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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ethnic composition of population

Academic literature on the topic 'Ethnic composition of population'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ethnic composition of population"

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Saydanovich, Abdullaev Ulugbek. "Ethnic Composition Of The Population Of Uzbek Khanates." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 08 (September 9, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue09-05.

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Rapawy, Stephen. "Nationality Composition of the Soviet Population." Nationalities Papers 13, no. 1 (1985): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998508408011.

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The Soviet population comprises numerous nationalities, but there are differences of opinion as to the exact number. One author claims that there are 128 to 132 nationalities or ethnic groups living in the Soviet Union. The last official figure was issued by the Central Statistical Administration in instructions for the 1970 census. At this time the Administration, in consultation with numerous scholarly institutions, determined that 122 nationalities or ethnic groups resided in the Soviet Union. Comparable information for the 1979 census is not available in the West.

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Shen, Zehao, Peng Li, Hongkai Sun, and Lihua Pang. "Geographical patterns of Chinese ethnic minority population composition and ethnic diversity." Chinese Geographical Science 21, no. 4 (July 26, 2011): 454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11769-011-0487-8.

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Kozhirova, Svetlana, Aigul Khazhmuratova, and Taissya Marmontova. "Ethnic Composition of Xinjiang Population: Past and Present." Anthropologist 26, no. 1-2 (October 2016): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892131.

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Lozynskyi, R. "Ethnic composition of population in Ivano-Frankivsk in the second half of 20th centuries (historic-geographic analyses)." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 39 (December 15, 2011): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2011.39.2183.

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In article is analysed the ethnic composition of population in Ivano-Frankivs’k in the second half of 20th centuries. Are considered the general changes to ethnic composition, track record of number of the main ethnic groups, language situation in city. The source of writing the article were a census materials. Key words: ethnic composition, ethnic group, native language, census.

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Abdullaev, I. I. "ETHNIC COMPOSITION AND DYNAMICS OF GROWTH OF THE KASHKADARYA OASIS IN THE XX CENTURY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-03-05.

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This article describes the ethnic composition of the population of the Kashkadarya oasis in the twentieth century, their characteristics, population, population growth dynamics, analyzing various ethnographic research and archival documents and research work of researchers.

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Deurenberg, P., and M. Deurenberg-Yap. "Validity of body composition methods across ethnic population groups." Acta Diabetologica 40 (October 1, 2003): s246—s249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-003-0077-z.

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Brandén, Maria, Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund, and Ryszard Szulkin. "Ethnic Composition of Schools and Students’ Educational Outcomes: Evidence from Sweden." International Migration Review 53, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 486–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318769314.

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We examine the impact of ethnic school composition on students’ educational outcomes using Swedish population register data. We add to the literature on the consequences of ethnic school segregation for native and immigrant students by distinguishing social interaction effects from selection and environmental effects through one- and two-way fixed effects models. Our findings demonstrate that native and immigrant students’ grades are relatively unaffected by social interaction effects stemming from the proportion of immigrant schoolmates. However, we find nontrivial effects on their eligibility for upper secondary school. Immigrants’ educational outcomes are weakly positively affected by the proportion of co-ethnics in school.

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Safronov, S. G. "Transformations in ethnic population composition in Russia in 1989–2010." Regional Research of Russia 4, no. 2 (April 2014): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079970514020105.

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Mendes-Junior, Celso Teixeira, and Aguinaldo Luiz Simões. "Alu Insertions and Ethnic Composition in a Brazilian Population Sample." International Journal of Human Genetics 1, no. 4 (December 2001): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09723757.2001.11885767.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethnic composition of population"

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Lowe, Emily. "Ethnic Minority Youths’ Psychosocial Adjustment in School: Exploring the Ethnic Composition." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-23388.

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Haugh, Timothy D. "Losing the population : the impact of coalition policy and tactics on the population and the Iraqi insurgency /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FHaugh.pdf.

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Terry, Peter Brian. "Perinatal mortality and birthweight in a multiracial population." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30824.

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Marino, Carmen Dolores. "Sex and ethnic differences in mathematics in a well integrated population /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1988. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9225968.

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Storkey, Marian Elaine. "Population projections of different ethnic groups in London, 1991 to 2011." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246691.

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Willis, James. "Right ventricular assessment using ultrasound in a healthy, multi-ethnic population." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619236.

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Current published reference values for right ventricular (RV) echocardiographic assessment do not adequately account for the reported changes in size and function that can occur due to gender, age and body size. In addition, the potential effects on RV dimensions of ethnic variation within healthy volunteers are relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to better understand the potential differences in RV size that may result from gender, body size, ethnicity or age in a healthy volunteer group. 255 healthy volunteers (mean age 41+11 years 53% male) from five ethnic groups (Indian, Chinese, Malay, European, Afro-Caribbean) were recruited. Assessment of RV size was conducted using 2D calliper measurements, 3D volume, ejection fraction (EF) and RV deformation characteristics (peak systolic strain (PSS) and strain rate (PSSR)). Intraobserver, interobserver and test-retest scenarios were performed to assess measurement variability and reliability. Regression analysis identified gender, age, body size and ethnicity as significant coefficients of 2D RV size and 3D volume. European and Afro-Caribbean 2D and 3D measurements were on average larger than the remaining ethnic groups whilst males exceeded females. Allometric scaling of the raw 2D data to body surface area (BSA) resulted in gender and body size independent measurements whilst measurements between ethnic groups displayed varying significance on both RV size and volume. Increasing age resulted in a number of significant interactions with size and volume. Gender differences were apparent for both 3D ejection fraction (EF) and strain measurements. Females displayed both higher 3D EF and PSS using an RV freewall approach. The reproducibility of the RV measurements varied depending on the method used and the scenario undertaken. Gender, age and body size are important determinants of 2D linear deformation, and 3D acquired RV measurements. These results highlight the need for 4 appropriate allometric scaling of RV measurements to BSA, whilst highlighting the importance of documenting ethnicity.

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Ballard, David. "Characterization and differentiation of three British population groups." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8529.

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The British population is made up of three main ethnic groups: Caucasian, Afro- Caribbean and South Asian. The history of Britain is littered with a series of invasion and colonisation events, potentially resulting in a variety of different genetic influences shaping the native population. More recent immigration trends have lead to over 11 million people within the UK describing themselves as belonging to an ethnic minority. The aim of this research is therefore to characterise these three population groups for a series of genetic markers, in the process gaining an insight into the genetics and origins of the individuals within these groups and ultimately developing a robust population-of-origin classification system for a DNA sample of unknown origin. To this end, three distinct areas of the genome were investigated. This comprised the development of a suite of PCR multiplex reactions to analyse 11 Y chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) markers, sequencing of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, and analysis of a number of autosomal Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) known to show population specific allele distributions. The results from these studies led to the development of simple (Y chromosome and mitochondria) or complex (SNPs) classification systems enabling unknown DNA samples to be categorised into one of these 3 ethnic groups with a high degree of certainty: the YSTR population-of-origin classification algorithm had a success rate of 80%, the mitochondrial version a 90% success rate while correct prediction was achieved over 94% of the time with the autosomal SNPs.

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Ryabov, Igor. "SCHOOL RACIAL AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION EFFECT ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF LATINO ADOLESCENTS." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1124561780.

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Rouch, Elisenda Laborda. "Collagen Composition in different ethnic groups and changes in pelvic floor dysfunction." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494384.

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Prasad`, Pritha. "Teaching Within and Against: Rhetoric and Composition After Ferguson." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1560030915886502.

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Books on the topic "Ethnic composition of population"

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Arkadiev, Dimitŭr Petrov. Opredeli︠a︡ne na etnicheskii︠a︡ sŭstav chrez prebroi︠a︡vanii︠a︡ta na naselenieto: Determination of ethnic composition through population censuces. Veliko Tŭrnovo: Universitetsko izdatelstvo "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ", 2011.

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Instytut ukraïnsʹkoï arkheohrafiï ta dz︠h︡ereloznavstva im. M.S. Hrushevsʹkoho, ed. Hromadi︠a︡ny Lʹvova XIV-XVIII st: Pravovyĭ status, sklad, pokhodz︠h︡enni︠a︡ = Citizens of Lviv 14th-18th cc. : legal status, composition, origin. Kyïv: Instytut ukraïnsʹkoï arkheohrafiï ta dz︠h︡ereloznavstva im. M.S. Hrushevsʹkoho, 2012.

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Ethnic cleansing. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

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Bell, Andrew. Ethnic cleansing. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

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Hackney. London Borough Council. Research and Intelligence Section. Black and ethnic minority population estimates. (London: The Council, 1986.

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Waters, Mary C. Ethnic options: Choosing identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

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Wilson, Tom, Jeromey Temple, Peter McDonald, Ariane Utomo, and Bianca Brijnath. The Changing Migrant Composition of Australia’s Population. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88939-5.

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Rapawy, Stephen. Ethnic reidentification in Ukraine. Washington, D.C: International Programs Center, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997.

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Rapawy, Stephen. Ethnic reidentification in Ukraine. Washington, D.C: International Programs Center, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997.

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Shahidullah, Mohammed. Oklahoma's population: Growth, size, composition, and policy implications. Oklahoma City, Okla. (P.O. Box 26980, Oklahoma City 73126-0980): The Division, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ethnic composition of population"

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Mellor, R. E. H. "Population Distribution and Ethnic Composition." In Geography of the U.S.S.R., 114–44. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003172048-4.

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Poston, Dudley L., and Shu Jing. "The Demographic and Socioeconomic Composition of China’s Ethnic Minorities." In The Population of Modern China, 573–600. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1231-2_24.

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Hong, MI, LI Yuan, and MA Qiyini. "Comparison of ethnic composition, ethnic issues and ethnic population policies among western countries." In “The Belt and Road” International Migration of Asia, 54–69. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003189473-5-5.

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Martins, Jo M., and Farhat Yusuf. "Changes in Ethnic Composition and Fertility of the Australian Population." In Population Change and Public Policy, 51–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57069-9_3.

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Lin, Yan. "An Integrative Study Using Spatial Statistics and Racial/Ethnic Composition to Measure Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation at Varying Scales." In Population Change and Public Policy, 405–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57069-9_21.

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Ryan, Michael, and Richard Prentice. "Ethnic Composition." In Social Trends in the Soviet Union from 1950, 60–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18883-3_7.

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Pol, Louis G., and Richard K. Thomas. "Population Composition." In The Demography of Health and Health Care, 121–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8012-6_5.

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Thomas, Richard K. "Population Composition." In Concepts, Methods and Practical Applications in Applied Demography, 77–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65439-3_5.

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Namboodiri, Krishnan. "Population Composition." In The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 171–209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-8994-2_7.

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Pol, Louis G., and Richard K. Thomas. "Population Composition." In The Demography of Health and Healthcare, 65–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8903-8_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ethnic composition of population"

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Shaidurov, Vladimir. "MIGRATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE NORTHERN ASIAN POPULATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.068.

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Pivovarenko, Alexander A. "Fluctuations in the Ethnic Composition of the Population of Istria in the Late Nineteenth — Early Twenty-First Centuries and the Problem of Their Historical and Statistical Interpretation." In Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0869.2021.1.31.

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Hoare, Marko Atilla. "THE GREAT SERBIAN THREAT, ZAVNOBIH AND MUSLIM BOSNIAK ENTRY INTO THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT." In Međunarodna naučna konferencija-75. GODIŠNJICA PRVOG ZASJEDANJA ZAVNOBIH-a: POVIJESNA UTEMELJENOST OBNOVLJENE DRŽAVNOSTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. I 21. STOLJEĆU. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi2019.179.05.

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From the start of the uprising in summer 1941, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia conceived of the People’s Liberation Struggle in BosniaHerzegovina as a specifically Bosnian-Herzegovinian liberation struggle, waged under Bosnian-patriotic slogans. Nevertheless, the status of BosniaHerzegovina within the future Yugoslav state was not definitely resolved until November 1943. This period – autumn 1943 – witnessed the mass influx of Muslim Bosniaks into the People’s Liberation Movement, definitely transforming it from a movement that was overwhelmingly ethnic-Serb in composition into one that had a large Muslim Bosniak component as well. A decisive catalyst for the mass entry of Muslim Bosniaks in East Bosnia into the NOP was the fear among them that Hitler would cede East Bosnia to Nedić’s Serbia, thereby establishing a Great Serbia in which the Muslim Bosniaks would be subjected to genocide. The KPJ, by championing BosnianHerzegovinian self-determination, was able to win over a large part of the Muslim Bosniak population that feared the Great Serbian threat. This paper will look at the relationship between the Great Serbian threat and the influx of Muslim Bosniaks into the NOP during 1943.

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Lytkina, U. V. "Impact of Economic Specialisation of Settlements on Ethno-Demographic Processes in the Komi Republic." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-15.

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The article analyses the dynamics of the size and national composition of the population of the Komi Republic from 1926 to 2020. A classification of rural settlements by economic specialization and dominant nationality is proposed. The research examines 725 rural settlements and groups of settlements of the Komi Republic. Based on demographic data at the level of settlements, the article demonstrates the impact of economic specialisation of settlements on ethno-demographic processes in the republic in the period after 1970. The study shows that rural settlements specialising in agriculture, as well as with a predominant Komi population or without a dominant nationality, are more demographically stable. The research findings reveal changes in demographic trends in recent decades and make it possible to assess the demographic prospects of the region.

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Kozhobekov, Muratbek. "Economic Structure of Early Medieval Kyrgyz." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01799.

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The level of the command economy is primarily determined by how it is adapted to the environment and then using only spectacular food-producing economy to nasushnoy needs of the population. The close relationship between the natural and geographical conditions and economic activities shows the ethno-political determenirovannost nomadic society. Despite the huge reservoir of the study and the availability of general works on the history of the Kyrgyz period under consideration, remain controversial questions of economic structure, species composition of herds, the existence of ancillary hozyayaystva, the value and location of the household and the level of development of commodity-money relations. The use of empirical research base and the historical and cultural interpretation of material evidence allow rekonstruktrirovat structure of the economy and the Kyrgyz life.

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Dashkovskiy, P. K. "Ethnic And Religious Aspects Of Tolerance Of Altai Population." In RPTSS 2017 International Conference on Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.02.29.

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Tay, Tunn Ren, Xuening Choo, Hang Siang Wong, Anthony Yii, Yong Huak Chan, Adrian Chan, Augustine Tee, and Mariko Koh. "Distinct asthma phenotypes in a multi-ethnic asian population." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa4331.

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Namrueva, Lyudmila. "Rural Population Of Kalmykia: Their Attitude To Mixed Ethnic Family." In International Scientific Conference «Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism» dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Turkayev Hassan Vakhitovich. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.05.503.

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"Civil and Ethnic Identity of Population Bordering Regions of Russia." In Emirates Research Publishing. Emirates Research Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/erpub.e1115082.

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NANZATOV, B. Z. "UPPER OKA BURYATS IN 19TH CENTURY: ETHNIC COMPOSITION AND SETTLEMENT." In Scientific conference, devoted to the 95th anniversary of the Republic of Buryatia. Publishing House of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30792/978-5-7925-0521-6-2018-137-139.

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Reports on the topic "Ethnic composition of population"

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Alan, Sule. Skills for Life: Social Skills for Inter-Ethnic Cohesion. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003207.

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Social skills are essential to building empowered and cohesive communities in ethnic diversity. In a world with massive population movements and growing anti-immigrant sentiments, schools stand out as important platforms to instill key social skills into our children to build inter-ethnic cohesion. Achieving this requires the implementation of rigorously tested educational actions. This brief provides the evaluation results of a particular educational program that was implemented in a high-stakes context where the ethnic composition of schools changed abruptly due to a massive refugee influx. The program significantly lowered peer violence and ethnic segregation in schools, and improved prosociality in children.

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Oksuzyan, Anna, Sven Drefahl, Jennifer Caputo, and Siddartha Aradhya. Is it better to intermarry? Ethnic composition of marriages and suicide risk among native-born and migrant persons in Sweden. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2020-026.

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Glaser, Sally L. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Genotype as a Contributor to Racial/Ethnic Differences in Breast Cancer: A Population-Based, Molecular Epidemiologic Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441312.

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Schaefer, Catherine A. Management Options for Women at Risk for Inherited Breast Cancer in a Multi-Ethnic Health Plan Population: A Randomized Control Trial. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406156.

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Glaser, Sally, Esther M. John, Christina A. Clarke, and Henry A. Erlich. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Genotype as a Contributor to Racial/Ethnic Differences in Breast Cancer: A Population-Based, Molecular Epidemiologic Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428463.

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Hoxby, Caroline. The Effects of Class Size and Composition on Student Achievement: New Evidence from Natural Population Variation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6869.

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Mattingly, Marybeth, and Jessica Carson. “My Advice…Is Get Out of Town”: Economic Opportunities and Population Composition in Two Rural Counties. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.363.

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Brian C. O'Neill. Improving Demographic Components of Integrated Assessment Models: The Effect of Changes in Population Composition by Household Characteristics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/889032.

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Burkhardt, Guy. Population Determinants of Social Change: An Analysis of the Age composition of the United States from 1920 to 1983. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1283.

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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Abstract:

Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.

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