Academic literature on the topic 'Ethnobiology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ethnobiology"
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Fackelmann, Kathy A. "Ethnobiology." Science News 143, no. 13 (March 27, 1993): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3977314.
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Hunn, Eugene. "Ethnobiology in Four Phases." Journal of Ethnobiology 27, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771_2007_27_1_eifp_2.0.co_2.
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I recognize four phases of ethnobiology: I, II, III, and IV. Ethnobiology I begins well before the formal naming of ethnobiology as a scholarly endeavor at the end of the 19th century. This initial phase has been widely characterized, albeit over simply, as essentially utilitarian. Ethnobiology II was elaborated in the cognitive/linguistic anthropology of the 1960s. Ethnobiology III integrates knowledge with practice, stressing the ecological consequences of knowledge applied to make a living. Ethnobiology IV emphasizes the rights of indigenous peoples to control their traditional knowledge. I elaborate this framework here and consider how these diverse perspectives might be integrated more effectively in the future.
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Wolverton, Steve. "Ethnobiology 5: Interdisciplinarity in an Era of Rapid Environmental Change." Ethnobiology Letters 4 (January 21, 2013): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.4.2013.11.
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Ethnobiology 5 stems from Eugene Hunn’s four phases of the history of ethnobiology and focuses on the relevance of ethnobiological research in the context of environmental and cultural change. It refers to a contemporary phase of the field’s historical development. In this paper, I argue that ethnobiology is preadapted to be a scholarly umbrella for a number of disciplines that concern human-environment interactions, suggesting that one goal of Ethnobiology 5 is to bridge traditional academic boundaries in order to broaden the community of ethnobiologists. Another goal of Ethnobiology 5 is to capitalize on and communicate the relevance of ethnobiological scholarship for solving problems related to contemporary environmental and cultural crises. Indeed, ethnobiology is not a subfield of any traditional discipline and by the nature of its name bridges humanities, social science, and science. Ethnobiology has always been interdisciplinary in terms of its subject matter, yet its community of scholars is relatively small compared to mission-driven disciplines, such as conservation biology. Venues for publication and presentation of ethnobiological research, as well as how ethnobiologists portray their research, are critical to growing ethnobiology.
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Clément, Daniel. "L'Ethnobiologie / Ethnobiology." Anthropologica 40, no. 1 (1998): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25605870.
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Flachs, Andrew, Elizabeth A. Olson, John M. Marston, and Andrew Gillreath-Brown. "Mentoring is an Intellectual Pillar of Ethnobiology." Ethnobiology Letters 10, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.10.1.2019.1656.
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Ethnobiology relies on community partnerships and relationships between elders or other knowledge keepers and students. Our Society of Ethnobiology, like all academic organizations, has its own issues with discrimination and abuses of power. But more than other academic disciplines, contemporary ethnobiology is practiced with and strengthened by close, respectful working relationships. As such, we offer our thoughts on the lessons ethnobiology brings to mentorship and accountability while outlining some of the specific steps we are taking as an academic and practicing community.
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Gonzalez-Rivadeneira, Tania Ivanova, Radamés Villagómez-Resendiz, and Alessio Barili. "The Current Status of Ethnobiology in Ecuador." Ethnobiology Letters 9, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.1174.
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This article gives an account of the current status of ethnobiology in Ecuador. Our goal is a generalized diagnosis of Latin America’s ethnobiological research production, which portrays Ecuadorian ethnobiology as practically non-existent. We perform an updated search of online databases, using a range of keywords, to show that elements of an ethnobiological research program are indeed present in Ecuadorian scholarship. While ethnobotany is the most developed sub-discipline of ethnobiology in Ecuador, there is also research on ethnomedicine, ethnozoology, and, to a lesser extent, ethnomycology. The development of these sub-disciplines promotes further ethnobiological scholarship in Ecuador. Beyond these sub-disciplines, ethnobiology is interwoven with contemporary anthropological accounts that emphasize the relationships between nature and culture and shine a light on the epistemic plurality of ethnobiology. If ethnobiology in Ecuador is distinguished by an epistemic plurality—understood through these different styles of reasoning—then it can be characterized without being confined to sub-disciplines with the ethno- prefix.
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Albuquerque, Ulysses Paulino de. "Editorial: Medical Ethnobiology." Open Complementary Medicine Journal 2, no. 2 (July 6, 2010): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876391x01002020020.
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Nagaoka, Lisa, and Steve Wolverton. "Archaeology as Ethnobiology." Journal of Ethnobiology 36, no. 3 (October 2016): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-36.3.473.
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Gallois, Sandrine, and Victoria Reyes-García. "Children and Ethnobiology." Journal of Ethnobiology 38, no. 2 (July 2018): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-38.2.155.
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Fernández-Llamazares, Álvaro, and Dana Lepofsky. "Ethnobiology through Song." Journal of Ethnobiology 39, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-39.3.337.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethnobiology"
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Gilmore, Michael Patrick. "An Ethnoecological and Ethnobotanical Study of the Maijuna Indians of the Peruvian Amazon." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1134591936.
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Stowe, C. J. (Christopher James), and n/a. "The ecology and ethnobotany of karaka (Corynocarpus Laevigatus)." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2003. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070504.114356.
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Historically there has been considerable debate over the origin of karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. et G. Forst.) In contrast, the extent and importance of pre-historic arboriculture in New Zealand has received little attention in the literature. This study reviews the ecology and ethnobotony of karaka and investigates its cultural and natural biogeography.
Maori migration traditions frequently state that karaka was introduced to New Zealand. However, molecular evidence and finds of fossil seeds of the late Oligocene age show that karaka is endemic to New Zealand. Therefore, Maori traditions probably relate to the translocation and cultivation of karaka within the New Zealand region, for which there is abundant anecdotal evidence. Karaka fruits were a valuable addition to the Maori diet and were likely to have functioned as a replacement for traditional Polynesian precedents and entailed a rigorous regime of steaming and soaking to rid the kernal of its toxic elements. There is data to suggest selection for fruit size and/or nutritional value in cultivated karaka populations.
A database of karaka distribution was compiled and populations classified as �cultural� or �unknown� on the basis of spatial association with archaeological sites. Groves classed as cultural were assumed to be cultivated or translocated by pre-historic Maori. Lack of effective seed dispersal by birds and the longevity of the trees, mean that the contemporary distribution of karaka provides a reasonable template for the extent of its prehistoric translocation and cultivation within New Zealand.
Karaka has a distinct cultural and natural biogeography. The greatest overlap between cultural and unknown trees occurred in the northern North Island while the majority of trees in the lower North Island, and all trees in the South Island were classed as cultural. Prior to the arrival of Polynesians in New Zealand, karaka was probably restricted in distribution to the Northland/Auckland region. Its natural range was then extended by human translocation and cultivation to the lower North Island, South Island, Kermadec Islands, Chatham Islands and many other in-shore islands off New Zealand.
Climate variables were fitted to the distribution data and discriminant analysis used to further test the classification of karaka into cultural and unknown populations. Significant differences were found in climatic parameters between groups. Cultural karaka were found in enviroments with greater solar radiation seasonality, higher evaporative demands and greater soil moisture deficits than unknown karaka. The climate profile of karaka is biased towards the same environmental correlates of pa and pit site locations, further indicating that karaka was a cultivated tree crop.
It is concluded that the importance and extent of karaka arboriculture, and probably that of other endemic tree species currently restricted to the northern North Island of cultural karaka is biased towards the same environmental correlates of pa and pit site locations, further indicating that karaka was a cultivated tree crop.
The extensive translocation of karaka by Maori means that it has the potential, with the application of molecular methods, to serve as a marker for prehistoric settlement and mobility. Preliminary work was begun on this aspect and a predictive model is presented of the possible relationships within and between populations of karaka.
It is concluded that the importance and extent of karaka arboriculture, and probably that of other endemic tree species, has previously been overlooked. This has implications for our view of certain plant communities as unmodified by humans, and provides an impetus to protect surface vegetation as an integral part of some prehistoric archaeological sites.
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Souza, Shirley Pacheco de. "Etnoecologia de cetaceos em comunidades de pescadores de São Sebastião, São Paulo." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315744.
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Orientador: Alpina BegossiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A Etnobiologia estuda as interações entre populações humanas e recursos naturais, enfocando a percepção e o conhecimento humano sobre os recursos naturais, a forma como estes são utilizados e as práticas de manejo desenvolvidas pelas sociedades. O conhecimento ecológico local (LEK, de 'local ecological knowlegde¿) tem sido muito útil na elaboração de sistemas de co-manejo envolvendo comunidades locais, instituições do governo e cientistas. Pesquisas sobre o conhecimento dos pescadores em relação à ecologia de baleias e golfinhos iniciaram-se no Brasil na década passada. Os principais objetivos deste estudo são registrar e avaliar o conhecimento dos pescadores de São Sebastião, litoral paulista, em relação à etnotaxonomia (classificação e nomenclatura) de cetáceos, bem como sobre a etnoecologia destes animais obtendo informações sobre áreas de ocorrência, habitat, sazonalidade, dieta, tamanho de grupo, reprodução, predadores e interações com a pesca. Os resultados demonstraram que os pescadores estudados percebem os cetáceos em função de sua saliência morfológica e cultural. As espécies mais reconhecidas e nomeadas por eles foram as de maior tamanho (Eubalaena australis, Tursiops truncatus), as acidentalmente capturadas em redes de espera (Pontoporia blainvillei, Sotalia guianensis) e as mais veiculadas em programas de televisão (Megaptera novaeangliae, Orcinus orca). Encontramos uma alta concordância entre o LEK dos pescadores estudados sobre a ecologia dos cetáceos, o conhecimento de pescadores de outras comunidades do sul e sudeste brasileiro, dados obtidos de pesquisas locais e da literatura científica. Isto demonstra que o conhecimento dos pescadores pode ser útil para a conservação dos cetáceos, especialmente das espécies pouco conhecidas, sugerindo novas linhas de pesquisa e apontando áreas críticas em relação à captura acidental destes animais. Além disto, os pescadores podem contribuir de forma valiosa na elaboração de estratégias alternativas em relação ao uso de redes de pesca, ao passo que sua participação em projetos e planos de manejo pode ser uma forma de valorização da cultura local
Abstract: Ethnobiology, a branch of Human Ecology, is the study of the interactions between human population and natural resources, concerning human perception, knowledge, resource uses and management. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been empirically built by several human societies and transmitted through generations, shaping their culture. LEK has been especially useful to design systems of co-management involving local people, government institutions and scientists. Surveys on fishers¿ knowledge about cetaceans¿ ecology are relatively scarce around the world and in Brazil they have begun in the last decade. The main objectives of this study are to record and to evaluate the knowledge of the fishers from São Sebastião, in relation to cetaceans¿ folk taxonomy and bio-ecological aspects, recording their information about classification, nomenclature, occurrence areas, habitat, seasonality, diet, group size, reproduction, predators and interactions with fisheries. Our results showed that fishers¿ perception about cetaceans was highly influenced by phenotypic and cultural salience of the whales and dolphins. The most recognized and cited species were those of greater size (Eubalaena australis, Tursiops truncatus), the most frequently caught ones (P. blainvillei and S. guianensis) and the most exposed by media (M. novaeangliae and O. orca). The high concordance among the LEK of the fishers from São Sebastião on cetaceans, the knowledge of fishers from other communities of southern and southeastern Brazil, data obtained by local researchers and from literature indicates that fishers¿ knowledge could contribute to cetacean¿s conservation, especially in relation to the less studied cetacean¿s species, pointing out new lines of investigation as well as determining fishing grounds where incidental capture of cetaceans are more critical in the studied areas and indicating possible changes in gillnets operations in order to reduce cetaceans catches. Besides, fishers¿ participation in such researches and co-management plans can be a way to revive and valorize their local culture
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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Nickels, Scot 1959. "Importance of experiential context for understanding indigenous ecological knowledge : the Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36667.
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One of the more recent and alluring phrases used by development and resource management practitioners and theorists is "traditional ecological knowledge." Although there is a substantial amount of the literature on this subject, these studies have unfortunately an inadequate characterization of the way in which indigenous people view, order, internalize, and manipulate environmental information. This deficiency indicates a need to (a) improve our understanding and use of indigenous knowledge as an instrument for sustainable development and resource management and (b) revise some of our present conceptual, theoretical, and methodological understandings.This dissertation examines these issues by investigating the ecological knowledge of the Barriere Lake Algonquins, living largely within Park La Verendrye in northwestern Quebec. The scope of this study concentrates on three aspects of this indigenous knowledge, namely, the (1) cyclicality within, the (2) utilization of, and the (3) terminology for the Algonquin forest environment. Theoretically, I draw to some extent on an approach taken from cognitive science called "connectionism" which helps integrate ecology and cognition. Within this theoretical framework I examine the experiences and understandings that different individuals and groups bring to common every-day situations involving environmental resources.
Three principles are put forward from the empirical findings of this thesis. First, indigenous knowledge formation is a contextual and experientially driven process rather than a static and timeless content. This process involves the natural-material and socio-cultural environment, expanding the typical cognitive unit of analysis beyond the individual person to include his or her entire natural and social surroundings. Second, this contextual and experientially driven process gives rise to heterogeneous, fluid, and contested knowledges. The knowledge-formation process goes beyond the mere generation and transmission of knowledge to how knowledge is articulated and used in particular everyday situations. Third, this process-approach has important implications which, if ignored, will prevent researchers from developing an adequate understanding and appreciation of the contextual nature of IK because the research will fail to consider the everyday experiences which become internalized, shared, and later put to use. The process-approach has important practical, theoretical, and methodological implications for IK and its use in development, resource management, and resource conservation.
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Sylvester, Olivia. "Forest Food Harvesting in the Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Territory, Costa Rica: Ethnoecology, Gender, and Resource Access." Journal of Ethnobiology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31155.
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Although forest foods are important for health and cultural continuity for millions of Indigenous people, information regarding how people use and access these foods is lacking. Using a qualitative methodology informed by Bribri teachings, this thesis examined the ethnoecology of food harvesting in the Talamanca Bribri Indigenous Territory, Costa Rica. This project illustrates how access to forest food requires: access to multiple land patches, unique landscaping practices, and fostering relationships with non- human beings. By examining wild food consumption by household and generation in one community (Bajo Coen), this research shows how: wild food harvesting is widespread, the majority of youth consume wild food, sharing is fundamental to access wild food, and people consume wild food for many reasons including identity and dietary variety. By examining gender across multiple harvesting stages, this study demonstrates that no single harvesting stage was exclusive to members of one gender and that mixed gender harvesting groups were common; these findings challenge generalizations that women and men engage in different harvesting tasks and highlight the importance of gendered collaboration. This thesis makes applied contributions to ethnobiology and forest management. By analyzing how protected area (PA) regulations shape access to forest food, this thesis highlights how PAs can have negative impacts on: health, nutrition, teaching youth, quality of life, cultural identity, and on the land; these findings are important because they show why Biosphere Reserves need to do more work to ensure their managers support people’s rights to access traditional food. To better understand the macro-level factors that shape food access beyond PAs, this thesis evaluates the political ecology of land access. Findings illustrate how Bribri people’s history of engagement in an inequitable market economy, in concert with discriminatory state policies of land reorganization and management, has created significant hurdles for some people to access forest resources and to grow their own food. This thesis has generated its findings using methods based on Bribri teachings; as such, it: 1) increases awareness of Indigenous methodologies in ethnobiology and 2) generates information about harvesting that accurately represents Bribri people and how they understand the worldMay 2016
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Hamade, Bariaa. "Structure et dynamique de la diversité génétique de l'amandier cultivé au Liban : facteurs biologiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG049/document.
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La diversité des espèces cultivées résulte d’une série d’évènements de domestication, de flux de gènes entre compartiments sauvages et cultivés, d’effets de la sélection adaptative naturelle et aussi de la sélection humaine et des dynamiques de diffusion à de larges échelles, souvent sur de longues périodes. L’impact de ces processus sur la diversité dépend non seulement de la biologie de l’espèce, mais elle est aussi fortement liée au contexte social et aux pratiques humaines. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de l’influence de l’Homme sur la dynamique de la diversité de l’amandier in situ. La démarche suivie fait appel à la génétique des populations et à l’anthropologie pour étudier la structuration de la diversité génétique de cette espèce fruitière pérenne allogame, cultivée au Liban. Cette étude comprend trois parties:Dans la première partie, nous avons cherché à comprendre les processus de diversification continue de l’amandier cultivée en se basant sur des évidences tirées de l'archéologie, de l'histoire et de la biologie évolutive de l’amandier dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. Nous avons utilisé une approche de génétique des populations avec de nombreux individus représentant chaque cultivar collecté auLiban. L'échantillonnage intensif de cultivars libanais a été comparé à un grand nombre d’arbres cultivés in situ provenant de différentes régions méditerranéennes. Les résultats nous ont permis de distinguer l’impact des différents périodes de diffusion sur la structure de la diversité génétique.La deuxième partie, a permis d’évaluer l’importance culturelle de l’amandier cultivé au Liban, et d’identifier sa diversité intra-spécifique telle qu’elle est perçue par les informateurs. Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité des connaissances des informateurs qui a mené à une taxonomie locale flexible. La flexibilité de la taxonomie locale est révélée par la présence de catégories englobantes et par la complexité du système de nomenclature.Dans la troisième partie, nous avons évalué l’effet du changement de pratiques de propagation sur la structuration et dynamique de la diversité génétique entre les variétés et à l’intérieur de chacune des deux variétés étudiées. Nos résultats montrent que le cultivar traditionnel, multiplié par semis, est structuré géographiquement. L’introduction du mode de propagation clonal par greffage a été adoptée graduellement. Au début, les agriculteurs ont maintenu une certaine diversité génétique par la multiplication sexuée occasionnelle du cultivar introduit. Par contre, l’introduction après l’adoption du greffage a réduit la diversité génétique intra-variétale dans les vergers récents.Cette thèse montre comment les connaissances et les décisions de l’Homme à différents échelles spatiales et temporelles influencent la structure et la dynamique de la diversité de cette espèceThe diversity of cultivated species results from a series of domestication events, gene flow between wild and cultivated compartments, effects of natural adaptive selection and also on human selection and diffusion dynamics at large scales, often over long periods. The impact of these processes on diversity depends not only on the biology of the species but is also strongly related to social context and human practices. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the influence of human on the dynamics of almond diversity in situ. The approach followed uses population genetics and anthropology to study the structuring of the genetic diversity of this allogamous perennial fruit species, grown in Lebanon. This study consists of three parts:In the first part, we sought to understand the processes of continuous diversification of cultivated almond trees based on evidence from archeology, history and evolutionary biology of almond trees in the Mediterranean Basin. We used a population genetics approach with many individuals representing each cultivar collected in Lebanon. Intensive sampling of Lebanese cultivars was compared to a large number of in situ grown trees from different Mediterranean regions. The results allowed us to distinguish the impact of different diffusion periods on the structure of genetic diversity.The second part assessed the cultural importance of the almond tree grown in Lebanon and identified its intraspecific diversity as perceived by the informants. Our results show heterogeneity of informants' knowledge that led to a flexible local taxonomy. The flexibility of local taxonomy is revealed by the presence of inclusive categories and the complexity of the nomenclature system.In the third part, we assessed the effect of the change in propagation practices on the structuration and dynamics of genetic diversity between two varieties and within each of the varieties studied.Our results show that the traditional cultivar, sexually propagated, is geographically structured. The introduction of clonal propagation mode by grafting was gradually adopted. At first, farmers maintained some genetic diversity through occasional sexual multiplication of the introduced cultivar. In contrast, introduction after grafting has reduced intra-varietal genetic diversity in recent orchards.This thesis shows how human knowledge and decisions at different spatial and temporal scales influence the structure and dynamics of the diversity of this species
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Clauzet, Mariana. "Etnoictiologia e uso de recursos naturais por pescadores artesanais costeiros no Brasil." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280139.
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Orientador: Alpina BegossiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um estudo de etnoictiologia de pescadores artesanais em Guaibim/BA, nordeste do Brasil e Bonete/SP e Mar Virado/SP, sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo geral foi analisar o sistema local de classificação popular de diferentes comunidades de pescadores artesanais verificando os critérios locais de classificação popular de peixes e investigar as regras locais de uso do espaço de pesca por diferentes pescadores na comunidade do Mar Virado/SP. Os dados etnoictiológicos foram coletados através de entrevistas com uso de questionários e o auxílio de fotos de 62 espécies de peixes de ocorrência nas diferentes regiões. Os pescadores identificaram as espécies de peixes com 316 nomes genéricos e 82 binomiais e formaram 21 agrupamentos de peixes ("folk families") com 95% de correspondência com as famílias de peixes da taxonomia científica. O sistema local de classificação é baseado no reconhecimento das semelhanças e diferenças dos caracteres morfológicos, aspectos ecológicos e em aspectos utilitários das espécies. O conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores demonstrado através dos critérios de classificação local é concordante com as informações biológicas disponíveis para as espécies de peixes. Na Enseada do Mar Virado existem regras locais respeitadas pelos pescadores para a prática da pesca com redes de espera, cerco flutuante e linhadas. O maior conflito na pesca local é sazonal, na disputa pelo espaço de pesca com pescadores comerciais na safra de camarão-branco (Litopenaeus schmitti) e tal conflito necessita da fiscalização dos órgãos ambientais competentes para ser solucionado. A elevada concordância entre as informações locais e as informações biológicas, assim como a existência de regras de uso dos recursos naturais pesqueiros explorados, evidencia que os pescadores locais conhecem os recursos que exploram e, portanto, podem ser incluídos em planos de manejo e comanejo local que fortaleçam suas respectivas regiões e também que possam ser extrapolados em escalas regional e nacional no litoral do Brasil e em outros países.
Abstract: This thesis refers to a study of ethnoichthyology of artisanal fishermen form Guaibim/BA, northeast, and Bonete and Mar Virado/SP, southeast of Brazil. The main objective was to analyze the folk system of classification of different artisanal fishing communities, verifying which criteria would be used to classify the fish species. A mapping of the fishing spots on the Mar Virado Bay was made to verify the division of the space between the artisanal fishermen and the local rules used in the fisheries. The ethnobiological data was collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and fish species pictures (photos). The fishermen identified 62 species of fish with 316 generic names and 82 binomial names; they had formed 21 fish clusters ("folk families") with 95% of correspondence with the scientific taxonomy. The folk classification system is based on the morphological characters, ecological and utilitarian aspects of the species. The local ecological knowledge agreed with the available scientific information for the species. The local rules on the Mar Virado Bay are respected by the fishermen. The biggest conflict there is a dispute for the space with commercial shrimp fisheries. The local community needs the intervention of the State for the resolution of this conflict. The agreement between the local information and the scientific information as well as the existence of rules for using the natural resources evidenced that the local fishermen's knowledge about the resources must be included in the plans for the regional and national fishery management on the Brazilian's coast.
Doutorado
Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação
Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade
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Haouane, Hicham. "Origines, domestication et diversification variétale chez l’olivier (Olea europaea L.) à l’ouest de la Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0044/document.
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Les oliviers cultivés et leurs parents sauvages (oléastres), représentent deux variétés botaniques de l'espèce Olea europaea, subsp. var. europaea et var. sylvestris, respectivement. Selon des études génétiques et archéobotaniques antérieures, l'existence de populations d'oléastres dans l'est et l'ouest du bassin méditerranéen remonte à avant le néolithique. La domestication de l'olivier aurait eu lieu au moins dans ces deux zones. Néanmoins, la lignée maternelle qui caractérise les oléastres de l'est de la Méditerranée est majoritaire au sein des variétés méditerranéennes. Une telle signature génétique est probablement le résultat de migrations humaines essentiellement d'est en ouest. En dépit de ces travaux, les origines et les processus de diversification à l'ouest de la méditerranée demeurent méconnus. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les origines et les processus de diversification chez l'olivier à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Deux hypothèses sont formulées: (i) une co-existence entre variétés sélectionnées localement et variétés introduites à partir de l'est de la Méditerranée et maintenues par clonage, (ii) une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par les populations locales à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Dans une première partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification par une analyse des pratiques paysannes à une échelle localisée et dans une zone d'extrême diffusion : le Maroc. Il s'agissait de comprendre comment les paysans traitent la diversité variétale dans un contexte fortement impacté par une seule et même variété, la ‘Picholine marocaine'. Sur la base d'enquêtes semi-dirigées menées auprès des paysans dans les agro-écosystèmes traditionnels et selon une approche d'ethnobiologie, nous avons mis en évidence l'importance des logiques de classifications locales (usage, origine, âge, conservation de l'huile, méthode de propagation…) dans le traitement, le maintien et la gestion de la diversité variétale. Nos résultats montrent la présence d'un système de dénomination basée sur des catégories englobantes où les types d'oliviers sont regroupés sous des noms génériques en fonction des critères socioculturels et techniques plutôt que sur des critères morphologiques. Nous avons montré que ces catégories sont définies par des contours permissifs permettant aux types d'oliviers d'être classées dans plusieurs catégories. Nous soutenons l'hypothèse que ce système de classification permet de maintenir la diversité et est une force motrice pour la diversification variétale dans ces agro-écosystèmes caractérisés par une faible diversité d'oliviers. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification variétale par une approche basée sur la phylogéographie à l'échelle de la Méditerranée. Les analyses génétiques des variétés méditerranéennes d'olivier basées sur l'utilisation des marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires et chloroplastiques selon une approche bayésienne montrent une structure génétique est-ouest. La plupart des variétés de l'ouest de la méditerranée ont une lignée maternelle de l'est mais un génome nucléaire proche du "pool" génétique de l'ouest de la Méditerranée, ce qui indique une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par le "pool" génétique ouest et suggère que la sélection des oliviers à partir du semis n'a pas cessé aux premières étapes de domestication. Nos analyses sur les pratiques paysannes montrant que l'oléastre issu de semis fait partie intégrante de l'agro-écosystème et fait l'objet de sélection et d'usage (greffage sur oléastre, utilisation de l'huile de l'oléastre), ce qui plaide en faveur de l'hypothèse de l'introgression. En adoptant l'approche ABC (Approximative Bayesianne Computation), nous montrons que le scénario basé sur l'introgression des oliviers de l'est par les oléastres de l'ouest est le plus probable avec une introgressionOlive cultivars and their wild relatives (also named oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea, respectively var. europaea and var. sylvestris. Archaeobotanical and genetic studies showed the occurrence of Oleasters populations in east and west Mediterranean areas before the Neolithic. The domestication of the olive tree has taken place at least in these two areas. However, the maternal lineage that characterizes the eastern Mediterranean oleasters predominates among Mediterranean olive varieties. Such genetic signature is probably the result of human migrations mainly from east to west. Nevertheless, the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean remain unknown. The objective of this thesis is to study the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean areas. Two assumptions are formulated: (i) a co-existence between locally selected and introduced olive varieties from the eastern Mediterranean and maintained by cloning, (ii) a selection from the eastern olive varieties and their introgression by local populations of the western Mediterranean pool. Firstly, we examined the process of olive diversification through analysis of farming practices on a localized scale and in an area of extreme diffusion, in Morocco. Our aim is to understand how farmers treat the olive varietal diversity in a highly impacted context by a single variety, the ‘Picholine marocaine'. Based on semi-structured surveys conducted with farmers in traditional agro-ecosystems and using an approach of ethnobiology, we highlighted the importance of local classification logic (use, origin, age, conservation oil, propagation methods ...) in the treatment, maintenance and management of the varietal diversity. Our results show the presence of a naming system based on inclusive categories which olives types are grouped under generic names based on cultural and technical criteria rather than morphological criteria. We have shown that these categories are defined by permissive contours allowing the olive types to be classified in several categories. We support the hypothesis that this classification system helps to maintain diversity and is a driving force for varietal diversification in these agro-ecosystems characterized by a low diversity of olive trees. Secondly, we examined the varietal olive diversification process by an approach based on a phylogeographic study at a Mediterranean scale. Genetic analyses of Mediterranean olive varieties based on the nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites markers and a Bayesian approach show an east-west genetic structure. Most of western olive varieties have a maternal lineage of the oleasters Mediterranean east, but a nuclear genome close to the gene pool of western Mediterranean, indicating a selection from the eastern forms that were introgressed by the western Mediterranean gene pool and suggests that selection from seedling has not ceased in the early stages of domestication. Our analyzes on the farmers' practices show that oleasters from seedling is an integral part of the agroecosystem and are subject to selection and use (grafting, use of oil oleasters), which argues in favor of the introgression hypothesis. By adopting the ABC approach (Approximate Computation Bayesianne), we show that the scenario based on the introgression of olive varieties of the east by the western oleasters is the most likely scenario. We enrich the knowledge about the domestication process in the western Mediterranean by crossing analysis of farmers' practices and phylogeographic study of olive trees in the Mediterranean basin. Results were discussed with respect to ex-situ versus in-situ conservation and with the questions raised by the evolution of plant diversity involving clonal and sexual propagation
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Silva, Nalba Lúcia Gomes da. "Zooterápicos utilizados em comunidades rurais do município de Sumé, semiárido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil e avaliação da atividade antibacteriana da gordura da jibóia Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758)." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1731.
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Londoño, Juan Manuel Rosso. "Insetos, meliponicultura e diversidade biocultural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-06022014-143213/.
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A tese apresenta os resultados de três estudos de caso que analisam os vínculos entre diversidade biológica e cultural, expressados nas relações (conhecimentos, usos, manejo) que estabelecem grupos humanos com as abelhas sem ferrão e outros insetos, em três contextos socioambientais diferentes: (1) as montanhas e vales da cordilheira dos Andes e as planícies do litoral Caribe na Colômbia; (2) as selvas do Noroeste Amazônico na bacia do Rio Negro, que conformam o limite entre a Colômbia e o Brasil; e (3) o semi-árido do Nordeste brasileiro, dominado pelo bioma Caatinga, no interior do estado de Rio Grande do Norte. No primeiro caso se apresenta o panorama da meliponicultura no país, mostrando espécies utilizadas, nomes locais, atores envolvidos, objetivos da atividade, produtos e seus usos, destacando a necessidade de prestar atenção à diversidade cultural associada às espécies de abelhas sem ferrão. O segundo caso apresenta aspectos do relacionamento entre as culturas indígenas Tukano Oriental do Vaupés com os artrópodes, mostrando a profundidade e detalhe do conhecimento tradicional e a importância que os insetos comestíveis tem na subsistência, e destacando que são um grupo de seres que não pode se desligar do resto de elementos do território e da cultura. No terceiro caso se explora o conflito socioambiental em torno à caça e comercialização de mel e ninhos de abelhas sem ferrão realizadas pelos meleiros; utilizando metodologias narrativas se analisam as suas práticas considerando aspectos históricos e socioculturais, discutindo os níveis de responsabilidade de outros atores envolvidos no conflito, e entendendo o meleiro e seu conhecimento como potenciais aliados na conservação. No marco intercultural e interdisciplinar, se exploram as dimensões resultantes do encontro entre sistemas de conhecimento diferentes (tradicional e local / científico e ocidental) que convidam a repensar as estratégias de intervenção dos projetos de desenvolvimento, assim como as premissas das práticas de pesquisa em contextos altamente diversos.The study focuses on the results of three case studies that explore the links between biological and cultural diversity, expressed in the relations (knowledge, uses, management) that human being establish with stingless bees and other insects, in three different social and environmental contexts: (1) the hills and valleys of the Andes mountain range, and the flatlands of the Caribbean coast in Colombia; (2) the Northwest Amazon rainforest in the Rio Negro basin, which shape the limits between Colombia and Brazil; and (3) the semi-arid at the Brazilian Northeast, in Rio Grande do Norte state, where the Caatinga biome prevails. The first case presents a landscape of the meliponiculture in Colombia, showing species used, local names, stakeholders, goals of the practice, products and their uses, highlighting the need of focusing on cultural diversity associated with stingless bees species. The second case presents different topics of relationship established between Eastern Tukano indigenous cultures from Vaupés region and some arthropods, showing the traditional knowledge deepness and detail about insects, the important role in subsistence of edible ones, and highlighting the fact that they are a group of beings that cannot be separated of the rest of the elements of territory and culture. The third case explores the socio-environmental conflict around the hunting and commercialization of stingless bees and their honey made by the meleiro (honey hunter); by the use of narrative methodologies, it is possible to analyze the meleiro\'s practices under an historical and sociocultural perspective, discussing the responsibilities of other stakeholders, and understand him and his knowledge as a potential allies in conservation. Under an intercultural and interdisciplinary frame, the study explores the results of the encounter between different knowledge systems (traditional-local / scientific-western) that invites to rethink about the strategies adopted by development projects, and premises of the research practices in highly diverse contexts.
Books on the topic "Ethnobiology"
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Anderson, E. N., D. Pearsall, E. Hunn, and N. Turner, eds. Ethnobiology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118015872.
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Ford, Richard I. (Richard Irving), ed. Ethnobiology. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
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Albuquerque, Ulysses Paulino, Patrícia Muniz De Medeiros, and Alejandro Casas, eds. Evolutionary Ethnobiology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19917-7.
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Albuquerque, Ulysses Paulino, and Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves, eds. Introduction to Ethnobiology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28155-1.
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Khojimatov, Olim K., Yusufjon Gafforov, and Rainer W. Bussmann, eds. Ethnobiology of Uzbekistan. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23031-8.
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Svanberg, Ingvar. Pioneers in European ethnobiology. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 2014.
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Rufus, Bellamy, and Expedition Advisory Centre (London, England)., eds. Ethnobiology in tropical forests. London: Expedition Advisory Centre, 1993.
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R, Stepp John, Wyndham Felice S, and Zarger Rebecca K, eds. Ethnobiology and biocultural diversity: Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Ethnobiology. [San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico]: International Society of Ethnobiology, 2002.
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Pasco, Juanita. The living world: Plants and animals of the Kwakw-ak-a'wakw. Alert Bay, B.C: U'mista Cultural Society, 1998.
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Michael, Blakeney, and Queen Mary and Westfield College (University of London). I.P. Unit., eds. Intellectual property aspects of ethnobiology. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ethnobiology"
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Stepp, John Richard. "Ethnoecology and Medicinal Plants of the Highland Maya: An Introduction." In Ethnobiology, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69315-6_1.
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Stepp, John Richard. "Environmental Context of the Highland Maya." In Ethnobiology, 11–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69315-6_2.
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Stepp, John Richard. "Medicinal Plants and Preferred Habitats." In Ethnobiology, 33–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69315-6_3.
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Stepp, John Richard. "The Most Important Medicinal Plants of the Highland Maya." In Ethnobiology, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69315-6_4.
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Stepp, John Richard. "But What About the Forest? Mature Forests and Highland Maya Medicinal Plants." In Ethnobiology, 79–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69315-6_5.
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Stepp, John Richard. "Medicinal Plants, Human Ecology and Biochemical Ecology." In Ethnobiology, 93–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69315-6_6.
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Stepp, John Richard. "Medicinal Plant Ethnoecology and Climate Change: Implications for Conservation, Health and the Environment." In Ethnobiology, 101–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69315-6_7.
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Anderson, E. N. "Ethnobiology: Overview of a Growing Field." In Ethnobiology, 1–14. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118015872.ch1.
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Adams, Karen R., and Susan J. Smith. "Reconstructing Past Life-Ways with Plants I: Subsistence and Other Daily Needs." In Ethnobiology, 149–71. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118015872.ch10.
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Pearsall, Deborah M., and Christine A. Hastorf. "Reconstructing Past Life-Ways with Plants II: Human-Environment and Human-Human Interactions." In Ethnobiology, 173–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118015872.ch11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ethnobiology"
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Vallejo, José Ramón, José Antonio González, Didac Santos-Fita, Paulina R. Lezama-Núñez, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo, Emilio Costillo, and Salvador Postigo-Mota. "ETHNOBIOLOGY AND SCIENCE EDUCATION: METHODOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES IN TEACHER TRAINING AT PRIMARY LEVEL." In 13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.2127.
Full textReports on the topic "Ethnobiology"
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Zenk, Henry. Contributions to Tualatin Ethnography: Subsistence and Ethnobiology. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2276.
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Iwu, Maurice M. The Associate Program on Ethnobiology, Socio-Economic Value Assessment and Community Based Conservation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407223.
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