Journal articles on the topic 'Ethnicity Japan'
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1
Howell, David L. "Ethnicity and Culture in Contemporary Japan." Journal of Contemporary History 31, no. 1 (January 1996): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002200949603100107.
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Sharma, C. L. "Ethnicity, National Integration, and Education in Japan." Education and Society 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7459/es/13.1.06.
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Sharma, C. L. "Ethnicity, national integration, and education in Japan." Journal of East and West Studies 25, no. 1 (April 1996): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265089608422856.
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La Ode, M. Dahrin, Adnan Madjid, and Ridwan Ridwan. "Ethnicity Political Power in East Asia." Jurnal Pertahanan 2, no. 3 (December 29, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v2i3.96.
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The purpose of this study to analyze the strategy of the political power of ethnicity, political objectives ethnicity, and the US response to the political power of ethnicity East Asia (Japan, South Korea and China). This type of qualitative research, data collection techniques interviews, and literature, and data using the analytical techniques and models Miles Hubberman. The findings of this study the map of the political power of ethnicity in East Asia they are all on the Natives. Japan's defense system was originally “Self Defense” to “Collective Self Defence”, South Korea's defense system shifts from “Defense Ambrella” into the system “Extended Nuclear Deterrence”; China shifted from “Continental Defense” to “Opensive Defense”. Political objectives etnisistas East Asia (Japan, South Korea and China) to realize “Bonum Publicum”. US response to the political power of ethnicity in East Asia are routed through the strength of the economic, political, military and East Asia (Japan, South Korea and China), using a system of “persuading, the protection system and pressing system. However, in the light of “persuasion”, “protection” and “pressure” varies between countries. Map of the political power of ethnicity in East Asia “base on power” Yamato indigenous groups, Hangukin, and Chung Hua.
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STRAUSZ, MICHAEL. "Japanese Conservatism and the Integration of Foreign Residents." Japanese Journal of Political Science 11, no. 2 (July 2, 2010): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109910000034.
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AbstractGranting foreign permanent residents the right to vote in local elections in Japan was one of the Clean Government Party (CGP)'s major policy priorities during its 11 years governing in coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). While the CGP proposed several bills that would have done this, none of those bills came close to passing. Why not? Conventional wisdom about Japanese conservatism suggests that the LDP would not support such a bill because the party is uniformly committed to the idea that Japan is a one-ethnicity country, and thus the party is hostile to proposals that would grant those without Japanese ethnicity a role in Japanese society. However, I argue that Japanese conservatives in general, and LDP politicians in particular, have major disagreements about the appropriate role of foreign residents in Japanese society. Moreover, I argue that LDP politicians did not support the CGP's proposal to grant foreign permanent residents the right to vote in local elections in Japan because this proposal did not appeal to politicians from either of the dominant conservative schools of thought about foreign residents in Japan.
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Doak, Kevin M. "Building National Identity through Ethnicity: Ethnology in Wartime Japan and After." Journal of Japanese Studies 27, no. 1 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3591935.
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MIZUKAM, Tetsuo. "A RISE AND PROGRESSION OF MIGRATION AND ETHNICITY STUDIES IN JAPAN’S SOCIOLOGY." Monitoring of public opinion economic&social changes, no. 5 (November 10, 2018): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2018.5.14.
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This paper aims to provide an overview of migration and ethnic studies in Japan’s sociology and gives primary attention to some well-known sociological works. A dramatic change to the way ethnicity and related matters are understood in Japan occurred in the mid-1980s due to a significant increase in the arrival of foreigners to the country. This encouraged the field of migration and ethnicity studies, and such research has flourished ever since. In what can be described as a ‘new dawn’ for this specific field of studies, there have recently been various examples of the ethnographic documentation of fieldwork conducted in Japan’s ethnic communities. Prior to these more recent developments, the primary focus of migration and ethnicity studies was in the social lives of many Korean residents in Japan throughout their successive generations. However, the development of the study to focus upon ‘newcomers’ as newly arrived foreigners, has in turn brought about a sustained re-focusing upon the ‘old-comers.’ Now issues of migrant-intake have become public concerns, and the Japanese government’s policies have recently become more open than those in previous periods.
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Tai, Eika. "Korean activism and ethnicity in the changing ethnic landscape of urban Japan." Asian Studies Review 30, no. 1 (March 2006): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357820500537047.
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SHARPE, MICHAEL ORLANDO. "What Does Blood Membership Mean in Political Terms?: The Political Incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese Descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004." Japanese Journal of Political Science 12, no. 1 (February 21, 2011): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109910000253.
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AbstractThis attempts to explain the limited political incorporation of Latin American Nikkeijin (Japanese descendants) (LAN) in Japan 1990–2004. A 1990 reform provides Nikkeijin a renewable visa that has enabled some 300,000 LAN to emigrate to Japan on the basis of Japanese blood descent or ethnicity.1Long-term marginalized minority groups, such as Zainichi Koreans and Chinese,2are comparatively better incorporated in Japan's political system and their demands increasingly recognized as more legitimate. I argue Japan's changing ethnic citizenship regime, political opportunity structure, and structure of civil society combined with LAN language difficulties, newness of residence, small size, low minority status, and powerful myth of return limits their immigrant political incorporation in Japan.
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Voegeli, Rainer, Rotraut Schoop, Elodie Prestat-Marquis, Anthony V. Rawlings, Todd K. Shackelford, and Bernhard Fink. "Cross-cultural perception of female facial appearance: A multi-ethnic and multi-centre study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0245998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245998.
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Humans extract and use information from the face in assessments of physical appearance. Previous research indicates high agreement about facial attractiveness within and between cultures. However, the use of a narrow age range for facial stimuli, limitations due to unidirectional cross-cultural comparisons, and technical challenges have prevented definitive conclusions about the universality of face perception. In the present study, we imaged the faces of women aged 20 to 69 years in five locations (China, France, India, Japan, and South Africa) and secured age, attractiveness, and health assessments on continuous scales (0–100) from female and male raters (20–66 years) within and across ethnicity. In total, 180 images (36 of each ethnicity) were assessed by 600 raters (120 of each ethnicity), recruited in study centres in the five locations. Linear mixed model analysis revealed main and interaction effects of assessor ethnicity, assessor gender, and photographed participant (“face”) ethnicity on age, attractiveness, and health assessments. Thus, differences in judgments of female facial appearance depend on the ethnicity of the photographed person, the ethnicity of the assessor, and whether the assessor is female or male. Facial age assessments correlated negatively with attractiveness and health assessments. Collectively, these findings provide evidence of cross-cultural variation in assessments of age, and even more of attractiveness, and health, indicating plasticity in perception of female facial appearance across cultures, although the decline in attractiveness and health assessments with age is universally found.
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Bulag, Uradyn E. "Editorial Introduction." Inner Asia 9, no. 1 (2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481707793646647.
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AbstractThe articles in this issue of Inner Asia are predominantly concerned with nationalism and ethnicity, ranging from inventions of national symbols and historical memory, to efforts for reconciliation. There are exciting articles that connect Mongolia and the Mongols with China, Japan, Russia and Tibet, thus demonstrating Inner Asia as an interlinked field of dynamics.
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Barkley, Katharina. "The Impact of CEO Ethnicity and Language Choice on Crisis Communication in Japan." International Journal of Business Communication 57, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 244–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488419882984.
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Spokesperson ethnicity research has shown that organizations can benefit from matching spokespersons to their target audiences. However, one facet of Japanese crisis communication can make this approach difficult for foreign organizations facing crises in Japan. The Japanese tendency to focus on collective-level causality and place blame with leaders through proxy logic, frequently forces CEOs into the role of crisis spokesperson. The current study utilized an experimental design to examine the effect of CEO ethnicity and language choice on how culturally matched and unmatched crisis responses were evaluated by a Japanese audience. Specifically, participants’ perceptions of ideological similarity, spokesperson credibility, and organizational reputation were compared between the Japanese CEO baseline and a Caucasian CEO speaking either in English or Japanese. The study found that the foreign CEO condition was evaluated more favorably across all measures independent of response match but found variations in the impact of choosing to forgo a translator in favor of delivering the response in Japanese.
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Hill, Elizabeth A., Hiroyuki Sawatari, Mari K. Nishizaka, Donna M. Fairley, Akiko Chishaki, Kouta Funakoshi, Renata L. Riha, and Shin-ichi Ando. "A Cross-Sectional Comparison of the Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms in Adults With Down Syndrome in Scotland and Japan." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 125, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-125.4.260.
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Abstract Small studies in Western populations report a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults with Down syndrome. To date, ethnic differences have not been explored. A questionnaire sent to 2,752 adults with Down syndrome aged ≥16 years in Scotland and Japan (789 valid responses) estimated OSA prevalence based on reported symptoms. Symptoms were common in both countries, with snoring (p = 0.001) and arousals (p = 0.04) more prevalent in Japan. Estimated OSA prevalence in adults with Down syndrome was similar in the two countries, and raised in comparison with the general adult population (19.6% in Scotland and 14.3% in Japan; p = 0.08), though BMI was a confounder. Identification and treatment of OSA is recommended in adults with Down syndrome, regardless of ethnicity.
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Masumoto, Nami, Keisuke Watanabe, Nobuyuki Horita, Yu Hara, Nobuaki Kobayashi, and Takeshi Kaneko. "Elderly sarcoidosis in Japan." Journal of International Medical Research 50, no. 12 (December 2022): 030006052211427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605221142705.
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Objective The manifestations of sarcoidosis differ by ethnicity and region. However, the few studies that have focused on elderly sarcoidosis are only from Western countries. Therefore, we investigated elderly sarcoidosis in Japan. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of adult patients (≥18 years old) who were diagnosed with sarcoidosis from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2020. The diagnosis was pathologically confirmed in all patients. We compared the clinical features of elderly (diagnosed at ≥65 years old) and non-elderly (diagnosed at <65 years old) patients. Results Thirty-five (33%) of 106 patients were elderly. The elderly group had significantly more comorbidities than the non-elderly group (median [range], 1 [0–4] vs. 0 [0–5]). The biopsy site at diagnosis included significantly more extrathoracic sites in the elderly than non-elderly group (57.1% vs. 33.8%). The elderly group had significantly more muscle lesions than the non-elderly group at the time of diagnosis (11.4% vs. 1.4%) and at any time during follow-up (17.1% vs. 1.4%). Conclusion In Japan, elderly patients with sarcoidosis might have more muscle involvement and comorbidities than younger patients. Because comorbidities might affect the prognosis of elderly sarcoidosis, further study is needed to clarify the effect of comorbidities on elderly sarcoidosis.
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Ogaya, Chiho. "Intergenerational Exploitation of Filipino Women and Their Japanese Filipino Children: “Born out of place” Babies as New Cheap Labor in Japan." Critical Sociology 47, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920520935626.
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This paper focuses on the Japanese Filipino children as “born out of place” babies of migrant Filipino mothers and recent young migrant workers in Japan’s labor market. I present the unique position of Japanese Filipino children and their Filipino mothers as an example of intergenerational exploitation of migrants in Japanese society. The existence of Japanese Filipino children mirrors intersectional discrimination in Japanese society; they were born as a consequence of the inequality based on gender and ethnicity between the Philippines and Japan, then they were ignored by the Japanese state as “illegitimate” children, and now they their Filipino mothers have begun to be exploited as “unskilled labor” in Japan.
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Refsing, Kirsten, and Katarina Sjoberg. "The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilization and the Practice of Ethnicity in Japan." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1, no. 2 (June 1995): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034749.
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Taylor, Veronica L. "Internationalisation that sticks to the rules: Nationality, gender, ethnicity and the law in Japan." Japanese Studies 14, no. 1 (May 1994): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399408727570.
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Castro-Vázquez, Genaro. "Jumping out of enclosures: Ethnicity, gender, education and language among Latin Americans in Japan." Ethnicities 11, no. 2 (June 2011): 218–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796811398835.
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Gromkowska-Melosik, Agnieszka. "Kontrowersje wokół kulturowych (re)adaptacji języka angielskiego – przykład Japonii." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 43 (March 15, 2017): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2017.43.1.
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The article is aimed at reconstructing the selected problems of English language adaptation in Japanese society. The author is convinced that there is a whole range of phenomena and paradoxes in Japan that fit perfectly the dilemma of cultural and national controversies around the English as a global language and around the concept of cultural imperialism. The main tension is connected with the fact that such societies as Japan want to keep their own mono-ethnicity and it is obvious that one of the most important components of it is native language treated as a form of embodiment of Japanese values and traditions. So, English is a threat to monolith of Japanese nation. On the other hand Japanese are aware that English helps their nation to rise the chance in global competition in global markets as well as it connects Japan to the world culture.
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VISOČNIK, Nataša. "The Role of Religion in the Life of Zainichi Koreans in Japan." Asian Studies 4, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2016.4.1.229-243.
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Among the many elements that define people’s identity is ethnicity, which refers mainly to a person’s or a group’s sociocultural heritage, based on characteristics such as common or shared national origin, language, religion, dietary preferences, dress and manners, and other traits that denote a common ancestry. Religious identity, especially if shared, can influence one’s socioeconomic adjustment within an ethnic boundary that promotes ethnic identity, and religious faith can be a source of ethnic and even inter-ethnic solidarity. Korean immigrants in Japan established numerous mutual aid organizations, religious institutions, and self-governing bodies that aimed to promote the welfare of Korean communities, and thus work to establish the Korean identity in Japan. The religious practice of Japan’s Korean minority represents Confucianism, Christianity, shamanism, and Buddhism, or even a combination of two or more of them. This paper asks whether religion worked as a strong homogenising and distinguishing factor in the case of Korean minority and how did this role change through the generations of Koreans in Japan?
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Takata, Yumie, Gertraud Maskarinec, Adrian Franke, Chisato Nagata, and Hiroyuki Shimizu. "A comparison of dietary habits among women in Japan and Hawaii." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003531.
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AbstractObjective:To compare the dietary habits of Japanese women in Japan with those of Japanese and Caucasian women living in Hawaii.Design:Data from two previous cross-sectional studies conducted within two years in Hawaii and Gifu, Japan were pooled and analysed. Dietary intakes were assessed with validated food-frequency questionnaires and urine samples were collected for isoflavone measurement.Setting:Participants were recruited through mammography clinics in both locations.Subjects:In Hawaii, 164 Caucasian and 146 Japanese women; in Japan, 206 women.Results:Dietary habits differed considerably by ethnicity and location. In comparison to the Caucasian diet, the diet in Japan was relatively low in fat and high in carbohydrates and protein, whereas the Japanese women in Hawaii reported intermediate intakes. Japanese women in Gifu consumed a diet that was relatively high in fish, soy, eggs and vegetables, and low in fruits, dairy products and meat. In contrast, the Caucasian women consumed the most dairy products and fruits and the Japanese women in Hawaii reported the highest grain and meat intakes.Conclusions:The diet of Japanese women in Hawaii appeared to be a combination of foods eaten in Japan and the dietary habits of Caucasian women in Hawaii, but eating habits in Japan are also different from traditional nutritional patterns. This study illustrates several problems related to dietary comparisons across populations and provides information for future investigations on chronic disease risk.
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Sakamoto, Noriyuki, Rodger G. Martin, Hiroaki Kumano, Tomifusa Kuboki, and Samir Al-Adawi. "Hikikomori, is it a Culture-Reactive or Culture-Bound Syndrome? Nidotherapy and a Clinical Vignette from Oman." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 35, no. 2 (June 2005): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7weq-216d-tvnh-pqj1.
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Hikikomori, a form of acute social withdrawal, is becoming a silent epidemic in Japan. As it has not been reported from other parts of the world, hikikomori fulfills the criteria for “a culture-bound syndrome.” We report a case from Oman, in the southern part of Arabia, with all the essential features of hikikomori. We speculate that the social environment of Japanese and Omani society could reinforce behavior akin to hikikomori although this condition may also transcend geography and ethnicity.
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Min, Pyong Gap. "A Comparison of the Korean Minorities in China and Japan." International Migration Review 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600101.
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Approximately 1.8 million Koreans are settled in China and some 700,000 Koreans are located in Japan. The Korean minorities in two neighboring Asian countries make an interesting contrast in adjustment and ethnicity. Whereas the Koreans in China have maintained high levels of ethnic autonomy and positive ethnic identity, the Korean Japanese have lost much of their cultural repertoire and have suffered from negative ethnic identity. This paper provides a comparative analysis, explaining why the Koreans in two countries have made the different adjustments. It focuses on the basic differences in minority policy between China and Japan, the difference in the context of migration, the existence or absence of a territorial base, and the differential levels of influence from Korea. This comparative analysis is theoretically valuable because it has demonstrated that the physical and cultural differences between the majority group and a minority group are not necessary conditions for prejudice and discrimination against the minority group.
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Asthu, Agita Arrasy, and William Kalua Putra. "Demographical Analysis and Cultural Characteristic to Attract Japanese Tourists to Indonesia." Binus Business Review 12, no. 3 (October 6, 2021): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v12i3.6789.
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Japan is one of the biggest international tourist contributors to Indonesia. However, in recent years, there is a negative growth. It is caused by the demographical change of the Japanese population and outbound. Hence, research about the cultural ethnicity and social conditions affecting international travelers' behavior in tourism activities is needed. The research focused on the segmentation and strategies to attract foreign tourist which Indonesia would carry. The applied research method was a qualitative descriptive approach that utilized secondary data, such as demographical data and cultural characteristics. Data were taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia, World Bank, and Statistics Bureau of Japan. Then, those data were analyzed by a descriptive statistics method. The result intends to formulate a strategy to seek more potential tourist growth from a Japanese market. The result shows four strategic efforts that Indonesia can take to maximize the potential for the arrival of foreign tourists from Japan. The government can consider the increased number of “silver age” and adult female workers (Joshitabi), which dominate the travelers’ segment to Indonesia, and pay attention to air connectivity and unique cultural characteristic of Japan.
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Shiomura, Kimihiro. "The relationship between ethnicity images and the expectations to cultural exchange toward neighboring countries of Japan." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 79 (September 22, 2015): 3AM—027–3AM—027. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.79.0_3am-027.
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OTAKE, EMIKO. "The Return of the Ainu: Cultural mobilization and the practice of ethnicity in Japan . KATARINA SJÖBERG." American Ethnologist 23, no. 1 (February 1996): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1996.23.1.02a00780.
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Heissig, Beate, Yousef Salama, Roman Iakoubov, Joerg Janne Vehreschild, Ricardo Rios, Tatiane Nogueira, Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild, et al. "COVID-19 Severity and Thrombo-Inflammatory Response Linked to Ethnicity." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102549.
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Although there is strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with adverse outcomes in certain ethnic groups, the association of disease severity and risk factors such as comorbidities and biomarkers with racial disparities remains undefined. This retrospective study between March 2020 and February 2021 explores COVID-19 risk factors as predictors for patients’ disease progression through country comparison. Disease severity predictors in Germany and Japan were cardiovascular-associated comorbidities, dementia, and age. We adjusted age, sex, body mass index, and history of cardiovascular disease comorbidity in the country cohorts using a propensity score matching (PSM) technique to reduce the influence of differences in sample size and the surprisingly young, lean Japanese cohort. Analysis of the 170 PSM pairs confirmed that 65.29% of German and 85.29% of Japanese patients were in the uncomplicated phase. More German than Japanese patients were admitted in the complicated and critical phase. Ethnic differences were identified in patients without cardiovascular comorbidities. Japanese patients in the uncomplicated phase presented a suppressed inflammatory response and coagulopathy with hypocoagulation. In contrast, German patients exhibited a hyperactive inflammatory response and coagulopathy with hypercoagulation. These differences were less pronounced in patients in the complicated phase or with cardiovascular diseases. Coagulation/fibrinolysis-associated biomarkers rather than inflammatory-related biomarkers predicted disease severity in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities: platelet counts were associated with severe illness in German patients. In contrast, high D-dimer and fibrinogen levels predicted disease severity in Japanese patients. Our comparative study indicates that ethnicity influences COVID-19-associated biomarker expression linked to the inflammatory and coagulation (thrombo-inflammatory) response. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether these differences contributed to the less severe disease progression observed in Japanese COVID-19 patients compared with those in Germany.
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Tarakanov, I. O. "On the state of multilingualism and polyglottery in Japan." Linguistics & Polyglot Studies 8, no. 3 (October 2, 2022): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2022-3-32-58-69.
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In the research done for this article, the matter of multilingualism and polyglottery in modern Japan was addressed and the relationship between these phenomena and how they affect one another is discussed. Before discussing the matter of polyglots in Japan, it was felt to be useful to first examine what or what not a polyglot might be and how that term might differ from the word “multilingual” in the context of Japan, as we can assume that, even if the two terms cover much of the same semantic territory for a Japanese, they are not, as now generally understood, completely alike nor should the terms be considered interchangeable with one another. This matter is addressed in the section on vocabulary definitions. The second section, on factors of language relation, typology and culture, in which Japanese views on language and polyglottery are addressed, deals with the obstacles to becoming a polyglot that Japanese are often facing. It is proposed that the most important obstacle to achieving polyglottery by Japanese is imposed by time; and, for this reason, an overview of the approximate necessary timeframe to learn different languages for an elite cohort of American State Department educated individuals is provided. From this, guesstimates of what would be expected of a similar Japanese cohort in a Japanese context are given. The language policy and language education of Japan are also addressed. In connection with this, a short discussion is made as to why this might also contribute to the scarcity of polyglots in Japan, though it is also maintained that a scarcity of polyglots among people of Japanese ethnicity living in Japan does not necessarily mean that there is an equal level of scarcity of multilinguals, who, if they had learned their languages in different circumstances with more self-awareness, would be considered as polyglots.
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Kang, Tae-Woong. "Are Japanese Blood Different?: A Study on the Blood Type and Ethnicity of Takeji Furukawa." Korean Association For Japanese History 59 (December 31, 2022): 257–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24939/kjh.2022.12.59.257.
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The blood type discovered in 1901 was used as a sign of racial characteristics, as it was found that it had hereditary in 1910. In conjunction with eugenics, there was a tendency to perceive that the difference between Westerners‘ blood type characteristics was a criterion for determining superiority and inferiority, leading to research that divided Japanese and their neighbors. This paper examined the ‘scientific’ movement to define the Japanese through blood type as well as the popularity of eugenics discourse in Japan since the late 1920s. Tanemoto Furuhata, a researcher who represented Japanese blood type studies before and after the war, surveyed 300,000 people and measured the results with the biochemical race index made in Germany. Furuhata used the results to emphasize the differences between the surrounding peoples, ignoring the big differences from the West, and argued that the Japanese blood was “different” from the neighbours.
On the other hand, based on the biochemical race index and the research results of Tanemoto Furuhata, Takeji Furukawa created blood type and personality discourse, while at the same time creating an argument that blood type and personality discourse could measure temperament in a group, that was, an ethnic unit. This paper found that his blood type and personality discourse was closely related to blood type and racist discourse, and that personality discourse was also used as a mechanism to overcome Japanese enthusiasm in racist discourse and discriminate Japanese from other ethnic groups. Takeji Furukawa's blood type and personality discourse had been criticized by academia, but on the contrary, it had received enthusiastic support from the public. It can also be seen that academia in Japan before the war also continued to study blood types with such personality discourse in mind.
Although Tanemoto Furuhata and Takeji Furukawa had different specialties in forensic science on one side and psychology and pedagogy on the other, the two continued to have something in common in terms of trying to find the characteristics of the Japanese people through blood types. The two used common statistical data, and this paper found that they were similar in the direction of trying to reveal the existence of a unique blood type for Japanese based on a nationalistic perspective in analyzing the data.
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Tai, Eika. "Japanese Immigration Policy at a Turning Point." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 18, no. 3 (September 2009): 315–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680901800301.
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This article looks into how the Japanese government has recently been changing policies and discourses on immigration. I begin by sketching the historical background of immigration policy. Then, I discuss policies, proposals and reports made in the 2000s, paying close attention to documents produced after 2005. Since then, the Japanese government, confronting the domestic problem of demographic change and the global competition for human resources, has become seriously concerned about the integration of foreign residents and has also come to engage with the question of how to expand the admission of foreign workers. In discussing this change, I am particularly interested in shedding light on how the idea of multiculturalism has been applied to the context of Japan, as this idea presents a challenge to the dominant discourse of mono-ethnicity in postwar Japan. Japanese immigration policy is at a turning point not only in the sense that it has become more inclusive but also in the sense that it has come to present a view of Japan as multicultural. Though there is resistance against the inclusion of foreigners and the idea of multiculturalism, relatively moderate approaches taken by those favoring multiculturalism may be effective in curtailing resistance and bringing about actual changes.
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Hof, Helena, and Yen-Fen Tseng. "When “global talents” struggle to become local workers: The new face of skilled migration to corporate Japan." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 29, no. 4 (December 2020): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196820984088.
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Although more Japanese companies are recruiting foreign employees, few studies have paid attention to foreign workers’ struggles in the workplace and their perceptions of their career over the long term. This study qualitatively explores the experiences of Asian and European locally hired white-collar employees in Japanese firms. It finds that although their numbers are rising, foreigners struggle with Japanese firms’ expectations for foreigners to assimilate regardless of nationality or ethnicity. Overall, firms focus on the assimilation of foreign employees. Thus, while the migrants are hired as “global talents,” Japanese firms expect them to act like local workers.
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Molloy, Molly. "Book Review: Modern Mexico." Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.1.6855.
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Modern Mexico is the latest volume in the ABC-CLIO Understanding Modern Nations series, which aims to provide concise topical reference sources in a thematic encyclopedia format focusing on representative countries of world regions. Recent volumes in the series cover China and Spain, with forthcoming volumes planned for Japan and Russia. Each volume includes thematic chapters on Geography, History, Government, Economy, Religion, Social Classes and Ethnicity, Gender, Education, Language, Art, Music, Food, and other cultural subjects. In addition to the thematic coverage in these areas, series volumes include “A Day in the Life” of typical people in the country and appendices covering terminology, economic and social data, and a reference bibliography.
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Nakamura, Janice. "Language regrets: mixed-ethnic children’s lost opportunity for minority language acquisition in Japan." Multilingua 39, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2019-0040.
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AbstractMixed-ethnic children in Japan do not usually acquire the language of their non-Japanese parent. This study looks at their lost opportunity to acquire their minority parent’s language through a retrospective investigation of their language experiences from childhood to young adulthood. Transcripts of interviews with ten mixed-ethnic children (ages 18 to 23) were analyzed based on the constructive grounded theory approach (Charmaz 2014Constructing grounded theory, 2nd edn. London: Sage). Analysis of codes which emerged from the interviews revealed that family relations, parents’ reluctance to speak the minority language and the prioritization of English were some of the factors perceived by the mixed-ethnic children to have contributed to the non-transmission of the minority language. Many of the children described their lost opportunity to acquire the minority language as regretful. Questions posed by Japanese people about their identity and language reminded some participants of their mixed-ethnicity and inability to speak the minority language. These findings suggest that the non-transmission of the minority language has long-term implications on the social and emotional well-being of mixed-ethnic children in Japan.
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Ramcharitar-Bourne, Anisa, Selby Nichols, and Neela Badrie. "Correlates of adiposity in a Caribbean pre-school population." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 8 (July 18, 2013): 1796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001900.
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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate ethnic and anthropometric correlates of adiposity among a nationally representative, multi-ethnic, Trinidadian pre-school population.DesignCross-sectional study conducted between June 2008 and July 2009.SettingGovernment and privately owned Early Childhood Care and Education Centres in Trinidad.SubjectsA total of 596 pre-school children (aged 31–73 months) from thirty-four schools had their weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, biceps and triceps skinfold thicknesses measured by a registered dietitian using standard procedures. Percentage body fat was estimated using a foot-to-foot bioelectric impedance analyser (Tanita 531, Tokyo, Japan). Date of birth, religion and ethnicity were extracted from school records and pre-schoolers’ ethnicity was categorized as East Indian, African, Mixed (a combination of two or more ethnicities), Chinese or Caucasian.ResultsAnthropometric variables explained significantly more of the variance in adiposity among girls (67·4–88·1 %) than boys (24·4–39·2 %;P< 0·0 0 1). Pre-schoolers of African descent were significantly taller, heavier and had higher abdominal fat and mid-upper arm circumference than their East Indian and Mixed counterparts (allP< 0·001). The overall prevalence of excess adiposity (≥25 % body fat) as determined by bioelectrical impedance was 14·6 %, while 2·9 % of the children were undernourished according to WHO weight-for-age criteria. Differences in anthropometry were non-existent between children attending government and private pre-schools.ConclusionsGender, ethnicity and anthropometry all explained excess adiposity in these pre-schoolers. These findings highlight the need to elucidate the mechanisms that may be involved in explaining these differences, particularly those of ethnic origin.
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Kawakami, Ikuo. "Resettlement and Border Crossing: A Comparative Study on the Life and Ethnicity of Vietnamese in Australia and Japan." International Journal of Japanese Sociology 12, no. 1 (November 2003): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6781.2003.00042.x.
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Yamashiro, Jane H. "Working towards conceptual consistency in discussing “diaspora” and “diaspora strategies”: Ethnicity and affinity in the case of Japan." Geoforum 59 (February 2015): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.11.009.
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Patoz, Aurélien, Thibault Lussiana, Cyrille Gindre, and Kim Hébert-Losier. "Recognition of Foot Strike Pattern in Asian Recreational Runners." Sports 7, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7060147.
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Close to 90% of recreational runners rearfoot strike in a long-distance road race. This prevalence has been obtained from North American cohorts of runners. The prevalence of rearfoot strikers has not been extensively examined in an Asian population of recreational runners. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot strikers during a long-distance road race in Asian recreational runners and compare this prevalence to reported values in the scientific literature. To do so, we classified the foot strike pattern of 950 recreational runners at the 10 km mark of the Singapore marathon (77% Asian field). We observed 71.1%, 16.6%, 1.7%, and 10.6% of rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot, and asymmetric strikers, respectively. Chi-squared tests revealed significant differences between our foot strike pattern distribution and those reported from North American cohorts (P < 0.001). Our foot strike pattern distribution was similar to one reported from elite half-marathon runners racing in Japan (Fisher exact test, P = 0.168). We conclude that the prevalence of rearfoot strikers is lower in Asian than North American recreational runners. Running research should consider and report ethnicity of participants given that ethnicity can potentially explain biomechanical differences in running patterns.
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Greer, Tim. "Accomplishing multiethnic identity in mundane talk." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.22.3.02gre.
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This paper examines identity-related interaction in a group of teenagers at an international school in Japan, focusing particularly on the discursive accomplishment of multiethnic identity among so-called half-Japanese (or “haafu”) people. The study employs Conversation Analysis (CA) and Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) to document three instances of mundane talk in which such multiethnic Japanese teenagers are ethnified through the use of various identity categories and their associated activities and attributes. The analysis demonstrates that multiethnic people use a variety of discursive practices to refute unwanted ethnification, including reworking the category, casting themselves in a different category and refusing to react to category-based provocations. Common to all three cases is the fundamental issue of how ethnicity becomes a resource for speakers in everyday conversation.
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Liu, Jing, and Shaojun Chen. "Embedded Coexistence: Social Adaptation of Chinese Female White-Collar Workers in Japan." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021294.
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In Japan, Chinese female white-collar workers have emerged as a rapidly growing social group. Unlike traditional female migrants, high-skilled women exhibit more autonomy and strategy in their interactions with mainstream society. Traditional immigrant theories do not apply to their patterns of social adaptation. The paper draws on qualitative research with 38 Chinese female white-collar workers working in Tokyo after graduating from Japanese colleges. It illustrates their performance and strategies in adapting to Japanese society and explores how their decision-making process is shaped. The findings show that they exhibit a selective adaptation: They self-identify as “permanent sojourners”—they are eclectic, but inclined to maintain a cultural cognition ordered around their homeland culture, and they have multiple contacts across ethnic groups and reserve cultural differences in social interactions. Furthermore, this mode of adaptation results from the interaction of three factors: individual rational choice, the mutual pressure of the in-group and the out-group, and the national policies and historical issues between China and Japan. This paper argues that the migration patterns of different migrant groups should be interpreted in light of the subjectivity of migrants, taking into account their initiative, human capital, gender, and ethnicity. This study enriches the study of international female migration and adds to the practical research on social adaptation patterns among immigrants.
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Lim, Youngmi. "The Ethnic Is Still Political: Collective Action in the Age of Zainichi Korean Population Decline in Contemporary Japan." Culture and Empathy: International Journal of Sociology, Psychology, and Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32860/26356619/2021/4.1.0005.
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This article describes where Zainichi Korean minority communities stand in contemporary Japanese society. Diverse Zainichi Korean communities struggle to reproduce and establish their legitimacy, as the narrowly defined Zainichi Korean population declines, and the levels of institutional racism based on legal status diminish. Increasing are more subtle forms of exclusion and microaggressions as well as on- and off-line hate speech. Based on the examinations of two cases of social movements involving Zainichi Koreans, I will examine how Zainichi Koreans are polarized into visible, outspoken subgroups and the invisible. A more resilient and proactive subethnicity can be seen among those who perceive continuing collective suffering and oppression. The Zainichi Korean minority’s experience attests to how ethnicity is reproduced and activated through committed collective actions, which build on coalitions with concerned Japanese and beyond.
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Chang, Hsin-Chieh. "Social participation and support network patterns among marriage migrants in South Korea: Does place of residence matter?" Chinese Journal of Sociology 4, no. 2 (April 2018): 236–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x18769222.
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Using the case of female marriage migrants in South Korea, one new immigrant destination hosting the majority of East Asia’s marriage migrants, this article examines the associations between social participation, place of residence, and support network patterns among the six largest migrant groups ( n = 64,972): ethnic Koreans (Korean Chinese) born in China, Vietnamese, Han Chinese from China, and those from the Philippines, Japan, and Cambodia. The results show that both participation in community meetings and membership in non-governmental organizations are significantly associated with more types of Korean support networks and co-ethnic support networks, after controlling for demographics, immigrant characteristics, marital status, health status, perceived discrimination, and ethnicity or country of origin. Using Seoul City as a reference location, those who lived in Jeolla Province were less likely to have support networks composed of Koreans yet were more likely to have support networks of co-ethnics, after holding all other covariates constant. With the identification of significant interactions between marriage migrants’ place of residence and ethnicity, stratified ordered logistic models demonstrate how place of residence matters for marriage migrants of certain ethnicities or countries of origin. In conclusion, this article demonstrates the importance and the benefits of social participation for marriage migrants as a pathway to building support networks of local people and co-ethnics.
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Ichimaru, K., S. Toyoshima, and Y. Uyama. "Effective Global Drug Development Strategy for Obtaining Regulatory Approval in Japan in the Context of Ethnicity-Related Drug Response Factors." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 87, no. 3 (January 27, 2010): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2009.285.
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Yokota, Tomoya, Johanna C. Bendell, Patricia LoRusso, Takahiro Tsushima, Ved Desai, Hirotsugu Kenmotsu, Junichiro Watanabe, et al. "A call for global harmonization of phase I oncology trials: Results from two parallel, first-in-human phase I studies of DS-7423, an oral PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor in advanced solid tumors conducted in the United States and Japan." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.2536.
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2536 Background: The aim of this study was to determine the safety, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and efficacy of DS-7423, a novel inhibitor of PI3K/mTOR, in US and Japanese population. We further compared toxicities and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of DS-7423 and approved oncology drugs in the two populations. Methods: We conductedparallel, first-in-human studies in US and Japan in patients with advanced solid tumors. We conducted a Pubmed search of pivotal and corresponding phase I studies to compare the RP2D and final approval doses of molecularly targeted agents (MTA) between US and Japan. Results: 69 patients were enrolled (n = 42 from US and n = 27 from Japan). Between populations, the only difference at baseline was body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI). Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 rash (48 mg), grade 3 stomatitis (240 mg), grade 3 lung infection (240 mg), grade 4 hyperglycemia (240mg), grade 3 fatigue (320 mg), and grade 3 dehydration (320mg). The MTD and RP2D was 240 mg/d in both populations. Frequent treatment-related adverse events included diarrhea, fatigue, decreased appetite, rash, and stomatitis. No remarkable difference in AUC and Cmax were observed between populations. Prolonged stable disease was seen in cholangiocarcinoma, thymic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinomas, carcinoid, and sarcoma. DS-7423 demonstrated PD effects on serum glucose, C-peptide and Akt phosphorylation and 18F-FDG uptake in tumors. The final RP2D of 17 MTA approved in US and Japan from 2001 to 2015 was near identical. The approved doses in both regions were identical. Conclusions: Despite differences in BW, BMI, and ethnicity, DS-7423 showed no difference in PK, PD, toxicity or efficacy between populations. We found near identical RP2D in phase I oncology studies and approved doses in pivotal studies. This supports increased international collaboration in the conduct of phase I oncology trials. Clinical trial information: NCT01364844, Japic CTI, 12766.
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Hu, Jasmine. "Symmetry, Violence, and The Handmaiden's Queer Colonial Intimacies." Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 36, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/02705346-9052788.
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Abstract The Japanese annexation of Korea (1910–45) implicates a crisis of representation in South Korean national history. Both the traumatic wounds and complex intimacies of Japan's rule over its Korean subjects were met with postcolonial suppression, censorship, and disavowal. This article examines Park Chan-wook's The Handmaiden (Ah-ga-ssi, South Korea, 2016), a period film set in 1930s Korea under Japanese rule, in relation to the two nations’ fraught but interconnected colonial and postcolonial histories. By analyzing the film's explicit sexual depiction through discourses of ethnicity, gender, and nation, it argues that the lesbian sex scenes encode and eroticize latent anxieties and tensions surrounding Japan-Korea relations, making explicit the ambivalent longing and lingering identification shared between the colonizers and the colonized. Furthermore, through intertextual reference to the intertwined and imitative relations between the national cinemas of Japan and Korea—relations mediated and elided by a long history of state censorship—Park's film repudiates an essentialist South Korean identity propped up by both nationalist narratives and market liberalization policies. Through palimpsestic projection of the colonial era onto South Korea's neoliberal present, the film invites parallels between colonialism's unresolved legacy and contemporary modes of cultural production. Simultaneously, the film offers a utopian vision of a national self that surfaces—rather than suppresses—the violence and pleasure incurred in confrontations with the colonial or transnational other.
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Baffelli, Erica, Jane Caple, Levi McLaughlin, and Frederik Schröer. "The Aesthetics and Emotions of Religious Belonging: Examples from the Buddhist World." Numen 68, no. 5-6 (September 20, 2021): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341634.
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Abstract The articles in this special issue illuminate the importance of aesthetics, affect, and emotion in the formation of religious communities through examples from the Buddhist world. This introduction reads across the contributors’ findings from different regions (China, India, Japan, and Tibet) and eras (from the 17th to the 21st centuries) to highlight common themes. It discusses how Buddhist communities can take shape around feelings of togetherness, distance, and absence, how bonds are forged and broken through spectacular and quotidian aesthetic forms, and how aesthetic and emotional practices intersect with doctrinal interpretations, gender, ethnicity, and social distinction to shape the moral politics of religious belonging. We reflect on how this special issue complicates the idea of Buddhist belonging through its focus on oft-overlooked practices and practitioners. We also discuss the insights that our studies of Asian Buddhist communities offer to the broader study of religious belonging.
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Fujimoto, Ai, Shu Hoteya, Toshiro Iizuka, Osamu Ogawa, Toshifumi Mitani, Yuichiro Kuroki, Akira Matsui, et al. "Obesity and Gastrointestinal Diseases." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/760574.
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The prevalence of obesity in the Japanese population has been increasing dramatically in step with the Westernization of lifestyles and food ways. Our study demonstrated significant associations between obesity and a number of gastrointestinal disorders in a large sample population in Japan. We demonstrated that reflux esophagitis and hiatal hernia were strongly related to obesity (BMI > 25) in the Japanese. In particular, obesity with young male was a high risk for these diseases. On the other hand, it has been reported that obesity is also associated with Barrett’s esophagus and colorectal adenoma; however, obesity was not a risk factor for these diseases in our study. The difference of ethnicity of our subjects may partly explain why we found no data to implicate obesity as a risk factor for Barrett’s esophagus. Arterial sclerosis associated with advanced age and hyperglycemia was accompanied by an increased risk of colorectal adenoma.
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Okamoto, Kohei, and Masatoshi Morita. "A Study on the Distribution of Foreign-Female-Isolated Areas in Japan." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-279-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 made a realization of non-Japanese living dispersed in various areas across Japan. The non-Japanese trainees working in the small-size factories in the underpopulated areas and the immigrant wives married to Japanese men in the farming areas were there to compensate for the decreasing Japanese working-age population and the decreasing number of Japanese women who will marry farmers. These women, mostly Chinese and Filipino, live in local communities, isolated from the other non-Japanese residents; they cannot use their mother tongue, they cannot get mutual helps, and they cannot form ethnic community. Their distribution pattern is very different from that in foreigner-concentrated areas in metropolises like Tokyo and Osaka. Ethnicity studies in geography and sociology have mainly focused on foreigner-concentrated areas. There have been few studies on ethnic minorities who live dispersed among their host society. They have been invisible in Japanese society. This study try to clarify where in Japan non-Japanese are living dispersed and develop the method to measure how sparsely they are scattered.</p><p>This study analyses the distribution pattern on non-Japanese by using the Grid Square Statistics of 2010 Population Census and GIS. The Grid Square Statistics is one of the small area statistics which divides the whole area of Japan into small mesh. This study uses statistics of 1&thinsp;km&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;1&thinsp;km grids (Figure 1).</p><p>So far, we have seen that the degree of the isolation of the non-Japanese woman is remarkable in north-eastern Japan. For example, among the 3,249 inhabited grids of Yamagata Prefecture, 1,291 of which had non-Japanese residents, 509 had only one non-Japanese, and 479 of those 509 non-Japanese were women. In other words, 15.7% of the one-square-kilometre inhabited grids in Yamagata Prefecture had only one non-Japanese resident and that person was female, which is the highest among 47 prefectures in Japan. On the other hand, this ratio was relatively low in the metropolitan areas including Kanagawa prefecture and the prefectures of southwestern Japan (Figure 2).</p><p>This study identifies the grid which have only one non-Japanese and that person is female as “isolated-grid”. In the isolated-grids, there are grids where no foreigners live in the 8 adjacent grids, which could be named as “more-isolated-grid” (Figure 1). When we calculate the proportions of the grids for each prefecture and draw them with Quantile classification (Figure 3, left), isolated-grids are distributed in eastern Japan such as Tohoku region same as Figure 2. On the other hand, more-isolated-grids are found not only in eastern Japan but also in western Japan such as Kyushu (Figure 3, right). This is a new finding that has never been said before.</p>
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Pittayanon, Rapat, Noriya Uedo, Thapanee Praipisut, Yusuke Tounai, Rungsun Rerknimitr, and Pinit Kullavanijaya. "Factors Associated with High Mortality of Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Thailand Versus Japan." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 3, no. 2 (June 5, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2018.3.2.29.
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Background and aim: Thailand and Japan have high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection but prevalence of gastric cancer and mortality rate are difference. Most international comparative studies are epidemiologic studies and the difference in actual clinicopathological data has not been clarified. This study aimed to investigate the difference in clinicopathological characteristics of gastric adenocarcinoma between Thailand and Japan.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in two high-volume hospitals for gastric cancer in Thailand and Japan. Baseline characteristics, clinical manifestations, tumor characteristics, treatments and mortality rate of gastric cancer patients in the two institutions were examined.Results: A total of 403 Thai and 2,318 Japanese patients were retrieved from the electronic database. Finally, 332 Thai and 414 Japanese patients (randomly sampled) with gastric adenocarcinoma were eligible for analysis. Thai gastric adenocarcinoma patients were significantly younger than the Japanese (59 ± 13 vs. 68 ±10 years old, p<0.001) and the majority of Thai patients were female (55% vs. 25%, p<0.001). The rate of smoking (5.1% vs. 23%, p<0.001) and alcohol drinking (2.7% vs. 34%, p<0.001) were lower in Thai patients when compared with those in Japanese. The mortality rate at the conclusion of this study (July 2016) was significantly higher in Thai patients (75.3% vs. 7%, p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, ethnicity, clinical UICC stage II-IV compared to I, and resection-based treatment were significant prognostic factors after adjusting for age, gender, presence of alarm symptom, lesion extension and histology.Conclusion: Thai patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were different from Japanese patients in all aspects. Advanced stage of disease, country, and un-resected tumor were associated with poor prognosis. An individual strategy to improve survival of gastric adenocarcinoma in a low-prevalence area such as Thailand should be explored.
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Trihtarani, Febriani Elfida, M. Mahbubdin Ridha al Fasya, Nurussofa Yusticia, and Nining Setyaningsih. "ANTARA ZAINICHI DAN PACHINKO: REPRESENTASI ZAINICHI KOREA DALAM NOVEL PACHINKO KARYA MIN JIN LEE." Poetika 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v7i2.51208.
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Penelitian ini membahas representasi zainichi Korea dalam novel Pachinko karya Min Jin Lee. Terdapat beberapa kategori dari zainichi Korea dalam masyarakat Jepang, yaitu pluralis, nasionalis, individualis, dan asimilasionis. Generasi pertama dalam novel ini mendapatkan perlakuan tidak setara akibat etnis mereka yang menyebabkan mereka harus hidup di kawasan kumuh. Generasi kedua direpresentasikan oleh dua tokoh yang saling berkebalikan. Tokoh Noa memiliki keinginan untuk menjadi seorang “Jepang” yang pada akhirnya memilih jalan naturalisasi. Melalui jalan naturalisasi tokoh ini dapat dianggap sebagai seorang asimilasionis yang meninggalkan identitas etnisnya dan hidup sebagai seorang warga Jepang untuk mendapatkan status sosial yang setara. Tokoh Mozasu memiliki kecenderungan berkebalikan dengan Noa karena ia tidak memilih jalan naturalisasi dan tetap mempertahankan identitas aslinya sebagai orang Korea. Generasi ketiga masih mendapat ketidakpastian identitas meskipun mereka lahir dan besar di Jepang. Dengan pendidikan yang Solomon dapatkan, ia masih tetap dipandang sebelah mata dan masih dianggap tidak berada di posisi yang setara dengan orang Jepang. Bisnis pachinko yang selalu diasosiasikan dengan pendatang Korea adalah bisnis, yang ditekuni oleh masing-masing tokoh generasi kedua bahkan ketiga, menunjukkan bahwa status zainichi Korea tidak akan semudah itu berubah dan mereka akan tetap berada dalam posisi marjinal yang dipandang sebelah mata. Kata kunci: pachinko, zainichi, krisis identitas, Korea, Jepang This study discusses the representation of Korean zainichi in Pachinko novel by Min Jin Lee. There are several categories of Korean zainichi amongst Japanese society, which are pluralist, nationalist, individualist, and assimilationist. The first generation in this novel is treated unfairly because of their ethnicity which makes them live in slum area. The second generation is represented by two contradictive characters. The first character, Noa, wants to be Japanese, which leads him to choose the path of naturalization. Through naturalization, this character is regarded as an assimilationist who ignores his ethnic identity and lives as a Japanese citizen to obtain equal social status. Meanwhile, the second character, Mozasu has the opposite tendency of Noa’s. He does not choose the path of naturalization and tends to maintain his true identity as a Korean. The third generation is left uncertain about their identity, although they were born and grow up in Japan. With his background education, Solomon as a third-generation is still underestimated and considered unequal to Japanese people. The pachinko business, which is always being associated with Korean migrants, is a business occupied by each of the second and third generation characters, showing that the status of Korean zainichi will not change easily, and they will remain in marginal position and being underestimated. Keywords: pachinko, zainichi, identitiy crisis, Korea, Japan
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Sato, Jin. "Resource Politics and State-Society Relations: Why Are Certain States More Inclusive than Others?" Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 3 (July 2014): 745–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417514000310.
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AbstractWhy do some states resort to more exclusive top-down management of natural resources, while others tend to be more inclusive and solicit participation from civil society? By rejecting the simple characterization of the state within the narrow spectrum of “weak” and “strong,” this article investigates resource-mediated relations in the peripheral social groups that the state has sought to transform as part of the process of modernization. Focusing on Siam and Japan, I highlight alternative explanations based on ethnicity and labor, bureaucratic mindset, and agro-ecological conditions. I argue that the more embedded nature of the labor force in resources sectors made it necessary for the Japanese government to engage with marginal people, whereas the enclave nature of such sectors in Siam allowed elites to establish a distinctively exclusive system. While the Japanese state quickly learned to accommodate people at the fringes through its recognition and acceptance of existing customs in the management of resources, and even facilitated the creation of local organizations such as forest unions, the Siamese were consistently more exclusionary and even oppressed indigenous groups living at the state's territorial periphery. Resource interventions targeted at the fringes of land and society in Japan and Siam produced lasting effects on state-society relations that have extended far beyond their original intention of securing resource procurement. Understanding the historical roots of such relations offers a fresh perspective from which to explain why state inaction prevails in the present debate on state devolution in Thailand.