Journal articles on the topic 'Ethnicity – Health aspects – Great Britain'
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1
Pearson, Geoffrey, and Kamlesh Patel. "Drugs, Deprivation, and Ethnicity: Outreach among Asian Drug Users in a Northern English City." Journal of Drug Issues 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269802800112.
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One consistent theme within public debates on the problem of drug misuse is its association with minority ethnic groups (Pearson 1995b). It is, nevertheless, a peculiar feature of the British drug scene that members of black and other minority groups have been significantly underrepresented among known populations of problem drug users. This despite the fact that there has been clear evidence since the early 1980s of a concentration of the most serious drug-related problems in areas of high unemployment and social deprivation, and that ethnic minorities in Britain experience a high degree of social exclusion in terms of poverty, housing deprivation, educational disadvantage, and discrimination in the labor force (Jones 1996). It is entirely possible, of course, that drug users from Britain's black communities are more likely to remain unknown to service agencies—reflecting other aspects of disadvantage in access to health care (Awiah et al. 1992). In what continues to be a rapidly changing drug scene in Britain, this paper sets out to review this perplexing area of drugs, deprivation, and ethnic minority status, while also presenting evidence in Part II from an outreach project among Asian drug injectors in the city of Bradford in the north of England.
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Marques, Iuri, Sarah Caroline Willis, Ellen Ingrid Schafheutle, and Karen Hassell. "Development of an instrument to measure organisational culture in community pharmacies in Great Britain." Journal of Health Organization and Management 32, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2017-0131.
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Purpose Organisational culture (OC) shapes individuals’ perceptions and experiences of work. However, no instrument capable of measuring specific aspects of OC in community pharmacy exists. The purpose of this paper is to report the development and validation of an instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy in Great Britain (GB), and conduct a preliminary analysis of data collected using it. Design/methodology/approach Instrument development comprised three stages: Stage I: 12 qualitative interviews and relevant literature informed instrument design; Stage II: 30 cognitive interviews assessed content validity; and Stage III: a cross-sectional survey mailed to 1,000 community pharmacists in GB, with factor analysis for instrument validation. Statistical analysis investigated how community pharmacists perceived OC in their place of work. Findings Factor analysis produced an instrument containing 60 items across five OC dimensions – business and work configuration, social relationships, personal and professional development, skills utilisation, and environment and structures. Internal reliability for the dimensions was high (0.84 to 0.95); item-total correlations were adequate (r=0.46 to r=0.76). Based on 209 responses, analysis suggests different OCs in community pharmacy, with some community pharmacists viewing the environment in which they worked as having a higher frequency of aspects related to patient contact and safety than others. Since these aspects are important for providing high healthcare standards, it is likely that differences in OC may be linked to different healthcare outcomes. Originality/value This newly developed and validated instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy can be used to benchmark existing OC across different pharmacies and design interventions for triggering change to improve outcomes for community pharmacists and patients.
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Jeder, Daniela. "Pedagogy of diversity in teacher training." Journal of Education, Society & Multiculturalism 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesm-2022-0029.
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Abstract The present work outlines a series of arguments that support the need for awareness and involvement of teacher trainers in the development of competences for diversity from the stage of initial training. The work also proposes an analysis of knowledge, skills, attitudes of a cognitive, social, emotional nature, self-knowledge capacities, ethical values, etc. as structured ensembles that can be dynamically trained for the purpose of training and developing the competences for diversity of teachers. A sequential presentation of the Professional Standards for teachers from Romania, Great Britain, Australia and France from the perspective of diversity and inclusion offers some benchmarks for an educational practice that promotes equal opportunities for education and development of all children, regardless of differences in the socio-economic status, language, culture/personality, race/ethnicity, religion, abilities or disabilities, learning styles, aspects of personality etc. that differentiate them.
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Sarwar, Fareeha, and Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry. "Ethnicity, Ethnic Food and Diabetes Mellitus Type II." Global Anthropological Studies Review IV, no. II (December 30, 2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gasr.2021(iv-ii).05.
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The topic of discussion mainly belongs to the field of medical anthropology. Medical anthropology is linked to applied anthropology and involves the study of biological and cultural aspects of human beings for the explanation of the impact of culture on human health and as well as on diseases.The environment had a great impact on human health. There are many environmental factors that can bring changes in the health of a person like pollution as water pollution air pollution and some the lifestyle factors like physical activities due to the excessive use of TV or mobile phones etc. Descriptive methodology has been used for the collection of data including methods of an in-depth interview.it is concluded that bringing good or positive changes in lifestyle and having good and unpolluted environment can bring good changes in health and keep away a person from chronic diseases like diabetes type-II.
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Viziriakina, O. "The need to train competent specialists in the field of health care with experience in some aspects of international models." Health-saving technologies, rehabilitation and physical therapy 3, no. 1 (October 10, 2022): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.58962/hstrpt.2022.3.1.15-18.
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The article examines the experience of the health care system, in particular medical rehabilitation: Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, which work with the application of the international Classification of Functioning. The measures and principles of the organization of the rehabilitation process as medical care are presented, which indicates the need to use new forms and approaches in the professional education of relevant specialists.
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Price, David P. T. "Contemporary Transplantation Initiatives: Where's the Harm in Them?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 2 (1996): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01846.x.
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Two contemporary strategies in cadaver organ transplantation, both with the potential to affect significantly expanding organ transplant waiting list sizes, have evolved: elective ventilation (EV) and use of nonheart-beating donors (NHBDs). Both are undergoing a period of critical review. It is not clear how widely EV is practiced around the world. In Great Britain, the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital was the first hospital to develop an EV protocol (the Exeter Protocol), in 1988, after which other British hospitals followed suit. In the 1980s, new NHBD protocols of two distinct types were implemented worldwide, although both rely on death confirmed by traditional cardiopulmonary criteria. The first type involves the removal of organs immediately after death, the preeminent example being the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Protocol (the Pittsburgh Protocol). The second involves the perfusion and cooling of kidneys immediately following death and subsequent organ removal. Protocols of this type have sprung up in Holland, Great Britain (for example, at Leicester General Hospital), Italy, France, Spain, Japan, and the United States (for example, the Regional Organ Bank of Illinois).
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Shah, A., N. Diggens, C. Stiller, S. Richards, M. C. G. Stevens, and M. F. G. Murphy. "Recruitment of childhood leukaemia patients to clinical trials in Great Britain during 1980-2007: variation by birth weight, congenital malformation, socioeconomic status and ethnicity." Archives of Disease in Childhood 99, no. 5 (March 10, 2014): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-303268.
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Weed, Matthew. "Discourse on Embryo Science and Human Cloning in the United States and Great Britain: 1984–2002." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 4 (2005): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00546.x.
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There is a stark difference between American and British policy on embryo science and research cloning. The following survey of the discourse offered both in support of and in opposition to research cloning and embryo science in the United States and Great Britain will show that the same arguments were made in both countries. The fact that similar ethical argumentation occurred in environments where different policy was set is an indicator that current frames for ethical discourse on embryonic stem cell research and human cloning do not effectively capture the debate in the form that politicians and possible consumers of services to be derived from embryo science face.The ethics surrounding embryo research and human cloning have been presented from virtually every possible viewpoint in all forms of medium. It is impossible to reprise every argument made on embryo science and research cloning; therefore, this survey will focus on some of the arguments made during the time leading up to the enactment of Great Britain's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology regulations added to it in 2001.
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Leavey, Gerard, Michael King, Eleanor Cole, Amanda Hoar, and Eric Johnson-Sabine. "First-onset psychotic illness: Patients'and relatives' satisfaction with services." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 1 (January 1997): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.1.53.
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BackgroundDespite the growth in patient satisfaction studies, scant attention has been paid to the satisfaction of patients with a first episode of psychotic illness soon after presentation to services. We were particularly interested in any ethnic differences in satisfaction at this seminal stage in patient care.MethodUsing multi-item questionnaire, face-to-face interviews were conducted with patients and relatives 12 months after first contact with psychiatric services. Relatives were also questioned on support and advice issues related to after-care.ResultsMost patients and relatives were generally satisfied with the treatment, and with the ‘humane’ qualities of psychiatric staff, but were less satisfied with the ‘hotel’ aspects of hospital care. Patients, and particularly relatives, were most concerned about levels of information and advice received. Relatives were dissatisfied with after-care. There were no significant differences between Black and other patients, but some differences between their relatives. Patients born abroad were significantly more satisfied than those born in Britain, irrespective of ethnicity. Compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act was also significant in determining low satisfaction for patients and especially for their relatives.ConclusionsFor improved care in the community patients and their relatives need to be seen as partners in care rather than as passive recipients. The issue of information-giving by psychiatric services demands serious attention. Black patients and their relatives were not especially likely to be dissatisfied.
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Paykel, E. S., Deborah Hart, and R. G. Priest. "Changes in public attitudes to depression during the Defeat Depression Campaign." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 6 (December 1998): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.6.519.
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BackgroundAims of the Defeat Depression Campaign between 1991 and 1996 included the reduction of stigma associated with depression, education of the public about the disorder and its treatment and encouragement of earlier treatment-seeking. Newspaper and magazine articles, radio and television programmes and other media activities were employed.MethodSurveys of public attitudes were conducted by MORI in late 1991, early 1995 and mid-1997. Each covered approximately 2000 subjects, sampled to be representative of the population of Great Britain. Structured interviews covered views on depression, treatment and general practitioners (GPs).ResultsThere were significant positive changes regarding attitudes to depression, reported experience of it, attitudes to antidepressants, and less consistently, to treatment from GPs. Changes were of the order of 5–10%. Throughout, attitudes to depression and to treatment by counselling were very favourable, whereas antidepressants were regarded as addictive and less effective.ConclusionsPositive attitude change was achieved during the Campaign, although there is still room for improvement in some aspects.
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Quill, Timothy E., and Gerrit Kimsma. "End-of-Life Care in the Netherlands and the United States: A Comparison of Values, Justifications, and Practices." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 2 (1997): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007805.
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Voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) remain technically illegal in the Netherlands, but the practices are openly tolerated provided that physicians adhere to carefully constructed guidelines. Harsh criticism of the Dutch practice by authors in the United States and Great Britain has made achieving a balanced understanding of its clinical, moral, and policy implications very difficult. Similar practice patterns probably exist in the United States, but they are conducted in secret because of a more uncertain legal and ethical climate. In this manuscript, we plan to compare end-of-life care in the United States and the Netherlands with regard to underlying values, justifications, and practices. We will explore the risks and benefits of each system for a real patient who was faced with a common end-of-life clinical dilemma, and close with challenges for public policies in both countries.
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Filipova, Nataliia Volodymyrivna. "THE SPECIFICSOF THE FUNCTIONING OF GLOBAL MODELS OF HEALTH CARE FINANCING." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA, no. 2(21) (2020): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2020-2(21)-136-144.
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Abstract. The main goal of any country's health care system is to improve the health of the population and life expectancy. Studying the experience of developed countries allows to make reasonable proposals for improving the existing model of healthcare in Ukraine.Research into the practical aspects of the functioning of health care, its financing and development is a priority.The issues of adapting the experience of developed countries to the model of financing health care in Ukraine, taking into account the socio-economic state of its development, remain unsolved in full.The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing global models of health care financing and leading countries, as well as to identify areas for adapting foreign experience to the Ukrainian model of health care financing.There were analyzed the three major models of health care in the world. The advantages and disadvantages of each of them are identified, as well as the areas of implementation suitable for Ukraine. The experience of the leading countries in eachof the studied models -Great Britain, Germany, USA is considered.The study allowed to obtain systematic information on global models of health care and identify areas for improvement for Ukraine (development of state insurance programs, introduction of compulsory health insurance, increasing the level of innovation).
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Roberts, Melinda A. "A Way of Looking at the Dalla Corte Case." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 22, no. 4 (1994): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1994.tb01315.x.
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When her baby was born last June, Rossana Dalla Corte, age sixty-two, was thought to be the oldest woman ever to have given birth. Her pregnancy was achieved at a private fertility clinic in Italy, the same clinic that treated “Jennifer F.,” a London woman who, on Christmas day, 1993, at the age of fifty-nine, gave birth to twins. The reproductive procedure, likely to become more common during the next few years, has received intense scrutiny from health officials in Great Britain, France, and Italy. Moral questions concerning that procedure already have been taken up by the popular press in the United States. Such questions can be expected to take on a new urgency as the United States considers reshaping its health care system and, specifically, the circumstances under which coverage for infertility treatment will be provided.
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Dema, Emily, Andrew J. Copas, Soazig Clifton, Anne Conolly, Margaret Blake, Julie Riddell, Raquel Boso Perez, et al. "Methodology of Natsal-COVID Wave 1: a large, quasi-representative survey with qualitative follow-up measuring the impact of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health in Britain." Wellcome Open Research 6 (August 16, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16963.1.
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Background: Britain’s National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) have been undertaken decennially since 1990 and provide a key data source underpinning sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policy. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many aspects of sexual lifestyles, triggering an urgent need for population-level data on sexual behaviour, relationships, and service use at a time when gold-standard in-person, household-based surveys with probability sampling were not feasible. We designed the Natsal-COVID study to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the nation’s SRH and assessed the sample representativeness. Methods: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 data collection was conducted four months (29/7-10/8/2020) after the announcement of Britain’s first national lockdown (23/03/2020). This was an online web-panel survey administered by survey research company, Ipsos MORI. Eligible participants were resident in Britain, aged 18-59 years, and the sample included a boost of those aged 18-29. Questions covered participants’ sexual behaviour, relationships, and SRH service use. Quotas and weighting were used to achieve a quasi-representative sample of the British general population. Participants meeting criteria of interest and agreeing to recontact were selected for qualitative follow-up interviews. Comparisons were made with contemporaneous national probability surveys and Natsal-3 (2010-12) to understand bias. Results: 6,654 participants completed the survey and 45 completed follow-up interviews. The weighted Natsal-COVID sample was similar to the general population in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, rurality, and, among sexually-active participants, numbers of sexual partners in the past year. However, the sample was more educated, contained more sexually-inexperienced people, and included more people in poorer health. Conclusions: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 rapidly collected quasi-representative population data to enable evaluation of the early population-level impact of COVID-19 and lockdown measures on SRH in Britain and inform policy. Although sampling was less representative than the decennial Natsals, Natsal-COVID will complement national surveillance data and Natsal-4 (planned for 2022).
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Dema, Emily, Andrew J. Copas, Soazig Clifton, Anne Conolly, Margaret Blake, Julie Riddell, Raquel Boso Perez, et al. "Methodology of Natsal-COVID Wave 1: a large, quasi-representative survey with qualitative follow-up measuring the impact of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health in Britain." Wellcome Open Research 6 (March 28, 2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16963.2.
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Background: Britain’s National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) have been undertaken decennially since 1990 and provide a key data source underpinning sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policy. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many aspects of sexual lifestyles, triggering an urgent need for population-level data on sexual behaviour, relationships, and service use at a time when gold-standard in-person, household-based surveys with probability sampling were not feasible. We designed the Natsal-COVID study to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the nation’s SRH and assessed the sample representativeness. Methods: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 data collection was conducted four months (29/7-10/8/2020) after the announcement of Britain’s first national lockdown (23/03/2020). This was an online web-panel survey administered by survey research company, Ipsos MORI. Eligible participants were resident in Britain, aged 18-59 years, and the sample included a boost of those aged 18-29. Questions covered participants’ sexual behaviour, relationships, and SRH service use. Quotas and weighting were used to achieve a quasi-representative sample of the British general population. Participants meeting criteria of interest and agreeing to recontact were selected for qualitative follow-up interviews. Comparisons were made with contemporaneous national probability surveys and Natsal-3 (2010-12) to understand bias. Results: 6,654 participants completed the survey and 45 completed follow-up interviews. The weighted Natsal-COVID sample was similar to the general population in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, rurality, and, among sexually-active participants, numbers of sexual partners in the past year. However, the sample was more educated, contained more sexually-inexperienced people, and included more people in poorer health. Conclusions: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 rapidly collected quasi-representative population data to enable evaluation of the early population-level impact of COVID-19 and lockdown measures on SRH in Britain. Although sampling was less representative than the decennial Natsals, Natsal-COVID will complement national surveillance data and Natsal-4 (planned for 2022).
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Bowes, Alison, Alison Dawson, and Rosalie Ashworth. "Time for care: exploring time use by carers of older people." Ageing and Society 40, no. 8 (March 29, 2019): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000205.
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AbstractThe paper focuses on temporal aspects of informal caring for older people. Limitations of large-scale surveys in capturing such data are noted and time-use methodology, despite its own limitations, is proposed as a promising alternative. Adopting a critical perspective on time that includes carers’ own conceptualisations, we report the findings of a qualitative study of carers’ time use. Sixty-two interviews with carers, male/female, co-resident/not co-resident, employed/not employed, and located across Great Britain were conducted. Analysis considered people's own diverse and ambiguous views of their care activities. Carers’ accounts of their time revealed non-linear experiences and a sense of being permanently on call. Interviewees often travelled distances to engage in support activities with or for older people. Changes over time were pervasive, increasing or reducing care requirements. Unanticipated events could precipitate radical changes in time use. Managing time, exercising temporal agency, was particularly apparent in accounts of care, employment, other family responsibilities and choices about friendship. Measurement of carers’ time use which draws on the conceptual foundation of carers’ own perspectives on time may provide more effective quantitative understanding of the temporal aspects of caring. It should not pre-define time, must grasp a variety of tasks, take account of intermittent activity, incorporate the 24–7 experience of many carers and demonstrate how caring time interacts with other time.
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Schulkin, Jay. "Hormone Therapy, Dilemmas, Medical Decisions." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 1 (2008): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00239.x.
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The question of why women, in consultation with their physicians, should choose hormone therapy (HT) in response to menopause represents a renewed controversy at the beginning of the new century. Conflicting messages regarding the health risks and benefits of HT have been conveyed in the mainstream media, especially information in the media regarding the results of large-scale studies of the health impact of hormone therapy. Women who have been on one or another of the hormone replacement regimes have been forced to reconsider continuing on HT. Doctors who suggest these hormones to their patients are somewhat confused, as are perimenopausal women who are considering HT. Pharmaceutical companies that produce these compounds are worried, and public health officials are on the defensive.Media coverage of HT research has been extensive. In particular, two large-scale studies, one here in the U.S. (the Women's Health Initiative, or WHI) and the other in Great Britain, have recently cast a negative light on the use of hormone therapy, after years of routine prescription of HT for menopausal women.
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Budnick, Andrea, Farina Bünning, and Adelheid Kuhlmey. "A RECOMMENDATION FOR A UNIFORM DEFINITION OF DISTANCE CAREGIVING: A SCOPING REVIEW." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.3148.
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Abstract Distance caregiving has increasingly attracted the attention of the gerontological research community. This indicates the importance of this caregiving arrangement in the face of progressive demographic change including fewer and fewer individuals providing local care. There have been attempts to define distance caregiving for more than two decades. The literature focuses predominantly on North America and Great Britain (e.g. Cagle & Munn, 2012; Franke et al., 2019). Although Cagle and Munn defined distance caregiving broadly, recent literature continues to focus on individual aspects, such as distance or time. Thus, future research on distance caregiving may benefit from using a uniform definition to compare findings across studies. Accordingly, we reviewed the literature of the last five years by means of a scoping review in 13 English and German databases. Following the systematic review on distance caregiving by Franke et al., we used May 2019 as the starting point of our search. Two independent raters classified the articles using prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. We identified a total of N=14,546 articles. After removal of duplicates, and title and abstract screening, we identified a total of n=59 articles for full text screening. We found the broad definition of distance caregiving by Cagle and Munn in 26 articles. The remaining articles referred to aspects like distance in miles or kilometers, time required, or other circumstances. In sum, our findings indicate that gerontological research on distance caregiving does not always build on existing knowledge.
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Ichim-Radu, Mihaela Nicoleta. "Vasile Alecsandri: Unique Aspects of the Biographical Itinerary vs. Recovery of the Writer's Memory." Intertext, no. 1/2 (57/58) (October 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/intertext.2021.1.08.
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Among the writers of his generation, Alecsandri is the most comprehensive one, expressing not only the patriotic aspirations and desires, but also the discoveries from the universe of the private life and trying to make himself noticed in almost all the main literary genres and species. By different circumstances, Alecsandri gets to travel through Moldavia, Wallachia, Bucovina and Transylvania, to the European part of Turkey, to Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Spain, Great Britain, North of Africa, either for personal pleasure, to accompany Elena Negri, who was trying to find a more favourable climate for her fragile health, or for official business. All these travels and each of them separately are part of the development of his creation, leaving marks in his fiction and poetry and “it is printed on the screen of the human experience which defines his public and private personality”. In one of these travels, Alecsandri will discover the folk poetry, discovery which will profoundly mark his destiny as a writer and it will also have immeasurable consequences on the entire development of the Romanian literature from the last century, but also from the years to follow. As a result of the translations into French, German and English of the folk poems or of some of his original poems, Alecsandri becomes one of our first modern writers who became famous also abroad, being accessible to the foreign world.
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PROTASOV, ANDREI D., ELENA S. STARODUBTSEVA, GABRIEL A. MOSHLYAK, and ALEXANDER V. ZHESTKOV. "CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND CHINA." Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine 16, no. 5 (October 2023): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20969/vskm.2023.16(5).127-135.
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Introduction. Higher medical education is one of the most sought-after and elite degrees worldwide. Systems of higher medical education differ from country to country, although they have certain features in common. Core differences are as follows: Training duration at various stages, contents of educational programs, learning technologies, etc. Much attention is paid to physicians training, which is determined by the high social significance of medical education. Aim: To provide an overview of the contemporary global trends in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China. Materials and Methods. World literature was analyzed on trends in the development of higher medical education. Results and Discussion. Development of the healthcare system in the UK requires an integrated approach that considers various aspects in higher medical education, personnel policy, and workplace management. French healthcare system is experiencing various problems, such as the affordability of medical services and staffing shortages in remote regions. The Government of France shall continue to invest in healthcare and address the challenges to ensure universal access to quality medical services, including through its higher education system. US medical education keeps pace with the challenges healthcare systems are facing in the 21st century. To address today’s challenges, US medical education is taking a more interdisciplinary and inclusive approach, focusing on public health, interdisciplinary teamwork, and community-based training. Chinese medical universities pay more attention to practical skills and to integrating various disciplines in training, which allows graduates to be the best medical experts able to solve complex practical problems. Conclusions. Global trends identified herein in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China require reflection, while the best practices should be introduced into the Russian system of higher education. However, approaches to be implemented should be first adapted to the historical, cultural, social, geographical, political, and other realities of Russia.
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Pažėraitė, Aušra Kristina. "TERMINO ETHNOS REIKŠMIŲ POKYČIAI: NUO BIBLIJOS VERTIMŲ IKI NAUJŲJŲ UTOPIJŲ." Religija ir kultūra 10 (January 1, 2012): 32–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2012.0.2740.
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Šiame straipsnyje keliamas etninės tapatybės genezės klausimas šiuolaikinėje lietuviškoje kultūroje. Pirmiausia aptariamas žodžių „etnosas“, „etniškumas“ apibrėžimų problemiškumas, atkreipiant dėmesį į tai, kad šie žodžiai imti intensyviai eksploatuoti tik prasidedant pokolonijiniam laikotarpiui, siekiant nurodyti tam tikras žmonių grupių tapatybes (Sovietų Sąjungoje – tautybę, JAV, Didžiojoje Britanijoje ir susijusiuose kraštuose – įvairias mažumas). Antroje straipsnio dalyje lyginamas LXX ir hebrajiškos Biblijos (MT) terminų, nurodančių įvairias žmonių grupines tapatybes, taip pat ir ethnos, vartojimas, analizuojamos įvairios Biblijos tekstų vertimų į lietuvių kalbą strategijos. Parodoma, kaip radikaliai keitėsi grupinę tapatybę žyminčių terminų samprata ir interpretacija XX a. Tyrimas leidžia daryti išvadą, kad žodis „tauta“ XX a. pradžioje Lietuvoje pakeitė neutralų anksčiau vartotą žodį „žmonės“, kuriuo būdavo perteikiami graikiški žodžiai laos, neretai ir ethnos, ar lotyniškas populus, ir taip buvo sukonstruotos „tautos“; taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad žodynai, kuriuose LXX ir NT graikiškas terminas ethnos aiškinamas kaip stereotipiškai nurodantis nežydus, nekrikščionis, pagonis, yra anachronistiškai perdedantys, nors ir būta negatyvumo, siejamo su šiuo terminu krikščioniškoje kultūroje. Šitą negatyvumą tebegalima apčiuopti ir šiuolaikinėje lietuviškoje kultūroje per susvetimėjimą su lietuviškumu. Galiausiai straipsnyje aptariama lietuviškoji savivoka, pasireiškianti per svetimumo su savimi, su šiuolaikine visuomene momentus, ir pateikiami keli pavyzdžiai pastangų įveikti minėtą susvetimėjimą naujų utopijų kūrimu, tik utopijų, nukreiptų ne į ateitį, o į praeitį, bandančių perkurti Lietuvos istoriją, kurią esą šiuolaikiniai akademiniai istorikai yra iškraipę, taip lyg tapdami atsakingi už tą susvetimėjimą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: etniškumas, ethnos, tauta, Biblija, Biblijos vertimai, biblinė tauta, susvetimėjimas, lietuviškas etnosas, pagonybė. CHANGES IN THE MEANING OF THE TERM ETHNOS: FROM THE BIBLE TRANSLATIONS TO THE NEW UTOPIASAušra Kristina Pažėraitė SummaryThis article presents an analysis of the genesis of ethnic identity in the contemporary Lithuanian culture. In particular, the definitions of such words as “ethnos”, “ethnicity” are discussed by paying more attention to the fact that these words became common words denoting particular identities of the people only at the beginning of the post-colonial era (nearly synonymous to nation in the Soviet Union and denoting different minorities in the USA, Great Britain, etc.). In the second part of the article, the Biblical (LXX and the MT) words that name different peoples, group identities are compared, their use and the strategy of translation of various texts of the Bible into Lithuanian are analyzed. The article shows how radically the conception and interpretation of the terms that denote various biblical group identities have changed. In the Bible translations into Lithuanian, the word “nation” in the beginning of the 20th century replaced the ancient and more neutral word “people”, which conveyed the Greek word laos, sometimes also ethnos, or the Latin populus. Although the negativity of the term ethnos in its Christian usages can be perceived in the post-soviet Lithuanian culture, a conclusion is made that the traditional explication of the word ethnos in various dictionaries, which stereotypically denotes in LXX pagan people, non-Judeans, non-Christian, is an anachronistic exaggeration. In the final part of the article, certain aspects of post-soviet Lithuanian self-consciousness are discussed by pointing to the self-alienation of this consciousness on the “ethnic” background (Lithuanian nationality is equated to ethnicity, and the concept of ethnicity still preserves a certain negativity of the minority, if not hated, heathen, pagan minority). Finally, certain examples of the attempt to overcome this alienation are presented as the new Utopias, although oriented not toward the future, but back to the past as the attempts to create a new History of Lithuania instead of the present official academic History, which is considered as an essentially alienating one.Keywords: ethnos, ethnicity, the Bible, nation, people, translations of the Bible, biblical nation, Lithuanian ethnicity, alienation, paganism.
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Syhyda, Liubov O., Serhii V. Malii, and Xiaopeng Lu. "Theoretical Aspects of Territory Branding: A Bibliometric Analysis." Business Inform 1, no. 552 (2024): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2024-1-45-55.
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The aim of the article is to study the problems of territory branding in the scientific works of domestic and foreign scholars. The research methodology is based on bibliometric analysis, which allows accumulating an array of publications on a particular topic and processing it. For data collection, the Web of Science scientometric database was chosen. After applying a number of criteria – the choice of subject area, type of publications, language and year of publication – 948 papers between 2000 and 2023 were selected for final review. Valuable results obtained on the basis of the study include the following. Firstly, the authors’ publication activity stabilized and began to grow gradually in 2000, during the 1990s only 12 works were published. In 2021, the authors published the most – 113 works, and the highest level of citations was reached in 2023. Thus, the article by C. Fornell of 1981 was mentioned 72 times, the article by K. L. Keller of 1993 – 64 times, the publication by J. F. Hair of 1998 – 60 times. The composed chronology of citations in the analyzed scientific publications made it possible to trace the order of joint citation of literary sources. Thirdly, scholars from China, the United States and Great Britain show the greatest interest in the topic under study. Their joint scientific achievement makes 35% of the total number of analyzed publications. Fourthly, the words «branding» and «brand», «marketing», «destination» and «place» are often used both in keywords and in the titles of articles. Fifth, half of the analyzed articles meet at least one Sustainable Development Goal. The eleventh (Sustainable Cities and Communities), ninth (Innovation and Infrastructure) and third (Good Health) goals are most often reflected. Sixthly, Ukrainian scholars have published 13 articles on the topic of territory branding, which indicates interest in this topic and the presence of development potential. Further research will be aimed at deepening the typology of approaches to determining territory branding strategies.
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Stepanov, Evgeniy G., Vadim T. Kaibyshev, Lyayla M. Masyagutova, and Guzyal R. Sadrtdinova. "Working conditions and health status of school workers (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 103, no. 2 (March 15, 2024): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-141-146.
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In recent years, the range of publications concerning the high likelihood of teachers developing syndromes of professional burnout and professional destruction has been increasingly expanding. This trend is almost equally characteristic of most countries over the world: from Great Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia in Europe to China, Japan in Asia and Nigeria in Africa, and, over the last decade, in Russia. In other words, the problem under consideration is global in nature and depends little on the level of economic development of the country and its ethno-geographical characteristics.
Purpose of work. Study foreign and domestic scientific literature directly related to the problems of creating working conditions and their impact on the health in education workers.
The presented review is based on the publications of a number of domestic and foreign studies. The literature search was carried out using the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RSCI. A total of forty two publications were analyzed for the period from 2001 to 2022.
A systematic analysis of the world scientific literature was conducted on the management of events aimed at assessing the working conditions and health in teachers. The study examined various aspects related to the provision of medical care to education workers.
After evaluating the results of the study, it became clear that there is some discrepancy between reports in the field of psychology and hygiene. In the first group of works devoted to the psychological aspect, insufficient attention is paid to the study of working conditions and their impact on the health of teachers, despite the widespread prevalence of professional burnout syndrome among the teaching community. At the same time, in the second group of studies devoted to hygienic aspects, the role of psychosocial factors influencing the health of teachers is not sufficiently addressed.
Conclusion. In general, the analysis of the characteristics of working conditions and health of pedagogical workers allows concluding this topic to be relevant and in demand in the scientific world. It also highlights the need for further research and development in this area to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of related diseases.
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Wouters, Jan. "The Institutional Dimension of the EU-UK Relationship After Brexit." European Foreign Affairs Review 25, Issue 4 (December 1, 2020): 613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020041.
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In the absence of agreed institutional arrangements for the post-Brexit EU-UK relationship the present contribution explores whether guidance can be found for the institutional dimension of their future relationship in a number of other documents and principles. We will, first of all, examine the institutional framework laid down in the ‘Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, done at Brussels and London on 24 January 2020’, and its implementation. Second, we will uncover some aspects of the future institutional relationship based on the ‘Political Declaration setting out the framework for the future relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom’ of 17 October 2019, which was adopted by the EU and the UK in parallel with the Withdrawal Agreement. Third, we will explore how the Commission sees that relationship based on its March 2020 draft text. Fourth, we will discuss at a meta level the principles which will in any event govern the institutional side of the future relationship, in particular the principle of good faith. Some brief concluding remarks round up. Brexit, Institutional Framework, European Union, United Kingdom, Withdrawal Agreement, Political Declaration
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Gomm, P. J., C. G. Broster, N. Mcl Johnson, and K. Hammond. "Study into the Ability of Healthy People of Small Stature to Satisfy the Sampling Requirements of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments." Medicine, Science and the Law 33, no. 4 (October 1993): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249303300408.
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In a previous study (Gomm et al., 1991) people with a variety of respiratory diseases were tested and criteria defined for assessing their ability to provide samples for Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments. This study investigated the possible problems which may be encountered by healthy people of small stature — 5ft 5in (166cm) or less — who do not suffer from a respiratory disease. This study followed the same pattern as the earlier work in that lung function (Forced Expiration Volume in One Second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)) was measured by spirometry, and Peak Expiration Flow Rate (PEFR) was measured using a Wright peak flow meter. Following the lung function measurements the subjects were requested to provide samples for Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments used by the Police in Great Britain. As with the previously reported work (Gomm et al., 1991), this study found that the FEV1 and FVC gave the most reliable indication of a person's capability of satisfying the sampling requirements of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments, but on this occasion the PEFR also provided a good confirmatory indication. Because there were no subjects with interstitial lung diseases the values determined by this study on 48 healthy adults indicate that a healthy person of small stature should be capable of supplying a suitable breath sample if their FEV1, FVC and PEFR are greater than 2.31, 2.61 and 330 1/min respectively.
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Gavrilov, Vladimir, Ruslan Ushakov, Laura Khamkhoeva, Nikolay Kumalagov, and Inna Littih. "Comparative legal study defining the bill of lading significance in maritime transport of goods." E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337604009.
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The given research paper studies the regulatory normative acts of the Russian Federation and foreign states related to the legal meaning of the bill of lading applying the following scientific methods: dialectical method, the comparative legal and historical ones, systematic, formal legal method and special legal interpretation approach. Particular attention is paid to the legal documents of the United States of America and Great Britain as the legal acts of these countries have had the greatest impact on all foreign legislation related to the carriage of goods by sea in general, and the bill of lading, in particular. The authors highlight the points that require a more detailed study as well as other general and different features of the bill of lading in the Russian Federation and in other foreign states legislation. The problematic aspects of the bill of lading caused by the peculiarities of the Russian Federation historical development are also determined in the article. The studied material allows the authors to propose certain amendments to the current legislation of the Russian Federation: to include the legal regulations of the bill of lading into the legislative codified act – the Code of Merchant Shipping of the Russian Federation while at present they are mainly located in by-laws.
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Crisp, A. H. "Undergraduate Training for Communication in Medical Practice." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 79, no. 10 (October 1986): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688607901004.
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Communication is a major aspect of medical practice in such areas as the consultation, counselling, team work, management duties, health education and teaching. Many communication skills essential to the clinical consultation are different from those used in everyday life. They require an understanding of the doctor/patient relationship and of the self as well as of others. They also require a subserving repertoire of specific behavioural skills. The present paper sets out to emphasize this pervasive importance of communication skills in medical practice and to suggest some educational goals and objectives for those skills of particular relevance to the consultation. It describes one attempt to pursue these within the author's own school despite the piecemeal nature of such teaching. In Britain great emphasis is placed on the importance of clinical skills and this is reflected in the priority given to them in the final professional examination, and yet their communication aspects are rarely well defined within the curriculum or directly assessed. The author advocates the teaching and assessment of communication skills as a continuous process throughout undergraduate and postgraduate medical education for clinical practice.
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Rakovska, L., D. Kostyukova, N. Domres, and L. Barska. "UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRIC SPECIALTIES (UAPS) EUROPEAN SLEEP MEDICINE AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY ASSOCIATION (ESMANA) STATEMENT OF THE ON SAFE SLEEP AS A PRIORITY ISSUE IN THE PREVENTION OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME." Neonatology, surgery and perinatal medicine 13, no. 2(48) (August 8, 2023): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-4260.xiii.2.48.2023.17.
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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains a pressing issue worldwide, with a significant number of cases occurring within the first six months of life. Many of these tragedies can be prevented by adhering to safe sleep guidelines. The effectiveness of large-scale educational programs focusing on these guidelines has been well-documented in developed countries, resulting in the saving of thousands of children's lives.In Ukraine, there are currently no national guidelines for the prevention of SIDS. To address this gap, we have compiled modern guidelines from other countries such as the USA, Great Britain, and Germany, along with the latest research data, to develop recommendations for safe sleep practices for children under one year of age. These recommendations cover various aspects, including the recommended sleep position (on the back), requirements for the sleeping surface and crib, suggestions for safe co-sleeping, and guidelines for maintaining an appropriate temperature. We also provide information on the beneficial effects of breastfeeding and vaccination in preventing SIDS, as well as the increased risks associated with overheating, the presence of soft objects near a sleeping child, and parental smoking and alcohol consumption.These recommendations should be disseminated to both parents and healthcare professionals involved in infant care.
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Zelic, Loren, Rheanna Pereira, Laura Byrne, Zipporah Iheozor-ejiofor, Melanie Carder, and Martie Van tongeren. "O-387 OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES IN WOMEN: LOOKING BACK 20 YEARS THROUGH THE OCCUPATIONAL PHYSICIANS REPORTING ACTIVITY SCHEME." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1388.
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Abstract Introduction Women constitute a significant portion of the global workforce and remain underrepresented in occupational health research and frameworks for occupational health and safety management. Methods This study describes women’s work-related ill-health (WRIH) reported to the Occupational Physicians Reporting Activity (OPRA) scheme between 2003 and 2022. OPRA is a national reporting scheme run from the University of Manchester as part of The Health and Occupation Research (THOR) network, covering Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Estimated cases were weighted and adjusted for temporal changes in reporter numbers. Results 51,464 estimated cases were reported to OPRA with the largest proportion being mental ill-health (64%) followed by musculoskeletal conditions (27%). 57% of musculoskeletal and 54% of mental ill-health cases were women employed in Human Health and Social Work activities, with the most common job roles being nurses and nursing auxiliaries and assistants. The most reported tasks for musculoskeletal WRIH were accidents, including assaults (22%), and heavy lifting (20%). The most reported events for mental ill-health were factors intrinsic to the role (48%) and interpersonal difficulties (34%). Discussion Work-related musculoskeletal conditions have historically been a concern with cases gradually decreasing over the years. However post-COVID-19 figures have started to rise, particularly with consideration to the sudden shift in remote working. Psychological conditions continue to dominate women’s WRIH, particularly attributed to workload and interpersonal difficulties. Conclusion Occupational diseases in women present a complex and underexplored domain. Recognising and addressing the gender-specific aspects of WRIH is crucial for creating safer and more equitable work environments.
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Gao, Jiacheng, and Yue Liu. "The Influence of Internet Usage on Gender Division of Labour Bias: Evidence from Chinese General Social Survey Data." Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2022 (November 17, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6948934.
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Based on data from 18,741 respondents in the 2010 and 2017 Chinese General Social Survey, this paper empirically analyzes the influence of Internet usage on gender division of labour bias by using the propensity score matching model and tests the sensitivity of the estimated results. The results show that firstly, a series of personal characteristics such as gender, age, years of education, ethnicity, political status, health status, marital status, household registration status, labour income, mother’s years of education, and family economic status will have a significant impact on whether they frequently use the Internet. Secondly, frequent internet usage can significantly reduce respondents’ agreement of gender division of labour bias, indicating that frequent internet usage can significantly improve respondents’ gender division of labour bias, and the results of Rosenbaum’s bound test and H-L confidence interval test both support the above conclusions. Thirdly, frequent internet usage can significantly reduce the recognition degree of women respondents and men respondents to gender division of labour bias, which indicates that frequent internet usage can not only strengthen women’s self-identity to a great extent but also improve men’s exclusion bias to a certain extent. Therefore, this paper puts forward some suggestions from two aspects: improving the accessibility of internet usage and guiding and controlling the content and behavior of various online media.
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NETTEN, ANN, ROBIN DARTON, ANDREW BEBBINGTON, and PAMELA BROWN. "Residential or nursing home care? The appropriateness of placement decisions." Ageing and Society 21, no. 1 (January 2001): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0100808x.
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Routinely-collected statistics show considerable variation between local authorities in Great Britain, in the proportions of supported residents placed in nursing and residential care. This raises the question of whether this is due to variations in demand (the type of resident approaching authorities), supply (the level and type of provision available for local authorities to purchase), or policy (in terms of eligibility criteria or interpretations of need at field level). Data were used from a national longitudinal survey of individuals admitted to publicly-funded residential and nursing home care. Information was collected from 18 local authorities on a cohort of 2,544 local authority supported residents who had been admitted to residential and nursing home care. The paper examines the pattern of admissions, the characteristics of people admitted and the relationship between these characteristics and admissions to residential or nursing home care. Characteristics of the individual explained the placement of over 80 per cent of admissions. Supply factors were statistically significant but did not improve the explanatory power of the model. Survival among those admitted to a type of care that was not predicted by the model, suggested that some unmeasured aspects of prognosis may account for some of the residual variation in placements. Overall, the results indicate a reasonably high level of consistency between authorities in nursing home placement decisions. This suggests that either there is considerable variation in the types of individual approaching local authorities or, more likely, that some authorities are more successful in maintaining people for longer at home than others. In addition to maintaining people at home to a higher level of dependency, prevention of admission to residential care is likely to be associated with: interventions that address carer support, safety issues among people who are deaf, and motivation.
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Moroz, G. Z., I. A. Holovanova, S. A. Bychkova, and O. O. Dzyzinska. "CURRENT ASPECTS OF ENGAGING PATIENTS TO SHARED DECISION-MAKING AND PARTNER PARTICIPATION IN THE TREATMENT PROCESS (review)." Клінічна та профілактична медицина 2, no. 24 (June 5, 2023): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31612/2616-4868.2(24).2023.13.
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The aim of the research: to conduct an analysis and generalization of scientific publications on the engaging patients to shared decision-making and partner participation in the treatment process.
Materials and methods. The analysis and generalization of scientific publications on the implementation of shared decision-making strategy and the engaging of patients to self-management and participation in the treatment process were carried out. Methods were used: systematic approach, bibliosemantic, analytical.
Results. In modern conditions, partner participation of patients in the treatment process has become a mandatory component of the development of a patient- centered model of medical care and is recommended by the WHO. A necessary component of this process is the implementation of shared decision-making strategy by the doctor and the patient. Organizational approaches to the implementation of the shared decision-making strategy in clinical practice are being improved and generalized, in particular, in 2021 NICE (Great Britain) experts published guideline NG197 «Shared decision-making». One of the most important factors of the shared decision-making strategy implementation in clinical practice is the training of medical staff on improving communication skills and empathy, engaging the patient to independent control of the disease, etc. WHO pays considerable attention to the engaging of patients self-management of health status and treatment results, as a component of patient partnership in the organization of medical care. It has been proven that self-management programs reduce the number of unplanned hospitalizations of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma, heart failure, etc. A wide range of approaches have been proposed to support patient engagement in self-management and partnership in treatment, including information leaflets, online peer support, individual counselling, group educational sessions, telephone coaching, symptom monitoring technologies and change interventions psychological behavior.
Conclusions: The implementation of a patient-centered model of medical care requires engaging patients in the treatment process as partners, which involves joint decision-making by the doctor and patient and self-management. It is essential to improve the communication skills of physicians and educate patients about participating in shared decision-making and self-management.
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Ulrich, Lauro, Phillip Thies, and Annika Schwarz. "Availability, Quality, and Evidence-Based Content of mHealth Apps for the Treatment of Nonspecific Low Back Pain in the German Language: Systematic Assessment." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 11 (September 13, 2023): e47502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/47502.
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Background Nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) carries significant socioeconomic relevance and leads to substantial difficulties for those who are affected by it. The effectiveness of app-based treatments has been confirmed, and clinicians are recommended to use such interventions. As 88.8% of the German population uses smartphones, apps could support therapy. The available apps in mobile app stores are poorly regulated, and their quality can vary. Overviews of the availability and quality of mobile apps for Australia, Great Britain, and Spain have been compiled, but this has not yet been done for Germany. Objective We aimed to provide an overview of the availability and content-related quality of apps for the treatment of NSLBP in the German language. Methods A systematic search for apps on iOS and Android was conducted on July 6, 2022, in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined before the search. Apps in the German language that were available in both stores were eligible. To check for evidence, the apps found were assessed using checklists based on the German national guideline for NSLBP and the British equivalent of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The quality of the apps was measured using the Mobile Application Rating Scale. To control potential inaccuracies, a second reviewer resurveyed the outcomes for 30% (3/8) of the apps and checked the inclusion and exclusion criteria for these apps. The outcomes, measured using the assessment tools, are presented in tables with descriptive statistics. Furthermore, the characteristics of the included apps were summarized. Results In total, 8 apps were included for assessment. Features provided with different frequencies were exercise tracking of prefabricated or adaptable workout programs, educational aspects, artificial intelligence–based therapy or workout programs, and motion detection. All apps met some recommendations by the German national guideline and used forms of exercises as recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline. The mean value of items rated as “Yes” was 5.75 (SD 2.71) out of 16. The best-rated app received an answer of “Yes” for 11 items. The mean Mobile Application Rating Scale quality score was 3.61 (SD 0.55). The highest mean score was obtained in “Section B–Functionality” (mean 3.81, SD 0.54). Conclusions Available apps in the German language meet guideline recommendations and are mostly of acceptable or good quality. Their use as a therapy supplement could help promote the implementation of home-based exercise protocols. A new assessment tool to obtain ratings on apps for the treatment of NSLBP, combining aspects of quality and evidence-based best practices, could be useful. Trial Registration Open Science Framework Registries sq435; https://osf.io/sq435
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Ludvigsen, Kaspar Rosager. "The Role of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices Regulation: Future Considerations and Solutions." Law, Technology and Humans 5, no. 2 (November 21, 2023): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/lthj.3080.
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The cybersecurity of medical devices is paramount in a world where everything is increasingly digitised. Attention to how this important defence against malicious actors is regulated must, therefore, also increase. This paper uncovers how the cybersecurity of medical devices is currently regulated and how it can be improved going forward. First, the paper compares the regulation of medical device cybersecurity in the European Union, the United States and the United Kingdom (UK)—differentiating between Great Britain and Northern Ireland as per the current state of the law in the UK. Second, the paper develops a model of how cybersecurity shapes three key areas in the ecosystem of medical devices. These areas are the medical device itself; the structure between the surrounding institutional systems (such as manufacturers and healthcare providers); and the security of the data, the surrounding institutional system and the medical device. Third, based on a comparative analysis and a view of the system from above, the paper puts forward four recommendations on what future regulation should contain to properly regulate the cybersecurity of medical devices: technology specificity, circumvention protection, genuine privacy and security by design. The paper recommends that these four principles be followed. Technology specificity because it guarantees legislation that understands the necessary technical aspects to promote security and safety. Circumvention protection because preventing manufacturers and others from circumventing these requirements decreases risks to the health and wellbeing of patients. Finally, genuine privacy and security by design should be followed to align cybersecurity and privacy with current and future technical capacities.
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Rogalski, David, Nina Barnett, Amanda Bueno de Mesquita, and Barry Jubraj. "The Pharmacist Prescriber: A Psychological Perspective on Complex Conversations about Medicines: Introducing Relational Prescribing and Open Dialogue in Physical Health." Pharmacy 11, no. 2 (March 22, 2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020062.
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Pharmacists have traditionally supported the prescribing process, arguably in reactive or corrective roles. The advent of pharmacist prescribing in 2004 represented a major shift in practice, leading to greater responsibility for making clinical decisions with and for patients. Prescribing rights require pharmacists to take a more prescriptive role that will allow them to contribute to long-standing prescribing challenges such as poor medication adherence, overprescribing, and the need for shared decision-making and person-centered care. Central to these endeavors are the development and possession of effective consultation skills. University schools of pharmacists in the UK now routinely include consultation skills training, which is also provided by national education bodies. These challenges remain difficult to overcome, even though it is understood, for example, that increasing the effectiveness of adherence interventions may have a far greater impact on the health of the population than any improvement in specific medical treatments. More recently, a concerted effort has been made to tackle overprescribing and the harm that may occur through the inappropriate use of medication. In routine pharmacy work, these priorities may linger at the bottom of the list due to the busy and complex nature of the work. Solutions to these problems of adherence, optimizing benefits of medication, and overprescribing have typically been pragmatic and structured. However, an arguably reductionist approach to implementation fails to address the complex patient interactions around prescribing and taking medication, and the heterogeneity of the patient’s experience, leaving the answers elusive. We suggest that it is essential to explore how person-centered care is perceived and to emphasize the relational aspects of clinical consultations. The development of routine pharmacist prescribing demands building on the core values of person-centered care and shared decision making by introducing the concepts of “relational prescribing” and “open dialogue” to cultivate an essential pharmacotherapeutic alliance to deliver concrete positive patient outcomes. We provide a vignette of how a clinical case can be approached using principles of relational prescribing and open dialogue. We believe these are solutions that are not additional tasks but must be embedded into pharmacy practice. This will improve professional satisfaction and resilience, and encourage curiosity and creativity, particularly with the advent of all pharmacists in Great Britain becoming prescribers at graduation from 2026.
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Tsyryuk, O. I., Yu V. Tseyslyer, K. R. Strubchevska, M. O. Kozyk, D. I. Ostapchenko, O. H. Korotkyi, and I. O. Tymoshenko. "Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic disorders." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) 19, no. 1 (March 20, 2023): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.19.1.2023.1241.
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The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the metabolic syndrome has recently been revealed. Vitamin D deficiency was hypothesized to cause increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion, which can result in the development of diabetes mellitus and obesity. Cardiovascular diseases are also closely related to the metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D has been shown to have complex multistep metabolism and act as a hormone at many extraskeletal targets. In this literature review, a comprehensive analysis of publications from Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health databases, as well as scientific libraries of Ukraine, European Union, Great Britain, USA and other countries was performed. Our goal is to identify and analyze scientific publications discussing various biological effects of vitamin D and its use in the comprehensive treatment of various diseases. In addition to the previously known role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism and the musculoskeletal system functionality, a wide range of its pleiotropic effects has been discovered recently. Modern studies have shown a relationship between low levels of vitamin D and development of neurocognitive dysfunction, mental and neurological disorders, infertility, immune reactivity and autoimmune disorders, various types of cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies. More recent data also revealed a relationship of vitamin D deficiency with practically all aspects of metabolic syndrome, namely diabetes mellitus type 2 and type 1, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. It was concluded that the data of the modern literature regarding the effectiveness of vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders and structural and functional changes of the liver in diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are quite contradictory: at the same level as the numerous publications on the effective use of vitamin D, there are studies with unconfirmed effectiveness of therapy and even its toxicity for the indicated pathologies.
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KARPENKO, Lidiia. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL MECHANISM FOR PROVIDING THE STATE GUARANTEES OF POPULATION MEDICAL SERVICE: FOREIGN PRACTICE." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 302, no. 1 (January 2022): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-302-1-48.
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Scientific research consists of substantiation and development of conceptual foundations and recommendations for the development of a financial mechanism for providing state guarantees of medical care to the population based on foreign practice. The paper substantiates the relevance of building an effective financial mechanism for ensuring state guarantees of medical care for the population for the Ukrainian medical sphere is: the need to reform the healthcare system in Ukraine; changing the paradigm of financing the medical industry; financing of the medical industry is experiencing critical problems; catastrophic situation in ensuring the provision of specialized and highly specialized inpatient care; imperfection of mechanisms for ensuring financing of the health care system of Ukraine. In this work, the author examines in detail the features of the three main models of healthcare at the global level, classifies the healthcare systems of leading countries according to three main models, systematizes in tabular form the practice of six countries – Israel, Sweden, France, the USA, Great Britain Germany, in which these models received the most bright embodiment. The aim of the work consist of studding the general principles of financing models and organization of the health care system in the coordinates of globalization changes and European integration; analysis and characterization of the financial mechanism that provides state guarantees in the field of medical care Applied aspects are based on the systematization of the instrumental base for modelling the financial mechanism for providing state guarantees of medical care to the population, taking into account foreign experience. In the work, the author analyzed the calculations of the ratio of costs and indicators of the effectiveness of the health care system in 2020, the analytical dependence of average life expectancy on per capita expenditures in the health sector, % of GDP. The analysis carried out on the selected research issues provides a conceptual basis for the formation of an effective financial mechanism for budget policy in Ukraine to ensure state guarantees of medical care for the population; forms a platform for the development of macroeconomic stabilization policy. The prospects for further research are the improvement of the issues of the mechanism for the effective functioning of the public sector and the implementation of integrated management analysis.
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Pavarini, S. C. I., A. C. Ottaviani, D. Monteiro, C. Campos, L. Corrêa, L. Alves, L. Rocha, et al. "iSupport for Dementia: an analysis of clinical trial records." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.987.
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IntroductionDementia has a significant psychological and emotional impact on families, especially for caregivers of people living with dementia. In this perspective, the World Health Organization has developed iSupport for Dementia, an online training and skills program to prevent and/or reduce mental health problems associated with the provision of care and improve the quality of life of caregivers. It is being translated and adapted in different countries and as of August 2022, 31 adaptations using 27 different languages were in progress. However, the availability of the program should only be carried out after evaluating its effects on caregivers’ mental health outcomes (such as burden, depressive and anxious symptoms, quality of life, among others).ObjectivesTo analyze randomized clinical trial protocols to assess the effects of the iSupport program in different countries.MethodsThis is a data survey carried out in October 2022 on clinical trial registry platforms Clinical Trials, The Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Netherlands Trial Register and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry by two independent researchers. Descriptive analyzis were performed for sample size, primary outcomes, secondary outcomes and intervention design.ResultsSeven clinical trial registries were identified, conducted in Australia/China, Brazil, Great Britain, the Netherlands, India, Japan and Portugal, published in English, from 2018 to 2022. The sample size ranged from 184 to 390 participants. Regarding the primary outcomes linked to the effect of using iSupport, five countries will analyze burden, anxiety and depression. Only in Australia/China and the Netherlands, the primary outcome will be quality of life and stress, respectively. Secondary outcomes vary between studies, with measures of quality of life (n=6), self-efficacy (n=4), program usability (n=4), cognition and problematic behaviors (n=3), attitudes (n=3), quality of support (n=3), positive aspects of care (n=2), knowledge, competence, resilience and informal costs of care (n=1). Most studies will carry out assessments at baseline, 3 and 6 months after the intervention, with the exception of Japan that will perform at baseline and at 1 and 3 months after the intervention and 6 months.ConclusionsAnalysis of the effectiveness of iSupport is one of the World Health Organization guidelines for countries that are culturally adapting this program. Brazil is the only country in Latin America with a clinical trial registration so far. Burden, anxiety and depression are outcomes considered by most countries. The results could provide evidence to strengthen and expand the possibilities for collaboration between researchers, as internet-based interventions have shown promising results on the mental health and well-being.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Devara, Evan, Maret Priyanta, and Yulinda Adharani. "INOVASI PENDEKATAN BERBASIS RISIKO DALAM PERSETUJUAN LINGKUNGAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG CIPTA KERJA." LITRA: Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Tata Ruang, dan Agraria 1, no. 1 (September 13, 2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/litra.v1i1.641.
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ABSTRAK
Dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja, Perizinan Lingkungan telah diubah menjadi Persetujuan Lingkungan yang berarti berbentuk persetujuan atau rekomendasi dari Pemerintah. Perubahan tersebut berdampak pada regulasi sektor lingkungan, ditambah lagi terdapat perubahan konsep bahwa perizinan lingkungan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis risiko. Di sisi lain, perubahan tersebut merupakan suatu inovasi yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah untuk menyederhanakan regulasi untuk meningkatkan perekonomian nasional. Konsep Pendekatan Berbasis Risiko merupakan hal baru di Indonesia. Pendekatan tersebut sebelumnya telah diterapkan di berbagai negara seperti Inggris dan Kanada. Pendekatan Berbasis risiko dalam melakukan kegiatan usaha memperhitungkan berbagai aspek seperti, kesehatan, lingkungan, potensi, serta ancaman yang akan dihadapi. Konsep Pendekatan Berbasis Risiko tidak menggantikan amdal melainkan sebagai pelengkap dalam melakukan setiap perhitungan dalam kegiatan usaha. Implementasi pendekatan berbasis risiko dalam persetujuan lingkungan harus diperhatikan baik dari tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan hingga pengawasan, sehingga kegiatan usaha yang memiliki risiko dapat dicegah dan dikendalikan. Pendekatan Berbasis Risiko dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja diharapkan dapat memberikan keseimbangan antara pembangunan ekonomi dan kesehatan lingkungan.
Kata kunci: Cipta Kerja; Perizinan; Risiko; Lingkungan
ABSTRACT
On the Job Creation Law, Environmental Permit changed bcome an Environmental Agreement. Environmental Agreement agreed or recommended by the centra government or regional government. The alteration has impact on the regulatons, especially in environmental sector, furthermore environmental agreement use a new approach as known as Risk Based Approach. On the otherside, the new approach become an inovation by the Government to simplified many regulaton that exist to increase economic growth. Risk Based Approach is a new concept in Indonesia. The approach is also used by Great Britain and Canada. Risk Based Approach is a tool for identifying a risk based on many aspects such as, environmental aspect, health aspect (public health care, human health, environmental health etc), strength and threat from the business activity. Risk based on environmental study called ‘Environmental Risk Assessment'. The environmental risk assessment didn't remove the environmental impact assessment but as complementary. The Implication on Risk Based Approach on the Environmental Agreement must be considered from the planning phase, implementation and monitoring, so any business activity that have a risk are under control. Risk Based Approach on the Job Creation Law are expected to bring the equality between economic growth and environmental health.
Keywords: Environment; Job Creation; Permit; Risk
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Butovskaya, Marina L., Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Elena Z. Godina, Kaushik S. Bose, Mariya V. Dobrovol'skaya, Andrei I. Kozlov, Mariya B. Mednikova, Irina A. Khomiakova, Anastasiya T. Agdzhoyan, and Taisiya A. Syutkina. "The review of the IX International scientific conference, dedicated to the memory of academicians V.P. Alexeev and T.I. Alexeeva." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 4 (November 21, 2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2022.4.137-149.
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IX International Scientific Conference dedicated to the memory of academicians V.P. Alexeev and T.I.Alexeeva, was held in Moscow from October 17th to October 20th, 2022. This time, the leading organizer of the event was the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the Russian Academy of Sciences, although as in the previous Alexeevsky readings, the Scientific Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology named after D.N. Anuchin Moscow State University and the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences were actively involved in it’s organization. Despite the fact that this time all presentations were held online, it should be noted that the quality of papers, as well as the activity of the participants of the event, turned out to be at the highest level. 90 papers were presented by 120 authors from Russia, Armenia, Belarus, India, Poland, Mongolia and Great Britain. Russian speakers represented scientific institutions from Moscow, Krasnodar region, Nizhny Novgorod, Kemerovo, Tyumen and Rostov regions, Volgograd, Ufa, Magadan, Pskov and St.Petersburg. At the opening of the conference, the names of the winners of the V.P Alexeev and T.I.Alexeeva Award in the field of interdisciplinary research in archaeology and anthropology in 2022 were announced. They were DSci Balabanova Aria Afanasievna and PhD Pererva Evgeny Vladimirovich. We sincerely congratulate our Volgograd colleagues and wish them new discoveries and scientific achievements. The topics of the meeting reflected the main modern trends in biological anthropology and related disciplines and included the Russian-Indian roundtable “Children’s Growth and Health”, conducted in English, as well as the sections “Human Evolution and Behavior: Modern Approaches and Perspectives”, “Modern Problems in Applied Anthropology”, “Adaptation Processes in the Indigenous People from the Modern Human Populations”, “Sports Anthropology”, “Modern Issues of the Ethnogenesis of Ancient Populations”, “Factors of the Population Variability – New Approaches and Perspectives of Research”, “Bioarchaeological Reconstruction – Perspectives and Limits of the Method”, “Paleoecological Aspects of Human Studies in the Context of Modern Biogeochemical Research”, “Demography as a tool for analyzing the stress resistance of a population in the past and present”.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Physician Payment 2008 for Interventionalists: Current State of Health Care Policy." September 2007 5;10, no. 9;5 (September 14, 2007): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2007/10/607.
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Physicians in the United States have been affected by significant changes in the pattern(s) of medical practice evolving over the last several decades. These changes include new measures to 1) curb increasing costs, 2) increase access to patient care, 3) improve quality of healthcare, and 4) pay for prescription drugs. Escalating healthcare costs have focused concerns about the financial solvency of Medicare and this in turn has fostered a renewed interest in the economic basis of interventional pain management practices. The provision and systemization of healthcare in North America and several European countries are difficult enterprises to manage irrespective of whether these provisions and systems are privatized (as in the United States) or nationalized or semi-nationalized (as in Great Britain, Canada, Australia and France). Consequently, while many management options have been put forth, none seem to be optimally geared toward affording healthcare as a maximized individual and social good, and none have been completely enacted. The current physician fee schedule (released on July 12, 2007) includes a 9.9% cut in payment rate. Since the Medicare program was created in 1965, several methods have been used to determine physicians’ rate(s) for each covered service. The sustained growth rate (SGR) system, established in 1998, has evoked negative consequences on physician payment(s). Based on the current Medicare expenditure index, practice expenses are projected to increase by 34.5% from 2002 to 2016, whereas, if actual practice inflation is considered, this increase will be 90%. This is in contrast to projected physician payment cuts that are depicted to be 51%. No doubt, this scenario will be devastating to many practices and the US medical community at large. Resolutions to this problem have been offered by MedPAC, the Government Accountability Office, physician organizations, economists, and various other interested groups. In the past, temporary measures have been proposed (and sometimes implemented) to eliminate physician payment cuts. At present, the US Senate and House of Representatives are separately working on 2 different mechanisms to address and rectify these cost-payment discrepancies. The effects of both the problem and the potential solutions on interventional pain management may be somewhat greater than those on other specialties. Physician payments in interventional pain management may evidence cuts of 10% to 15%, whereas if procedures are performed in an office setting, such cuts may range from 29% to 39% over the period of the next 3 years if the proposed 9.9% cut is not reversed. Medicare cuts also impact other insurance payments, incurring a “ripple effect” such that many insurers will seek to pay at or around the Medicare rate. In this manuscript, we discuss universal healthcare systems, the CMS proposed ruling and its attendant ripple effect(s), historical aspects of the Medicare payment system, the Sustained Growth Rate system, and the potential consequences incurred by both proposed cuts and potential solutions to the discrepant cost-payment issue(s). As well, ethical issues of policy development upon the infrastructure and practice of interventional pain management are addressed. Key words: Health policy, physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare, sustained growth rate formula, interventional pain management, regulatory reform, ethics
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Aksent’ev, Andrei Andreevich. "Essence and classification of deferred taxes." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Экономика» = Perm University Herald. ECONOMY 16, no. 4 (2021): 421–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9960-2021-4-421-448.
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Deferred taxes are an important object of accounting observation, which has a significant impact on management decision-making by users. At the current stage of development of accounting and tax accounting theory and practice, many aspects of tax effect recognition in the financial information system still remain debatable. This provides possibilities, including for accounting fraud, associated with veiling profit indicators and items in the enterprises’ financial statements. This causes the relevance of studying the essential features of deferred taxes, as well as the analysis of global experience in the assessment of arising “differences”, their classification, and accounting methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development and substantiation of classification features of deferred taxes, including their systematization by methods of accounting, assessment and varieties. The paper characterizes the reason for accounting and taxation deviations, the evolution of the key deferred taxes types is described, the criteria for their registration in finance accounting are considered as the legislation in the USA, Great Britain, and other countries is improved. The paper defines the key challenges of accounting and estimation of deferred taxes, including the questions on theoretical inconsistency of deferred taxes with the concepts of assets and liabilities. The unresolved problems include the deferred tax depreciation procedure which is not regulated by the Russian accounting standards. In its turn, IFRS ascribes this procedure to the competence of the specialists who actively apply the method of creation (restoration) of valuation allowance for opportunistic purposes, which increases the importance of research in this area. The results of this work are useful for a wide range of experts specializing in the theory and practice of financial analysis, accounting and tax accounting and auditing and can serve as a basis for overcoming contradictions in the practice of deferred tax accounting. The prospects of the research lie in the empirical tests confirming the informational significance of deferred taxes in the financial statements of the Russian companies. What is more, the possible areas of scientific interest are the development of the accounting methods for deferred taxes depreciation and the connection of deferred taxes with bankruptcy and the company’s financial stability indicators. The growing attention of the academic community to deferred taxes could lead to the inclusion of a deferred taxes category in a comprehensive financial analysis of business activities.
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Florek, Paweł, and Tomasz Kołodziejczyk. "Supporting Evacuation of Disabled People – Organizational and Technological Challenges." Safety & Fire Technology 57, no. 1 (2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.9.
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Aim: The aim of this publication is to present the most important aspects concerning the conditions for evacuation of people with various types of disabilities – from mobility problems, to reduced perception in the event of a threat, and to indicate the most important challenges both in terms of legal regulations, as well as organizational and technological conditions for ensuring effective evacuation of disabled people. Introduction: People with disabilities are a group that requires special consideration when planning evacuation from public utility facilities, because many of these people – depending on the type and degree of their dysfunction – will not be able to evacuate from the danger zone on their own. The inspection carried out in 2019 by the Delegation of the Supreme Audit Office in Poznań confirmed the need to adapt the applicable legal regulations in this regard (in practice, fire safety instructions, evacuation plans, staff training and equipping facilities with adequate equipment supporting the evacuation of people with disabilities) [1]. In addition to legal and technological aspects, a very important factor in the effective evacuation of disabled people are organizational solutions adopted in a given facility, which should take into account the individual specificity (cubature) and functions of a given facility. Methodology: As part of the research process, theoretical research was used, such as: analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, general- ization, inference, comparison and analogy. During the research, national and foreign sources (from the United States and Great Britain) were analyzed. The selection of individual countries was guided by the level of development of the solutions adopted in these countries dedicated to supporting the evacuation of disabled people in a situation of threat to their life or health, as well as the availability of data sources. Conclusions: The presented analysis of the conditions for the evacuation of people with disabilities from public utility buildings shows the challenges that both the legislator and managers of facilities in the country face in this area, as well as the emergency services. The latter – similarly to people with disabilities – are the systemic beneficiaries of the desired changes in the area of law and tactics of rescue operations, from the moment of alerting about an event in the facility where there are people who are unable to evacuate themselves. Introducing good practices, verified in other countries, into common application, should significantly improve rescue operations. The expected effect will be to shorten the time of providing help to all people unable to evacuate themselves in an emergency – regardless of their number, as well as the type and specificity of the public facility in which the life or health threatening situation occurred. Keywords: evacuation of disabled people, public utility buildings, intelligent construction, modelling and computer simulations, individual evacuation plan Type of article: review article
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Towers, Ann-Marie, Nick Smith, Stephen Allan, Florin Vadean, Grace Collins, Stacey Rand, Jennifer Bostock, et al. "Care home residents’ quality of life and its association with CQC ratings and workforce issues: the MiCareHQ mixed-methods study." Health Services and Delivery Research 9, no. 19 (October 2021): 1–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr09190.
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Background Care home staff have a critical bearing on quality. The staff employed, the training they receive and how well they identify and manage residents’ needs are likely to influence outcomes. The Care Act 2014 (Great Britain. The Care Act 2014. London: The Stationery Office; 2014) requires services to improve ‘well-being’, but many residents cannot self-report and are at risk of exclusion from giving their views. The Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit enables social care-related quality of life to be measured using a mixed-methods approach. There is currently no equivalent way of measuring aspects of residents’ health-related quality of life. We developed new tools for measuring pain, anxiety and depression using a mixed-methods approach. We also explored the relationship between care home quality, residents’ outcomes, and the skill mix and employment conditions of the workforce who support them. Objectives The objectives were to develop and test measures of pain, anxiety and depression for residents unable to self-report; to assess the extent to which regulator quality ratings reflect residents’ care-related quality of life; and to assess the relationship between aspects of the staffing of care homes and the quality of care homes. Design This was a mixed-methods study. Setting The setting was care homes for older adults in England. Participants Care home residents participated. Results Three measures of pain, anxiety and low mood were developed and tested, using a mixed-methods approach, with 182 care home residents in 20 care homes (nursing and residential). Psychometric testing found that the measures had good construct validity. The mixed-methods approach was both feasible and necessary with this population, as the majority of residents could not self-report. Using a combined data set (n = 475 residents in 54 homes) from this study and the Measuring Outcomes in Care Homes study (Towers AM, Palmer S, Smith N, Collins G, Allan S. A cross-sectional study exploring the relationship between regulator quality ratings and care home residents’ quality of life in England. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019;17:22) we found a significant positive association between residents’ social care-related quality of life and regulator (i.e. Care Quality Commission) quality ratings. Multivariate regression revealed that homes rated ‘good/outstanding’ are associated with a 12% improvement in mean current social care-related quality of life among residents who have higher levels of dependency. Secondary data analysis of a large, national sample of care homes over time assessed the impact of staffing and employment conditions on Care Quality Commission quality ratings. Higher wages and a higher prevalence of training in both dementia and dignity-/person-centred care were positively associated with care quality, whereas high staff turnover and job vacancy rates had a significant negative association. A 10% increase in the average care worker wage increased the likelihood of a ‘good/outstanding’ rating by 7%. Limitations No care homes rated as inadequate were recruited to the study. Conclusions The most dependent residents gain the most from homes rated ‘good/outstanding’. However, measuring the needs and outcomes of these residents is challenging, as many cannot self-report. A mixed-methods approach can reduce methodological exclusion and an over-reliance on proxies. Improving working conditions and reducing staff turnover may be associated with better outcomes for residents. Future work Further work is required to explore the relationship between pain, anxiety and low mood and other indicators of care homes quality and to examine the relationship between wages, training and social care outcomes. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 9, No. 19. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Numgaudienė, Ariana, and Birutė Žygaitienė. "Content Analysis of Technology Teacher Training Programmes of Some European Countries." Pedagogika 113, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2014.1755.
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The article deals with the problems of designing and updating study programmes during the integration process of the Lithuanian education system into the European education space. After the substantial change of general programmes of Basic education(2008) and Secondary education (2011) and seeking to fully involve self-development of general cultural, subject specific, generic and specific competencies which are necessary for teachers, it is important to update the study programmes.The problem of the research: what content of technology teacher training programme should be from the innovations point of view in order to meet the expectations of the changing society.The object of the research: the innovative content of the technology teacher training programme.The aim of the research: to highlight the innovative aspects of the content of technology teacher training programmes, having performed content analysis of technology teacher training programmes of the universities of Lithuania and some European countries.Research methods:analysis of scientific literature, analysis of the programmes of universities of some European countries which provide training for technology teachers as well as the analysis of the legal acts and strategic education policy documents of the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania.Updating of the study programme of technological education is a permanent process, which is conditioned by the following factors: market economy and the needs of information society, the fact that higher education is becoming mass, penetration of humanistic ideas into the content of education as well as the valid unified study quality assessment policy in the European Union.Taking into account the recommendations of the international experts’ group and considering international changes of analogous study programmes, the Committee of Technology Pedagogics Study Programmes of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences in cooperation with the social partners carried out a research of opinions of students, graduates, university lecturers and employers on the study quality.They also performed a comprehensive analysis of the Bachelor’s degree study programmes of some Western European universities. The analysis revealed that theoretical models of study programmes design of different European universities have similarities and differences, which are determined by the philosophical aspect, humanistic ideas and the context of the national education policy. In the research the experience of five universities from the innovations point of view was used: the University of Helsinki (Finland), Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh (Great Britain), the Polytechnic Institute of Tomar (Portugal), and the University of Iceland.The following elective subjects have been included in the study programme of technology pedagogics: pedagogical ethics, sustainable development and social welfare, educational creative projects, family health education, health promoting nutrition education, visualization of technology education, eco creations, national and global food culture, interior design, technology education for special needs students, art therapy, development of leadership competencies, formation of study archives. The hidden curriculum of the study programme of technology pedagogics is ethnic culture, ecology, project activities.
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Spasovski, Milena, and Danica Santic. "Development of population geography from antropogeography to spatial-analitical approach." Stanovnistvo 51, no. 2 (2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1302001s.
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Population geography is a subdiscipline of Human geography and studies the distribution, concentration and density of population over the terestrial surface, as well as differences in population size, changes and characteristics, like structures, migrations, activity etc, among some places present compared to others. Population geography has had a perscientific stage as long as human history. First modern scientific treatis of population in geography was the F. Ratzels book Antropogeography in 1882. During the first half of the XX century, French geographer Vidal de la Blanche gave a capital importance of population studies in his work Principes de Geographie Humaine. In interwar years, various aspects of population were studied. After The Second World War started the renovating movement of geography and new tendencies appear in human geography and, consequently in population geography. Attempts were made to define population geography as a separate sub-discipline. The world wide trend of treating population geography as separate discipline was expressed by publishing monographs, bibliographies and textbooks. The most significant authors who worked on defining population geography were French geographers P. George (1951, 1959), Beaujen-Garnier (1965, 1966); North-american geographers: G. Trewarta (1953, 1969), W. Bunge (1962), J. Clance (1965, 1971), W. Zelinski (1966); in Great Britain: J.I. Clarke (1965); in USSR: Ju.G. Sauskin i D.N. Anucin (1950), V.V. Poksisevskij (1966), D.I. Valentej (1973); in Poland V. Ormotski (1931), L. Kosinski (1967) A. Jagelski (1980). Those authors and their works had the significant influence on the development of population science in the world and also in Serbia. Although the development of population geography was different in different countries and scientific research centers, we can clearly defined four stages. First stage lasted untill 1960s and was characterised by works of G.Trewarta, H. Doerres Ju.G. Sauskin, D.N. Anucin, J. Beaujeu-Gariner. G. Trewarta argued that the population is the point of reference from which all other elements are observed and from which all derive significance and meaning. This view was adopted and shared by authors dealing with population items, explicitly or implicitly. Second stage lasted from 1960s till 1970s and the most significant authors dealing with population problems were W. Zelinsky, W. Bunge; H.Bobek, W. Hartke, K.Ruppert, F.Schaffer; D.I. Valentej, K.Korcak. This phase was characterized by the application of quantitative methods and efforts for understanding the spatial structure of the population. Many scientists see this development phase as a particularly prosperous period, because it carried more intensive relations of geography and demography through the introduction of statistical, mathematical and demographic methods and techniques in studies of population geography. Third phase lasted from 1970s to 1980s, and was characterized by close relations between population geography and formal demography. Development and application of GIS and computer data, have made population studies more complex and applicable in practice, through population policy and population projections. The most significant authors in this period were L. Kosinski, A. Jagelski, H?gerstrand. And at last, fourth stage started in 1980s and in many countries lastes untill present days. In population geography appeared new tendencies associated with the critique of positivism, the establishment of humanistic approaches and modifications of general geographic concepts. In this period, spatial analysis and quantitative scientific methods were reaffirmed, and because of that some population studies were redefined in spatial demography, a time dimension advocated in historical demography. In this context, we emphasize the work of D. Plane and P. Rogerson. Population geography is viewed differently from one country to another. Its definition differs from too narrow to overly broad. But two research areas were of particular interest to geographers - population distribution and migration. Both items acquired an international dimension. Recently, eminent population geographers exchanged various view points in an attempt to provoke new thinking on subject and define the answers of new fields research in population geography. Population geography in the XXI Century is no longer a field comprised of spatial applications of fertility, mortality and migration only. Contemporary population geography is theoretically sophisticated, integrating spatial analysis, GIS and geo-referenced data. Future progress in the field of population geography will derive from more research at the intersections of population processes and societal issues and concerns. Major themes of future empirical researches in population geography should be: global population growth, studies of migration, transnationalism, human security issues, population-health-environment nexus, human-environment sustainability, economic development and poverty issues.
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Heller, WD, and G. Scherer. "Scientific Publications and the Internet - Editorial." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2000): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0694.
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AbstractThe Internet is a potent medium for the global distribution and retrieval of information in all areas of life. We already profit from this opportunity and will do so even more when the Internet will be developed further. But there is another side to all this: The fact that unchecked information is available to an almost unlimited extent also carries dangers with it particularly when it is given the semblance of being based on scientific evidence. For the publication of scientific knowledge, an efficient control system has matured and proved successful over many years: peer review. The Internet is not the only medium to dodge this system, but the Internet is certainly the cheapest, fastest, most widespread and therefore the most efficient (and probably dangerous) way to do so. A recent example is Arpad Pusztai's claim in the press and on television programmes in Great Britain that genetically modified (GM) potatoes may stunt the growth of rats. His ‘findings', although not published in a peer-reviewed journal, were welcomed and exploited by lobby groups and triggered widespread concern over the issue of GM food. A year later the paper was published in The Lancet accompanied by a critical commentary (A. Pusztai: Lancet 354 (1999) 1314-1315). One benefit of the publication in this prestigious journal certainly was that Pusztai had to retract his original claims because the data simply do not support them (N. Loder: Nature 401 (1999) 731).A similar case, we believe, is the Internet publication of July 14, 1999, on the website of ‘Action on Smoking and Health’ (ASH) entitled ‘Tobacco Additives - Cigarette Engineering and Nicotine Addiction', authored by C. Bates, M. Jarvis and G. Connolly (http://www.ash.org.uk/papers/additives.html). In this report, the authors claim, among other things, that the cigarette industry uses pharmacologically active additives in order to influence the smoking behaviour. The scientific evidence for their claim is mainly based on notes and memos from scientists of the tobacco industry which are also available on the Internet. As in the example discussed above, the ASH paper achieved a widespread coverage in the media, impressing not only the public but also government bodies, thus certainly serving its intended purpose. It is our view that legislation based on (or at least influenced by) dubious scientific evidence is harmful not only for the industry but even more for those who are supposed to be protected, the consumers. We, therefore, believe that the invited Commentary by L. Mueller and W. Roeper (see page 51) on only a few aspects of the ASH paper on additives is of interest for our readers. The Mini-Review by Dixonet al. (page 103) in appropriate scientific depth tackles the problem of nicotine transfer from tobacco to the smoker and the role of ammonia compounds used in the production of cigarettes. This Mini-Review is the first of a series of peer-reviewed, ‘state-of-the-art’ overviews on issues of current interest in tobacco research. The Mini-Review will present its subject as a complete scientific manuscript accompanied by headlines allowing a quick overview of the main issues. Furthermore, we as editors of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International take the liberty but also the responsibility to invite experts to write Commentaries on selected topics. Commentaries represent scientifically based views of the authors and are intended to encourage further scientific discussion. Allenet al. (Nature: 402 (1999) 722) reported on the overall reliability of scientific information on websites and found that a high percentage was ‘misleading', ‘inaccurate’ and ‘unreferenced'. Nonetheless, the authors recognize the substantial advantages of the Internet as a resource for scientific information provided that peer review is maintained as the guiding principle for evaluating science. We deeply regret that the circulation of our journal is not sufficient to correct this kind of misinformation. In order to at least partly remedy this disadvantage, but also for other reasons, we as editors of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International are considering a full-text Internet version (besides the printed version) of this journal to be implemented in the year 2001. In consideration of our comments above, we, however, want to assure our readers that the Beiträge will retain its peer-review system.
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Rothman, Jennifer A., Parija Patel, Jing Zhao, Susan Morris, Junlong Li, and Hanny Al-Samkari. "Mitapivat Treatment Reduces Levels of Interference in Work/School Activity for Adult Patients with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-180697.
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Background: Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a rare hereditary disease resulting in chronic hemolytic anemia. It is associated with a range of acute and long-term complications and negatively impacts health-related quality of life. Patients (pts) with PK deficiency report daily social and physical limitations, which negatively impact various aspects of their lives, including the ability to perform at their full potential at work or school. Mitapivat is a first-in-class, oral, allosteric activator of PK, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hemolytic anemia in adults with PK deficiency, and by the European Union European Medicines Agency and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in Great Britain for the treatment of PK deficiency in adults. Mitapivat has shown sustained and clinically meaningful improvements in the disease impact of PK deficiency measured by two disease-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments, the PK Deficiency Impact Assessment (PKDIA) and the PK Deficiency Diary (PKDD), in the pivotal ACTIVATE trial (NCT03548220) and its long-term extension (LTE) study (NCT03853798) in adult pts with PK deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions. In this post hoc analysis, new PRO data are reported from ACTIVATE and its LTE study focusing on the impact of PK deficiency on work or school performance and how treatment with mitapivat impacts this over time in these pts. Methods: In the global, phase 3, placebo (PBO)-controlled ACTIVATE trial, adult pts with PK deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions were randomized 1:1 to receive mitapivat (5/20/50 mg twice daily) or PBO for 24 weeks (wks). Pts who completed ACTIVATE were eligible to continue in the open-label LTE study, where all pts received mitapivat (5/20/50 mg twice daily or dose at last visit of ACTIVATE). Pts from ACTIVATE who participated in the LTE study were categorized into either the mitapivat-to-mitapivat arm (M/M) or the PBO-to-mitapivat arm (P/M). In the PKDIA questionnaire, pts who worked or went to school over the 7 days prior to a scheduled visit were asked to rate how often their PK deficiency interfered with their ability to perform to their full potential at work or school, using an 11-point numeric rating scale (work/school interference score; ranging from 0 [none of the time] to 10 [all of the time]). Changes in the work or school interference score from baseline (BL; defined as the last complete assessment before start of study treatment in ACTIVATE) were summarized descriptively by treatment arm over the fixed-dose period of ACTIVATE (24 wks) and up to Wk 60 of the LTE study (84 wks overall). Results: Among the 80 randomized adult pts with PK deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions in ACTIVATE, 54 (67.5%) attended work/school at BL (28 pts randomized to mitapivat, 26 pts to PBO), 3 pts found it too difficult to attend, 21 did not attend for reasons unrelated to PK deficiency, and data were unavailable for 2. The mean (SD) work/school interference score for the 54 pts at BL was 4.0 (2.49) and was similar for the mitapivat (4.2 [2.42]) and PBO (3.9 [2.61]) arms. At Wk 24, 37 pts worked or went to school (including 22 in the mitapivat arm and 15 in the PBO arm), 5 pts found it too difficult to attend, 32 pts did not attend for reasons unrelated to PK deficiency, and data were unavailable for 6 pts. Change from BL in work/school interference score was compared for the 33 pts who attended work/school at both BL and Wk 24. Pts treated with mitapivat (n=19) had a reduction in the work/school interference score (mean [SD] change: -1.5 [1.74]) while negligible change (0.1 [2.41]) was observed among PBO pts (n=14). Notably, this reduction in score was sustained among M/M pts up to Wk 60 of the LTE. Furthermore, P/M pts experienced a reduction in the work or school interference score after starting mitapivat treatment in the LTE period, which was consistent with the improvements seen in the M/M arm during the ACTIVATE trial (Figure). Conclusions: In this post hoc analysis, interference in work or school performance was observed in adult pts with PK deficiency who were not receiving regular transfusions. Treatment with mitapivat showed sustained improvements in work or school performance over time. These data continue to support the potential for mitapivat to provide long-term benefits and reduced interference in work or school performance in these pts.
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Romanis, Elizabeth Chloe. "Abortion Access and the Benefits and Limitations of Abortion-Permissive Legal Frameworks: Lessons from the United Kingdom." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, January 23, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318012200086x.
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Abstract This paper argues that abortion access is an important subject for bioethics scholarship and reflects on the relationship between legal frameworks and access to care. The author uses the example of the United Kingdom to examine the benefits and limitations of abortion-permissive legal frameworks in terms of access. These are legal frameworks that enable the provision of abortion but subject to restrictions. An abortion-permissive regime—first in Great Britain and then in Northern Ireland—has gone some way to improving access to care over time. However, aspects of the regime (that lead to its description as permissive rather than supportive of abortion) have the potential to endanger abortion access in the future and so legal reform is necessary.
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Fahy, Nick, Tamara Hervey, Mark Dayan, Mark Flear, Michael J. Galsworthy, Scott Greer, Holly Jarman, Martha McCarey, Martin McKee, and Matthew Wood. "Impact on the NHS and health of the UK's trade and cooperation relationship with the EU, and beyond." Health Economics, Policy and Law, June 28, 2022, 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133122000044.
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Abstract The UK's relationship with the European Union (EU) is now embodied in two principal legal instruments: the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, which formally entered into force on 1 May 2021; and the Withdrawal Agreement, with its Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, which continues to apply. Using a ‘building blocks’ framework for analysis of national health systems derived from the World Health Organisation, this article examines the likely impacts in the UK of this legal settlement on the National Health Service (NHS), health and social care. Specifically, we determine the extent to which the trade, cooperation and regulatory aspects of those legal measures support positive impacts for the NHS and social care. We show that, as there is clear support for positive health and care outcomes in only one of the 17 NHS ‘building blocks’, unless mitigating action is taken, the likely outcomes will be detrimental. However, as the legal settlement gives the UK a great deal of regulatory freedom, especially in Great Britain, we argue that it is crucial to track the effects of proposed new health and social care-related policy choices in the months and years ahead.