva konnten auf keinem der untersuchten Meerschweinchen Flöhe gefunden werden. Männliche und weibliche Meerschweinchen waren gleichermaßen mit den verschiedenen Siphonaptera-Spezies befallen, auf weiblichen Meerschweinchen kamen hochsignifikant mehr weibliche Pulex sp. vor als auf männlichen. Es bestand ein hochsignifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen einem Befall mit Siphonaptera und dem Kontakt der Meerschweinchen mit anderen Tierarten (Hunde, Hühnervögel, peridomestische Nagetiere). Mallophagen wurden bei 27,8 % der untersuchten domestizierten Meerschweinchen aus allen Bioregionen nachgewiesen; die am häufigsten festgestellte Spezies war Trimenopon hispidum (60,5 %), gefolgt von Gliricola porcelli (42,7 %) und Gyropus ovalis (7,5 %). Die Befallsintensität mit Mallophagen war bei den Meerschweinchen überwiegend geringgradig. - Auf den wildlebenden Meerschweinchen konnten in Mono- und Polyinfestationen (10 verschiedene Kombinationen mit maximal 5 Arten) folgende Ektoparasiten festgestellt werden: Flöhe: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; Läuse: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; Haarlinge: Gliricola porcelli; Milben: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi. Die Siphonaptera-Spezies Ctenophthalmus hispanicus wurden erstmalig in der Neotropischen Region nachgewiesen. Nur Myobia musculi und Myocoptes musculinus waren bei Tieren aus allen 3 Untersuchungsgebieten anzutreffen. Bei den Meerschweinchen überwogen Infestationen mit Gliricola porcelli, Eutrombicula bruyanti und Myocoptes musculinus, die Befallsintensität mit Myocoptes musculinus korrelierte positiv mit dem Alter der Meerschweinchen. - Bei 67 der 180 untersuchten Meerschweinchenmumien von beiden Fundorten konnten Ektoparasiten nachgewiesen werden. Diese befanden sich, wie auch die Mumien der ehemaligen Wirtstiere, bedingt durch die geologischen und klimatischen Bedingungen in den Fundgebieten in einem ausgezeichneten Erhaltungszustand. Flöhe aus der Gattung Pulex waren die insgesamt am häufigsten festgestellten Ektoparasiten, auf den Mumien von Chiribaya Baja wurden sie ausschließlich gefunden. Meerschweinchenmumien aus El Yaral wiesen Infestationen mit Trimenopon hispidum, Gliricola porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. und Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Erstnachweis von einem domestizierten Meerschweinchen in natürlicher Infestation) auf. Der erfolgreiche Nachweis der Ektoparasiten auf präinkaischen Meerschweinchenmumien in Peru eröffnet Möglichkeiten für die paläoparasitologische Bearbeitung auch der Mumien von Menschen und weiteren Opfertieren (Hunde, Lamas, Alpakas) aus diesem Kulturkreis.
7. 1. Summary Investigation about the occurrence of ectoparasites on domesticated and wild guinea pigs (Cavia spp.) and preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru, South America Dittmar de la Cruz, Katharina Institute of Parasitology. Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig (120 pages, 29 tables, 67 figures, 187 references, 3 adnex. ) Between December 1996 and February 1997, February and October 1998 and in May 1999 investigations about the occurrence of ectoparasites on the genus Cavia in Peru were carried out. The survey included 17 421 domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from 14 departments in all bioregions and altitude levels, 143 wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) from three areas (El Paramo, Junin and La Raya) in the Andes and the Cordillera and 180 about 1000 year old guinea pig mummies of C. porcellus, ritual offers from the coastal Chiribaya-Culture (archeological sites of Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) in the South of Peru. The recent domesticated guinea pigs are bred in intensive utilization systems, with concrete stables, in intensive utilization systems with regional-traditional architecture (big reed hutches or adobe stables) or in extensive utilization systems (kitchen or outdoor dips). The identification and mounting of the specimen was done by parasitological standard techniques. In the course of the study a special technique for the preservation and mounting of the fragile ectoparasites from the guinea pig mummies was developed, using acetic acid and a 1 % potassium hydroxide solution. In total 24 ectoparasite species of the siphonaptera, mallophaga, anoplura, mites and reduviids were found in mono- and polyinfestations, the guinea pig mummies also hosted free living arthropods, such as pseudoscorpions and specimen of the Pyroglyphidae (house dust mites). In two cases C. porcellus was reported as first host record, in five cases C. aperea was mentioned for the first time as a host for some ectoparasites, 8 times for several ectoparasites new locality records for Peru or bioregions of Peru could be made 96,6 % of all domesticated guinea pigs (C. porcellus) showed an infestation with ectoparasites in mono- and polyinfestations, revealing 27 different combinations with up to 7 species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Pulex sp. (taxonomical status still unclear), Tiamastus cavicola, Ctenocephalides f. felis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Echidnophaga gallinacea; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli, Trimenopon hispidum, Gyropus ovalis; mites: Ornithonyssus bacoti , Ornithonyssus wernecki, Eutrombicula batatas, Dermanyssus gallinae, Chirodiscoides caviae, Myocoptes musculinus, Notoedres muris; reduviids: Triatoma infestans. The prevalence of O. bacoti, the most frequent species, was 51,7 %. This mite had never been recorded in the bioregion Chala; the presence of the species in the Costa could be explained by a recent purchase out of the other bioregions. A medium to high infestation rate with the tropical rat mite always resulted in obvious skin alterations, of whom 38 % also showed signs of clinical anemia, with pale mucosa and blue ear tips. There was a relation between an infestation with O. bacoti and the contact with rodents as well as an simultaneus infection with dermatophytes (Microsporum caninum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes). In an O.-bacoti-population in the Huancayo region the rate of protonymphs showed a low significant monthly variation, which correlated negative with the monthly rainfall. The prevalence of siphonaptera was 76,8 %, the species most frequently detected was Pulex sp. (89,2 %), followed by T. cavicola (42,4 %), X. cheopis (15,1 %) and C. f. felis (3,5 %). The species of fleas were distributed in 4 of the 5 bioregions; in the Selva no fleas could be found. There was no difference in the infestation rate of male and female hosts, female guinea pigs were infested with a higher rate of female Pulex sp. than male guinea pigs. A highly significant relation between the contact with other mammals (dogs, fowl and peridomestic rodents) and an infestation with siphonaptera could be detected. The prevalence of mallophaga, coming from all bioregions, was 27,8 %; the most frequently detected species was T. hispidum (60,5 %), followed by G. porcelli (42,7 %) and G. ovalis (7,5 %). The infestation levels were generally low.- On the wild guinea pigs (C. aperea) prevailed mono- and polyinfestations, represented by 10 combinations with up to 5 species, with the following species of ectoparasites: siphonaptera: Leptopsylla segnis, Ctenophthalmus hispanicus; anoplura: Polyplax spinulosa, Pterophtirus alata; mallophaga: Gliricola porcelli; mites: Eutrombicula bruyanti, Myocoptes musculinus and Myobia musculi. Ctenophthalmus hispanicus was mentioned for the first time from the Neotropical region. M. musculinus and Myobia musculi were the only species to be found in all three sampling areas. Infestations with G. porcelli, E. bruyanti and M. musculinus were the most common, the infestation rate with Myocoptes musculinus correlated positive with the age of the hosts.- On 67 of 180 guinea pig mummies of both excavation areas (Chiribaya Baja and El Yaral) ectoparasites could be found. The conservation of the ectoparasites, as well as their former hosts was extraordinarily good due to geological and climatical conditions . Fleas of the genus Pulex were the most frequently detected specimen; on the guinea pig mummies of Chiribaya Baja only this species could be found. The mummies from El Yaral revealed the presence of T. hispidum, G. porcelli, Ornithonyssus sp. and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (first record for a natural infestation). The successful detection of ectoparasites on preincaic guinea pig mummies in Peru opens new possibilities for a paleoparasitological survey including also human mummies and other animal offerings (dogs, lamas, alpakas) from this cultural background.
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