Journal articles on the topic 'Ethnocentrism – Europe'
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Kian, Azadeh. "Gender, Diversity and Ethnocentrism in Europe." Trans-Humanities Journal 4, no. 1 (2011): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trh.2011.0000.
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Chen, Dihan. "The conflict between left and right on the policy of immigration." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2370.
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Right-wing populism, since the beginning of the twenty-first century, has had notable impact on politicizing migration and immigration in Western Europe. In contrast to economic concerns about immigration, the far right's ethnocentric, anti-immigration identity politics became more prevalent in the early 2000s. This study investigates the extent to which the far right's exploitation of multiculturalism and ethnocentrism in Western European party systems remains unrelated to economic conflict. In nine Western European nations, party competition is structured by a more recent multiculturalism-ethnocentrism dimension, and we examine how it interacts with the traditional left-right economic dimension. In 1999, the positions of political parties on multiculturalism and economics were largely distinct; however, by 2009, the two dimensions had become highly correlated, and by 2014, the correlation had grown even stronger. Both the de facto adoption of rightist economic policies by the extreme right and the mainstream right's growing ethnocentrism have contributed to this shift. Some claim that the far right is driving this realignment, and the policy implications are discussed.
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Dejaeghere, Yves, and Marc Hooghe. "The relationship between ethnocentric attitudes and avoidance behavior among Belgian students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.1.15.
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Measurements of ethnocentric attitudes are routinely included in survey research but are often criticized because they lack external validity. In a European context there is almost no research in which the focus is on the relationship between ethnocentric attitudes and actual behavior. Most of the existing research has been conducted in North America, where the pattern of interethnic relations is different from the pattern in Europe. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether or not a survey measure for ethnocentric attitudes accurately reflects avoidance behavior toward ethnic minorities in a European context. Among a study sample of Belgian students we found that ethnocentric attitudes had a strong predictive effect on independently observed avoidance behavior. This provides support for the ethnocentrism scale as a measure that has external validity.
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Haryono, Satrio Dwi. "WACANA RASIALISME DALAM SOSIOLOGI MAX WEBER." Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi dan Humaniora 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/j-psh.v13i2.55007.
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Sociology is a science that studies human relations with humans. Sociology as a science that studies humans emerged later than other sciences. Max Weber as a western sociologist who has studied the eastern world as the object of his study is considered to have a lot of ethnocentric content, namely eurocentric. This has implications for the creation of a reflection of Europe, namely the east, which Weber describes eloquently. Although at first Weber tried to explain the process of change in Western Europe, but it became an object of studying the east as the other or the other of Europe. As a methodological tool, the author uses library research. In this study, the writer finds a number of identifications of entocentrism in Max Weber's sociology in primary and secondary sources. The results of this study indicate that the ethnocentrism attributed to Europe which in the course of history will lead to major problems that Weber did not calculate, such as colonialism and imperialism.
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Erdogan, Irfan, and Muhiddin Okumuslar. "Intercultural Sensitivity and Ethnocentrism Levels of Theology Students in a Turkish University Sample." Religions 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11050237.
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In this study, we aimed to examine the intercultural sensitivity levels and ethnocentrism levels, as well as some variables that affect them, of students studying in the Necmettin Erbakan University Theology Faculty in Turkey. A descriptive survey research method was adopted to realize this aim. The Intercultural Sensitivity Scale and the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale were used as the data collection tools. The sample of the study consisted of 326 students studying in the Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Theology during the 2018–2019 academic year. According to our findings, the intercultural sensitivity level of the theology students was “high,” whereas their ethnocentrism level was “low.” The intercultural sensitivity levels of the theology students differed based on age and exposure to individuals from another country or culture. Ethnocentrism levels in the students differed based on gender, the nationality of the students (Europe, Turkey, Asia-Africa), the size of the settlement unit, and exposure to individuals from different countries or cultures.
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Aleksandravičius, Povilas. "Strategies of Perception of Europe and their Reception in Lithuania." Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia 14, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1895-8001.14.1.11.
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This article analyses strategies of perception of Europe that fit into a triple structure. The traditional division into philosophical, cultural, and political Europe is intersected with more fundamental European perceptions determined by different ways of thinking. In this article, these ways are referred to as the closed, the open and the hollow ones. Thus, three different conceptions of Europe arise: the closed Europe characterized by essentialism, ethnocentrism, and monologic consciousness; the open Europe based on the standpoint that protection of one’s own identity and maturity depend on a dialogic relationship with representatives of other identities; and the hollow Europe that makes absolute the imperative of moral self-criticism, as well as identity’s deconstruction and its relativism. The discussion of all three strategies of perception of Europe is followed by the analysis of how they were received in Lithuania. The conclusion highlights the necessity to further research the relationship between all three conceptions of European identity.
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van der Waal, Jeroen, and Willem de Koster. "Populism and Support for Protectionism: The Relevance of Opposition to Trade Openness for Leftist and Rightist Populist Voting in The Netherlands." Political Studies 66, no. 3 (November 10, 2017): 560–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321717723505.
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Leftist and rightist populist parties in Western Europe both oppose trade openness. Is support for economic protectionism also relevant for their electorates? We assess this in the Netherlands, where both types of populist parties have seats in parliament. Analyses of representative survey data ( n = 1,296) demonstrate that support for protectionism drives voting for such parties, as do the well-established determinants of political distrust (both populist constituencies), economic egalitarianism (leftist populist constituency) and ethnocentrism (rightist populist constituency). Surprisingly, support for protectionism does not mediate the relationship between economic egalitarianism and voting for left-wing populists, or the link between political distrust and voting for either left-wing or right-wing populist parties. In contrast, support for protectionism partly mediates the association between ethnocentrism and voting for right-wing populists. We discuss the largely independent role of protectionism in populist voting in relation to the cultural cleavage in politics and electoral competition, and also provide suggestions for future research.
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Alejandro, Audrey. "Eurocentrism, Ethnocentrism, and Misery of Position: International Relations in Europe – A Problematic Oversight." ERIS – European Review of International Studies 4, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/eris.v4i1.01.
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Szabolcsi, Miklós. "Ethnocentrism in education: A comparative analysis of problems in Eastern and Western Europe." Prospects 19, no. 2 (June 1989): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02207136.
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Hojnik, Janja. "Free movement of goods in a labyrinth: Can Buy Irish survive the crises?" Common Market Law Review 49, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 291–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2012009.
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The article explores the legal status of consumer ethnocentrism in the EU and how the three simultaneous crises of the present time (economic, food and climate change) challenge the EU Court's judgment in Buy Irish, which presents the foundation for uprooting negative consumer stereotypes towards products from other Member States and protectionism. Various national campaigns of EU Member States that try to raise consumer ethnocentrism are discussed in light of the established case law of the EU Court, thereby highlighting new circumstances, in which the principle of free movement of goods, particularly of food, is currently situated. In this respect, in a recent Green Paper on promotion of the tastes of Europe (COM (2011) 436) the Commission adopted an apparently new approach towards local and regional food markets, by expressly recognizing the importance of short distribution channels for national traditions, food security (and self-sufficiency) and combating climate change. This "new approach" could have considerable consequences for the legitimacy of national initiatives to promote domestic purchase, thereby compromising a thirty year old judgment - Buy Irish and free movement of goods in general.
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BASSINTSA-BOUESSO, Aetius. "ALAIN MABANCKOU ET L’ÉCRITURE DE LA MIGRANCE: ENJEUX ÉTHIQUES ET SOCIOPOÉTIQUES." FRANCISOLA 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v2i2.9407.
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RÉSUMÉ. La question des migrations relève d’une actualité brûlante. Les médias en font un traitement de nature à mettre en émoi le plus grand nombre et dans l’élan d’un patriotisme ou encore d’un ethnocentrisme exacerbé (selon les cas), des discours xénophobes se font de plus en plus entendre. La production romanesque d’Alain Mabanckou se réapproprie les questionnements que suscitent les mouvements migratoires qui concernent l’axe Afrique/ Europe, mais elle analyse également les mobilités sur les axes Afrique/ Afrique, village/ ville, etc. L’auteur s’érige ainsi en figure de proue de la littérature migratoire. La présente étude, en s’appuyant sur une lecture sociopoétique de ses textes, analyse les champs vers lesquels son écriture se déploie pour sonder les implications de ce phénomène afin de construire un discours littéraire le présentant comme un processus de repeuplement du monde actuel, qui pose aux espaces d’intersection des peuples le défi de la construction de communautés homogènes et paisibles. Mots-clés: Alain Mabanckou, diasporique, engagement, éthique, immigration, migrant. ABSTRACT. The migration is a major pressing issue. The media make it a treatement likely to stir up the largest number of poeple and the impetus of patriotism or an ethnocentrism exacerbated (according to the cases), xenophobic discourse is increasingly heard. Alain Mabanckou novelistic production reappropriates the questions raised by migratory movements concerning the Africa/ Europe axis, but also analyzes mobility on the Africa / Africa, Village / city axes, etc. The author thus stands out as a leading figure in migratory literature. This present study, conducted by the sociopoetic method, investigate the fields to which his writing deploys to probe the implications of this phenomenon in order to construct a literary discourse presenting it as a process of repopulation of the current world, which poses to the intersecting spaces of peoples the challenge of building homogeneous and peaceful communities. Keywords: Alain Mabanckou, diasporic, commitment, ethics, immigration, migrant.
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Shengde, Zhai. "The Two Functions of Ethnocentrism in the Process of Modernization: The Tibetan Case." Practicing Anthropology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.13.1.x2m750572xv65j73.
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An increasing number of social scientists and scholars in the humanities have become interested in the intrinsic conflict between emotion and reason that has noticeably shaped recent history. The effects of uncontrolled emotion often are far greater than those of the moderating force of reason, as illustrated by the Sino-Soviet polemics of the 1960s, ten years of chaos during China's Cultural Revolution (which was like a modern God-making movement), and eight years of the Iran-Iraq war. The response to Salman Rushdie's book Satanic Verses is a new case in point; it shows that the use of reason, which sprouted from ancient society and was consciously developed in modern Europe, has not really triumphed over emotion. Thus, we must begin now to make better use of reason to examine the relationship between reason itself and emotion. The purpose of this discussion is to promote the development of both reason and emotion to better serve humanity by bringing to light the emotional basis of human reason and the rational basis of human emotion.
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Aschauer, Wolfgang, and Jochen Mayerl. "The dynamics of ethnocentrism in Europe. A comparison of enduring and emerging determinants of solidarity towards immigrants." European Societies 21, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 672–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2019.1616791.
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Fesich, Thomas M. "Eurocentrism and International Thinking - a brief introduction." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 12 (June 30, 2006): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.12.3.
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International thinking – a nice expression, widely used by political and economical leaders and easily found on all major newspapers nowadays. But has it been always like that? Globalisation is considered to be a rather new development in history. On the contrary, the term eurocentrism is not spread so widely in the common language (not taking into consideration the so-called scientific community). However, eurocentrism has been an important phenomenon during the development of Europe in the world. Eurocentrism, as a variant of ethnocentrism, describes the way of emphasising European values and culture (often also described as the Western culture, contrasting with the Islamic culture – which actually compares a geographical character with a religious one and therefore, a priori, leads to confusion and unfair comparisons!) i compared to other cultures.
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Stryjek, Tomasz. "Populizm historyczny i kryzys demokracji. Węgry i Polska na tle Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej." Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne 31 (December 14, 2022): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543733xssb.22.004.16706.
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The Politics of Memory, Historical Populism and the Crisis of Democracy. Hungary and Poland Against the Backdrop of Central and Eastern Europe Firstly, the author analyzes those resources of historical memory that distinguish Hungary and Poland from the other states of Central and Eastern Europe. On the one hand, these resources most strongly associate them with the West, and on the other, they allow them to oppose it to justify their alternative development path. Secondly, he analyzes the cases of populists of various types across the region since 1989, highlighting those who campaigned with interpretations of the past to delegitimize political opponents, mainly from the left. Finally, and thirdly, he presents policies of memory of the right-wing governments of Hungary and Poland. In his opinion only they meet the criteria for the definition of historical populism. This term is what he calls a consistent governmental policy aimed at liberal elites and globalization as embodied by the West. It is conducted by changing the sense given to the entire past following the ideology of ethnocentrism and neo-traditionalism. This ideology is addressed to people-nation (lat. populus) to whom it assigns the role of an heir of a unique history and national tradition.
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Philippou, Stavroula. "The ‘Problem’ of the European Dimension in Education: A Principled Reconstruction of the Greek Cypriot Curriculum." European Educational Research Journal 4, no. 4 (December 2005): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2005.4.4.2.
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The European dimension in education has been a term increasingly used by the European Union and the Council of Europe to denote some of their educational policies and initiatives. It has also been a contested term in academic writing, as some researchers critique the elitist, exclusionary and Eurocentric educational implications it may have, while others welcome its pedagogic and intercultural potential. This article explores the possibilities of using the European dimension as a tool to alleviate ethnocentrism and traditional pedagogies in curricula and textbooks. To achieve this, the essay presents some principles which have been used for the development of History and Geography curricula with a European dimension in Greek Cypriot state primary schools in Cyprus. The curriculum development process drew upon the literature around the ‘political’ history of the European dimension, as well as upon academic discussions of social constructivist approaches to the notion of Europe. The principles employed to guide the curriculum development process were structured under the perspectives of curriculum location, content and pedagogy. The curricular location principles were concerned with the European dimension as a cross-curricular innovation, the question of its form within subject-based curricula and of its contextualisation within existing educational localities and contexts. Concerning content, it is proposed that such curricula need to acknowledge the constructedness and fluidity of the frontiers of nation-states and of Europe, the multiplicity and hybridity of identities, as well as Europe's socio-cultural and conflictual past. Finally, the pedagogic principles encourage critical approaches to knowledge, the development of concepts and active learning through cooperation.
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van Boven, Theo. "Combating Racial Discrimination in the World and in Europe." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100203.
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The struggle against racism and racial discrimination requires a broad strategy of action, ranging from legal and political measures, including measures of conflict resolution and confidence building, to policies in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information. Attention is paid to the actions taken over the years by the United Nations to eliminate racism and racial discrimination. It may be concluded that the actions to combat racism and racial discrimination had, at least at the level of the United Nations, a spear-head function on the road to the progressive development of strategies and policies for dealing with the promotion and protection of human rights in general. Racial discrimination is a global problem that manifests itself in a variety of ways. The international standards, adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations, are applicable to all and not only with respect to a pre-selected number of countries and situations. These standards are universal. Subsequently, the question of racism and racial discrimination as it manifests itself in Europe is dealt with. With the disappearance of totalitarian communism, Europe has become a complicated place where in several areas national and ethnic violence has reached proportions and a degree of hatred and cruelty which are reminders of the days of World War II. Radical sentiments of nationalism and ethnocentrism re-emerge. Apart from this there is a steadily growing manifestation of racism and xenophobia against foreign immigrants and refugees. There are also countermovements, which are a source of hope that the struggle against racism and racial discrimination is a commitment as well as a common standard of achievement by all peoples and all nations. Action at the national level has to be supplemented by action at the international level. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is a strategic tool in this area. In the light of new challenges it is therefore of great importance that all States and all sectors of society, cooperate to implement this Convention and that the supervisory mechanism established under the Convention is able to carry out its critical role.
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Rašković, Matevž, Zhonghui Ding, Morikazu Hirose, Vesna Žabkar, and Kim-Shyan Fam. "Segmenting young-adult consumers in East Asia and Central and Eastern Europe – The role of consumer ethnocentrism and decision-making styles." Journal of Business Research 108 (January 2020): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.04.013.
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Maximiliano, Korstanje. "IDEAS in AGORA: The Philosophy of the Empires, Fear and Sense of Exemplarity." Human and Social Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hssr-2013-0027.
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Abstract Why do the United States reserve the right to be called “America” by conferring the “Americas” to the whole continent?, is that a clear sign of discrimination or supremacy or both? Ideologically, America refers to the United States of “America” excluding other regions such as Latin America, central or South America. This leads some scholars to explain convincingly that, beyond this subtle grammatical difference, the Anglo-ethnocentrism in the United States has been drawn to make their citizens believe they are unique, outstanding, and special. Basically, this belief allowed not only to fight against the political enemies in Europe or in any other geographical point, but also to control the incipient worker union leaderships. What merits further attention, anyway, is the sentiment of exemplarity instilled by the founding parents of this nation. Fear was historically a mechanism of control employed by US governments at different stages in several ways. Our intention is not only to review how the fear disciplined by the claims of work-force, but also explain why the sentiment of exemplarity and fear are inextricably intertwined.
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Passini, Stefano, and Paola Villano. "Left–Right Orientation and Electoral Choices: Divergences in the Relationships With Authority and Out-Groups." Psychological Reports 121, no. 6 (November 21, 2017): 1131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294117742656.
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New political parties and movements have recently grown across Europe. These parties often state their distance from the classic left–right juxtaposition, even if their voters still place themselves in the left–right continuum. The aim of the present research was to focus on the Italian political context and to analyze differences between left of center and right of center self-positioned people on attitudes concerning authority–individual and intergroup relationships. The results confirm the hypotheses. Left of center voters have lower attitudes of authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, prejudice, and ethnocentrism; they are less supportive of harsh punitive methods toward delinquents; and attach more importance to democratic values as compared with right of center voters. These differences are significant also considering voters within the same party. Although participants have declared they vote for the same party/movement, the voters who place themselves on the left of center indeed appear to have different views from those on the right of center, as concerns the relationship with authority and attitudes toward minorities.
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Momin, A. R. "Islamization of Anthropological Knowledge." American Journal of Islam and Society 6, no. 1 (September 1, 1989): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v6i1.2697.
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The expansion of Western coloniaHsrn during the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies brought in its wake the economic and political domination andexploitation of the Third World countries. Western colonialism andethnocentrism went hand in hand. The colonial ideology was rationalizedand justified in terms of the white man's burden; it was believed that theWhite races of Europe had the moral duty to carry the torch of civilizationwhichwas equated with Christianity and Western culture-to the dark comersof Asia and Africa. The ideology of Victorian Europe accorded the full statusof humanity only to European Christians; the "other" people were condemned,as Edmund Leach has bluntly put it, as "sub-human animals, monsters,degenerate men, damned souls, or the products of a separate creation" (Leach,1982).One of the most damaging consequences of colonialism relates to a massiveundermining of the self-confidence of the colonized peoples. Their culturalvalues and institutions were ridiculed and harshly criticized. Worse still, theWestern pattern of education introduced by colonial governments produceda breed of Westernized native elite, who held their own cultural heritage incontempt and who consciously identified themselves with the culture of theircolonial masters.During the nineteenth century Orientalism emerged as an intellectualally of Western colonialism. As Edward Said has cogently demonstrated,Oriental ism was a product of certain political and ideological forces operatingin Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and that it wasinextricably bound up with Western ethnocentrism, racism, and imperialism(Said, 1978).Most of the colonized countries of the Third World secured politicalliberation from Western powers during the early decades of the present century.Regrettably, however, political liberation was not always followed byideological, cultural, and intellectual jndependence. For one thing, most ofthe ex-colonial countries continued with the colonial pattern of education.Secondly, most of them were drawn into the political and cultural orbit ofeither the United States or Soviet Russia. A subtle but pervasive form of ...
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Sani, Serena. "The transition from a multicultural society to an intercultural society. Educational implications." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v3i1.1735.
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From the second half of the twentieth century, the presence of immigrants in Europe has become increasingly significant and structural. The problems and difficulties arising from this presence and, above all, from the coexistence between people of different cultures require the promotion and the development of intercultural societies, in which the encounter between people belonging to different ethnic groups produces profound changes in virtue of impact of diversity of people, in a dynamic interchange between the parties.In this regard, interculturalism does not refuse the specificity and originality of a culture, but recognizes the right of everyone to preserve and to strengthen their cultural identity. At the same time, since the cultures are characterized by dynamism, the encounter between different people pushes individuals to be open to changes and differences, in order to encourage a continuous redefinition of themselves. Foreigners and natives are called to live their everyday life on base of a common value system which makes possible the interchange and the supportive collaboration between individuals of different cultures.I adopt the method of theoretical research and I focus attention on the extensive literature dedicated to these issues. Keywords: Intercultural societies,overcoming ethnocentrism, promoting dialogue between cultures.
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Kasperska, Iwona. "The Construction of the Guatemalan Other in Andrzej Bobkowski's Letters." Polish Review 67, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.67.3.08.
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Abstract This article concerns the epistolary work of Andrzej Bobkowski (1913–1961), a Polish émigré writer. After leaving Poland in 1938 and staying in France during World War II, the author left Europe and lived in Guatemala from 1948 to 1961. From there, it was by means of written correspondence that he maintained contact with editors of Polish journals in exile, writers, friends, and relatives. The letters analyzed here were published in nine collections. This text focuses on a subjective image of Guatemala, an important topic in Bobkowski's correspondence, both personal and semi-official, as with Jerzy Giedroyc, the editor of the Paris-based monthly Kultura. He would describe Guatemala from the perspective of an educated white European male, brought up in the elite environment of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). Here Bobkowski's letters are characterized through four filters related to the identity of the author, that is, Eurocentrism, ethnocentrism, race, and favorite literature. Additionally, the article contains reflections on the change of the writer's status in Polish literature. From a peripheral author who was banned during the communist era, Bobkowski moved to the center of integrated Polish literature after 1989, gradually achieving the status of a canonical writer.
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Zhuravska, Nina. "Global Character of International Labour Migration: Challenges and Objectives for Higher Education in World Context." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2016-0026.
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AbstractThe article deals with analysis of challenges and objectives for higher education in the context of globalization: the forming of international labour market proves the fact that the process of international integration is affecting economy and technology as well as social and labour relations that are becoming more and more global. The peculiarities of structure (gradation, succession, multivectorability, continuity), content (narrow profile, sustainable development, competency-based orientation, specialization, curriculum flexibility, combination of core and optional subjects, possibility to choose courses and modules of different levels), forms (designing and modeling in small groups, workshops, practical intensive and extended learning, role playing, lectures, online sessions, problem-oriented excursions, seminars, internships and extended pedagogical placements) in training of specialists at universities in European countries have been established. According to the project “Implementation and Influence of Curriculum Reforms in Higher Education in Europe” a competency-based approach is given much significance on the institutional level. Urgent objectives for higher education in Ukraine in the context of the return of emigrants to their home country, highly qualified specialists, in particular, is fast effective reforming of education based on practical orientation; appreciation of social phenomena in the context of their cultural values and the dynamics of society; global character of curricula (ethnocentrism, multiculturalism, interdisciplinarity, universality, innovativeness of international comparison and large potential for fulfilling needs in developing skills).
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Bhugra, Dinesh, and Kamaldeep Bhui. "Ethnic and cultural factors in psychopharmacology." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 2 (March 1999): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.2.89.
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Barring a few exceptions (such as rauwolfia), most of the psychiatric medications have been developed in the West, especially the USA, the UK and Europe. Their safety trials have been conducted in the populations living in these parts of the world. Although these drugs are used all over the world there is a limited research to determine accurate pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles across different ethnic groups. Hence, clinicians usually adopt a ‘universalist style’ (seeing every condition and treatment as similar) of managing psychiatric illnesses, but this appears to neglect the information from the emerging literature which advocates a relativist approach to pharmacotherapy (see Lin et al 1995 for review). Anthropologists have encountered ‘phenomenological absolutism’ in a general tendency of people from one culture to perceive and value other cultures in terms unconsciously based upon their own, but phenomenologically experienced as absolute and universally applicable (also known as ethnocentrism). In addition to ethno-biological determinants of drug response, there are significant cultural factors: the concurrent use of pluralistic health systems, alternative therapies and folk remedies which might support, hinder or complicate pharmacotherapy and treatment adherence. In this paper we highlight some key factors of which clinicians need to be aware. These include pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic principles, and application of these principles in pharmacological management of psychiatric conditions. Ethnic differences in pharmacodynamics are most clearly demonstrated in the greater sensitivity to a variety of drugs in Caucasians than in Asians or in African–Caribbeans.
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Alekseev, Nikolai Nikolaevich, Alina Andreevna Volkomorova, and Stanislav Nikolaevich Kurtyanik. "The origins of modern nationalism of Sweden and Denmark: legislative analysis and identity issues." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2021): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2021.2.35996.
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The object of this research is the consequences of migration crisis in the European Union. The subject of this research is instruments for including nationalism in the sociopolitical agenda and legislation of Denmark, as well as the problem of interaction between the identities and Muslim ethnocentrism in the European Union. The article explores the theoretical aspects of the modern transformation of nationalism in Northern Europe, transition of nationalism from a marginal phenomenon towards a strong political force. Special attention is given to the analysis of legislative amendments of Denmark and Sweden in the conditions of migration crisis. The authors also discuss the problem of the conflict of identities in the European Union, interaction and transformations within the framework of the dialogue between immigrant communities and titular nations. The novelty of this research consists in carrying out a comparative analysis of the current development of nationalism in Sweden and Denmark, as well as their legislation on migration. The article covers the current processes pertinent to the problem of interaction of multiple civil-political and ethnocultural identifications, which is a pressing issue for the European Union. The authors’ special contribution lies in determination of the common and distinctive features in development of the modern Swedish and Danish nationalism, analysis of the foundation of the forming pan-European identity in the context of interculturalism and postnationalism. The conclusion is made on the crucial role of harmonization of the normative-value foundation of identity as a mediator of modern nationalization of the EU member-states.
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Dzhokhadze, Igor Davidovich. "Neopragmatism as Lebensphilosophie." Философская мысль, no. 7 (July 2021): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2021.7.36042.
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This article analyzes the modern American pragmatism as “uniform in its diversity” movement of the philosophical thought. The author reveals the differences between neopragmatism and classical pragmatism, the key of which consists in transformation of representation of the American philosophers on the specificity of their discipline, purpose of philosophy, and its role within the system of sciences. The classics, such as C. S. Peirce, J. Dewey, C. I. Lewis, referring to instrumental success and practical orientation of natural science, viewed the contemporary to them technoscience as a model for the philosophical research, while the neopragmatists rely on the cultural studies and hermeneutics. The problems of substantiation of knowledge, verification, logical analysis, scientific experimental proof/disproof of hypotheses, which drew the interest of the classics of pragmatism, are being replaced with the problematic of dialogue, interpretation, and social communication. The associated with it “communological trend” of neopragmatism found drastic reflection in ethnocentrism of R. Rorty. The author highlights the characteristic features and trends in the development of nonclassical pragmatism in the United States and Europe, as well as assesses its current state is assessed. prospects. The conclusion is made on the substantial heuristic potential of pragmatist tradition and possibilities of its effective convergence with other philosophical trends and schools: as “method of settling disputes” (W. James), neopragmatism considering the demand for its ideas and growing popularity among the European philosophers, can make certain contribution to the convergence and mutual enrichment of the Anglo-American analytical and continental philosophy, as well as overcoming the schism between the two intellectual traditions.
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Sabet, Amr G. E. "Paradise Lost." American Journal of Islam and Society 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1999): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v16i1.2136.
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In Paradise Lost, a collection of rewritten and updated articles spanning aperiod of twenty-five years, C.A.O. van Nieuwenhuijze attempts to tackleissues of identity and interaction in the Arab-Islamic world. Together they constitutephenomena of virtual reality, reifying concepts as instruments of intelligibility,being at once the product and frame of human intellect and action (p. 3). Both components, as the common thread which ties and pervades his work,comprise the conceptual himework within which the “forever problematic”relationship between the Middle East and a revitalizing Islam on the one hand,and a Western Europe undergoing a post-Christian, postmodem phase, on theother, is probed.This nexus of collective identity and interaction manifests a “logical complementarity”inasfar as both presuppose and negate each other (p. 1). Identityevokes an all encompassing eclectic representation of an individual‘s or collectivity’scosmos, be it in the form of someps pro toto (nation, polity, economy,or culture; u r n or din) or an intentional comprehensive indication(lifestyle; patrimoine; htruth). In recognizing no other beyond its cosmicdomain, identity connotes a seemingly timeless and placeless unicity whichfrequently bestows upon it an impressive though mistaken aura of static permanenceand absoluteness @. 2). Interaction conversely represents the “practiceof identity as a plural phenomenon” (p. 405) and thus incorporates all thecomplexities which emanate from the dynamics of a highly variable reality.The formulae it gives rise to purs pro toto are correspondingly much more fluid(communication, harmony, strife, domination) or reflective of inherent, largely imbalanced ambiguities (mission civilisatrice; development aid or,euphemistically, cooperation; ddwuh). In contradistinction to identity significationsasserting the positive aspects of constituency (i.e., what one is), theseinteractional code words are summary evocations arrived at by the interveningperception of a counteridentity of the “other” (i.e., what one is not). Hence, itgives rise to polar images of binary opposites of such orders as Greek vs. barbarian;Islam vs. jahiliyuh; or &zr ul-Islam vs. dar al-harb. In and of themselves,interactional identifications bear limited significations to those concernedexcept in tacit conjunction with each term’s opposition (p. 2). In otherwords, self-identification is arrived at by detour. Consequently, interaction isrelegated to an instrumental role on behalf of a pre-established and, in mostcases as AmbDslamic-European historical experience has shown, dominatingself-centered structure. As a result, “the fundamental complementarity bemeenidentity and interaction is neglected, and with it the contingency inherent inidentity” (pp. 2-3). Entrenchment in the face of an aggressive ethnocentrism,henceforth, becomes the order of the day.Intellectual exploits of Western Enlightenment elevated objectification to thehighly esteemed means toward ethnocentrically motivated mastery over “reality.”Its basic mode of analysis combined empirical observation with criticalrigor and methodological empathy and an overwhelming penchant to universalizeconclusions--method being confused for truth. In the process, social sciencesand Oriental studies came to reflect national categories contrived by an ...
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Trošt, Tamara, and Denis Marinšek. "Social Class and Ethnocentric Worldviews." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/j.postcomstud.2022.55.2.39.
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The link between socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnocentric worldviews is well established in the literature, with countless studies showing the effect of SES on a variety of attitudes, preferences, lifestyles, and behaviors. This literature has been revisited in recent studies on the resurgence of the Far Right, with claims of the rise of “working-class populism,” according to which the working class is more likely to identify with right-wing and populist claims. In the post-Yugoslav context, along with the turbulent socioeconomic and political transformation from socialism, research has also shown that “everyday” people’s understandings of themselves and of others are very much stratified by education, occupational status, urban/rural residence, and region, pointing to a marked effect of SES on civic/ethnic identification, attachment to Europe, ethnic exclusivism, and gender/sexual conservatism. Yet, the nature of the link between socioeconomic status and nationalist attitudes is still insufficiently understood. In this article, we go beyond the traditional focus on cultural explanations, instead relying on cross-sectional quantitative survey data to shed light on important class differences in worldviews of people living in Croatia and Serbia. We find that education remains the most robust predictor of nationalist attitudes, while age, gender, income, and religiosity matter to various degrees. We conclude with a discussion on the continuing importance of SES in understanding ethnocentric worldviews, from Brexit and Trump to the former Yugoslavia.
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Shinabe, Naomi. "Revealing a hidden curriculum in educational discourses: A study of the representation of Europe and Asia in Spanish and Japanese school textbooks." Discourse & Society 29, no. 6 (October 12, 2018): 674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926518802963.
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This article addresses how Spanish and Japanese Social Science textbooks represent Europe and Asia discursively, and in what way the national viewpoint from each country is manifested in that representation. We analysed 15 textbooks used in secondary schools, and we focused on Geography and Civic Education subjects. Our analysis was developed mainly at semantic levels, and we examined the terms ‘Europe’ and ‘Asia’ answering four interrelated questions. We found that in both countries’ textbooks, Europe is in general described in a positive or even idealized way as a developed and rich region, whereas Asia has a reverse negative image. Underlying this opposition, we can observe a Western ethnocentric view which takes Western development as the implicit standard to rank all societies hierarchically and builds discursively the dichotomy between developed and underdeveloped countries. ‘Our’ country’s position in the world is also conditioned by this Western-centred perspective.
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Rex, John. "La réponse des sciences sociales eu Europe au concept de multiculturalisme." Anthropologie et Sociétés 19, no. 3 (September 10, 2003): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015372ar.
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Résumé La réponse des sciences sociales en Europe au concept de multiculturalisme Le concept de multiculturalisme est appréhendé en Europe et en Amérique du Nord dans des termes différents. En Europe de l'Ouest, il renvoie à la façon dont les minorités ethniques doivent être intégrées dans des États-nations établis de longue date. Contrairement aux modèles exclusiviste des pays germanophones et assimilationniste à la française, le multiculturalisme a été adopté en Suède, en Hollande et en Grande-Bretagne. Ce dernier modèle peut prendre des formes égalitaristes ou inégalitaires. L'auteur a déjà précisé antérieurement les implications de la version démocratique d'une logique multiculturelle. Celle-ci n'est acceptée ni par les décideurs politiques ni par les spécialistes des sciences sociales en Europe. Les uns et les autres résistent, d'une part, parce qu'ils s'opposent à la notion même de multiculturalisme et, d'autre part, parce qu'ils considèrent celui-ci contraire aux idéaux politiques traditionnels propres à l'État-providence des pays démocratiques. Les objections des spécialistes des sciences sociales résident peut-être dans une méprise du concept ou peuvent refléter un ethnocentrisme politique tandis que d'autres exigent au contraire de le raffiner. L'objectif de cet article est de passer systématiquement en revue quelques contributions majeures à ce débat.
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Shapovalova, Lіudmyla. "THE UNDERSTANDING OF MUSIC AS THE DISCOVERY OF THE OTHER: THE DIALOGUE WITH MARIO AZEVEDO." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 58, no. 58 (March 10, 2021): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-58.13.
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Introduction. We offer the materials which acquaint the Ukrainian reader with the thoughts of the musicologist Mario Azevedo (Portugal). Their content concerns the actual problem of understanding music through cognition of the Other in the culture of our time. The relevance of studying the concepts of “The World and the Other” has deep roots in the history of music and in the science about it. The discussion of the concept of the Other is presented in the form of an internal dialogue of various scientific ideas and within the text it is structured in sections: on the unreliability and hypertrophy of the world, the tangibility of the Other-in-me, the world of the Other. Results and Discussion. Thus, the problem of understanding the world through the concept of the Other indicates the relationship between philosophy and music in the modern world. It is clear that its realization took place not only in the post-Soviet humanities, but also in the practice of musicians from the various countries of Western Europe. The dichotomy “The World and the Other” responds to the challenges of our time by asserting the rights of the Other. The songs of the peoples of the world as a result of the multiplicity of national manifestations can and should create different relationships. If the Being is communication (John Zizioulas), then the Other is surely a Friend, a personality. The philosophical analytics of the concepts “The World – I”; “The World – the Other” outlines the circle of musical cognitive science, equally important for Portuguese and Ukrainian scholars. As a result, a conclusion was made about the need to build a different ethics and aesthetics, aimed at understanding the Other, about the need to hear the otherness of the world. The other opens up the possibility of an event – a change that takes place in our political life and contributes to changes in ourselves. That’s the motivation which is needed – just to hear the Other! In the other world, we could avoid the attraction to hegemonic models and smile more at the sounds of otherness. We live in a world where access to sameness is already used in many cultures, which feel excluded, marginal. Music is when we open up ourselves to each other, says Mario Azevedo. In his text, the scientist created an intellectual “tension”, by stating the thesis of the dangers of globalization. As a result of the principle of ethnocentrism, the study of the identity and diversity of the ethno-cultural landscape within the East-West radius is becoming increasingly popular. Multiculturalism contributes to the understanding of the foundations of foreign cultural traditions and the identification of universal musical experience. The process of musical cognition turns into a chain of events sanctified by the Gift of selfless relations with the Other, through Love and Joy of understanding. Conclusions. The meaning of music is to open more and more friends in the world of otherness through the experience of communication. Music as a language of human communication teaches how it is possible to exist without conflicts – on the basis of respect and recognition of the Other. And this opinion is able to put an end to the proposed discussion.
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Prysiazhniuk, Yuriy, and Lyudmyla Vovkochyn. "Existential Manifestations of Ethnic Culture in the Context of the Retrospective of the Ukrainian State Building." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 67 (2022): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.13.
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The merit of the British political scientist Andrew Wilson and other intellectuals is that at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries the democratic world learned about the existence in Eastern Europe of an «unexpected» nation – the Ukrainians. Even today, few people think about the fact that this community remains little known in the ethnic context. At the same time, attempts by some culturologists, historians, ethnologists, psychologists, and religious scholars to emphasize its uniqueness have repeatedly met with systemic resistance from the humanities themselves. Moreover, while Soviet historians denied Ukrainian cultural identity because of their obligation to give priority to the «advanced Russian people», modern proponents of the postmodern history of historiography do not treat them as an ethnos with due respect for their dislike of «harmful» ethnocentrism as such. The aim of the research is to try to find out the existential properties of the inner world of Ukrainians on the basis of the historical retrospective of state formation. Noting on occasion that they may suddenly «emerge» not only as a nation but also as an ethnic group. The basis of the research methodology is a holonomic approach. This means that «cause» and «consequence» can be characteristic features from different fields and even historical epochs. Such an analysis is possible within the theoretical synthesis, when it is based on the mental rootedness of social constructs, ideas, experiences that are inherent in people as carriers of the collective unknown (archetypes). The existential order of the ethnos is best represented by the mentality. It is the integral-syncretic formation in which the meanings of life are the modeling dominant of worldview, world perception and world understanding. In an effort to understand the existential manifestations of ethnic culture (in the context of the retrospective of state formation), it is important to take into account: the vocation of the «Ukrainian» collective principle to put pressure on the individual. And to bring this into the ethnic not only eclectic mix of Western and Eastern cultures, but also the original mental traits inherent only in its characteristics – natural spontaneity, biopsychological orientation and etc. The authors have proved that the reproaches that are often addressed to the people have another addressee – the elite, which is firmly «attached» to the ethnic group. The low quality of state elites in Ukraine, which was especially acute during periods of historical crises, receives a logical explanation and even «justification» at the mental level of life. Another thing is that for centuries it has prevented the solution of fateful state tasks, and limited its role to the banal seizure of power. Changing the situation requires political «geniuses» who are able to think and act strategically more broadly. They must understand the values, the mentality of their people, the imperatives of its ethnic culture. The history of Ukrainian state-building in the period of early modernism and modernism still amazes European readers, sometimes even the closest neighbors. The research showed that if their acquaintance with this began with a detailed study of the existential manifestations of the ethnic culture of Ukrainians, it would be much easier to reach mutual understanding.
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Castel, Philippe, Rachel Morlot, and Marie-Françoise Lacassagne. "On Methods of Access to the Structure of Social Representations: the Example of Europe." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 3 (November 2012): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39409.
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The aim of this study is to identify the logic behind a range of statistical methods used to reveal the structure of social representations. Subjects (N = 317) were asked to answer the following question: “For each category of European person, please indicate which other European he would most like to have contact with”. The results of the similarity analysis lead us to the conclusion that there is an ethnocentric bias, and reveal the central factor of the representation. The representation obtained by factorial correspondence analysis seems closer to current reality and enables us to understand the divisions that have structured Europe and remained embedded in the subjects. Thus, the choice of analytical method is not merely anecdotal, given that representations obtained from the same data can vary immensely.
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Ciobanu, Monica, and Mihaela Şerban. "Legitimation crisis, memory, and United States exceptionalism: Lessons from post-communist Eastern Europe." Memory Studies 14, no. 6 (December 2021): 1285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211054328.
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The article examines how the experiences of post-communist transitional justice policies could inform current controversies in the United States regarding its reckoning with the past. To lay the ground for this analysis, three facets of American exceptionalism—the dual state reality, the triumphalist myth, and the denialist myth—are identified as principal obstacles that have preempted any substantive reparations for the crimes against humanity perpetrated against enslaved Africans and their descendants. This is followed by a presentation of how the 1989 revolutions in East and Central Europe failed to promote an inclusive and pluralistic model of the past. Instead, current representations of the past rooted in essentialist and ethnocentric historical narratives are weaponized by non-democratic political actors. Finally, the authors caution against misguided representations of historical trauma and memory wars in the United States that could potentially reproduce White supremacist ideologies and escalate existent political and cultural divisions.
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Sirutavičius, Vladas. "Vincas Kudirka’s Programme for Modernizing Society and the Problems of Forming a National Intelligentsia." Lithuanian Historical Studies 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2000): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00501006.
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The article deals with several closely related problems. Firstly, it presents a concise analysis of the particulars of the formation of the Lithuanian intelligentsia – a modern social élite in the country. It is maintained that in Lithuania (as well as in the other states of Central and Eastern Europe) the intelligentsia’s special role in society was conditioned by its modernization process and the level of its development and manifestation in public life. It was no accident that the pattern of the national ideal, shaped by the intelligentsia, as well as the proposed programme for the modernization of society were of ethnocentric nature. The second half of the study relates to the project for modernizing society, offered by Vincas Kudirka, a prominent figure in the Lithuanian national movement, a publicist and publisher. It was his belief, supported by many other Lithuanian intellectuals, that the processes of modernization – its social and economic development had to entail and presuppose the development of national self-consciousness. The proposed programme was intended for the lowest and most numerous social layer the peasantry, and it actually expressed that group’s interests. At the same time the modernization programme contained contradictions, acquired ethnocentric features and in future was liable to encourage social and ethnic tensions.
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Van Hamme, Gilles. "La géographie de l’Extrême Droite peut-elle s’expliquer par l’ « ethnocentrisme » des territoires ? Une analyse multiscalaire en Europe occidentale." Espace populations sociétés, no. 2008/3 (December 1, 2008): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/eps.3510.
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Jaskot, Maciej, Marta Wojakowska, and Wojciech Sosnowski. "Culturally anchored lexical units in modern foreign language teaching." XLinguae 15, no. 3 (June 2022): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2022.15.03.10.
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The question of interculturality and the plurilingual and pluricultural competence connected with it is often found at the heart of contemporary language learning debate. The documents drafted by the Council of Europe seem to reflect this fact. Nowadays, language teachers face the challenge of designing a lesson unit which not only contains and practises all aspects of the language but also develops all skills and competences through the process of so-called integrated learning. Language teaching and learning is coupled with cultural and linguistic anthropology which is often termed as anthropological approach in language teaching. The approach calls on the term: cultureme which denotes language items present in any language class material whose cultural embedding requires a more extensive semantic and pragmatic commentary. The methods, means and techniques employed within the eclectic teaching framework aim to eliminate a learner’s ethnocentric attitude and existing stereotypes which leads to the development of the plurilingual and pluricultural competence. Our research relies on our extensive experience acquired in the plurilingual and multicultural environment of 30 nationalities and 160 students of the College of Europe in Natolin while teaching Romance (French, Spanish, Italian) and Slavonic languages (Russian, Polish, Ukrainian).
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Reilly, Niamh. "Recasting secular thinking for emancipatory feminist practice." Social Compass 64, no. 4 (October 6, 2017): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768617727484.
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The renewed vitality of religion in political and public life has prompted reconsideration of established ideas about secularisation and secularism. In Western Europe, ethnocentric enforcements of secularism are implicated in oppressive practices directed at minority women and communities while religiously-justified authoritarian movements against rights for women and LGBTQ people continue to emerge. These ‘postsecular’ challenges require recasting secular thinking within a wider re-theorisation of emancipatory feminist practice. This means recognising the positivity of religious subjectivities and norms in emancipatory political projects. It also entails rethinking the nature of the secular state and challenging oppressions emanating from enforced secularism no less than from coerced conformity to religious norms. The Musawah Framework for Action advanced by the Malaysian advocacy group Sisters in Islam is discussed to illustrate how secular thinking can be recast for emancipatory feminist practice to transform narrow Eurocentric accounts of secularism and patriarchal interpretations of secular and religious norms.
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Brown, D. G. "Millian Liberalism and Colonial Oppression." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 25 (1999): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1999.10716831.
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In nineteenth-century Europe …. [w]ith rare exceptions liberals approved of colonialism and provided it with a legitimizing ideology …. Liberalism became missionary, ethnocentric, and narrow, dismissing non-liberal ways of life and thought as primitive and in need of the liberal civilizing mission.This is the judgement passed by Professor Bhikhu Parekh in his 1994 essay “Decolonizing Liberalism.” His deference to John Stuart Mill is shown in his making Mill not one of the exceptions, but rather the central object of attack. It would seem indeed that if the charges can be made good against Mill they will hold against nineteenth-century liberalism in general, and perhaps in some degree against twenty-first-century liberalism.Simple piety moves me to offer some defence of Mill's own good judgement, particularly in relation to India. But, in dealing with a phenomenon like liberalism, we need always to maintain a distinction which tends to blur. Doctrines and assertions are one thing. Historical movements and trends in a society are another.
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Péti, Márton, Laura Szabó, Csilla Obádovics, Balázs Szabó, and Dávid Csécsi. "Analyzing Ethnocentric Immigration through the Case of Hungary – Demographic Effects of Immigration from Neighboring Countries to Hungary." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 4 (August 25, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/857.
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Specific ethnocentric international migration processes can be observed in Hungary: a significant proportion of immigrants are of Hungarian ethnic background and come from neighboring countries. Similar processes can be observed between other kin-states and co-ethnic communities of Central and Eastern Europe, but this type of migration has not been studied intensively yet. The focus of the research is on the effects of this immigration on Hungarian society and the economy. Population projections were also carried out according to two research questions: “what would have happened if the immigrants had not arrived according to the processes that were experienced?” and “what will happen if the immigration process changes?” The research is based on the 2011 census data sets; the target group is the population born in neighboring countries that moved to Hungary after 1985. Results show that the ethnic Hungarian immigrant population has been a crucial human resource in Hungary. Without these immigrants, Hungary's demographic trends would also be less favorable. Moreover, in contrast to the situation typical of European immigrants, the socio-economic situation of the former is more favorable than of the host society. Potential decline of this immigration population could indeed be challenging.
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Eder, Stephanie J., Michal M. Stefanczyk, Michał Pieniak, Judit Martínez-Molina, Jakub Binter, Ondra Pešout, Patrick Smela, Frank Scharnowski, and David Steyrl. "Dangers and Strangers: Pathogenic threat, fear, and perceived vulnerability do not predict ethnocentric orientations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe." Human Ethology 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22330/he/36/125-137.
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Živanović, Nenad, and Zoran Milošević. "Organised Physical Exercising of the 19th Century: The Need, Politics, Ideology." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spes-2016-0025.
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Summary The history of the 19th century, filled with various social turning points and diverse ups and downs, points equally clearly to the need for organised physical exercising. Naturally, there are various reasons for that, but they could be all classified in three groups: a) as the need – for physical exercise, that salutary food for a human being; b) as politics – due to waging of both the wars of conquest and wars of defence; c) and as ideology – which can be noted in the need for emerging and development of ethnocentric development of physical exercising. As always, people who could see farther and better than others thanks to their education, vision and emphasised patriotism were behind the idea of the need for organised physical exercising. Such people could be found in every part of turbulent Europe and each of them cared for and tried to help in preservation of their own people. In the territories populated by the Serbs we should mention the educators and patriots who raised high the torch of enlightenment working at the times full of challenges and difficult social circumstances. They were Vasa Pelagić, Djordje Natošević and Steva Todorović.
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Steppat, Michael, and Rongtian Tong. "Prefigurations of Intercultural Thinking: Explorations in Ancient Mediterranean and Chinese Sources." Journal of Intercultural Communication & Interactions Research 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/jicir.2021.1.0007.
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Abstract A very recent history of intercultural communication traces the field back to the formation of culture as a concept in mid-17th century Europe. Does this mean that interculturality came into being at that time? If it is indeed only a fairly recent development, it will not have strong roots in our collective civilizational history and might thus be easily overturned by countercurrents. We should therefore inquire whether earlier documentations of interculturality exist. This essay examines the earliest expressions of intercultural thought that are still accessible to us, while acknowledging that any so-called first traces are already marked by echoes and duplications. Hence the essay offers a synthesis which has not been attempted before. We find early expressions of interculturality in the Mediterranean region, a fertile contact zone connecting the European, African, and Asian continents, but equally in ancient China. The chief categories that are discernible from the records are foreign languages, countering ethnocentric bias, travel experience, and cosmopolitan thought. The evidence shows that historical discourses form irreducible interactional identities, and that these are effective in shaping the growth of major analytical perspectives which concern us at present. Accordingly, what might seem to be remote historical experience can gain a new role in our time’s emerging multicultural global order.
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Corcoran, Santhi. "Exodus, Exile and Resettlement: Displaced children and families in Ireland and the challenges for state and Educational facil." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 47, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.470.
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Where oppression, denial of culture, faith, identity, and language have been a significant part of a group’s collective history, strong nationalistic and ethnocentric tendencies develop to protect and reinforce a threatened and diminishing sense of self. Within such a context, policies and practices in schools and state towards newcomers may be problematic. The preferred position in government policies would be for assimilation into the host culture and adoption of its values, but this approach diminishes the values and culture of newcomers and undermines the processes of integration. This approach does not promote an environment where debate on inclusion, equality and identity can create a positive understanding of migration and diversity. Ireland, as part of the global world, will continue to receive new communities, and migration from both Europe and further afield. Therefore, education personnel at all levels need to be trained, inspired and competent when working with diversity. The approach of schools towards diversity and the experience of immigrants can provide a key understanding of inclusion and exclusion in Irish society. These can range from communication difficulties, to cultural practices and beliefs, racism experienced, isolation, and the hopes as well as aspirations of families and young people. This paper explores, in the context of social justice and equality, issues of identity, needs, education, multiculturalism, acceptance and belonging for newcomers to Irish society, and the Irish education system’s preparedness in supporting their children. It offers an overview of the Irish education system in terms of new arrivals, with a focus on challenges and implications for school systems.
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Paz, D. G. "Anti-Catholicism, Anti-Irish Stereotyping, and Anti-Celtic Racism in Mid-Victorian Working-Class Periodicals." Albion 18, no. 4 (1986): 601–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050132.
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The rapid increase in Irish immigration, it is often argued, was the chief cause for the growth of anti-Catholicism in mid-nineteenth century England. Patrick Joyce and Neville Kirk both believe that ethnic tension and violence in southeast Lancashire and northeast Cheshire increased during and after the late 1840s, that that increase “followed the pattern of the arrival and dispersal” of Irish immigrants, and that the controversy over the creation of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in 1850 intensified the conflict.L.P. Curtis, Jr., agrees that the mid-century is important, for it was then, he argues, that the stereotype, based on scientific racism, of the Irish as inferior, was “finally assembled and reproduced for a mass reading public which was by then ready to believe almost anything of a derogatory nature about the Irish people.” The English image of the Irish was bound up with the idea of race or with that amalgam of ostensibly scientific doctrines, subjective data, and ethnocentric prejudices which was steadily gaining respectability among educated men in Western Europe during the first half of the century. In England the idea of race as the determinant of human history and human behavior held an unassailable position in the minds of most Anglo-Saxonists. …Curtis admits that the Victorians used the word “race” very loosely, and that working-class anti-Irish “prejudice” had class and religious, as well as racist, bases. But he fails to explore these non-racist elements; his argument rests on the evidence of Victorian anthropological writings; he clearly believes that racism bears explanatory primacy.
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Klingemann, Harald. "Successes and failures in treatment of substance abuse: Treatment system perspectives and lessons from the European continent." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 37, no. 4 (August 2020): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072520941977.
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Objective: The article offers an inventory of controversial basic issues related to treatment responses and their sociocultural political context, highlighting policy failures and successes, with a focus on Europe. As a reference point for this assessment, serves a conceptual framework of an “ideal type of treatment system”, which is built upon the following normative assumptions: the objective of harm minimisation or preventing substance-use-related consequences, evidence-based decision making, securing equity and accessibility also from a user perspective as well as efficiency in terms of the diversity and choice of treatment options. Method: Five major issues of addiction treatment systems, as identified and exemplified by an expert survey among 14 countries conducted in 2014, served as a reference for discussing fundamental gaps between an assumed ideal type of treatment system and the treatment response in practice: (1) Resistance to change, consensus building and innovation, (2) Political influence and target group bias beyond evidence, (3) Assumptions about rationality and universal evidence, (4) Myths of addiction and ethical deficits and (5) The treatment gap and user perspectives. Results/conclusions: Recommendations relevant for politicians, system planners, and clinicians are formulated for each of the five issues, specifically focusing on embeddedness of treatment systems in macro-societal conditions, the abstinence paradigm and outcome diversity, ethnocentric biases of the “evidence credo”, learning from self-change as the major road to recovery, and questioning implicit conceptions of the “addict as a human being”. Furthermore, it is concluded that theories regarding the diffusion of innovation and knowledge exchange can inform future research.
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Vasiutynskyi, V. "PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT OF POLITICAL BLAME ATTRIBUTION IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN CONTEXT." Ukrainian Psychological Journal, no. 1 (11) (2019): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/upj.2019.1(11).5.
Full textAbstract:
Political blaming is considered as a means of active public-political self-determination of a person or a group and as a means of psychological protection from experiencing of own feeling of guilt. According to the survey of 120 Kyiv residents, there is the high level of respondents’ dissatisfaction concerning the direction and results of Ukrainian society development and the high readiness to assess negatively authorities and political institutions. The factor structure of corresponding attitudes includes «total accusation of the powers» (previous and current Ukrainian authorities), «blaming of Russian and pro-Russian actors (Russia, Putin, agents of Russian influence in Ukraine)», «blaming of international actors (the USA, Europe, NATO)», «assessment of radical political sentiments» (Russian-speaking citizens of Ukraine and residents of the Western Ukraine). Clarification of the specific content of a political blame has shown the dominance of several stereotypical characteristics: corruption, anti-Ukrainian activity, helplessness or inaction, and deceit. Respondents who are more optimistic about the direction of society development are accuse more often the Communists and pro-Russian forces, while pessimists do the previous and present Ukrainian authorities. Gender-age differences have been manifested in the fact that the older generation blames more actively and show more ethnocentric attitudes, and women show a higher inclination to blame in comparison with men. Increased readiness for political blaming reflects the state of intense dissatisfaction of citizens with the results of social development, the responsibility for which they place primarily on the Ukrainian authorities and Russian aggressors. Searches for grounds for accusations in citizens’ own activities, in the influence of international actors, or in the objective circumstances of the society development are less clear. The external attribution of blame significantly prevails over self-blaming and the respondents are willing rather to find guilty people than to rearrange own position and or the content of own political activity.
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ELÓSEGUI ICHASO, MARÍA. "LA LEGISLACIÓN SOBRE LA ADQUISICIÓN DE LA NACIONALIDAD EN LETONIA: EVOLUCIÓN Y ÚLTIMAS REFORMAS." RVAP 106, no. 106 (December 1, 2016): 19–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.106.2016.01.
Full textAbstract:
En este artículo se analizan las recientes reformas legislativas de
Letonia en relación con la adquisición de la nacionalidad, el uso del letón como
lengua oficial, la situación legal de la minoría rusa nacida en Letonia y su estatus
de «no ciudadano». Se estudia la evolución legal desde 1991 hasta 2016. Se observa
que las sucesivas normas se basan en un modelo etnicista de nación, recrudeciéndose
por un lado esta actitud en las recientes reformas que favorecen el acceso
a la nacionalidad letona a los descendientes de letones de sangre, exigiendo
a los demás un test de conocimiento del letón y de la Constitución. Pero como
contraste, por otro lado, se ha facilitado el acceso a la nacionalidad a los menores
de 15 años nacidos en suelo letón de padres «no ciudadanos», de manera que la
siguiente generación de la minoría rusa podrán ser ciudadanos de pleno derecho.
Se utilizan los informes realizados por la ECRI, Comisión contra el racismo y la intolerancia
del Consejo de Europa y fuentes estadísticas oficiales proporcionadas
por el Gobierno letón. Como conclusión se sugieren algunas reformas legislativas
de lege ferenda. Artikulu honetan, Letonian duela gutxi egindako legegintzako
erreformak aztertzen dira: nazionalitatea eskuratzea, letoniera hizkuntza ofizial
gisa erabiltzea, Letonian jaiotako gutxiengo errusiarraren lege-egoera eta haien
«ez-herritar» estatusa. 1991tik 2016ra arte arazoak lege arloan izan duen bilakaera
aztertzen da. Ikusten denez, ondoz ondoren egindako arauek nazioaren
eredu etnizista hartzen dute oinarri. Alde batetik, jarrera hor larriagotu egin da
duela gutxiko erreformetan, erreforma horiek letoniar nazionalitatea odolez letoniar
direnen ondorengoei ematearen aldekoak baitira; gainerako pertsonei, letonieraren
eta Konstituzioaren ezagutzari buruzko testa exijitzen zaie. Baina beste
alde batetik, erraztasunak eman dira «herritar ez diren» gurasoengandik Letoniako
lurzoruan jaio diren 15 urtetik beherakoek nazionalitatea lor dezaten; hala,
gutxiengo errusiarraren hurrengo belaunaldikoak eskubide osoko herritar izan
ahalko dira. Arrazakeriaren eta Intolerantziaren aurkako Europako Batzordeak
(ECRI) eta Letoniako Gobernuak emandako estatistika-iturri ofizialak erabiltzen
dira. Ondorio gisa, de lege ferenda legegintzako erreforma batzuk iradokitzen
dira. In this article the recent legislative reforms in Latvia in connection
with the acquisition of nationality, the use of Latvian as the official language, the
legal status of the Russian minority in Latvia born and status of «non-citizen»
are analyzed. The legal evolution is studied from 1991 to 2016. It is noted that the
successive rules are based on an ethnocentric model nation, on the one hand
getting worse this attitude in recent reforms that promote access to Latvian
citizenship to the descendants of Latvian blood, requiring the others a test of proficiency in Latvian and the Constitution. In turn, by contrast, it has been
facilitated access to citizenship to children under 15 years born in Latvian soil from
parents «non-citizens», so that the next generation of the Russian minority could
be full citizens. Reports by the ECRI, Commission against Racism and Intolerance
of the Council of Europe and official statistical sources provided by the Latvian
government are used. In conclusion some legislative reforms are suggested as
lege ferenda.
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Nikodemska-Wolowik, Anna Maria. "Flag brands as factor and results of a country identity and image: Polish experiences." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i3.730.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the issue of creating regional and country brands by enterprises and of establishing a national brand. The three mentioned flag brand categories have been described in detail and the relations between them have been indicated. The article also makes an attempt at analyzing the factors that form part of the brand identity focusing primarily on the consumer product brands. The identity and image concepts are presented also in a broader perspective as certain attributes that characterize the enterprise itself. The presented considerations refer mainly to Polish companies, but some examples of enterprises from highly developed countries, especially from the European Union, have also been added in order to provide this paper with more practical dimensions. Specific brands offered by national enterprises that may be called country and regional brands have been proposed. Some transformations of the market environment which imply branding activities of the companies have been identified, especially the antiglobalist movement which becomes more and more powerful and its activities directed against big concerns and omnipresent mass brands. Moreover, the consumer ethnocentrism and regional trends opposed to the globalization have been emphasized. Also the important rote of family businesses in developing flag brands has been made evident. The family companies may contribute to maintaining and reinforcing the Polish identity.<br /><br />El presente trabajo se ocupa de los aspectos referentes a la creación de marcas regionales y locales así como del establecimiento de una marca nacional. Las tres categorías de marcas de bandera se han caracterizado detalladamente y se indican las relaciones que existen entre ellas. También se intenta analizar los factores que forman parte de la identidad de marca, con especial atención a las marcas de productos de consumo. Se presentan los conceptos de identidad e imagen desde una perspectiva más amplia como atributos que caracterizan a la empresa. Las reflexiones presentadas se refieren, sobre todo, a las empresas polacas, pero también se citan algunos ejemplos de actividades de compañías localizadas en países altamente desarrollados, en concreto en la Unidad Europea, con el fin de otorgar al artículo una dimensión práctica. Se proponen marcas concretas que ofrecen empresas locales y que pueden denominarse como marcas nacionales o regionales. Se indican los cambios en el entorno del mercado que implican actividades de las empresas en el área de branding, y de modo especial se toma en consideración el cada vez más fuerte movimiento antiglobalizante y sus actividades dirigidas contra grandes consorcios y las omnipresentes marcas de masas. Además se pone de relieve el significado de etnocentrismo de tos consumidores y de las tendencias regionalistas opuestas a la globalización. Del mismo modo, se destaca el importante papel de las empresas familiares en el establecimiento de marcas de bandera. Las empresas familiares podrán contribuir a conservar y reforzar la identidad polaca