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1

Gilmore, Michael Patrick. "An Ethnoecological and Ethnobotanical Study of the Maijuna Indians of the Peruvian Amazon." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1134591936.

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2

Stowe, C. J. (Christopher James), and n/a. "The ecology and ethnobotany of karaka (Corynocarpus Laevigatus)." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2003. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070504.114356.

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Historically there has been considerable debate over the origin of karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. et G. Forst.) In contrast, the extent and importance of pre-historic arboriculture in New Zealand has received little attention in the literature. This study reviews the ecology and ethnobotony of karaka and investigates its cultural and natural biogeography. Maori migration traditions frequently state that karaka was introduced to New Zealand. However, molecular evidence and finds of fossil seeds of the late Oligocene age show that karaka is endemic to New Zealand. Therefore, Maori traditions probably relate to the translocation and cultivation of karaka within the New Zealand region, for which there is abundant anecdotal evidence. Karaka fruits were a valuable addition to the Maori diet and were likely to have functioned as a replacement for traditional Polynesian precedents and entailed a rigorous regime of steaming and soaking to rid the kernal of its toxic elements. There is data to suggest selection for fruit size and/or nutritional value in cultivated karaka populations. A database of karaka distribution was compiled and populations classified as �cultural� or �unknown� on the basis of spatial association with archaeological sites. Groves classed as cultural were assumed to be cultivated or translocated by pre-historic Maori. Lack of effective seed dispersal by birds and the longevity of the trees, mean that the contemporary distribution of karaka provides a reasonable template for the extent of its prehistoric translocation and cultivation within New Zealand. Karaka has a distinct cultural and natural biogeography. The greatest overlap between cultural and unknown trees occurred in the northern North Island while the majority of trees in the lower North Island, and all trees in the South Island were classed as cultural. Prior to the arrival of Polynesians in New Zealand, karaka was probably restricted in distribution to the Northland/Auckland region. Its natural range was then extended by human translocation and cultivation to the lower North Island, South Island, Kermadec Islands, Chatham Islands and many other in-shore islands off New Zealand. Climate variables were fitted to the distribution data and discriminant analysis used to further test the classification of karaka into cultural and unknown populations. Significant differences were found in climatic parameters between groups. Cultural karaka were found in enviroments with greater solar radiation seasonality, higher evaporative demands and greater soil moisture deficits than unknown karaka. The climate profile of karaka is biased towards the same environmental correlates of pa and pit site locations, further indicating that karaka was a cultivated tree crop. It is concluded that the importance and extent of karaka arboriculture, and probably that of other endemic tree species currently restricted to the northern North Island of cultural karaka is biased towards the same environmental correlates of pa and pit site locations, further indicating that karaka was a cultivated tree crop. The extensive translocation of karaka by Maori means that it has the potential, with the application of molecular methods, to serve as a marker for prehistoric settlement and mobility. Preliminary work was begun on this aspect and a predictive model is presented of the possible relationships within and between populations of karaka. It is concluded that the importance and extent of karaka arboriculture, and probably that of other endemic tree species, has previously been overlooked. This has implications for our view of certain plant communities as unmodified by humans, and provides an impetus to protect surface vegetation as an integral part of some prehistoric archaeological sites.
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3

Souza, Shirley Pacheco de. "Etnoecologia de cetaceos em comunidades de pescadores de São Sebastião, São Paulo." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315744.

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Orientador: Alpina Begossi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A Etnobiologia estuda as interações entre populações humanas e recursos naturais, enfocando a percepção e o conhecimento humano sobre os recursos naturais, a forma como estes são utilizados e as práticas de manejo desenvolvidas pelas sociedades. O conhecimento ecológico local (LEK, de 'local ecological knowlegde¿) tem sido muito útil na elaboração de sistemas de co-manejo envolvendo comunidades locais, instituições do governo e cientistas. Pesquisas sobre o conhecimento dos pescadores em relação à ecologia de baleias e golfinhos iniciaram-se no Brasil na década passada. Os principais objetivos deste estudo são registrar e avaliar o conhecimento dos pescadores de São Sebastião, litoral paulista, em relação à etnotaxonomia (classificação e nomenclatura) de cetáceos, bem como sobre a etnoecologia destes animais obtendo informações sobre áreas de ocorrência, habitat, sazonalidade, dieta, tamanho de grupo, reprodução, predadores e interações com a pesca. Os resultados demonstraram que os pescadores estudados percebem os cetáceos em função de sua saliência morfológica e cultural. As espécies mais reconhecidas e nomeadas por eles foram as de maior tamanho (Eubalaena australis, Tursiops truncatus), as acidentalmente capturadas em redes de espera (Pontoporia blainvillei, Sotalia guianensis) e as mais veiculadas em programas de televisão (Megaptera novaeangliae, Orcinus orca). Encontramos uma alta concordância entre o LEK dos pescadores estudados sobre a ecologia dos cetáceos, o conhecimento de pescadores de outras comunidades do sul e sudeste brasileiro, dados obtidos de pesquisas locais e da literatura científica. Isto demonstra que o conhecimento dos pescadores pode ser útil para a conservação dos cetáceos, especialmente das espécies pouco conhecidas, sugerindo novas linhas de pesquisa e apontando áreas críticas em relação à captura acidental destes animais. Além disto, os pescadores podem contribuir de forma valiosa na elaboração de estratégias alternativas em relação ao uso de redes de pesca, ao passo que sua participação em projetos e planos de manejo pode ser uma forma de valorização da cultura local
Abstract: Ethnobiology, a branch of Human Ecology, is the study of the interactions between human population and natural resources, concerning human perception, knowledge, resource uses and management. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been empirically built by several human societies and transmitted through generations, shaping their culture. LEK has been especially useful to design systems of co-management involving local people, government institutions and scientists. Surveys on fishers¿ knowledge about cetaceans¿ ecology are relatively scarce around the world and in Brazil they have begun in the last decade. The main objectives of this study are to record and to evaluate the knowledge of the fishers from São Sebastião, in relation to cetaceans¿ folk taxonomy and bio-ecological aspects, recording their information about classification, nomenclature, occurrence areas, habitat, seasonality, diet, group size, reproduction, predators and interactions with fisheries. Our results showed that fishers¿ perception about cetaceans was highly influenced by phenotypic and cultural salience of the whales and dolphins. The most recognized and cited species were those of greater size (Eubalaena australis, Tursiops truncatus), the most frequently caught ones (P. blainvillei and S. guianensis) and the most exposed by media (M. novaeangliae and O. orca). The high concordance among the LEK of the fishers from São Sebastião on cetaceans, the knowledge of fishers from other communities of southern and southeastern Brazil, data obtained by local researchers and from literature indicates that fishers¿ knowledge could contribute to cetacean¿s conservation, especially in relation to the less studied cetacean¿s species, pointing out new lines of investigation as well as determining fishing grounds where incidental capture of cetaceans are more critical in the studied areas and indicating possible changes in gillnets operations in order to reduce cetaceans catches. Besides, fishers¿ participation in such researches and co-management plans can be a way to revive and valorize their local culture
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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4

Nickels, Scot 1959. "Importance of experiential context for understanding indigenous ecological knowledge : the Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36667.

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One of the more recent and alluring phrases used by development and resource management practitioners and theorists is "traditional ecological knowledge." Although there is a substantial amount of the literature on this subject, these studies have unfortunately an inadequate characterization of the way in which indigenous people view, order, internalize, and manipulate environmental information. This deficiency indicates a need to (a) improve our understanding and use of indigenous knowledge as an instrument for sustainable development and resource management and (b) revise some of our present conceptual, theoretical, and methodological understandings.
This dissertation examines these issues by investigating the ecological knowledge of the Barriere Lake Algonquins, living largely within Park La Verendrye in northwestern Quebec. The scope of this study concentrates on three aspects of this indigenous knowledge, namely, the (1) cyclicality within, the (2) utilization of, and the (3) terminology for the Algonquin forest environment. Theoretically, I draw to some extent on an approach taken from cognitive science called "connectionism" which helps integrate ecology and cognition. Within this theoretical framework I examine the experiences and understandings that different individuals and groups bring to common every-day situations involving environmental resources.
Three principles are put forward from the empirical findings of this thesis. First, indigenous knowledge formation is a contextual and experientially driven process rather than a static and timeless content. This process involves the natural-material and socio-cultural environment, expanding the typical cognitive unit of analysis beyond the individual person to include his or her entire natural and social surroundings. Second, this contextual and experientially driven process gives rise to heterogeneous, fluid, and contested knowledges. The knowledge-formation process goes beyond the mere generation and transmission of knowledge to how knowledge is articulated and used in particular everyday situations. Third, this process-approach has important implications which, if ignored, will prevent researchers from developing an adequate understanding and appreciation of the contextual nature of IK because the research will fail to consider the everyday experiences which become internalized, shared, and later put to use. The process-approach has important practical, theoretical, and methodological implications for IK and its use in development, resource management, and resource conservation.
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Sylvester, Olivia. "Forest Food Harvesting in the Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Territory, Costa Rica: Ethnoecology, Gender, and Resource Access." Journal of Ethnobiology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31155.

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Although forest foods are important for health and cultural continuity for millions of Indigenous people, information regarding how people use and access these foods is lacking. Using a qualitative methodology informed by Bribri teachings, this thesis examined the ethnoecology of food harvesting in the Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Territory, Costa Rica. This project illustrates how access to forest food requires: access to multiple land patches, unique landscaping practices, and fostering relationships with non- human beings. By examining wild food consumption by household and generation in one community (Bajo Coen), this research shows how: wild food harvesting is widespread, the majority of youth consume wild food, sharing is fundamental to access wild food, and people consume wild food for many reasons including identity and dietary variety. By examining gender across multiple harvesting stages, this study demonstrates that no single harvesting stage was exclusive to members of one gender and that mixed gender harvesting groups were common; these findings challenge generalizations that women and men engage in different harvesting tasks and highlight the importance of gendered collaboration. This thesis makes applied contributions to ethnobiology and forest management. By analyzing how protected area (PA) regulations shape access to forest food, this thesis highlights how PAs can have negative impacts on: health, nutrition, teaching youth, quality of life, cultural identity, and on the land; these findings are important because they show why Biosphere Reserves need to do more work to ensure their managers support people’s rights to access traditional food. To better understand the macro-level factors that shape food access beyond PAs, this thesis evaluates the political ecology of land access. Findings illustrate how Bribri people’s history of engagement in an inequitable market economy, in concert with discriminatory state policies of land reorganization and management, has created significant hurdles for some people to access forest resources and to grow their own food. This thesis has generated its findings using methods based on Bribri teachings; as such, it: 1) increases awareness of Indigenous methodologies in ethnobiology and 2) generates information about harvesting that accurately represents Bribri people and how they understand the world
May 2016
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Hamade, Bariaa. "Structure et dynamique de la diversité génétique de l'amandier cultivé au Liban : facteurs biologiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG049/document.

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La diversité des espèces cultivées résulte d’une série d’évènements de domestication, de flux de gènes entre compartiments sauvages et cultivés, d’effets de la sélection adaptative naturelle et aussi de la sélection humaine et des dynamiques de diffusion à de larges échelles, souvent sur de longues périodes. L’impact de ces processus sur la diversité dépend non seulement de la biologie de l’espèce, mais elle est aussi fortement liée au contexte social et aux pratiques humaines. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de l’influence de l’Homme sur la dynamique de la diversité de l’amandier in situ. La démarche suivie fait appel à la génétique des populations et à l’anthropologie pour étudier la structuration de la diversité génétique de cette espèce fruitière pérenne allogame, cultivée au Liban. Cette étude comprend trois parties:Dans la première partie, nous avons cherché à comprendre les processus de diversification continue de l’amandier cultivée en se basant sur des évidences tirées de l'archéologie, de l'histoire et de la biologie évolutive de l’amandier dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. Nous avons utilisé une approche de génétique des populations avec de nombreux individus représentant chaque cultivar collecté auLiban. L'échantillonnage intensif de cultivars libanais a été comparé à un grand nombre d’arbres cultivés in situ provenant de différentes régions méditerranéennes. Les résultats nous ont permis de distinguer l’impact des différents périodes de diffusion sur la structure de la diversité génétique.La deuxième partie, a permis d’évaluer l’importance culturelle de l’amandier cultivé au Liban, et d’identifier sa diversité intra-spécifique telle qu’elle est perçue par les informateurs. Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité des connaissances des informateurs qui a mené à une taxonomie locale flexible. La flexibilité de la taxonomie locale est révélée par la présence de catégories englobantes et par la complexité du système de nomenclature.Dans la troisième partie, nous avons évalué l’effet du changement de pratiques de propagation sur la structuration et dynamique de la diversité génétique entre les variétés et à l’intérieur de chacune des deux variétés étudiées. Nos résultats montrent que le cultivar traditionnel, multiplié par semis, est structuré géographiquement. L’introduction du mode de propagation clonal par greffage a été adoptée graduellement. Au début, les agriculteurs ont maintenu une certaine diversité génétique par la multiplication sexuée occasionnelle du cultivar introduit. Par contre, l’introduction après l’adoption du greffage a réduit la diversité génétique intra-variétale dans les vergers récents.Cette thèse montre comment les connaissances et les décisions de l’Homme à différents échelles spatiales et temporelles influencent la structure et la dynamique de la diversité de cette espèce
The diversity of cultivated species results from a series of domestication events, gene flow between wild and cultivated compartments, effects of natural adaptive selection and also on human selection and diffusion dynamics at large scales, often over long periods. The impact of these processes on diversity depends not only on the biology of the species but is also strongly related to social context and human practices. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the influence of human on the dynamics of almond diversity in situ. The approach followed uses population genetics and anthropology to study the structuring of the genetic diversity of this allogamous perennial fruit species, grown in Lebanon. This study consists of three parts:In the first part, we sought to understand the processes of continuous diversification of cultivated almond trees based on evidence from archeology, history and evolutionary biology of almond trees in the Mediterranean Basin. We used a population genetics approach with many individuals representing each cultivar collected in Lebanon. Intensive sampling of Lebanese cultivars was compared to a large number of in situ grown trees from different Mediterranean regions. The results allowed us to distinguish the impact of different diffusion periods on the structure of genetic diversity.The second part assessed the cultural importance of the almond tree grown in Lebanon and identified its intraspecific diversity as perceived by the informants. Our results show heterogeneity of informants' knowledge that led to a flexible local taxonomy. The flexibility of local taxonomy is revealed by the presence of inclusive categories and the complexity of the nomenclature system.In the third part, we assessed the effect of the change in propagation practices on the structuration and dynamics of genetic diversity between two varieties and within each of the varieties studied.Our results show that the traditional cultivar, sexually propagated, is geographically structured. The introduction of clonal propagation mode by grafting was gradually adopted. At first, farmers maintained some genetic diversity through occasional sexual multiplication of the introduced cultivar. In contrast, introduction after grafting has reduced intra-varietal genetic diversity in recent orchards.This thesis shows how human knowledge and decisions at different spatial and temporal scales influence the structure and dynamics of the diversity of this species
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Clauzet, Mariana. "Etnoictiologia e uso de recursos naturais por pescadores artesanais costeiros no Brasil." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280139.

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Orientador: Alpina Begossi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um estudo de etnoictiologia de pescadores artesanais em Guaibim/BA, nordeste do Brasil e Bonete/SP e Mar Virado/SP, sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo geral foi analisar o sistema local de classificação popular de diferentes comunidades de pescadores artesanais verificando os critérios locais de classificação popular de peixes e investigar as regras locais de uso do espaço de pesca por diferentes pescadores na comunidade do Mar Virado/SP. Os dados etnoictiológicos foram coletados através de entrevistas com uso de questionários e o auxílio de fotos de 62 espécies de peixes de ocorrência nas diferentes regiões. Os pescadores identificaram as espécies de peixes com 316 nomes genéricos e 82 binomiais e formaram 21 agrupamentos de peixes ("folk families") com 95% de correspondência com as famílias de peixes da taxonomia científica. O sistema local de classificação é baseado no reconhecimento das semelhanças e diferenças dos caracteres morfológicos, aspectos ecológicos e em aspectos utilitários das espécies. O conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores demonstrado através dos critérios de classificação local é concordante com as informações biológicas disponíveis para as espécies de peixes. Na Enseada do Mar Virado existem regras locais respeitadas pelos pescadores para a prática da pesca com redes de espera, cerco flutuante e linhadas. O maior conflito na pesca local é sazonal, na disputa pelo espaço de pesca com pescadores comerciais na safra de camarão-branco (Litopenaeus schmitti) e tal conflito necessita da fiscalização dos órgãos ambientais competentes para ser solucionado. A elevada concordância entre as informações locais e as informações biológicas, assim como a existência de regras de uso dos recursos naturais pesqueiros explorados, evidencia que os pescadores locais conhecem os recursos que exploram e, portanto, podem ser incluídos em planos de manejo e comanejo local que fortaleçam suas respectivas regiões e também que possam ser extrapolados em escalas regional e nacional no litoral do Brasil e em outros países.
Abstract: This thesis refers to a study of ethnoichthyology of artisanal fishermen form Guaibim/BA, northeast, and Bonete and Mar Virado/SP, southeast of Brazil. The main objective was to analyze the folk system of classification of different artisanal fishing communities, verifying which criteria would be used to classify the fish species. A mapping of the fishing spots on the Mar Virado Bay was made to verify the division of the space between the artisanal fishermen and the local rules used in the fisheries. The ethnobiological data was collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and fish species pictures (photos). The fishermen identified 62 species of fish with 316 generic names and 82 binomial names; they had formed 21 fish clusters ("folk families") with 95% of correspondence with the scientific taxonomy. The folk classification system is based on the morphological characters, ecological and utilitarian aspects of the species. The local ecological knowledge agreed with the available scientific information for the species. The local rules on the Mar Virado Bay are respected by the fishermen. The biggest conflict there is a dispute for the space with commercial shrimp fisheries. The local community needs the intervention of the State for the resolution of this conflict. The agreement between the local information and the scientific information as well as the existence of rules for using the natural resources evidenced that the local fishermen's knowledge about the resources must be included in the plans for the regional and national fishery management on the Brazilian's coast.
Doutorado
Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação
Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade
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8

Haouane, Hicham. "Origines, domestication et diversification variétale chez l’olivier (Olea europaea L.) à l’ouest de la Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0044/document.

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Les oliviers cultivés et leurs parents sauvages (oléastres), représentent deux variétés botaniques de l'espèce Olea europaea, subsp. var. europaea et var. sylvestris, respectivement. Selon des études génétiques et archéobotaniques antérieures, l'existence de populations d'oléastres dans l'est et l'ouest du bassin méditerranéen remonte à avant le néolithique. La domestication de l'olivier aurait eu lieu au moins dans ces deux zones. Néanmoins, la lignée maternelle qui caractérise les oléastres de l'est de la Méditerranée est majoritaire au sein des variétés méditerranéennes. Une telle signature génétique est probablement le résultat de migrations humaines essentiellement d'est en ouest. En dépit de ces travaux, les origines et les processus de diversification à l'ouest de la méditerranée demeurent méconnus. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les origines et les processus de diversification chez l'olivier à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Deux hypothèses sont formulées: (i) une co-existence entre variétés sélectionnées localement et variétés introduites à partir de l'est de la Méditerranée et maintenues par clonage, (ii) une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par les populations locales à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Dans une première partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification par une analyse des pratiques paysannes à une échelle localisée et dans une zone d'extrême diffusion : le Maroc. Il s'agissait de comprendre comment les paysans traitent la diversité variétale dans un contexte fortement impacté par une seule et même variété, la ‘Picholine marocaine'. Sur la base d'enquêtes semi-dirigées menées auprès des paysans dans les agro-écosystèmes traditionnels et selon une approche d'ethnobiologie, nous avons mis en évidence l'importance des logiques de classifications locales (usage, origine, âge, conservation de l'huile, méthode de propagation…) dans le traitement, le maintien et la gestion de la diversité variétale. Nos résultats montrent la présence d'un système de dénomination basée sur des catégories englobantes où les types d'oliviers sont regroupés sous des noms génériques en fonction des critères socioculturels et techniques plutôt que sur des critères morphologiques. Nous avons montré que ces catégories sont définies par des contours permissifs permettant aux types d'oliviers d'être classées dans plusieurs catégories. Nous soutenons l'hypothèse que ce système de classification permet de maintenir la diversité et est une force motrice pour la diversification variétale dans ces agro-écosystèmes caractérisés par une faible diversité d'oliviers. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification variétale par une approche basée sur la phylogéographie à l'échelle de la Méditerranée. Les analyses génétiques des variétés méditerranéennes d'olivier basées sur l'utilisation des marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires et chloroplastiques selon une approche bayésienne montrent une structure génétique est-ouest. La plupart des variétés de l'ouest de la méditerranée ont une lignée maternelle de l'est mais un génome nucléaire proche du "pool" génétique de l'ouest de la Méditerranée, ce qui indique une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par le "pool" génétique ouest et suggère que la sélection des oliviers à partir du semis n'a pas cessé aux premières étapes de domestication. Nos analyses sur les pratiques paysannes montrant que l'oléastre issu de semis fait partie intégrante de l'agro-écosystème et fait l'objet de sélection et d'usage (greffage sur oléastre, utilisation de l'huile de l'oléastre), ce qui plaide en faveur de l'hypothèse de l'introgression. En adoptant l'approche ABC (Approximative Bayesianne Computation), nous montrons que le scénario basé sur l'introgression des oliviers de l'est par les oléastres de l'ouest est le plus probable avec une introgression
Olive cultivars and their wild relatives (also named oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea, respectively var. europaea and var. sylvestris. Archaeobotanical and genetic studies showed the occurrence of Oleasters populations in east and west Mediterranean areas before the Neolithic. The domestication of the olive tree has taken place at least in these two areas. However, the maternal lineage that characterizes the eastern Mediterranean oleasters predominates among Mediterranean olive varieties. Such genetic signature is probably the result of human migrations mainly from east to west. Nevertheless, the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean remain unknown. The objective of this thesis is to study the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean areas. Two assumptions are formulated: (i) a co-existence between locally selected and introduced olive varieties from the eastern Mediterranean and maintained by cloning, (ii) a selection from the eastern olive varieties and their introgression by local populations of the western Mediterranean pool. Firstly, we examined the process of olive diversification through analysis of farming practices on a localized scale and in an area of extreme diffusion, in Morocco. Our aim is to understand how farmers treat the olive varietal diversity in a highly impacted context by a single variety, the ‘Picholine marocaine'. Based on semi-structured surveys conducted with farmers in traditional agro-ecosystems and using an approach of ethnobiology, we highlighted the importance of local classification logic (use, origin, age, conservation oil, propagation methods ...) in the treatment, maintenance and management of the varietal diversity. Our results show the presence of a naming system based on inclusive categories which olives types are grouped under generic names based on cultural and technical criteria rather than morphological criteria. We have shown that these categories are defined by permissive contours allowing the olive types to be classified in several categories. We support the hypothesis that this classification system helps to maintain diversity and is a driving force for varietal diversification in these agro-ecosystems characterized by a low diversity of olive trees. Secondly, we examined the varietal olive diversification process by an approach based on a phylogeographic study at a Mediterranean scale. Genetic analyses of Mediterranean olive varieties based on the nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites markers and a Bayesian approach show an east-west genetic structure. Most of western olive varieties have a maternal lineage of the oleasters Mediterranean east, but a nuclear genome close to the gene pool of western Mediterranean, indicating a selection from the eastern forms that were introgressed by the western Mediterranean gene pool and suggests that selection from seedling has not ceased in the early stages of domestication. Our analyzes on the farmers' practices show that oleasters from seedling is an integral part of the agroecosystem and are subject to selection and use (grafting, use of oil oleasters), which argues in favor of the introgression hypothesis. By adopting the ABC approach (Approximate Computation Bayesianne), we show that the scenario based on the introgression of olive varieties of the east by the western oleasters is the most likely scenario. We enrich the knowledge about the domestication process in the western Mediterranean by crossing analysis of farmers' practices and phylogeographic study of olive trees in the Mediterranean basin. Results were discussed with respect to ex-situ versus in-situ conservation and with the questions raised by the evolution of plant diversity involving clonal and sexual propagation
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Silva, Nalba Lúcia Gomes da. "Zooterápicos utilizados em comunidades rurais do município de Sumé, semiárido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil e avaliação da atividade antibacteriana da gordura da jibóia Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758)." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1731.

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10

Londoño, Juan Manuel Rosso. "Insetos, meliponicultura e diversidade biocultural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-06022014-143213/.

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A tese apresenta os resultados de três estudos de caso que analisam os vínculos entre diversidade biológica e cultural, expressados nas relações (conhecimentos, usos, manejo) que estabelecem grupos humanos com as abelhas sem ferrão e outros insetos, em três contextos socioambientais diferentes: (1) as montanhas e vales da cordilheira dos Andes e as planícies do litoral Caribe na Colômbia; (2) as selvas do Noroeste Amazônico na bacia do Rio Negro, que conformam o limite entre a Colômbia e o Brasil; e (3) o semi-árido do Nordeste brasileiro, dominado pelo bioma Caatinga, no interior do estado de Rio Grande do Norte. No primeiro caso se apresenta o panorama da meliponicultura no país, mostrando espécies utilizadas, nomes locais, atores envolvidos, objetivos da atividade, produtos e seus usos, destacando a necessidade de prestar atenção à diversidade cultural associada às espécies de abelhas sem ferrão. O segundo caso apresenta aspectos do relacionamento entre as culturas indígenas Tukano Oriental do Vaupés com os artrópodes, mostrando a profundidade e detalhe do conhecimento tradicional e a importância que os insetos comestíveis tem na subsistência, e destacando que são um grupo de seres que não pode se desligar do resto de elementos do território e da cultura. No terceiro caso se explora o conflito socioambiental em torno à caça e comercialização de mel e ninhos de abelhas sem ferrão realizadas pelos meleiros; utilizando metodologias narrativas se analisam as suas práticas considerando aspectos históricos e socioculturais, discutindo os níveis de responsabilidade de outros atores envolvidos no conflito, e entendendo o meleiro e seu conhecimento como potenciais aliados na conservação. No marco intercultural e interdisciplinar, se exploram as dimensões resultantes do encontro entre sistemas de conhecimento diferentes (tradicional e local / científico e ocidental) que convidam a repensar as estratégias de intervenção dos projetos de desenvolvimento, assim como as premissas das práticas de pesquisa em contextos altamente diversos.
The study focuses on the results of three case studies that explore the links between biological and cultural diversity, expressed in the relations (knowledge, uses, management) that human being establish with stingless bees and other insects, in three different social and environmental contexts: (1) the hills and valleys of the Andes mountain range, and the flatlands of the Caribbean coast in Colombia; (2) the Northwest Amazon rainforest in the Rio Negro basin, which shape the limits between Colombia and Brazil; and (3) the semi-arid at the Brazilian Northeast, in Rio Grande do Norte state, where the Caatinga biome prevails. The first case presents a landscape of the meliponiculture in Colombia, showing species used, local names, stakeholders, goals of the practice, products and their uses, highlighting the need of focusing on cultural diversity associated with stingless bees species. The second case presents different topics of relationship established between Eastern Tukano indigenous cultures from Vaupés region and some arthropods, showing the traditional knowledge deepness and detail about insects, the important role in subsistence of edible ones, and highlighting the fact that they are a group of beings that cannot be separated of the rest of the elements of territory and culture. The third case explores the socio-environmental conflict around the hunting and commercialization of stingless bees and their honey made by the meleiro (honey hunter); by the use of narrative methodologies, it is possible to analyze the meleiro\'s practices under an historical and sociocultural perspective, discussing the responsibilities of other stakeholders, and understand him and his knowledge as a potential allies in conservation. Under an intercultural and interdisciplinary frame, the study explores the results of the encounter between different knowledge systems (traditional-local / scientific-western) that invites to rethink about the strategies adopted by development projects, and premises of the research practices in highly diverse contexts.
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11

Pinto, Márcia Freire. "Caracterização socioambiental e uso de animais por comunidades tradicionais do litoral do Estado do Ceará." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4518.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
There is considerable interest in the integrity and environmental equilibrium of coastal regions as they are home to approximately 2/3 of the world s population - including many traditional communities that are directly dependent on local natural resources for their survival and economic welfare. It is within this context that the present ethnobiological study analyzed the use of native animals in the region around Icapuí to better understand the relationships between human communities and their surrounding environments and to aid in developing public policies and actions directed towards sustainability. Icapuí is located on the eastern coast of Ceará State, Brazil, and comprises 16 coastal fishing communities that are characterized principally by traditional fishing activities and by the relationships they have established with the sea, as well as 22 rural communities that depend agriculture and animal husbandry. The villages of Córrego do Sal and Redonda were chosen to undertake the present ethnozoological research. The methodologies employed included bibliographic research, observations, interviews, reunions with focal groups, the free-listing technique, the use of photographs and drawings to confirm the identification of the animal species, community mapping, and non-specific induction and new reading. The following activities were undertaken: general characterizations of how the communities at Icapuí use local natural resources and occupy that space; a socio-environmental diagnosis of the Córrego do Sal community; participatory mapping of the Córrego do Sal community; and ethnozoological inventories of the Córrego Sal and Redonda communities. The fisherman interviewed in Redonda cited 176 marine animals, corresponding to 329 species (of which 11 could only be identified to the genus level). A total of 156 fish were cited (87% of all of the animals mentioned), corresponding to 292 species. A total of 96 animals were cited by the residents of the Córrego do Sal agricultural community, corresponding to 108 species (of which two could only be identified to the genus level). There were visible differences between the communities at Icapuí that were related to their individual modes of community life, even in spite of many external influences and the incorporation of new cultural values. The use of biological resources by the different communities at Icapuí varied principally according to their immediate environments (whether coastal or interior sites). The traditional knowledge retained by these social groups will be of significant importance in establishing local policies that can help guarantee the sustainability of the activities undertaken by these communities, their well-being, and the conservation of native animal species.
Existe uma preocupação com a integridade e o equilíbrio ambiental das regiões costeiras, onde, aproximadamente, 2/3 da população mundial vive, disputando os recursos e o território, incluindo muitas comunidades tradicionais, que são dependentes diretamente dos recursos naturais para a sua sobrevivência e para o exercício de as suas atividades econômicas. É nesse contexto que o presente trabalho, revestido de caráter etnobiológico, visa analisar as diferentes formas de utilização dos animais na região de Icapuí, buscando uma melhor compreensão da relação entre as comunidades humanas e o ambiente, bem como o embasamento de ações e políticas que visem à sustentabilidade das atividades desenvolvidas no local. Icapuí localiza-se no leste do litoral do Estado do Ceará e, dentre as suas 39 comunidades, foram escolhidas as comunidades do Córrego do Sal e de Redonda para a realização da pesquisa etnozoológica. A metodologia consistiu-se em levantamentos de dados bibliográficos, em observações, entrevistas, em reuniões com o grupo focal, na técnica de lista livre, na uso de fotografias e imagens para confirmação das espécies animais e no mapeamento comunitário. Foram realizadas as seguintes atividades: caracterização geral de como as comunidades de Icapuí usam os recursos naturais e ocupam o espaço a partir da observação do meio; diagnóstico socioambiental da Comunidade do Córrego do Sal; elaboração de forma participativa do mapa da Comunidade do Córrego do Sal; inventário etnozoológico das Comunidade do Córrego Sal e de Redonda, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, reuniões com o grupo focal, técnica de lista livre e metodologias de indução não específica e de nova leitura. Existem em Icapuí 16 comunidades pesqueiras à beira-mar, que se caracterizam principalmente pela pesca e pela relação que estabelecem com o mar, e 22 comunidades rurais que vivem principalmente da agricultura e pecuária de subsistência. Os pescadores entrevistados de Redonda citaram 176 animais, todos de habitat marinho, que correspondem a 329 espécies, sendo 11 identificadas em nível de gênero. Foram citados 156 peixes, correspondentes a 292 espécies, representando 87% do total de animais citados. Na Comunidade do Córrego do Sal, foram citados pelos moradores 96 animais, correspondentes a 108 espécies, das quais 02 foram identificadas somente em nível de gênero. Existem diferenças visíveis entre as comunidades de Icapuí, que estão arraigadas no seu modo de vida comunitário e que, apesar das influências externas e da incorporação de novos valores, as caracterizam como tal e as diferenciam das demais. O uso dos recursos biológicos pelas comunidades de Icapuí varia, principalmente, de acordo com o ambiente em que elas estão inseridas, seja no litoral ou no campo. O conhecimento tradicional apresentado por esses grupos sociais é de grande importância para o embasamento de futuras ações e de políticas locais que prezem pela continuidade das atividades desenvolvidas nas comunidades, proporciando o bem-estar social e contribuindo para a conservação das espécies da região.
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12

Troian, Letícia Casarotto. "Contribuições ao manejo sustentável dos frutos de Euterpe edulis Martius : estrutura populacional, consumo de frutos, variáveis de habitat e conhecimento ecológico local no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26603.

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A conservação da biodiversidade da Floresta Atlântica está cada vez mais relacionada com sistemas de manejo sustentável que combinem viabilidade econômica e conservação. Porém, muitos aspectos da autoecologia das espécies foco de manejo, fundamentais para o êxito do uso sustentável, ainda são desconhecidos. Aliado ao conhecimento acadêmico, o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) apresentase como ferramenta fundamental no processo de elaboração de estratégias de manejo. Assim, pela demanda de informações para potencializar o uso sustentável da palmeira juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius), através do uso dos frutos por comunidades locais, o presente trabalho objetivou (a) avaliar aspectos da estrutura populacional de E. edulis, (b) estimar a quantidade de frutos consumida pela fauna sobre o chão da floresta e sua relação com variáveis de hábitat, e (c) levantar informações sobre a espécie e o consumo pela fauna através do CEL, relacionando-as com características sócioeconômicas de agricultores locais e dados científicos. O trabalho foi realizado em quatro fragmentos florestais de Mata Atlântica no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, município de Maquiné. Ao todo foram 58 unidades amostrais (UA) de 100 m², onde foram quantificados os indivíduos de E. edulis em classes de tamanho e as seguintes variáveis de hábitat: cobertura do sub-bosque, abertura do dossel, distância de fonte d’água, cobertura do solo, densidade de árvores com DAP 15 cm e de matrizes de E. edulis. Para avaliação do consumo dos frutos, em cada UA, durante os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2007 e 2008, foram ofertados frutos e avaliados a cada 15 dias quando à remoção ou despolpamento. Após a avaliação, novos frutos eram ofertados. O levantamento do CEL foi realizado através de entrevistas com questionários pré-estruturados. Os resultados indicaram que as populações de E. edulis apresentam uma estrutura populacional em forma de pirâmide e uma quantidade mínima de matrizes para manter a continuidade das populações. O consumo dos frutos pela fauna não variou entre os anos e os percentuais médios de utilização foram: 32,13% de frutos despolpados, 21,92% de removidos e 45,95% permaneceram inteiros sobre o chão da floresta. Entretanto, a quantidade variou entre os fragmentos e conforme as variáveis de hábitat, indicando uma relação entre consumo e utilização dos hábitats pela assembléia de animais. Pelo CEL, foram citadas nove utilidades da palmeira juçara e 29 táxons de animais que consomem os frutos desta palmeira. As comparações entre CEL e variáveis sócio-econômicas dos entrevistados revelaram que moradores da zona rural, assim como caçadores e aqueles com mais de 60 anos tendem a reconhecer um número maior de animais como consumidores dos frutos. De maneira geral, as hipóteses formuladas a partir das situações citadas pela maioria dos entrevistados em relação ao consumo dos frutos coincidem com dados obtidos na literatura científica. Este trabalho reforça a importância do diálogo entre comunidade local, científica e instituições governamentais e não governamentais para buscar estratégias de uso sustentável melhor adaptadas às realidades locais.
The biodiversity conservation of Atlantic Forest is increasingly linked with systems of sustainable management that combine economic feasibility and conservation. However, many autoecological aspects of species foci of management, which are fundamental for the success of sustainable use, are still unknown. Allied to academic knowledge, the local ecological knowledge (LEK) is a fundamental tool in the process of drawing up of management strategies. Thus the demand for information to potentialize the sustainable use of juçara palm (Euterpe edulis Martius), through the use of pulp fruit by local people communities, this study aims to (a) evaluate aspects of population structure of E. edulis, (b) estimate the quantity of fruit consumed by fauna on the forest floor and its relationship with habitat variables, and (c) raise information on the species and the consumption by fauna through LEK, relating it with socio-economic features of local people and scientific data. The study was performed in four forest fragments of Atlantic Rainforest in the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Maquiné municipality. A total of 58 sampling units of 100 m² were placed to quantify individuals of E. edulis in size classes and to measure the following habitat variables: understory cover, canopy openness, distance of water source, soil surface cover, density of trees with DBH ≥15 cm, and of E. edulis matrices. For the assessment of fruit consumption, we offered fresh fruit in each sampling unit, during the months of November and December 2007 and 2008, and evaluated the proportion of fruit removal or pulp removal every 15 days. After each evaluation, new fruit were offered. The LEK survey was performed through interviews with pre-structured questions. The results indicated that populations of E. edulis have a structure in J-reverse form and a minimum matrices quantity for maintaining population stability. The quantity of fruit consumption by fauna did not change between years and averages of use kind were: 32.13% of fruit shelled, 21.92% removed and 45.95% have remained intact on the forest floor. In spite of this, the quantity varied among fragments and according to habitat variables, indicating a relationship between consumption and habitat use by assembly of animals. By LEK survey, nine facilities of juçara palm and 29 taxa of animals that consume the fruits of this palm were cited. Comparisons between LEK and socio-economic variables of the interviewees revealed that residents of rural area, as well as hunters and those with more than 60 years old tend to recognize a greater number of animals as consumers of fruits. In general, the assumptions made from the majority of interviewees in relation to fruit consume coincide with data obtained in scientific literature. This work reinforces the importance of dialog between local community, scientific and governmental institutions and non-governmental organizations to seek strategies for sustainable use better adapted to local realities.
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Idrobo, Carlos Julián. "Ponta Negra Ethnoecology of Practice: Intergenerational Knowledge Continuity in the Atlantic Forest Coast of Brazil." Springer Open, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23528.

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The intergenerational continuity of knowledge has become a concern as small-scale societies worldwide balance the challenges of adapting to environmental change associated with globalization while retaining continuity in their ways of life. This dissertation examines the intergenerational continuity of environmental knowledge through the conceptual lens of an Ethnoecology of Practice framework (EofP) developed to guide this research. Integrating insights from political ecology, social wellbeing and adaptive learning, the EofP provides theoretical and methodological tools based on practice theory to examine the knowledge of small-scale societies. Based on fieldwork in the community of Ponta Negra (Atlantic Forest Coast, Brazil), this dissertation uses a qualitative case study strategy of inquiry guided by a phenomenological worldview. Methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews covering livelihoods, life histories and marine and terrestrial knowledge themes, document review and a census. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the perception of marine and terrestrial natural resources by tracing their social life from harvesting grounds to exchange and consumption sites. Chapters 6 and 9 analyse historical and contemporary adaptation to environmental change. While Chapter 6 describes the adoption of the pound net fishery, Chapter 9 illustrates contemporary modes of learning associated with natural resource harvesting and presents the processes associated with production of new knowledge through the example of local participation in the tourism economy. Chapter 7 examines local perspectives on livelihood transition from a social wellbeing perspective and highlights factors underlying the continuity of natural resource harvesting practice in Ponta Negra. Chapter 8 discusses how the term Caiçara, as used in biodiversity conservation and tourism development discourses, circumscribes the relation between coastal people and their local environments to a subsistence economy, denying their current economic engagements as well as their desires and aspirations. This dissertation contributes to ethnobiological understandings of the intergenerational continuity of knowledge by providing a framework and grounding evidence that demonstrates how knowledge is generated through context-specific practice attuned to dynamic environments that leads to individual innovation. It provides a theoretical contribution to our understanding of framing and creating processes inherent to human-in environment relations that lead to fluidity in ways of life over time.
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Santana, Daniela Maria Andrade. "Micropropagação e etnobotânica de espécies de Bromeliaceae nativas de Sergipe." Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, 2018. http://ri.ufs.br/jspui/handle/riufs/8489.

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Bromeliaceae are characterized as ornamental plants par excellence and are composed of 3,248 species among 58 genera. They are an important taxonomic group, both on the economic scenario - where they impress the ornamental market due to its exotic forms - and in the ecological scenario, in which they are considered amplifiers of the biodiversity. However, Bromeliaceae is currently the second most endangered botanical family. Therefore, the development of ornamental bromeliad cultivation techniques has been considered an important conservation strategy. In the light of the foregoing, the main objective of this research is to apply micropropagation techniques in native Bromeliaceae species with ornamental potential of Sergipe and to carry out their ethnobotanical study, as a form of valorization and conservation. Considering the ecological importance played by the Bromeliaceae family in the Restinga ecosystems, like as their high degree of endemism in these environments, the research was held in a Restinga area located in Aguilhadas community, located in the city of Pirambu, east of Sergipe. From where the mature fruits of Bromeliaceae Aechmea aquilega and Hohenbergia catingae were collected from adult plants in a natural population. The technique used was the propagation through seed germination in vitro, through which three experiments were realized with the bromeliads H. catingae and A. aquilega. The first experiment, in order to analyze the disinfestations of seeds of H. catingae in different times of immersion in sodium hypochlorite. The second experiment evaluated the germination of A. aquilega in medium supplemented culture with the concentrations of 15 g L-¹ and 30 g L-¹ of sucrose. And the third, who investigated the germination of A. aquilega in two levels of maturation of its seeds. The variables analyzed were the Germination Speed Index (IVG) and the Percent Germination. The results showed that the most effective disinfestations was the one with immersion time in the sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes, segmented in two ten minute periods. For the germination of A. aquilega, it was observed that the culture medium with 15 g L-¹ sucrose is sufficient in germination in vitro. In the third experiment it was verified that the seeds of A. aquilega, in the two stages of maturation, did not differ in the percentage of germination and the IVG. However, in relation to the length of the air component and number of leaves, the treatment that had seeds with less degree of maturation obtained the best results. The etonobotanical study was developed with 20 people from the Aguilhadas community. The sociocultural profile of the interviewees was traced and the knowledge and use of the Bromeliaceae species was analyzed. The approximation of the community by the cultivation of ornamental plants was identified. However, the local population is unaware of the use of bromeliads as ornamental plants. This causes a devaluation of these species, facilitating their extractivism and / or deforestation.
As Bromeliáceas são caracterizadas como plantas ornamentais por excelência e são compostas por 3.248 espécies entre 58 gêneros. São um grupo taxonômico importante, tanto no cenário econômico - onde impressionam o mercado ornamental por suas formas exóticas -, quanto no cenário ecológico - no qual são consideradas amplificadoras da biodiversidade. Contudo, a Bromeliaceae é, atualmente, a segunda família botânica mais ameaçada de extinção. Por isso, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de cultivo de bromélias ornamentais têm sido considerado uma importante estratégia para sua conservação. Diante do exposto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo principal aplicar técnicas de micropropagação em espécies de Bromeliaceae com potencial ornamental nativas de Sergipe e realizar um estudo etnobotânico, visando a valorização e conservação. Considerando-se a importância ecológica desempenhada pela família Bromeliaceae nos ecossistemas de Restinga, bem como seu alto grau de endemismo nesses ambientes, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida numa área de restinga situada no povoado Aguilhadas, localizada no município de Pirambu, no leste Sergipano. Foram coletados os frutos maduros das bromeliáceas Aechmea aquilega e Hohenbergia catingae, de plantas adultas em população natural. A técnica utilizada foi a propagação por meio da germinação de sementes in vitro, através da qual realizaram-se três experimentos com as bromélias H. catingae e A. aquilega. O primeiro, a fim de analisar a desinfestação das sementes de H. catingae em diferentes tempos de imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio. No segundo experimento foi avaliado a germinação de A. aquilega em MS suplementado com as concentrações de 15 g L-¹ e 30 g L-¹ de sacarose. No terceiro foi investigado a germinação de A. aquilega em dois níveis de maturação das sementes. As variáveis analisadas foram o Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG) e o Percentual de Germinação. Os resultados demonstraram que a desinfestação mais eficaz foi aquela com tempo de imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio por 20 minutos, segmentado em dois tempos de dez minutos. Para a germinação de A. aquilega, houve maior germinação no tratamento suplementado com 15 g L-¹ de sacarose ao meio de cultura. No terceiro experimento constatou-se que as sementes de A. aquilega, independente do estágio de maturação, não houveram diferenças na porcentagem de germinação e no IVG. Na fase pós emergência, foram obtidos maiores valores para as variáveis comprimento da parte aérea e número de folhas, no tratamento com sementes que apresentavam menor grau de maturação. O estudo etnobotânico foi desenvolvido com 20 pessoas da comunidade de Aguilhadas, povoado pertencente ao município de Pirambu/SE. Foi traçado o perfil sociocultural dos entrevistados e analisado o conhecimento e uso das espécies de bromeliáceas. Identificou-se a aproximação da comunidade pelo cultivo de plantas ornamentais. Mas a população local desconhece o uso das bromeliáceas como plantas de valor ornamental, o que leva à desvalorização dessas espécies, facilitando seu extrativismo e/ou desmatamento.
São Cristóvão, SE
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Souza, Shirley Pacheco de. "Etnobiologia de cetáceos por pescadores artesanais da costa brasileira." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316350.

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Orientador: Alpina Begossi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Este estudo registra e analisa o conhecimento ecológico dos pescadores artesanais da costa brasileira. O conhecimento dos pescadores é empírico, prático e contém registros em longo prazo sobre espécies e eventos ambientais, incluindo informações biológicas, ecológicas e culturais. Tendo a Ecologia Humana e a Etnobiologia como bases conceituais e metodológicas caracterizamos o conhecimento dos pescadores sobre a classificação, a nomenclatura e a ecologia dos cetáceos. Entrevistamos 171 pescadores artesanais de comunidades localizadas em Soure (Ilha do Marajó) na região norte, em Ponta Negra (Natal) na região nordeste, em São Sebastião (São Paulo) na região sudeste e em Pântano do Sul (Florianópolis) na região sul do Brasil. Os cetáceos fazem parte da megafauna impactada pela captura acidental na pesca. Cerca de metade das espécies existentes no Brasil está classificada pela Lista Vermelha da IUCN como espécies com dados insuficientes, devido à falta de informação sobre elas. Conforme os resultados desta pesquisa, os pescadores reconheceram 17 espécies de cetáceos e as agruparam em quatro etnogêneros e 37 etnoespécies. O conhecimento dos pescadores sobre as áreas de ocorrência, habitats preferenciais, sazonalidade, tamanhos de grupo e reprodução dos cetáceos forneceu informações para 16 espécies. O boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) e o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa (Tursiops truncatus) foram as espécies mais citadas nas quatro áreas. Os tópicos mais conhecidos foram áreas de ocorrência e tamanhos de grupo, e o menos conhecido foi reprodução. Em relação às interações entre cetáceos e atividades pesqueiras, as informações obtidas indicaram os seguintes tipos de interações: competição (com os peixes e os pescadores), cooperação (com os pescadores) e predação (sobre as espécies-alvo da pesca ou como presa para outros predadores de topo). As espécies mais comuns em cada área (S. guianensis, T. truncatus, Inia geoffrensis, Stenella clymene, Pontoporia blainvillei e Eubalaena australis) são as mais conhecidas e as mais mencionadas como principais competidores ou cooperadores. A captura acidental de cetáceos foi a interação mais citada. Os pescadores conhecem detalhes sobre os hábitos alimentares de alguns cetáceos, descrevendo 28 tipos diferentes de comportamentos alimentares e listando 48 espécies de peixes, moluscos e crustáceos como presas preferenciais. Fatores culturais e ambientais, tais como variações oceanográficas nas áreas de estudo e variações no uso de recursos influenciaram o conhecimento dos pescadores. Comparando as informações dos pescadores sobre as espécies mais comuns de cetáceos com aquelas contidas na literatura científica encontramos grande concordância em relação aos aspectos ecológicos e às interações com a pesca. Apenas para duas espécies (Stenella clymene e Inia geoffrensis) o conhecimento dos pescadores foi discordante da literatura. Estes casos de inconsistência entre os dois tipos de conhecimento podem refletir alguma falta de conhecimento dos pescadores sobre estas espécies ou, por outro lado, podem sugerir novas linhas de pesquisa. O conhecimento dos pescadores sobre as interações envolvendo cetáceos são úteis ao manejo das capturas acidentais, fornecendo informações sobre áreas críticas de captura e sugerindo locais e designs alternativos para as redes de espera. Sugerimos que este conhecimento seja considerado nas estratégias de manejo pesqueiro, já que pode contribuir para minimizar as interações negativas entre os cetáceos e a pesca
Abstract: This study records and analyzes fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) on cetaceans in the Brazilian coast. Fishers' (LEK) is empirical, practical-oriented, embedded with long-term records on local species or environmental events, and includes important biological, ecological and cultural information. Choosing Human Ecology and Ethnobiology as methodological base and considering cultural and oceanographic variations in the studied areas, we present fishers' knowledge through Folk Taxonomy and Ethnoecology. We interviewed 171 fishers from communities situated in four areas in Brazil: Soure (at Marajó Island, northern coast), Ponta Negra (at Natal, northeastern coast), São Sebastião (at southeastern coast) and Pântano do Sul (at Florianópolis, southern coast). Cetaceans are among the megafauna impacted by bycatch in fisheries. Nearly half of the cetacean species occurring in Brazil are classified by the IUCN Red List as "data deficient" due to lack of information about them. We studied fishers' LEK on cetaceans' classification and nomenclature. Fishers recognized 17 cetacean species and included them in four folk genera and 37 folk species. We recorded fishers' knowledge on cetaceans' ecology. Fishers reported 112 occurrence areas, providing information on preferential habitats, seasonality patterns, group sizes and reproduction for cetacean species. The topics most known by the fishers are occurrence areas and group sizes, and the least known is reproduction. The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) are the most cited species. Fishers' LEK on cetaceans' interactions with fisheries indicated the following kinds of interactions: competition (with local fish and fishers), cooperation (to the fishers), and predation (on fisheries' target species or as prey for other top predators). The most common species in each place (Sotalia guianensis, Tursiops truncatus, Inia geoffrensis, Stenella clymene, Pontoporia blainvillei and Eubalaena australis) are the most known by the fishers, and those mentioned as the main cooperators or competitors. As a result of these interactions some cetaceans are accidentally caught by gillnets used near the coast. Fishers know details about the feeding habits of some species, describing 28 different feeding behaviors and listing 48 species of fishes, mollusks and crustaceans as preferential prey. There were variations among fishers' LEK in the study areas, probably influenced by the level of communities' dependence on natural resources and by variations in oceanographic parameters. We compare fishers' knowledge on the most common species with the information in the scientific literature and we found great concordance in relation to cetaceans' occurrence areas, seasonality, group sizes, prey items and their interactions with fisheries except for two species (Stenella clymene and Inia geoffrensis), to which fishers' information was discordant. These cases of inconsistency between LEK and scientific literature could reflect the fishers' lack of knowledge on these species or, conversely, could suggest new lines of investigation. Fishers' knowledge on the cetaceans' feeding behavior and their interactions to fisheries can be helpful, through the indication of bycatch critical areas and alternative location for setting gillnets, as well as possible alterations in gillnets' designs. We suggest that fishers' knowledge should be considered in fisheries management plans, helping to minimize the negative interactions between cetaceans and fisheries
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
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16

Lopes, Bárbara Pacheco Carita Simões [UNESP]. "Estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais na Terra Indígena Kaxinawá de Nova Olinda, município de Feijó, Acre." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150997.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
As plantas medicinais constituem um domínio essencial na medicina e saúde indígena. As questões de saúde e doença na medicina indígena implicam conexões entre natureza, cultura, questões físicas e espirituais. Para os Kaxinawá, as doenças não possuem causas únicas, sendo produzidas por um conjunto de forças internas e externas, enquanto os desenvolvimentos físico, mental, emocional e espiritual estão relacionados entre si. Este trabalho busca compreender os elementos presentes na medicina Kaxinawá, apresentando características relacionadas à manipulação das plantas de uso medicinal em processos de saúde e doença. Assim, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é realizar um levantamento etnobotânico das plantas medicinais utilizadas pelos Kaxinawá e, por meio de seu registro, contribuir para o fortalecimento da resiliência do sistema tradicional de saúde indígena envolvido. Esta pesquisa realiza-se com a participação das cinco comunidades da Terra Indígena Kaxinawá de Nova Olinda (TIKNO), no Alto Rio Envira, município de Feijó - AC, Brasil. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em quatro viagens de campo, por meio da observação participante e de 41 entrevistas semi-estruturadas para o levantamento das informações socioculturais dos/as participantes, e das plantas medicinais com a técnica da lista livre. A análise de dados foi quali-quantitativa. Foram utilizados parâmetros da etnobotânica quantitativa e a criação de categorias analíticas de agrupamento em função dos usos das plantas medicinais listadas. A alimentação está intimamente relacionada à saúde e foi percebida uma forte relação entre os usos das plantas e as figuras de animais que perfazem a caça consumida. As características dos alimentos e contextos individuais ou sociais podem determinar sintomas ou doenças e relacionam-se ao diagnóstico e à escolha do remédio utilizado. A partir de um primeiro olhar sobre os usos etnobotânicos das plantas medicinais na TIKNO, sua riqueza e abrangência, é possível perceber o reflexo da apropriação sociocultural da biodiversidade local e da cosmovisão Kaxinawá no entendimento de saúde e doença. As práticas para manutenção da saúde enfatizam a importância das plantas medicinais e do conhecimento tradicional dos Kaxinawá, o que também evidencia a relevância de seu registro.
Medicinal plants are a fundamental domain in Indigenous Medicine and health. Health and sickness matters in the Indigenous Medicine imply in connections among Nature, Culture, physical and spiritual subjects. For the Kaxinawá, diseases are not related to a single root, but are originated in a series of internal and external forces, as the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual developments are linked. The present study envoys to comprehend the elements present in the Kaxinawá Medicine, presenting characteristics related to the medicinal plants in health and sickness processes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to attain a ethnobotanical data collection regarding medicinal plants employed by the Kaxinawá and, through such record, to contribute to the strengthening of the related traditional indigenous health system resilience. This research was accomplished through the involvement of four communities from the Terra Indígena Kaxinauá de Nova Olinda (TIKNO), in the Alto Rio Envira, in the city of Feijó – AC, Brazil. Data collection was done through participating observation and 41 semi-structured interviews for the listing of sociocultural information of the participants, and for the medicinal plants the free listing technic was employed. Data analysis was quali-quantitative. Quantitative Ethnobotany parameters and the analytical categorization of grouping regarding employ functions of the listed medicinal plants were applied. Medicinal plants, for the Kaxinauá, are the equivalent for “Medicine”. Eating is intimately related to health and a strong relation between plant usage and animal models that represent the consumed game animal was noticed. Food characteristics and individual or social contexts can determine symptoms or diseases and are related to the diagnosis and medicine choice. From a first glance on the ethnobotanic usage of medicinal plants in the TIKNO, their richness and coverage, the repercussion of the local biodiversity sociocultural appropriation and the Kaxinauá worldview on health and disease can be perceived. The practices for health maintenance stress the medicinal plants and the Kaxinawá traditional knowledge importance, as well as the relevance of such record.
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17

Silva, Irane Gonçalves da. "Conhecimento etnobiológico dos pescadores de siris do estuário do rio Vaza-Barris, Sergipe, Brasil." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4120.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The fishery handmade in the estuary-mangrove complex is the main protein source and cost of many coastal communities, which acquired and accumulated knowledge over generations, the fruit esxperience. Studies about knowledge of the local people about nature and how natural resources are exploited are so important for the enhancement of ethnobiological knowledge the same and the management of natural resources appropriately. Aiming to analyze the ethnobiological knowledge the fishers of estuary mangrove Vaza-Barris, Sergipe have about the swimming crabs and descrive the activity of catching this feature, there were 20 semi-structured and structured interviews, participant observations and informal conversations with experts fishers in the São Cristóvão city. The specific folk were identified by: "siri-de-mangue" (Callinectes exasperatus), "siri-de-ponta", "siria-de-cumidia" and "siria-nica" (Callinectes danae), "siri-pimenta" and "siri-cachorro" (Callinectes larvatus), "siri-cagão" (Callinectes bocourti), "siri-patola" (Calappa sulcata" and "siri-de-viveiro" (Callinectes sapidus and Callinectes bocourti). Morphological, ecological and behavioral criteria were used in the identification, naming and classification of specific folk. Fishers associate the happening, spatial and temporal distribution and reproductive aspectes of crabs to tidal movemente, lunar cycle and the seasons. The trophic ecology of crabs is known by fishers, featuring many correspondences with scientific information and the process of molting crabs is know in detail. Knowledge of this feature were acquired through cultural transmission (vertically and horizontally), beyond individual leraning afforded by practical experience (fishing). The techniques used to catch the crabs are the traps, line, gaff, knife, torch and fishnet. The fishery regime and the choice of the techinque vary in relation to the target species, the movement of the tide, the lunar cycle and the seasonal period and, consequently, in relation to the distribution patterns of the species of crabs. Women use the line in catching the crabs, which is known as "woman's fishery". The "siri-de-mangue" is sold alive and "siri-de-ponta" undergo a processing, which are cooked and broken retained for the flesh. The monthly income just by selling crabs varies from R$150 to R$ 1000 depending on the species of crab which is marketed, of the seasonal period and the presence of the illegal seller in the marketing process. It is necessary to researches, starting from the information of the fishers, to test hypotheses, and enrich the scientific knowledge about species of crabs, particularly on C. exasperatus, which is the most important cultural and economic species.
A pesca artesanal dentro do complexo estuário-manguezal constitui a principal fonte protéica e econômica de muitas comunidades ribeirinhas, as quais adquiriram e acumularam conhecimentos ao longo de gerações, fruto de experiências. Os estudos dos saberes das populações locais sobre a natureza e como os recursos naturais são explorados são de suma importância para a valorização do conhecimento etnobiológico das mesmas e para a administração dos recursos naturais de forma adequada. Com o objetivo de analisar o conhecimento etnobiológico que os pescadores do manguezal do estuário do rio Vaza-Barris, Sergipe, possuem sobre os siris e descrever a atividade de captura desse recurso, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semi-estruturadas e estruturadas, conversas informais e observações participantes com pescadores especialistas na pesca de siris, do município de São Cristóvão. Os específicos folk identificados pelos pescadores foram: "siri-de-mangue" (Callinectes exasperatus), "siri-de-ponta", "siria-de-cumidia" e "siria-nica" (Callinectes danae), "siri-pimenta" e "siri-cachorro" (Callinectes larvatus), "siri-cagão" (Callinectes bocourti), "siri-patola" (Calappa sulcata" e "siri-de-viveiro" (Callinectes sapidus e Callinectes bocourti). Critérios morfológicos, ecológicos e comportamentais foram utilizados na identificação, nomeação e classificação dos específicos folk. Os pescadores associam a ocorrência, a distribuição espacial e temporal e aspectos reprodutivos dos siris aos movimentos de marés, ao ciclo lunar e às estações sazonais. A ecologia trófica dos siris é bastante conhecida pelos pescadores, apresntando muitas correspondências com informações científicas e o processo de ecdise dos siris é conhecido em detalhes. Os conhecimentos sobre esse recurso foram adquiridos através de transmissão cultural (vertical e horizontalmente), além do aprendizado individual proporcionando pela vivência prática (pesca). As técnicas utilizadas na captura dos siris são os covos, linha, fisga, facão, facheado e redinha. O regime de pesca e a escolha da técnica empregada variam em relação à espécie alvo, aos movimentos de maré, ao ciclo lunar e ao período sazonal e, consequentemente, em relação aos padrões de distribuição das espécies de siris. As mulheres utilizam a linha na captura dos siris, a qual é conhecida como "pesca de mulher". Os "siris de mangue" são vendidos vivos e os "siris de ponta" passam por um beneficiamento, onde são cozidos e quebrados para a retida da carne, para fazer o "catado". O rendimento mensal apenas com a venda dos siris varia de eR$ 150 a R$ 1000, dependendo da espécie de siri que é comercializada, do período sazonal e da presença ou não da figura do cambista no processo de comercialização. Faz-se necessário a execução de pesquisas, partindo-se das informações dos pescadores, para testar hipóteses, e enriquecer o conhecimento científico acerca das espécies de siris, principalmente sobre C. exasperatus, que constitui a espécie mais importante cultural e economicamente.
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18

SILVA, Taline Cristina da. "Evidências culturais e biológicas de uma paisagem transformada no cerrado brasileiro (Latu sensu) : um olhar através da etnoecologia de paisagem." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4947.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Cultural landscape can be defined as landscapes derived from anthropogenic activities, with which people establish cosmological, sacred, historical relationship and many activities types. From these interactions emerges modified landscapes and local knowledge according to the needs of each human group, and research on these aspects help to understand about the historical use of these landscapes and make predictions aiming its conservation. Thus, this study sought to understand what criteria people use to classify landscapes, understanding the effects of anthropogenic landscapes in the management of FLONA-Araripe from biological evidence and perceptions of the surrounding communities and employees as well as checking as variables interfered with local knowledge about these landscapes. For this we used semi-structured interviews with 106 people living around the FLONA-Araripe, with seven employees of the conservation unit, plus a list-free landscapes and species of useful plants known, the community mapping and history graph. Biological evidence was accessed through floristic survey, soil analysis and aerial imagery of the managed areas in two temporal clippings. The main results of this study, was observed that the studied population establishes close relationships with the landscape, as they classify for utility issues and these designations indicate on your management process, as was evidenced in biological data. Moreover, it was observed that the anthropogenic effects on the landscapes of FLONA-Araripe, the votes favored plant species in the past tense, and currently the abundance of these species is in decline due to specific environmental and anthropogenic factors. Finally, employee perceptions about the occurrence of fires in managed areas, revealed the historical use and conflicts of interest in the conservation of these areas among the local population and the managers of the Unit. Thus, theoretical view point these results elucidate issues related to the classification of landscape processes, since it was found that these occur by utilitarian issues, and contribute to understanding the effects of management on current landscapes, seen that demystifies the idea of unspoiled forests, showing that FLONA-Araripe consists of a set of human altered landscapes and human activities can both contribute to the increase in the abundance of useful species, as the depletion of this species. From a practical view point, our results delineate future perspectives on forest landscape that will assist both the management of protected area, as local cultures that depend on the use of forest resources.
Paisagens culturais podem ser definidas como paisagens oriundas de ações antropogênicas, com as quais as pessoas estabelecem relações cosmológicas, sagradas, históricas e também realizam diversos tipos de atividades. A partir dessas interações emerge uma gama de conhecimento local e paisagens modificadas de acordo com as necessidades de cada grupo humano. Investigações sobre esses aspectos podem ser úteis para entender sobre o histórico de uso dessas paisagens e fazer predições visando sua conservação. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou entender quais critérios as pessoas utilizam para classificar paisagens, compreender os efeitos do manejo antrópico nas paisagens da FLONA-Araripe a partir de evidências biológicas e das percepções de comunidades do entorno e funcionários da Unidade de Conservação, bem como verificar como variáveis (idade, gênero, renda, escolaridade, etc) interferiam no conhecimento local sobre essas paisagens. Para isso utilizou-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 106 moradores do entorno da FLONA-Araripe e com sete ex-funcionários da unidade de conservação, além da lista-livre das paisagens e espécies de plantas uteis conhecidas, do mapeamento comunitário e do gráfico histórico. As evidências biológicas foram acessadas por meio de levantamento florístico, análise de solo e de imagens aéreas das áreas manejadas em dois recortes temporais. Dentre os principais resultados desse estudo, observou-se que a população estudada estabelece relações estreitas com a paisagem, pois as classificam por questões utilitárias e essas denominações indicam sobre seu processo de manejo, assim como foi evidenciado nos dados biológicos. Além disso, observou-se que os efeitos antrópicos sob as paisagens da FLONA-Araripe, favoreceu as espécies vegetais úteis no tempo pretérito, e atualmente a abundância dessas espécies encontra-se em declínio devido a fatores ambientais e antrópicos específicos. Por último, as percepções dos funcionários sobre a ocorrência de incêndios nas áreas manejadas, revelaram o histórico de uso dessas áreas e conflitos de interesse em relação a conservação dessas áreas entre a população local e os gestores da Unidade. Dessa forma, do ponto de vista teórico, esses achados elucidaram questões relacionadas aos processos de classificação das paisagens, uma vez que constatou-se que esses se dão por questões utilitaristas, além de contribuir para a compreensão dos efeitos do manejo sobre as paisagens atuais, visto que desmistifica a ideia de florestas intocadas, mostrando que a FLONA-Araripe é composta por um conjunto de paisagens antropizadas e que ações antrópicas podem tanto contribuir com o aumento na abundância de espécies úteis, quanto na depleção dessa espécies. Do ponto de vista prático, os achados desse estudo delineiam perspectivas futuras sobre a paisagem florestal que irão auxiliar tanto a gestão da unidade de conservação, quanto as culturas locais que dependem do uso dos recursos florestais.
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19

Guadilla, Sáez Sara. "Biodiversity conservation: between protected areas and local communities. A case study in picos de Europa national park (northern Spain)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667745.

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Con una superficie terrestre cada vez más ocupada por actividades humanas, el debate entorno a cómo gestionar las áreas protegidas para lograr una conservación efectiva de la biodiversidad a largo plazo reconoce cada vez más que las iniciativas de conservación deberían considerar el papel de las personas en los sistemas naturales y tratar de alcanzar la conservación de la biodiversidad sin comprometer el bienestar de las comunidades locales asentadas en el interior o en los terrenos adyacentes a los espacios protegidos. Esta perspectiva considera que las prácticas tradicionales basadas en sistemas de gestión de recursos comunitarios pueden ayudar a garantizar la conservación a largo plazo de la biodiversidad. Esta tesis examina las prácticas tradicionales llevadas a cabo en montes comunales y su potencial impacto en la biodiversidad, buscando identificar actividades humanas favorables para las especies que puedan ser empleadas para mantener la biodiversidad en paisajes dominados por los humanos. Para ello, se aplica un enfoque metodológico interdisciplinar que combina marcos analíticos empleados en ciencias biológicas –esto es, medidas directas de biodiversidad como la riqueza y abundancia de especies– y herramientas analíticas sociales –esto es, enfoques etnobiológicos e históricos–. Específicamente, esta tesis investiga los impactos ecológicos de prácticas tradicionales llevadas a cabo en montes comunales de España, un país de larga tradición de propiedad comunitaria de montes. Primeramente, mediante una revisión literaria de la evolución histórica de los montes comunales españoles, este estudio examina, por un lado, las prácticas llevadas a cabo por comunidades rurales como medio tradicional de subsistencia que han podido beneficiar la biodiversidad forestal, y por otro, los impactos en la biodiversidad debidos al abandono de estas prácticas. A continuación, empleando para ello un caso de estudio, se explora la efectividad de un área protegida para preservar la biodiversidad en comparación a sistemas tradicionales de gestión que permiten el uso de los recursos ecológicos por parte de las comunidades locales. La toma de datos de campo incluye inventarios botánicos y datos topográficos, edáficos y de impacto antrópico en 50 parcelas concéntricas distribuidas en montes comunales dentro y fuera de un espacio protegido clasificado como categoría II de la IUCN (Parque Nacional). Finalmente, los datos cualitativos obtenidos a partir de 42 entrevistas a residentes del área de estudio son empleados para documentar prácticas tradicionales de gestión forestal que confieren el mosaico paisajístico rural tradicional y percepciones locales de cambios paisajísticos recientes. Los resultados obtenidos de la revisión literaria muestran que, a nivel nacional, la intervención y privatización de los montes comunales españoles durante los siglos XIX y XX tuvo consecuencias negativas para la biodiversidad forestal. A nivel local, los resultados del caso de estudio no corroboran la idea de que las áreas protegidas albergan mayor biodiversidad que las áreas no protegidas y sugieren que los factores humanos son importantes condicionantes de la distribución de especies arbóreas. Los resultados de este trabajo también identifican una serie de prácticas tradicionales beneficiosas para la heterogeneidad paisajística y el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas forestales. Finalmente, la información recogida a partir de las percepciones locales de la transformación histórica del paisaje en el área de estudio sugiere que las comunidades locales pueden ser una fuente de información válida para el seguimiento de cambios ecológicos. Los resultados indican que ciertas prácticas tradicionales llevadas a cabo en sistemas de gestión comunitarios permiten la presencia de especies sin perjudicar el bienestar de las comunidades locales. Estos resultados pueden ser de utilidad para el diseño de iniciativas de conservación de la biodiversidad que busquen tanto el mantenimiento de especies como el desarrollo local, y particularmente relevante para el establecimiento de áreas protegidas en zonas habitadas.
There is an on-going debate on how to manage protected areas for effective long-term biodiversity conservation. Some authors embrace passive management approaches reducing human intervention in protected areas. This approach may be suitable for restoring natural ecosystems processes in large-scale abandoned areas. However, with a terrestrial surface increasingly dominated by human activities, other authors argue that conservation efforts should also pay attention to the role of humans on natural systems and resolve how to achieve biodiversity conservation without compromising the livelihood of the local communities living near or within to the protected areas. For this school of thought, traditional practices based in common resource management systems can help guaranteeing long-term biodiversity conservation. This thesis examines traditional practices applied in forest commons and their potential impacts on biodiversity, aiming at identifying human activities that are favorable to biodiversity and that could be therefore used to maintain biodiversity on human-dominated landscapes. To do so, an interdisciplinary methodological approach is applied combining conventional analytical frameworks used in biological conservation science –i.e., direct measures of biodiversity such as species richness and evenness– and social analytical tools –i.e., ethnobiological and historical approaches. Specifically, this thesis investigates the ecological outcomes of traditional practices applied in forest commons in Spain, a country with long history of forest community-ownership. First, through a review of the literature of the historical evolution of Spanish forest commons, this study examines management practices conducted during the performance of traditional livelihood activities applied by forest-dwelling communities that may have benefitted forest biodiversity and the impacts on biodiversity derived from replacing such practices by other management forms. Second, using a case study, this research explores the effectiveness of formally protecting an area on preserving species diversity compared to traditional management systems allowing local communities use of ecological resources. Data collection included botanical inventories as well as topographic, edaphic, and anthropogenic impact data from 50 0.2-hectares concentric plots distributed through neighboring forest commons inside and outside a protected area classified as an IUCN category II (National Park). In the final part of the thesis, qualitative data from 42 interviews to residents of the studied area are used to document traditional forest-related management practices shaping regional landscape mosaic and local perceptions of recent landscape changes. Results from the literature review illustrate that, at the national level, interventionism and privatization of forest commons in Spain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had negative consequences for forest biodiversity. At a local level, results of the study case do not support the idea that protected areas hold more biodiversity than surrounding areas and suggest that human factors are important drivers of tree species distribution. Results from this work also help identify a set of traditional management practices favorable to regional landscape patchiness and the maintenance of forest systems. Finally, information from local perception of historical landscape transformation in the study area suggests that local communities might be a valid source of information to monitor ongoing ecological changes. The results of this dissertation indicate that certain traditional practices carried out in community-based resource management systems in the performance of their traditional activities are biodiversity-friendly. This finding might help in the design of biodiversity conservation efforts linking biodiversity maintenance and local development, which might be particularly relevant in the establishment of protected areas in populated zones.
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20

Pedro, Carmem Karime Bacalháo. "Caracterização e aspectos etnobiológicos da pesca artesanal nas comunidades do litoral sul de João Pessoa, Paraíba." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9143.

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The artisanal fishing is a secular activity developed by men and characterized by small scale exploitation of fisheries that serves as family income and subsistence. Currently, the coastal marine environment of Brazil has been suffering substantial degradation processes, due to the growing anthropic pressure and over-exploitation of natural resources. In the State of Paraiba, relevant studies suggest significant declines in fish catches by artisanal fisheries. Thus, the development of fisheries management plans that involve the interests of all individuals is critical, aiming the sustainability of fisheries. To achieve this, it is necessary to prioritize the use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of the local fishing communities, which is characterized as a set of knowledge and practices developed through adaptive processes in the relationship of living beings and the environment. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the artisanal fishing of Penha and Ponta do Seixas communities, located in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba State, through the description of their ethno-ecological aspects and the possible relationship between the amount of fish caught and overfishing. Artisanal fishery communities of Penha and Ponta do Seixas, located in the south of João Pessoa coast, in Paraíba state, were characterized by the use of scientific knowledge and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of local fishermen. The TEK proved to be essential in the data collection, perception of fish stocks, and overfishing of certain species. The study was conducted through landing reports, unstructured interviews, participant observation, structured, and semi structured interviews. Motorized boats were the main vessels used by fishermen. Eight different fishing strategies have been identified, and the most used were the handline and bottom gillnet. Fifty three species of fishes were recorded, 24 through the monitoring of landings (captured with handline) and 29 from interviews. In total 7,670.4kg of fishes were sampled in 28 landings between February 2015 and January 2016. Among the 27 recorded families: Carangidae, Lutjanidae, and Serranidae stood out. The most captured species were: ‘guarajuba’ (Carangoides bartholomaei), ‘arabaiana’ (Seriola dumerili); ‘peixe-rei’ (Elegatis bipinnulatus), and ‘xixarro’ (Carangoides crysos). Most of landings were recorded during the summer, although no significant differences were observed between biomass and species richness captured during summer and winter. It was proposed the Index of the Fishery Importance (IPP) in order to highlight species, according to their biological, ecological, and commercial characteristics, that are more valued in the studied communities. According to the criteria of the IPP, five species stood out: ‘guarajuba’ (Carangoides bartholomaei), ‘arabaiana’ (Seriola dumerili), ‘xixarro’ (Carangoides crysos), ‘cioba’ (Lutjanus analis), and ‘peixe-rei’ (Elegatis bipinnulatus). Furthermore, it was used the Smith’s salience index (IS), which is based on higher frequency values and coincidence of items, by which: ‘cioba’ (Lutjanus analis), ‘guarajuba’ (Carangoides bartholomaei), ‘cavala’ (Scomberomorus cavalla), ‘xixarro’ (Carangoides crysos), and serra (Scomberomorus brasiliensis) stood out. In order to get more information on the biology, ecology and fisheries aspects of these species, an ethnobiological study was conducted with local fishermen. It was observed that fishermen have a vast knowledge of fish species, especially those considered most important according to the values of the IPP and IS. Therefore, it is suggested that fishermen’s TEK should be used in aid of scientific research conducted in the region as well as in discussion of fisheries resources management that may be developed in the area.
A pesca artesanal é uma atividade secular desenvolvida pelo homem, caracterizada pela exploração em pequena escala dos recursos pesqueiros, que servem como renda e subsistência familiar. Atualmente, os ambientes costeiros marinhos do Brasil vêm sofrendo consideráveis processos de degradação, decorrentes da crescente pressão antrópica e sobre-exploração de recursos. Na Paraíba, importantes trabalhos apontam para o declínio considerável nas capturas de peixes pela pesca artesanal. Assim, torna-se urgente o desenvolvimento de planos de manejo pesqueiros que envolvam os interesses de todos os indivíduos, buscando a sustentabilidade da pesca. Para tanto, deve-se priorizar a utilização do Conhecimento Ecológico Local (CEL) das comunidades de pescadores, caracterizado como um conjunto de saberes e práticas desenvolvidos através de processos adaptativos na relação dos seres vivos com o ambiente. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização da pesca artesanal das comunidades da Penha e Ponta do Seixas, localizadas em João Pessoa, Paraíba, através da descrição de seus aspectos etnoecológicos e, a possível relação entre a quantidade de peixes e a sobrepesca de espécies. O estudo foi realizado através de acompanhamentos de desembarques, entrevistas não estruturadas, observação participante, entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas. Barcos motorizados foram as principais embarcações utilizadas pelos pescadores. Foram identificados oito diferentes estratégias de pesca, com destaque para a linha de mão e rede de emalhe afundada. Foram registradas 53 espécies de peixes, 24 através do acompanhamento de desembarques (capturadas com linha de mão) e 29 a partir de entrevistas. Ao total foram amostrados 7.670,4kg de peixes, em 28 desembarques realizados entre fevereiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. Dentre as 27 famílias registradas, destacaram-se: Carangidae, Lutjanidae e Serranidae. As espécies mais capturadas foram: guarajuba (Carangoides bartholomaei), arabaiana (Seriola dumerili); peixe-rei (Elegatis bipinnulatus) e xixarro (Carangoides crysos). A maior parte dos desembarques foi registrada durante o verão, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças significativas entre a biomassa e riqueza de espécies capturadas durante o verão e inverno. Também foi utilizado o Índice de Importância Para a Pesca (IPP), a fim de revelar as espécies que, de acordo com suas características biológicas, ecológicas e comerciais, são mais valorizadas nas comunidades estudadas. Segundo os critérios do IPP, cinco espécies se destacaram: guarajuba (Carangoides bartholomaei), arabaiana (Seriola dumerili), xixarro (Carangoides crysos), cioba (Lutjanus analis) e peixe-rei (Elegatis bipinnulatus). De maneira complementar, foi proposto o Índice de Saliência (IS), que se baseia nos maiores valores de frequência e coincidência entre os itens citados, destacando-se: cioba (Lutjanus analis), guarajuba (Carangoides bartholomaei), cavala (Scomberomorus cavalla), xixarro (Carangoides crysos) e serra (Scomberomorus brasiliensis). Com o objetivo de obter maiores informações quanto à biologia, ecologia e aspectos pesqueiros destas espécies, foi realizado um estudo etnobiológico junto aos informantes chave. Observou-se que os pescadores possuem um vasto conhecimento sobre as espécies de peixes, especialmente àquelas consideradas mais importantes segundo os valores do IPP e IS. Desta forma, sugere-se que o CEL dos pescadores seja utilizado no auxílio de pesquisas científicas desenvolvidas na região, bem como em discussões de manejo de recursos pesqueiros que por ventura sejam desenvolvidos na área.
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Almada, Emmanuel Duarte 1981. "Entre as serras : etnoecologia de duas comunidades quilombolas no sudeste brasileiro." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280207.

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Orientadores: Carlos Alfredo Joly, José Geraldo Wanderley Marques
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campoinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O moderno e hegemônico modelo urbano-industrial de desenvolvimento capitalista demonstra claros sinais de esgotamento e falência geral, expressa de forma especial pela crise socioambiental gerada pela degradação dos ecossistemas em todo o planeta. A construção de caminhos alternativos a esse modelo de desenvolvimento passa inevitavelmente pela promoção de uma ecologia dos saberes, a partir de um diálogo verdadeiro entre a ciência moderna e outras formas de saber e produzir conhecimento, tal como os chamados saberes tradicionais. O presente trabalho se insere dentro do escopo da etnoecologia, a qual pode ser entendida como um campo de cruzamento de saberes científicos e populares sobre o funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Utilizando uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, o objetivo do trabalho foi descrever de forma comparativa os saberes tradicionais de duas comunidades quilombolas situadas no sudeste brasileiro sobre alguns processos ecológicos, em especial as relações tróficas entre plantas e animais. Os saberes ecológicos das duas comunidades foram compradas tendo-se em consideração tanto as diferenças biofísicas que diferenciam os biomas que habitam (Mata Atlântica e Cerrado), bem como a história ambiental de cada região. Além disso, o trabalho propõe uma revisão crítica do fazer etnoecológico enquanto uma construção de um discurso sobre coletivos naturezas-culturas. Os resultados encontrados reforçam o caráter preciso e ao mesmo tempo dinâmico dos saberes ecológicos das comunidades tradicionais. Em geral, o conhecimento das comunidades sobre a ecologia das espécies investigadas no trabalho demonstrou-se tão ou mais detalhado quanto aquele existente na literatura científica disponível. Isso demonstra claramente o "desperdício de experiências humanas" que caracteriza a maioria das políticas de conservação da biodiversidade que não permitem a participação das comunidades locais dos processos decisórios. Algumas diferenças encontradas nos saberes ecológicos das duas comunidades aparentemente estão relacionadas as características de composição florística e a estrutura da comunidade vegetal dos ambientes campestres e florestais. No entanto, percebe-se que a história de vida dos indivíduos bem como a história ambiental são elementos fundamentais para a compreensão dos padrões encontrados. Por fim, uma análise dos saberes ecológicos das comunidades enquanto componentes de redes sóciotécnicas mais amplas indica os novos papéis que esses saberes tem desempenhado na ação política desses grupos. A inserção das comunidades estudadas nas dinâmicas sociopolíticas regionais e globais tem provocado releituras locais dos significados de seus saberes tradicionais. Além do caráter cultural, esses saberes tem se tornado ferramentas políticas na luta por direitos territoriais e identitários das comunidades tradicionais. Desta maneira, a prática de uma "etnoecologia abrangente" caracteriza-se por uma percepção do caráter híbrido dos saberes ecológicos, componentes de uma rede de relações em expansão no tempo e no espaço, a um só tempo tradicionais e modernos, locais e globais, expressão da natureza e da cultura dos povos
Abstract: The modern and hegemonic urban-industrial model of capitalist development shows clear signs of exhaustion and general bankruptcy, expressed in a special way by the crisis generated by the environmental degradation of ecosystems across the planet. The construction of alternative paths to this model of development inevitably involves the promotion of an "ecology of knowledge", from a true dialogue between modern science and other ways of knowing and producing knowledge, such as the so-called traditional knowledge. This work falls within the scope of ethnoecology, which can be understood as a field of intersection of traditional and scientific knowledge on the functioning of ecosystems. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, the objective of this study was to describe comparatively traditional knowledge of two maroon communities located in southeastern Brazil on some ecological processes, especially the tropic relationships between plants and animals. The ecological knowledge of the two communities was compared taking considering both the biophysical differences that distinguish the living biomes (Atlantic Forest and Cerrado) and the environmental history of each region. Furthermore, this work proposes a critical review of the ethnoecological practice, while doing a construction of a discourse on natures-cultures collectives. The results found reinforce the precise and dynamic character of the ecological knowledge of traditional communities. In general, the knowledge of the communities on the ecology of the species investigated showed up to be as much or as more detailed as the one existing in the available scientific literature. This clearly demonstrates the "waste of human experiences" that characterizes most biodiversity conservation policies that do not allow the participation of local communities in decision making processes. Some differences found in the ecological knowledge of both communities apparently are related to features of floristic composition and plant community structure of grassland and forest environments. However, it is clear that the life histories of the individuals, as well as the environmental history, are key elements to understanding the patterns found. Finally, an analysis of the ecological knowledge of communities as components of broader socio-technical networks indicates new roles that this knowledge has played in these political action groups. The insertion of the communities studied in regional and global sociopolitical dynamics has caused local re-evaluations of the meanings of their traditional knowledge. Besides the cultural character, this knowledge has become political tools in the struggle for land rights and identity of traditional communities. Thus, the practice of an "embracing ethnoecology" is characterized by a perception of the hybrid character of ecological knowledge, components of an expanding network of relationships in the time and space, at the same time traditional and modern, local and global, expressing of nature and culture of the people
Doutorado
Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação
Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade
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Zappes, Camilah Antunes. "Estudo etnobiológico comparativo do conhecimento popular de pescadores em diferentes regiões do litoral brasileiro e implicações para a conservação do Boto-cinza Sotalia guianensis (van Bénéden, 1864) (Cetacea, Delphinidae)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2007. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2903.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Baseando-se na possível influência negativa gerada por conflitos entre as comunidades tradicionais e o boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis), este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e avaliar o estado de conhecimento, práticas e crenças dos pescadores artesanais em relação ao boto-cinza. Além de obter informações sobre a ecologia e descrição dos padrões comportamentais exibidos pela espécie baseado nas informações dos pescadores e identificar a relação destes com o boto durante as atividades pesqueiras. O trabalho foi realizado no extremo sul do Estado da Bahia, nos municípios de Prado na Colônia dos Pescadores Z-23 e Nova Viçosa na Colônia dos Pescadores Z-29, no Estado do Espírito Santo na região da Barra do Riacho, município de Aracruz, na Colônia dos Pescadores Z-7; no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, na Baía de Sepetiba na Colônia dos Pescadores Z-15 e no extremo sul do Estado de São Paulo, na área do Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Iguape-Cananéia na Colônia dos Pescadores Z-9. As informações foram coletadas entre os meses de setembro de 2005 a abril de 2006. Foram feitas 100 entrevistas com os pescadores, sendo 40 no extremo sul da Bahia, 20 no litoral norte do Espírito Santo, 20 na porção sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e 20 no sul do Estado de São Paulo. As informações foram coletadas através de entrevistas semi estruturadas, baseadas em um questionário-padrão previamente elaborado, sendo feitas gravações dos depoimentos utilizando-se um roteiro semi-orientado para as mesmas. Foram selecionados 77 entrevistados que claramente identificaram S. guianensis através de características definidas pelos pescadores considerando: coloração (cinza no dorso, ventre branco, marronsado ou rosado), comprimento do corpo (adulto de 1 - 2,5m), comportamento geral (frente a embarcações e frente a banhistas – comportamento evasivo), localidade de ocorrência dos animais (praia, rio, estuário e mar próximo da costa). Após esta seleção, foram xix analisados os dados relacionados aos pescadores como a participação em educação ambiental, tempo de pesca no local, local de pesca (mar, rio, estuário), artefatos ou artes de pesca, embarcações, autonomia no mar (dias de embarque). Todas estas informações foram então relacionadas à identificação do boto-cinza. Analisados também os dados relacionados com a interação do boto nas atividades de pesca, colisões entre as embarcações e os botos, padrões comportamentais da espécie, comportamento do animal frente à embarcações, tamanho de grupo, dieta, área de ocorrência e avistamento, sazonalidade, comportamento de filhotes, emalhamento do boto nos artefatos de pesca, os tipos de artefatos utilizados pelos pescadores, área onde ocorrem os emalhamentos, destino dado às carcaças, local de pesca e pescados de valor econômico. Para as análises foram feitos os testes estatísticos de Kruskal–Wallis e o teste de Mann-Whitney, sendo utilizado o programa estatístico BioEstat (2.0). Os resultados demonstram que a atividade pesqueira artesanal permite a fácil identificação do boto pelos pescadores que praticam este tipo de pesca sendo que a maioria dos entrevistados demonstrou conhecer o boto através das características como coloração, comprimento do corpo e localidade de ocorrência dos animais. Foi possível identificar uma considerável percepção dos pescadores sobre o hábitat, comportamento e dieta do boto-cinza, além de identificarem a sazonalidade, padrões comportamentais e possíveis presas presentes na dieta do boto. Há interações positivas relacionadas ao fato dos animais auxiliarem os pescadores durante a pesca e também interações negativas onde os animais assustam os peixes e com isso o pescador não consegue pescá-los. Os entrevistados conseguem diferenciar indivíduos juvenis de adultos através da coloração, tamanho corporal e observação dos padrões comportamentais. Pôde-se observar a ocorrência da captura acidental do boto, provocada pelas redes de espera utilizadas na pesca. Estes emalhamentos são mais freqüentes na área de ‘mar aberto’, ocorrendo também na barra, praia, estuário, costa e baía. As carcaças que são encontradas podem ser consumidas; usadas como iscas na pesca do cação e também ser descartadas. Apesar de ocorrer o emalhamento não há conflito aparente na visão dos pescadores entre sua atividade e o boto. Com estes resultados pretende-se contribuir para a conservação do boto-cinza nas áreas especificadas, juntamente com a participação da população local, subsidiando outros trabalhos e propostas de manejo para a diminuição dos impactos sobre as populações da espécie.
Based on the possible negative influence produced by conflicts betwen the traditional comunity and the boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) this study has as objective to describe and evaluate the state of knowlodge, practice and believes of artisanal fishermans related to boto-cinza. Further to obtain information about the ecology and describe the behavioural patterns exihibit by the species based on the informations of the fisherman and identify the relation betwen them and the boto during the fishery activities. The work was realized on the extreme south of the state of Bahia, at municipality of the Prado on the Fisherman’s Colony Z-23 and Nova Viçosa on the Fisherman’s Colony Z-29, on the state of Espirito Santo on the region of Barra do Riacho, municipality of Aracruz, on the Fisherman’s Colony Z-7; at the state of Rio de Janeiro, at Baia de Sepetiba on the Fisherman’s Colony Z-15 and on the extreme south of the state of São Paulo, on the area of the Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar of Iguape-Cananéia on the Fisherman’s Colony Z-9. The informations were colected betwen the months of september of 2005 to april of 2006. were made 100 interviews with the fishermans, 40 on the extreme south of Bahia, 20 on the north coastland of the state of Espirito Santo, 20 on the south portion of the state of Rio de Janeiro, and 20 on the south of the state of São Paulo. The informations was colecteds through structured interviews, basead in one pattern-questionnaire previously elaborated, were made recorder of evidence used a oriented logbook for the same. Were selected 77 informer that clearly identificated S. guianensis through of characteristics defined by fishermans considering: color (back’s gray, white belly, browny or pinky), length of the body (adult of 1 – 2,5m), geral behaviour (in the presence of boat and bather – evasive behaviour), locality of occurrence of animals (beach, river, estuary and sea near coastland). After this selection, were analysed the data related to fishermans such as participation in education of environment, time of fishing on the local, local of fishing (sea, river, xxi estuary), artifact or fishing`s arts, boats, autonomy in the sea (embarkation`s days). All this informations were related to identification of boto-cinza. Examined to the datas related with the interference of boto in the activities of fishing, collision betwen boats and botos, pattern behavioural of the specie, behaviour of the animal in the presence of boats, size of group, diet, area of occurrence and sighting, seazonality, behaviour of nestling, incidental capture of boto in the artifacts of fishing, the types of artifacts used for the fishermans, area where occur the incidental captures, destine gave to carcass, local of fishing and fish caught of value economic. To the analyses were made the statisticals tests of Kruskal–Wallis and the test of Mann-Whitney, used the program statistical BioEstat (2.0). The results showed that the artisanal fishing activits permit easy identification of boto by fishermans that practice this type of fishing the majority of informers demonstrated knowledge the boto through characteristcs like color, lenght of the body and location of the occurrence of the animals. Was possible to identify a regard perception of the fishermans about the habitat, behaviour and diet of the boto-cinza, beyond of identificated the seazonal, behaviourals patterns and possible preys presents in the diet of the boto. There are positives interactions related to the fact of the animals aid the fishermans during the fishing and also negatives interactions where the animals scare the fishes and with this the fishermans can’t fishing they. The informers can distinguish juveniles individuals of adult through color, lenght of body and observation of the behaviourals patterns. Can observe the occurrence of the incidental capture of the boto, caused by nets of wait used on the fishing. This captures are more frequents on the area of the ‘open sea’, occurring also on the bar, beach, estuary, coast and bay. The carcass that are found can be eaten; used like bait in the fishing of the shark and too be discardeds. In spite of occur the capture there isn’t apparent conflicts on the vision of the fishermans betwen their activity and the boto. This results intend to contribute to the conservation of the boto-cinza on the specifics areas, together with the participation of the local population, subsidizing others works and proposals of the management to the diminuition of the impacts about the populations of the species.
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23

Belchior, Verônica. "Comunidades de seringueiros das reservas extrativistas do Rio Cautário, RO: aspectos socioeconômicos, percepção ambiental e potenciais conflitos na interação com a fauna." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2459.

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As pesquisas etnoecológicas baseiam-se na visão de que a conservação da natureza vincula-se diretamente a questões sociais, econômicas, culturais e biológicas. Define-se o conhecimento tradicional como um saber-fazer a respeito do mundo que rodeia as populações envolvidas e é transmitido oralmente através das gerações. Os seringueiros da Amazônia são extrativistas e agricultores, que produzem em regime familiar. Nas reservas extrativistas, desenvolvem suas atividades e conhecem os detalhes e particularidades do ambiente. Conhecer a relação que estas comunidades possuem com o meio e o modo como conduzem suas práticas é de suma importância para a manutenção de Unidades de Conservação. Além disto, o modo de vida dos seringueiros favorece a hipótese de que existam conflitos entre estas populações e os animais que vivem no entorno de suas moradias. O presente estudo foi realizado nas Reservas Extrativistas Federal e Estadual do Rio Cautário, em Rondônia, e utilizou como ferramenta entrevistas guiadas por questionários previamente elaborados. Foi dividido em dois capítulos temáticos. O primeiro traçou um perfil sócio-econômico dos moradores e investigou a percepção ambiental dos mesmos em relação às reservas. O segundo abordou potenciais conflitos homem-animal e suas implicações para conservação de espécies ameaçadas. Foi visto que há conflitos consideráveis entre estas populações e animais silvestres e que, dentre medidas tomadas em retaliação a estes eventos, matam-se muitos animais. Dos animais citados, 23,3% encontra-se em categorias de ameaça da IUCN. O conhecimento de que tais relações existem é de suma importância para que medidas sejam tomadas pelos órgãos competentes pelas reservas do estudo. Instruções sobre manejo das criações, roças, educação ambiental e acompanhamento da situação foram apontadas como de relevado potencial para mitigar tais eventos.
Ethnoecological researches are based on the view that nature conservancy is directly linked to biological, cultural, economical and social issues. In this sense, traditional knowledge can be defined as knowledge and know-how concerning natural and supernatural world, orally passed down from generation to generation. Rubber tappers in the Amazon are gatherers and agriculturists, who produce under family, selling the surplus for additional income. They live in wooden houses built on stilts, most adapted to the system of flood. In the extractive reserves rubber tapper develops their own activities and knows the details and peculiarities of the environment. Knowing the relationship that these communities have with the environment and the way they conduct their practices, besides presenting the situation in which they live, is of paramount importance for the conservation of protected areas. Knowing their needs and how to improve their conditions may reflect upon the maintenance of environmental integrity as well. Moreover, the livelihood of rubber tappers and the fact that they have livestock, small gardens and simple houses favor the hypothesis that conflicts exist between those populations and animals that live around their homes. This study was conducted at Federal and State Extractive Reserves of Cautário River, in Rondônia. It has been divided into two chapters. The first depicts a socio-economic profile of residents and investigates the environmental perception of ourselves in relation to reserves. The second deals with potential human-animal conflict and its implications for the conservancy of endangered species. It was seen that there is a considerable number of conflicts between these populations and wildlife, and that among the measures being taken in retaliation to these events, they kill many animals. Out of the animals mentioned, 23.3% are in the IUCN categories of threat. Knowing that such relationships exist is of paramount importance in order that measures are taken by the competent agents in the reserves of the study. Instructions on the handling of livestock, gardens, environmental education and monitoring the situation were highlighted as notably potential to mitigate such events.
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24

Grey, Charlotte Jane. "Ethnobiology, ethnic cuisines, and provision of health care among Ukrainian and Sikh migrants in Bradford, UK. A comparative study of plant-based food and drink used for maintaining health, tradition and cultural identity amongst Sikh and Ukrainian migrant communities in Bradford." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5396.

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Using ethnobotanical, anthropological and social science theory and methods this work illustrates significance of studying traditional foods and their medicinal qualities for maintaining health. Set in the background of the communities¿ practises and rituals specific plant-based items, used by Sikh and Ukrainian migrant communities, are a central focus to understanding the significance of practises and related knowledge for maintaining health and the broader concept of ¿well-being¿. Literature review, participant observation and in-depth interviewing techniques were used to identify 126 species of plants mentioned. These illustrate what was a primarily female domain of knowledge now becoming superficial and spread over domains of both men and women. This study notes convenience in terms of time and transport, changes in markets in the UK, importation of goods and the use of machinery and techniques such as freezing, and intervention by healthcare professionals have all affected the way traditional foods and remedies are perceived and practised. There are key foods which will remain important for generations to come whilst the domains are changing. Specific community structures support maintenance of food practises, including langar within the Sikh community and the regular OAP Ukrainian lunchtime club and numerous food events where foods with particular religious and cultural significance are made by at least two generations. These events involve transmission of knowledge related to foods and their health qualities, including images of strength as a ¿people¿. By questioning the significance of emic perspectives healthcare professionals and policymakers could learn much from practises developed over centuries or millennia.
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25

Ballentine, Regina. "Chemical Characterization of Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to Assess Potential Therapeutic Phytochemicals and Toxicological Concerns Using Simulated Use Conditions." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6052.

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Chemical Characterization of Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to Assess Potential Therapeutic Phytochemicals and Toxicological Concerns Using Simulated Use Conditions By Regina Ballentine Virginia Commonwealth University, 2019 Director: Sarah C. Rutan, Professor, Department of Chemistry Currently, there is an increasing demand for natural therapies and herbal products to treat various ailments. It is generally believed that natural therapies have fewer side-effects than traditional western medicine; however, they are often used in different strengths and formulations without consistency of the levels of target compounds or knowledge about toxicity. Due to this growing trend, a comprehensive chemical evaluation of plants used for medicinal purposes is necessary. Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium is a plant that has been used historically by Native Americans as an herbal medicine. It is a flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family indigenous to the Eastern United States. There are documented accounts of the Native Americans using the herb therapeutically. Reportedly, they used the plant to prepare tea and as filler for bedding. Additionally, they smoked the plant material. To date, there has been little research published on the chemical composition of this plant. Thus, the objective of this work was to conduct a chemical survey of P. obtusifolium using methodologies that would simulate the three historical routes of administration (tea, bedding material, and smoke inhalation). To determine the types of compounds that may be found in the plant, initial experiments using pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) with an ethanolic solvent were performed followed by analysis using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in scan mode. This extraction technique enabled a broad range of compounds to be identified. For the analysis of the tea, the leaves and the flowers were ground and analyzed separately. The “tea” simulation was then performed using a water extraction which was then back extracted into dichloromethane for GC-MS analysis in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode. Seventeen target compounds (terpenes, terpinoids, flavanoids, etc.) were quantified using this method. A bedding material simulation was performed using headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) to collect the volatile and/or semi-volatile components of the headspace. The compounds collected on the SPME fiber were then analyzed by GC-MS in scan and SIM modes to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the types of chemical compounds (most of which were terpenes) that may be off-gassed from bedding material. This analysis compared levels of compounds in two different crop years and four terpene compounds were quantified. To simulate smoking of the plant material, the leaves and flowers were fashioned into smoking articles. Sample collection was performed by a smoking machine and smoke condensate was collected. The smoke condensate was then analyzed by GC-MS in scan mode. As combustion and pyrolysis of plant material are known to produce toxic products, specific potentially harmful compounds were investigated and quantified. This chemical analysis of P. obtusifolium identified target compounds that can be found in the three simulated usage forms. Identification of these compounds gives insight on why the Native Americans may have used P. obtusifolium as an herbal medicine. Among the detected compounds, there were many unknowns. Elucidating these unknown compounds will be important in the effort to understand the full chemical profile of this plant.
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26

Pam, Grace A. B. "Ethno-ornithology and conservation : traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of birds among the Mushere and the conservation of the Dulu forest in Mushere, Plateau state, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:38679da9-fc64-4cff-9485-1dd2eb5ab413.

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This research was aimed at determining the ethno-ornithological knowledge of three Mushere villages close to the Dulu Forest, Nigeria to determine whether this might hold potential for developing a local conservation programme to protect the forest. The conservation objective of the research was aimed at determining the drivers of forest degradation, and possible means of mitigation. Using a mixed method approach, quantitative/qualitative data were collected in two years from different demographics (men, women, children, age differentials, occupation, urbanization). Oral interviews, semi-structured interviews, picture elicitation tasks, free-listing exercises and focus group discussions were employed in the data collection process. The findings revealed a relatively low ethno-ornithological knowledge, and a general indifference (ornitho-apatheia) towards birds. Knowledge transmission was predominantly through oral means while TEK acquisition was mainly through vertical and horizontal methods. While adults perceived birds as not valuable, children generally perceived birds as valuable. Cultural utilization and ecological salience were the main drivers of bird naming and knowledge. However, there was a high valuing of the Dulu forest, with the main drivers of the forest degradation being timber extraction. Overall, I concluded that the indifference of the Mushere towards birds revealed a lack of cultural appreciation of birds, leading to little TEK of birds, insufficient to encourage the use of TEK of birds in the conservation of the Dulu forest, and the use of birds as flagship domain for promoting conservation. However, a sustained approach towards encouraging birding activities could improve the perception of birds. I therefore suggest using an ecosystem approach in the conservation of the Dulu forest. Engaging the locals in dialogue, establishing a leadership structure for the management of the Dulu forest, providing alternative means of livelihoods are suggested as ways of mitigating the degradation of the Dulu forest.
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27

Boissière, Manuel. "Ethnobiologie et rapports à l'environnement des Yali d'Irian Jaya (Indonésie)." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20200.

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Le but de cette recherche est d'etudier les relations existant entre une population yali d'irian jaya pratiquant l'agriculture semi-itinerante et son environnement forestier dans la basse vallee de la riviere heluk. L'approche est pluridisciplinaire associant une etude ecologique de la vegetation du terroir, ethnobotanique des pratiques et des plantes utiles et ethnologique de la societe yali. La premiere partie est consacree a la presentation du site de recherche, la caracterisation de sa vegetation, et la presentation de la societe concernee. La seconde partie est une description des pratiques agricoles, des plantes cultivees et de la nomenclature yali pour chaque parties des plantes. Dans la troisieme partie sont decrits les usages des plantes de la foret, pour la recherche de bois de chauffe, de materiau de construction, de plantes alimentaires et medicinales, pour la chasse et l'artisanat. La discussion est consacree a l'analyse de la perception et du mode de gestion de l'espace yali, selon les activites qui y sont menees, et la maniere dont il s'organise autour de la zone de cultures.
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28

Gusmão, Juliana São Pedro. "Percepção e interação de comunidades caiçaras do complexo estuarino-lagunar de Iguape-Cananéia, SP, Brasil, com tartarugas marinhas." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1534.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The Iguape-Cananéia Estuarine-Lagoon Complex has been described as an area for feeding and development of young sea turtles of the Chelonia mydas (green sea turtle) species, besides having recorded the incidence of other marine turtle species present at the Brazilian coast (Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Dermochelys coriacea and Eretmochelys imbricata). The region also presents several caiçara (population from coastal regions) nucleuses which have small-scale fishing as their main source of income, making important to analyze existing interactions between fishermen and sea turtles. The objective of the present study was to describe the interaction of the caiçara communities of Pedrinhas and Pontal de Leste with sea turtles, and the interaction between sea turtles and the artisanal gillnetting, from the fishermen s perspective. Field researches were performed using semi-structured interviews via Snow Ball technique, enabling the identification of the key informers by their peer s recognition. The results showed that the caiçara community of Pontal de Leste, more isolated from the urban centers and having fishing as exclusive activity, presented greater presence of sea turtles in its culture, as well as higher nutritional dependency from sea turtle meat when climate conditions render fishing impossible for long periods of time. At the Pedrinhas community, as it is closer to urban centers and as it has alternative income activities due to tourism, the presence of the sea turtle in the local culture resides mainly at the memories of the older interviewed community members. In both communities knowledge gaps were verified, which could be clarified with educational actions, and the importance of gillnetting for the caiçara and the negative impact it may cause to sea turtles were also verified, being thus vital, the execution of new studies which shall enable the understanding of the magnitude of such interaction. The results obtained aim at generating information for conservation plans so as to minimize the mortality of sea turtles, protecting cultural practices of such communities; thereby, educational activities and management guidelines were proposed, aiming at integrating the political management of natural resources and conservation strategies with the conduct of the local traditional community.
O Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Iguape-Cananéia foi descrito como uma área de alimentação e desenvolvimento para juvenis de tartarugas marinhas da espécie Chelonia mydas (tartaruga-verde), além de ter registrado a ocorrência das outras espécies de tartarugas marinhas presentes na costa brasileira (Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Dermochelys coriacea e Eretmochelys imbricata). A região apresenta também vários núcleos caiçaras que têm na pesca artesanal sua principal fonte de renda, o que torna, importante, avaliar as interações existentes entre os pescadores e as tartarugas marinhas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a interação das comunidades caiçaras de Pedrinhas e Pontal de Leste, com as tartarugas marinhas e destas com a pesca de emalhe artesanal, sob a perspectiva dos pescadores. Foram realizadas pesquisas de campo utilizando entrevistas semi-estruturadas através da técnica Bola de Neve , que possibilitou identificar os informantes-chave pelo reconhecimento por seus pares. Os resultados evidenciaram que a comunidade caiçara de Pontal de Leste, mais isolada dos centros urbanos e tendo como única atividade a pesca, apresentou maior presença das tartarugas marinhas em sua cultura, assim como maior dependência nutricional da carne de tartaruga marinha quando as condições climáticas impossibilitam a pesca por longos períodos. Na comunidade de Pedrinhas, por estar próxima aos centros urbanos e ter atividades alternativas de renda, devido ao turismo, a presença da tartaruga marinha na cultura local reside principalmente na memória dos entrevistados mais antigos. Em ambas as comunidades evidenciou-se lacunas de conhecimento que poderiam ser esclarecidas com ações educativas, verificou-se também a importância da rede de emalhe para o caiçara e o impacto negativo que esta pode causar às tartarugas marinhas, sendo imprescindível, portanto, a realização de novos estudos que possibilitem compreender a dimensão desta interação. Os resultados obtidos visam gerar informações para planos de conservação de forma a minimizar a mortalidade das tartarugas marinhas, protegendo as práticas culturais dessas comunidades, desta forma, diretrizes de ações educativas e de gestão foram propostas, objetivando integrar a gestão política dos recursos naturais e estratégias de conservação com o comportamento da comunidade tradicional local.
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Freitas, Bruno Antonio Lemos de. "Conhecimento local, diversidade morfo-genética como subsídios para conservação da mangaba." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3017.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
One of the challenges in the conservation of genetic resources is the identification of areas for collection, maintenance and preservation of seeds, especially recalcitrant, for in situ and ex situ conservation. Thus, through four articles is intended to identify areas with potential naturally occuring mangaba using modeling techniques by Maxent software using environmental variables, as well as to characterize the morpho-genetic diversity using local and scientific knowledge by the analysis of fruits, and conservation of seeds in order to guarantee the viability in the storage. It is observed distribution of populations intensively on the coast, with higher occurrence in the municipalities of Greater Aracaju and Japoatã, Pacatuba, Nossa Senhora das Dores, Malhador, Estancia, Arauá and Itabaianinha. To evaluate the traditional knowledge of the catchers of mangabas inserted into remaining forests, five associations were selected (Baixa Grande, Pontal, Porteiras, Riboleirinha and Manuel Dias). It was observed that the classification of fruit occurs according to color and there are differences among the collection locations for morphometric and physical- chemical (pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids) traits. Baixa Grande seeds (Pirambu-SE) were stored at 10 ° C in polyethylene glycol 6000 to -0.8 MPa and it was observed that viability can be maintained until the third month. Four natural population (111 individuals) were evaluated by of molecular markers ISSR. The population of Baixa Grande presented the highest number of observed and effective alleles (1.99 and 1.61). The number of polymorphic loci was 71 (95% Polymorphism). The differences in morphological characteristics of mangaba can be used for selection of genotypes. The information resulting from this research are subsidies for management and conservation aiming to increase the diversity of mangaba in the state of Sergipe.
Um dos desafios na conservação dos recursos genéticos é a identificação de áreas para coleta, manutenção e preservação de sementes, especialmente as recalcitrantes, visando à conservação in situ e ex situ. Assim, por meio de quatro artigos, se propõe identificar regiões com potencial ocorrência natural de mangaba por meio de técnicas de modelagem pelo programa Maxent empregando variáveis ambientais, bem como caracterizar a diversidade morfo-genética empregando o conhecimento local e científico por meio da análise de frutos, e conservar as sementes de forma a garantir a viabilidade no armazenamento. Observa-se a distribuição das populações mais intensamente no litoral, com maior ocorrência nos municípios da Grande Aracaju e Japoatã, Pacatuba, Nossa Senhora das Dores, Malhador, Estância, Arauá e Itabaianinha. Para avaliar o conhecimento das catadoras de mangabas inseridas em remanescentes florestais, foram selecionadas cinco associações (Baixa Grande, Pontal, Porteiras, Riboleirinha e Manuel Dias). Observou-se que a classificação dos frutos ocorre de acordo com cor e diferenças entre as localidades de coleta para características morfométricas e físico-químico (pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis). Sementes de mangaba de Baixa Grande (Pirambu-SE) foram armazenadas à 10ºC em polietilenoglicol 6000 à -0,8 MPa e constatou-se que a viabilidade pode ser mantida até o 3° mês. Quatro populações naturais de mangaba (111 indivíduos) foram avaliadas por meio de marcadores moleculares ISSR. A população de Baixa Grande foi a que apresentou maior número de alelos observados e efetivos (1,99 e 1,61). O número de locos polimórficos foi de 71 (95% de polimorfismo). As diferenças observadas nas características morfológicas de mangaba podem ser utilizadas para a seleção de genótipos. As informações resultantes desta pesquisa são subsídios para manejo e conservação visando ampliar a diversidade de mangaba no estado de Sergipe.
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Comin, Fábio Henrique. "Olhares cruzados: conhecimento e conservação ambiental na bacia hidrográfica do rio Passa-Cinco - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-03102007-085508/.

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A bacia hidrográfica do Rio Passa-Cinco, localizada na região centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo, faz parte do complexo hidrográfico do Rio Corumbataí e têm importância regional em função do seu potencial hídrico. A região do Rio Passa-Cinco compõe um cenário agrícola bastante diversificado, com um histórico de uso e ocupação que por muitos anos contribuiu para supressão da vegetação nativa original, comprometendo não somente sua manutenção e capacidade hídrica, como também, a sobrevivência dos componentes faunísticos e vegetacionais. Neste contexto, no interior paulista a fragmentação florestal, a perda de diversidade biológica, o desenvolvimento rural realizado ás custas das ações antrópicas, não são antagônicos, mas o resultado de um processo exploratório que modificou a paisagem, que por conseqüência, influenciou na biodiversidade local de modo geral. Dessa forma, a região do Rio Passa-Cinco possui o cenário propício para o tipo de investigação sugerida, pois, são esses ambientes antropizados chamados de agroecossistemas - com agricultura, silvicultura, pecuária e os reduzidos remanescentes florestais que vêm mantendo a diversidade de fauna nessas regiões. Logo, as populações humanas que habitam e usam esses agroecossistemas são os conhecedores e os protagonistas tanto das agressões, como da conservação dessa diversidade. Desta forma, o conhecimento humano local emerge aqui como o objeto da pesquisa apresentada. Onde, através das bases conceituais da etnobiologia, uma área de conhecimento híbrida das ciências antropológicas e das ciências biológicas, buscou sob o olhar do "outro" inventariar a fauna e entender o que eles pensam sobre o meio ambiente nessa bacia hidrográfica. O inventário de mastofauna e avifauna revelou que os moradores conhecem cerca de 37 espécies de mamíferos e 90 espécies de aves, indicou ainda as cognições dos moradores rurais em relação ao agroecossistema da região do Rio Passa-Cinco. Os resultados gerados permitem contrapor o conhecimento do senso comum com o técnico científico, fornecendo subsídios para uma discussão conceitual sobre conhecimento de fauna, interdisciplinaridade e conservação.
Passa-Cinco River drainage basin is located in the mid-west area of São Paulo State and is part of the Corumbataí River watershed, and has local geographic importance due to its high hydric potential. The area looks like an agricultural mosaic, that had a slash and burn history, devastating the native vegetation and the consequences are seen in the reduction of native animals and plants biodiversity and in the hydric capacity. In this scenario, forest fragmentation, biodiversity loss and crops development, all related with human activities, are not antagonist, but the result of an exploitation that modify the landscape and consequently have influence on local biodiversity. So the Passa-Cinco River region was the chosen spot to investigate this kind of anthropic environment, known as agroecosystem, with agriculture areas, silviculture, cattle raising and small areas of native vegetation, that still helps to maintain fauna diversity. In these circumstances, local people inhabiting this environment are the experts and protagonists that can destroy or preserve biodiversity. Their knowledge is the goal of this investigation, based on ethnobiology concepts; with the aim of producing a mammal and bird inventory at the Passa- Cinco basin, and trying to understand what they think about their environment. Mammal and bird inventory showed that locals know about 37 mammals and 90 birds species and that they have knowledge idea of the agroecosystem concept. The results suggest that is possible to face the common sense with the scientific knowledge, allowing a conceptual and philosophic discussion about the academic and popular science.
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Biloso, Moyene Apollinaire. "Valorisation des produits forestiers non ligneux des plateaux de Batéké en périphérie de Kinshasa (RD Congo)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210454.

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La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche d’une meilleure compréhension de l’analyse de la valorisation des PFNL des plateaux Batéké en périphérie de Kinshasa en vue d’envisager un mode d’exploitation qui garantisse la conservation et l’utilisation durable et d’apporter les éléments indispensables à la gestion des PFNL. Les enquêtes par sondages sur une base de 280 ménages ont été renforcées par 22 entretiens par focus group. Des observations directes sur le terrain, des enquêtes socioéconomiques, ethnoécologiques sur les stratégies d’exploitation des PFNL, l’étude de la filière PFNL et les études d’impacts d’activités d’exploitation des PFNL ont été conduites entre juin 2005 et novembre 2006 dans 7 villages de Plateaux de Batéké: Mbankana, Dumi, Mampu, Mutiene, Kinzono, Inzolo et 4ème Cité CADIM à plus de 140 km à l’Est de la ville Kinshasa.

L’étude de la valorisation des PFNL des Plateaux de Batéké a montré que 169 espèces de PFNL appartenant à 65 familles des plantes sont valorisées. Cinq espèces de PFNL sont les plus exploitées dans la zone d’étude. Il s’agit de Pteridium sp, du vin indigène (de palmier à huile et de raphia), de Dioscorea praehensilis, de Talinum triangulare et du rotin. La détermination des facteurs explicatifs du choix de l’exploitation des PFNL les plus exploités dans la zone a été estimé par la régression multiple modèle Probit. Ce modèle a l’avantage d’inclure dans sa structure mathématique, la dépendance mutuelle et des informations sur la pertinence des variables explicatives présentes dans le modèle final. La consommation du Pteridium sp. par le ménage, son prix de vente, sa disponibilité dans les écosystèmes, la distance à parcourir par rapport aux lieux de prélèvement, le statut matrimonial du chef de ménage, la distance par rapport au marché et l’appartenance à une structure locale sont des facteurs explicatifs déterminant dans le choix de l’exploitation du Pteridium sp. Pour l’exploitation du vin indigène, la distance par rapport aux lieux de prélèvement, la taille de ménage, les connaissances endogènes sur le vin indigène, la distance par rapport au marché et le revenu en sont des facteurs explicatifs. Le revenu issu de la vente, les connaissances endogènes, le prix de vente et la consommation sont des facteurs explicatifs déterminants pour l’exploitation de Dioscorea praehensilis. Pour Talinum triangulare, le revenu issu de la vente, la consommation, la distance par rapport au lieu de prélèvement, le prix de vente et les connaissances endogènes en sont les facteurs déterminants. Pour le rotin, la consommation, le prix de vente, les connaissances endogènes et la disponibilité en rotins dans les écosystèmes en sont les déterminants. Les PFNL vendus sur les marchés et points de ventes des Plateaux de Batéké proviennent des jachères forestières, des forêt-galeries et des savanes. Le coût total moyen d’exploitation d’un kg du PFNL est estimé à 0,08 $ US pour le Pteridium sp. 0,05 $ US pour le vin indigène, 0,05 $ US pour le Dioscorea praehensilis, 0,05 $ US pour le Talinum triangulare et à 0,20 $ US pour le rotin. Un exploitant villageois réalise par journée de travail, un revenu moyen de près de 2 $ US pour le Pteridium sp, 9 $ US pour le vin indigène, 1 $ US pour le Dioscorea praehensilis, 0,26 $ US pour le Talinum triangulare et près de 4 $ US pour le rotin. Hormis la valeur socio-économique que la valorisation des PFNL apporte à l’écosystème, certains méfaits sur la durabilité des écosystèmes sont occasionnés. Enfin, cette étude démontre qu’il y a des interactions entre les paysans enquêtés et leurs milieux. La définition d’une politique raisonnée de valorisation des PFNL intégrée à l’approche interdisciplinaire du développement durable reste incontournable pour la zone d’étude.

The present study aims to improve the understanding of the valorisation of the NTFP of the Batéké Highlands situated in the periphery of Kinshasa in order to develop an exploitation mode that guarantees the conservation and a sustainable use and to provide the necessary elements to the management of the NTFP. The investigations by polls on a basis of 280 households have been reinforced by 22 interviews by means of focus groups. Direct observations in situ, socio-economic and ethno-ecological analyses of the exploitation of the NTFP, an analysis of the NTFP processing pathway and an impact study of the exploitation of the NTFP have been carried out between June 2005 and November 2006 in 7 villages of the Batéké Highlands: Mbankana, Dumi, Mampu, Muti-mutiene, Kinzono, Inzolo and 4th City CADIM situated at more than 140 km to the East of Kinshasa. The study of the valorisation of the NTFP of the Batéké Highlands showed that 169 species of NTFP belonging to 65 plant families are valorised. Five species of NTFP are the most exploited in the study area: Pteridium sp, indigenous wine (of palm oil and raffia), Dioscorea praehensilis, Talinum triangulare and rattan. The determination of the factors of the choice of the most exploited NTFP have been estimated by multiple regression and the Probit model. This model has the advantage to include mutual dependence in its mathematical structure as well as information on the relevance of the explanatory variables in the final model. The consumption of Pteridium sp. by household, its selling price, its availability in the ecosystems, the distance to the places of collection, the matrimonial status of the household chief, the distance to the market and the adherence to a local structure are the explanatory factors determining the choice of Pteridium sp. For the exploitation of the indigenous wine, the distance to the places of collection, the size of household, endogenous knowledge on the indigenous wine, the distance to the market and the income are the explanatory factors. The income generated by the sale, endogenous knowledge, the selling price and the consumption rate are the explanatory factors for Dioscorea praehensilis. For Talinum triangulare, the income generated by the sale, the consumption, the distance to the place of collection, the selling price and endogenous knowledge are the determining factors. For rattan, the consumption, the selling price, endogenous knowledge and the availability of rattan in the ecosystems are the determinants of the choice. The NTFP sold on the markets and points of sales of the Batéké Highlands are collected in forest fallow lands, forest-galleries and savannas. The overall average cost of exploitation of one kg of NTFP is estimated at 0.08 $ US for Pteridium sp. at 0.05 $ US for indigenous wine, at 0.05 $ US for Dioscorea praehensilis, at 0.05 $ US for Talinum triangulare and at 0.20 $ US for rattan. A local collector obtains per working day an average income of about 2 $ US for Pteridium sp, 9 $US for the indigenous wine, 1 $ US for Dioscorea praehensilis, 0.26 $ US for Talinum triangulare and about 4 $ US for rattan. Besides the socioeconomic value that the valorisation of the NTFP brings to the ecosystem, some bad practices for the durability of the ecosystems are observed. Finally, this study demonstrates that there are close interactions between the peasants questioned and their environment. The development of a reasonable policy of valorisation of the NTFP integrated with an interdisciplinary approach of sustainable development remains crucial for our study site.


Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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32

Blackbourn, Denis-Richard. "L'homme, le clan et l'animal domestique : aperçu des relations entre l'homme, les animaux domestiques et leur environnement dans les hautes-terres et les iles d'Ecosse du néolithique à la fin du 18e siècle." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995MNHN0023.

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Dans le contexte environnemental des hautes-terres et des iles écossaises, la relation entre l'homme et la faune fut très étroite ; les premiers groupes néolithiques s'installèrent en Ecosse, accompagnés de la plupart de leurs animaux domestiques et se virent rejoints par diverses ethnies, le plus souvent continentales (celtes, scandinaves). La structure sociale originale des highlands and islands, connue sous le nom de clan, entretint des liens particuliers, souvent en étroite interdépendance, avec ses animaux domestiques, sur lesquels reposait toute son economie pastorale, mais aussi avec les représentants de la faune sauvage (chasse et pêche) et certains animaux mythiques qui survivent encore de nos jours par l'intermédiaire des légendes. L'importance de l'économie pastorale dans la vie quotidienne des clans et la dépendance de l'homme par rapport a ses animaux domestiques furent telles que les bouleversements sociaux du 18e siècle entrainêrent la disparition des originalités de la société traditionnelle clanique des hautes-terres et iles d'Ecosse
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RODRIGUES, Angélica Lúcia Figueiredo. "O boto na verbalização de estudantes ribeirinhos: uma visão etnobiológica." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/5344.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente estudo apresenta uma investigação sobre o conhecimento de estudantes ribeirinhos acerca dos botos, em duas instituições formais de ensino de duas diferentes regiões insulares do Estado do Pará. Uma dessas escolas se localiza no município de Soure, na Ilha do Marajó e a outra, no rio Sapucajuba em Abaetetuba. Fizeram parte da pesquisa 80 estudantes, todos, filhos de pescadores, com idades entre 11 e 14 anos. As escolas localizam-se em duas regiões do Estado do Pará, uma delas localizada no município de Soure, na Ilha de Marajó e a outra, no rio Sapucajuba em Abaetetuba. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas fases distintas e complementares: (1) utilização de estórias sobre o boto relatadas em formato de redações elaboradas por alunos da 53 e 63 séries e (2) aplicação de questionários. Sobre a importância dos animais do seu convívio, os peixes foram mais mencionados na opinião dos jovens de Soure (26%) e aves para os alunos de Sapucajuba (51%). O boto aparece logo atrás na escala de importância para a amostra de Soure (24%). Em se tratando de animais prejudiciais, as cobras lideram o ranking entre alunos do Sapucajuba (57%) e peixes com ferrões somam 52% segundo os jovens de Soure. Sobre os botos, meninos e meninas responderam que os vêem, geralmente, em localidades como praias, rios e igarapés. O sentimento "medo" em relação ao boto ocorreu 70% nas respostas dos alunos de Sapucajuba e 41 % entre alunos de Soure evidenciando o papel por ele exercido no imaginário dos ribeirinhos, em parte pela repercussão negativa da lenda entre os amazônidas. Quanto às etnoespécies, a citação do boto preto apareceu mais vezes entre alunos de Sapucajuba (32%), enquanto que, em Soure, os mais citados foram os botos malhado e rosa (37%). Mesmo com um percentual elevado de respostas que designam sentimentos negativos sobre o boto, 57% da amostra de Soure e 82% de Sapucajuba, acreditam na chance de conservá-los, usando como justificativa o fato desses animais fazerem parte da natureza. As análises das redações comprovaram que o conhecimento adquirido pelos alunos é conciso e coerente com a literatura científica quanto ao comportamento ecológico dos botos. Alusões a lendas foram freqüentes nas verbalizações da população pesquisada. Esses dados podem fornecer subsídios para pesquisas científicas objetivando o desenvolvimento da percepção ambiental das comunidades envolvidas, além de mitigarem possíveis ameaças à conservação dos cetáceos.
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34

Demeulenaere, Elise. "HERBES FOLLES ET ARBRES ROIS - Gestion paysanne des ligneux au pays konso (Ethiopie), contribution à la définition d'un patrimoine naturel." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00146370.

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35

Choo, Juanita Poh Sung. "Ethnobiology and population ecology of neotropical palms." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-839.

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Palms are ecologically important and charismatic trees of the tropics. They are important to the livelihood of local communities and are key resources for the frugivore community in tropical forests. These frugivores are in turn hunted by humans for food. This ecological connection between human, palms, and frugivores provides a unique setting to study how cultural and ecological components within this multitrophic interaction influences palm populations. In chapter 1, I explored the traditional and ecological knowledge behind the cultivation of palm-weevil larvae for food. I found the Joti people, cultivated two species of weevil-larvae differently, which also determined whether palms were logged before or after reproductive maturity. The cultivation of each weevil-larvae species therefore had a differential impact on palm populations. In chapter 2, I investigated how frugivores mediate interactions between two dominant and co-occuring palms in the Peruvian Amazonia-- Attalea phalerata and Astrocaryum murumuru. I found frugivores codispersed seeds of the two palm species, which contributed to aggregated spatial patterns of their juveniles. Spatial patterns suggested associations between heterospecific palms experienced lower density-dependent mortality than associations between conspecifics and this likely contributes to the coexistence of the two palm species in their early life-history. These findings highlight the importance of dispersers to species coexistence and suggest over-hunting can lead to shifts away from species codominance. In chapter 3, I examined the contribution of dispersal, distance-and density-dependent to spatial ecology of Attalea phalerata. Using microsatellite-based parentage analysis, I found high levels of seed movement mediated by frugivore dispersers. Despite this, I found dispersal limitation remains strong enough to cause spatial aggregation between offspring and parents. As individuals grew towards maturity, distance and density dependent mortality contributed to increasingly disaggregated patterns between older offspring cohorts of parents, non-parent adults, and siblings. These results provide a foundation for assessing the impacts of hunting on the spatial ecology of palm populations. In chapter 4, we characterized 14 microsatellite loci for A. phalerata that were used in the parentage analysis of chapter 3. These loci amplified reliably and were sufficiently polymorphic and will be useful for future studies addressing population-level questions for this species.
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36

Pieroni, Andrea, Price L. Leimar, and I. Vandebroek. "Welcome to Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/561.

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Ethnobiology is a multidisciplinary field of study that draws on approaches and methods from both the social and biological sciences. Ethnobiology aims at investigating culturally based biological and environmental knowledge, cultural perception and cognition of the natural world, and associated behaviours and practices. Ethnomedicine is concerned with the cultural interpretations of health, disease and illness and also addresses the health care seeking process and healing practices. Research interest and activities in the areas of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine have increased tremendously in the last decade. Since the inception of the disciplines, scientific research in ethnobiology and ethnomedicine has made important contributions to understanding traditional subsistence and medical knowledge and practice. The Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (JEE) invites manuscripts and reviews based on original interdisciplinary research from around the world on the inextricable relationships between human cultures and nature, on Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK), folk and traditional medical knowledge, as well as on the relevance of the above for Primary Health Care (PHC) policies in developing countries.
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Pieroni, Andrea. "Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine - Achievements and Perspectives." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/560.

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Last summer we officially launched the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, published by BioMedCentral, with the aim of establishing a serious, peer-reviewed, open-access online journal that focuses on the multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary fields of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, drawing on approaches and methods from both the social and biological sciences. The strong start vindicates the widely held belief that the journal responds to a real need within the research community. The success of the journal has been most gratifying. The steady influx of submissions of high scientific standards illustrates the strong demand for a dynamic, proactive, and open-minded scientific journal in these research areas. Our aim has been to dedicate JEE to the "scientific communities" worldwide, particularly those in the developing countries.
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Boissière, Manuel. "Ethnobiologie et rapports à l'environnement des Yali d'Irian Jaya (Indonésie)." 1999. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/5550.

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Weathers, Caroline Elaine. ""What is best for their little part of the world"integrating ethnobiology with K-12 science education." 2008. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/weathers%5Fcaroline%5Fe%5F200812%5Fma.

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Pouliot, Alison. "A Thousand Days in the Forest: An Ethnography of the Culture of Fungi." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110356.

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Without fungi, life is radically diminished. Fungi regulate the biosphere and support the earth’s ecological functioning. Yet the exceptionally few mushrooms with the capacity to dismantle human livers and kidneys have received disproportionate attention. This thesis presents an account of human-fungus relationships and how fungi are perceived and understood. It uses fungi as a lens to reconfigure ways of thinking, not just about fungi, but all nature, including Homo sapiens. It expands on the dominant mycological narratives through which fungi are represented, to create space for other forms of knowledge that allow these marginalised organisms to emerge through the cracks of human awareness and concern. The research had a threefold aim: first, to understand why fungi are regarded differently to other organisms. Second, to present a more inclusive concept of fungi by proposing a shift in thinking – from thinking of sporebodies as discrete entities, to considering fungi as sophisticated relational systems relevant to human lives. Third, I examined what is required to enable their inclusion within what is valued; including within concepts of nature, biodiversity and conservation. This means finding ways to insert fungi into the ecological imagination and consciousness. Through interactions with all sorts of ‘fungal folk,’ I elucidated the differences between definitive and expansive perceptions of nature and how the manifest indeterminacy of fungal development highlights the need for broader perceptions and an enhanced language. Fungus reproductive structures such as mushrooms provide a tangible link to humanity. However, I argued that mycelia provide a more imaginative and insightful way to consider the bigger fungal picture. Mycelia provide a matrix of interconnectivity with organisms and environments across multiple temporal and spatial scales, underpinning ideas of interactions and circulations explored throughout this thesis. I examined how the plastic essentiality of mycelia – versatility, complexity, heterogeneity, changeability, resilience, indeterminacy and biological utility – offers a compelling and constructive framework to contemplate the living world. The mycelial tangle also provides metaphors for human societies; for connectivity, spontaneity, unpredictability and ways to attune to the dynamism of natural systems that move beyond ideas of balance and control. The thesis is brought together through a collection of voices in stories and anecdotes, histories and science, gleaned across hemispheres and cultures. It comes alive particularly through direct engagement with people and fungi in their habitats. It is embedded in the sensorial as much as the philosophical; through sensing fungi and their places during my thousand days in the forest. Through a combination of text and visual essays working in counterpoint, I reflected on how aesthetic, sensate experience deepened by scientific knowledge offers a rich understanding of fungi, the forest and human interactions. At a time when Australia is shifting from a traditionally mycophobic position towards greater interest in fungi, new questions arise about their place in the living world. This thesis presents fungi as a catalyst to rethink environmental concepts and issues during a time of rapid change.
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Gordon, Andrew Ross. "People and Fish in Fiji: an ethnobiological study of a coral reef ecosystem." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1171.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alberta, 2010.
Title from pdf file main screen (viewed July 27, 2010). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Dept. of Anthropology". Includes bibliographical references.
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42

Mashile, Shalom Pabalelo. "The ethnobotanical investigation of the Mapulana of Ehlanzeni District Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1475.

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Abstract:
PhD (Botany)
Department of Botany
Ethnobotanical information still needs documentation as this will assist in the preservation of information for future generation. It becomes most important, particularly when considering the neglected ethnic subgroups. From fourteen villages in the Ehlanzeni district; elders, community adults and youth were selected by means of snow balling technique and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview them. Data was analysed by calculating the use value of selected plant species on common ailments. Hundred and forty-eight plants were observed as being utilized by Mapulana as food (fruits and African leafy vegetables), fuelwood, medicine and the making of utensils. The majority of the recorded plant species (54%) were native while 46% were naturalized. The majority of plants (37%) were utilized as medicine only, while food contributed only 19 percent usage, followed by medicine (13%), fuelwood (4%) and utensils (1%). A total of hundred and six plant species were identified as medicine treating 50 different ailments. Roots and leaves were the highly preferred plant and herb parts collected. The results showed that Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (use value of 0.86) was reported as being used in four different ways; seconded by Cucurbita maxima (use value of 0.58) with two different uses. Numerous medicinal uses were observed from Aloe zebrina (use value 0.38) and Aloe marlothii (use value 0.29). Ailments with Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) were gonorrhea (1.80), stomach cleansing (1.40), chicken and cow diseases (1.19), bad luck (0.88), flu (0.84), and diarrhea (0.80). There were, in addition, many ailments with low ICF known by the elders and few community adults proving that the elderly are custodians of indigenous knowledge. Twenty-six line transects of 100m x 10m in size were constructed in determining the population structure of Peltophorum africanum Sond. in Bolla-Tau village. A total of 256 individuals were recorded from the transects. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Product and Service solutions (SPSS) statistics version 25 and Microsoft Excel 2013 version. The population structure of P. africanum was found to be bell-shaped. Logarithmic analysis, along with generalized log analysis depicts, that there was significance difference between the plant height and stem circumference. Resprouts of P. africanum individuals were only 18% and a majority of individuals (82%) were harvested. The study revealed that 43.84% of P. africanum individuals had traces of crown damage, as compared to individuals with healthy crowns (35.9%). The rest of the individuals had either light or moderate crown-health status.
NRF
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43

Norton, Christian H. "Inuit Ethnobotany in the North American Subarctic and Arctic: Celebrating a Rich History and Expanding Research into New Areas Using Biocultural Diversity." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22249.

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44

Braga, Heitor de Oliveira. "Fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) in the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil and Portugal): The case study of the Brazilian sardine and the European pilchard." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/79848.

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Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, no ramo de Ecologia Marinha, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
In the face of the current non-linear and abrupt changes in ecosystems around the world, a systematic impact has arisen to the environmental dynamics of the coastal systems. At their essential intermediate trophic level in the marine system, sardines are recognized for being highly susceptible to the deregulation of their stocks when subjected to intensive exploitation. Given this, there are significant difficulties of management and participatory coastal management of the species of sardines in the Atlantic Ocean. In this way, local ecological knowledge (LEK) emerges as an auxiliary tool that seeks to extract specific information about an individual about the environment as well as to understand the attitudes of local individuals regarding a resource as a way to improve biodiversity conservation practices. Therefore, the present thesis sought to evaluate and share local ecological knowledge (LEK) and attitudes for the conservation of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) and Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) in two fishing villages (Peniche, District of Leiria, Portugal and Arraial do Cabo, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). This study was based on 221 semi-structured interviews conducted with fishermen from Peniche (N = 87) about European sardines, and with fishers from Arraial do Cabo (N = 134) about Brazilian sardine. The data extracted from the interviews were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed, and the LEK made available was compared with the literature following an emic-etic approach. Additives knowledge indicators and attitudes about sardines were created for comparison purposes. The classification adopted to evaluate the LEK, and the attitudes respected the premises of the three-point Likert scale. It was also sought to investigate possible correlations between LEK, attitudes and the profile of fishers from both communities. The statistical treatments performed were calculated using program R version 3.3.2. The profiles of the interviewees of the studied communities were investigated and measured succinctly. Informants shared detailed informal knowledge of the significant biological and ecological aspects of the clupeoids in question. Taboos and food aversions were present inexpressively and were not related to conservation measures. Fishers from both Atlantic communities presented moderate local ecological knowledge about sardines when compared to the biological data already published of this small pelagic species. Attitudes towards conservation of sardines were classified as positive in Peniche, while in the Brazilian community analyzed, they were moderate. In Peniche, attitudes showed to be a predictor of LEK, age and educational level of informants. Otherwise, in Arraial do Cabo the variables of the fisher´s profile (source of income, educational level, boat ownership, association with fishing colony and occupation) showed a correlation with LEK and with conservationist attitudes. Encouraging the continuation of regular educational training of informants and the inclusion of environmental education programs with the sharing of information on sardine conservation. This ethnobiological study reported comparable results with other studies examining LEK and local community attitudes about a natural resource, which reaffirms the importance of this socio-ecological tool for environmental management. Informal knowledge not compatible with the literature should not be discarded. This type of information can be further analysed and used in the formulation of testable hypotheses for future investigations of the species studied. The next step would be to include the LEK provided by the surveyed communities for analysis at meetings between all actors directly involved with the fishing resource. This procedure can collaborate and promote greater social inclusion of the less favored in the fisheries management decision-making in the Portuguese and Brazilian communities verified. A discussion with the participation of all the interested parties, without preconceived privileges to any of those involved, becomes of extreme importance because it enables reliability among the participants of these assemblies. This process, if well conducted, still can generate a better understanding of the predisposition of these communities to conserve the environmental resource. Also, this participatory management strategy may also provide an opportunity for local populations to acquire reliable and more scientific knowledge about this depleting fishing resource. Finally, a continuous exchange of information between ecologists and ethnobiologists is suggested on possible gaps in knowledge that may arise about fish stocks in both Atlantic systems.
Em virtude das actuais mudanças não-lineares e abruptas nos ecossistemas em todo o planeta, a dinâmica ambiental dos sistemas costeiros tem sido bastante modificada. Por ocuparem o nível trófico intermediário essencial no sistema marinho, as sardinhas são reconhecidas por serem altamente susceptíveis a grandes alterações dos seus efectivos populacionais quando submetidas à exploração intensiva. Diante de tal cenário, observam-se grandes dificuldades na gestão costeira (que se quer participativa) das espécies de sardinhas no oceano Atlântico. Desse modo, o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) surge como uma ferramenta auxiliar que busca extrair informações específicas de um indivíduo em relação ao meio ambiente como também compreender as atitudes de indivíduos locais no que tange a um recurso em particular, como forma de melhorar as práticas de conservação da biodiversidade. Por conseguinte, a presente tese tentou avaliar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL), bem como as atitudes para a conservação da sardinha europeia (Sardina pilchardus) e da sardinha brasileira (Sardinella brasiliensis) em duas aldeias piscatórias (Peniche, Distrito de Leiria, Portugal; e Arraial do Cabo, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). Este estudo baseou-se em 221 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas aleatoriamente com pescadores de Peniche (N = 87) acerca da sardinha europeia, e com pescadores de Arraial do Cabo (N = 134) sobre a sardinha brasileira. Os dados extraídos das entrevistas foram analisados de modo qualitativo e quantitativo e o CEL disponibilizado foi comparado com a literatura através da utilização das abordagens êmica e ética. Foram criados índices para medir o CEL e as atitudes dos pescadores em relação à conservação das espécies de sardinhas. A classificação adotada para avaliar o CEL e as atitudes respeitou as premissas da escala de três pontos de Likert. Por último, também foram investigadas as possíveis correlações entre CEL, atitudes e o perfil dos pescadores de ambas as comunidades. Os tratamentos estatísticos realizados foram calculados por meio do programa R versão 3.3.2. Os perfis dos entrevistados das comunidades estudadas foram investigados e analisados sucintamente. Os entrevistados compartilharam conhecimentos informais detalhados dos principais aspectos biológicos e ecológicos dos clupeóides em questão. Os tabus e aversões alimentares estiveram presentes de forma inexpressiva e não foram relacionados com medidas conservacionistas. Os pescadores de ambas as comunidades Atlânticas apresentaram um conhecimento ecológico local moderado acerca das sardinhas quando comparados aos dados biológicos já publicados dessas pequenas espécies pelágicas. Em Peniche, houve a correlação entre as atitudes e o CEL, a idade e o nível educacional dos informantes respectivamente. Por outro lado, em Arraial do Cabo as variáveis do perfil dos pescadores (fonte de renda, nível educacional, propriedade de embarcação, associação à colónia de pescadores e ocupação) mostraram correlação com o CEL e com as atitudes conservacionistas. O incentivo à continuação da formação educacional convencional dos informantes (pescadores) e a inserção de programas de educação ambiental acompanhados de informações acerca da conservação da sardinha nas aldeias de pescadores investigadas são essenciais para estabelecer e melhorar as atitudes conservacionistas. Este estudo etnobiológico reportou resultados comparáveis com outros estudos que investigam o LEK e atitudes de comunidades locais acerca de um determinado recurso natural, o que reafirma a importância desta ferramenta sócio-ecológica para a gestão ambiental. O conhecimento informal não compatível com a literatura não deve ser totalmente descartado. Esse tipo de informação pode ainda ser analisado minuciosamente e utilizado na formulação de hipóteses para futuras investigações acerca da espécie estudada. O próximo passo seria incluir o CEL fornecido pelas comunidades estudadas para análises em reuniões entre todos os atores envolvidos directamente com o recurso pesqueiro. Esse procedimento pode promover uma maior inclusão social dos menos favorecidos nas decisões relativas à gestão dos stocks pesqueiros nas comunidades portuguesa e brasileira. Uma discussão com a participação de todos os interessados, sem privilégios preconcebidos a nenhum dos envolvidos, torna- se de extrema importância pois aumenta a confiança entre todos os envolvidos. Este processo, se bem conduzido, ainda tem a capacidade de gerar um melhor entendimento da predisposição dessas comunidades em conservar o recurso ambiental. Além disso, esta estratégia de gestão participativa também pode proporcionar uma oportunidade das populações locais adquirirem conhecimentos mais científicos sobre esse recurso pesqueiro em questão. Por fim, sugere-se ainda uma contínua troca de informações entre ecólogos e etnobiólogos sobre as possíveis lacunas de informações que possam surgir relativamente aos stocks pesqueiros em ambos os sistemas Atlânticos.
Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Project ReNATURE - Valorization of the Natural Endogenous Resources of the Centro Region (Centro 2020, Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000007)
CAPES Foundation – Ministry of Education of Brazil for financial support (BEX: 8926/13-1)
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