Journal articles: 'Ethiopia – Colonization'

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Woldemaram, Hirut. "Linguistic Landscape as standing historical testimony of the struggle against colonization in Ethiopia." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2016): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.2.3.04wol.

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Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest independent country and its second largest in terms of population. Apart from a five-year occupation by Italy, which is considered as a war time, the country has never been colonized. The Linguistic Landscape (LL) of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the seat of the African Union, prominently depicts that important history. Erected in the main squares of the city, the various monuments serve as standing testimonies of the struggle, victory and important figures pertaining to Italian fascist invasion of Ethiopia. Moreover, there are different institutions (schools, hospitals) and infrastructures (bridges, streets) officially named after significant historical moments. Visible in the central locations and squares of the city, monuments, statues, and the naming of streets, bridges, schools, and hospitals, keep the peoples’ memory about the struggle against the Italian invasion and the victories obtained. Symbols of the Lion of Judah, cross and national flags are also part of the public exhibit marking identities, ideologies and references to the country’s history. This study aims at showing how the LL serves as a mechanism to build the historical narrative of Ethiopia. It overviews how the LL in Addis Ababa via its monuments depicts the anti-colonial struggle and the victory over Fascist Italian forces. The monuments considered are: the Victory Monument, The Patriots Monument, The Abune Petros statute, and the Menelik II Statue. After presenting background aspects, this paper tackles Ethiopians’ memories of the Italian invasion as expressed in Addis Ababa’s LL and their identity construction and reconstruction. The last section discusses the findings and draws concluding remarks. Methodologically, digital Figures of the monuments were collected coupled with interview. Ethnographic approaches to the LL are used to analyze the selected memorial objects. As Creswell (2003) indicates ethnographic designs like qualitative research procedures, aims at describing, analyzing, and interpreting a culture-sharing group’s patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in 2014 with a sample of 15 pedestrians, males and females, of different ages and educational categories who were standing in front of the monuments waiting for buses. The interviewers wanted to know what people think of the significance and relevance of location of the monuments in the public space. Most of the interviewees tended to support the views of the prevailing popular interpretations. They strongly relate the monuments with memories of brutality of Italian invaders on the one hand, and the strong resistance, patriotism and heroism of the Ethiopian people. The interviews agree that this unique victory needs to keep being celebrated and glorified as part of the history of Ethiopia.

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Syraji, Yonas, and Jeyaramraja P.R. "Relationship of altitude, individual seed weight, and kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus with biochemical parameters of various Ethiopian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) accessions." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(2).344.358.

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Groundnut is one of the five extensively grown oil crops of Ethiopia. Groundnut kernels contain 40-50% fat, 20-50% protein, and 10-20% carbohydrate and are rich in vitamin E, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, falacin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, and potassium. This study aimed to determine individual seed weight, kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus, and biochemical parameters in groundnut seeds collected from different areas of Ethiopia. Groundnut germplasm in the form of seeds was collected from the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute (EBI), further information about each accession location and altitude was also collected from the institute. Parameters such as individual seed weight (ISW), kernel colonization by A. flavus, and biochemical parameters (i.e. total carbohydrate, protein, and total free amino acids) were measured in the groundnut seeds. A negative relationship between ISW and altitude (p<0.01) was observed in this study which indicates that an increase in altitude would result in a decrease in seed weight. A positive relationship between altitude with total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and with total free amino acids (p<0.05) was also observed. Low-ISW accessions exhibited significantly higher total carbohydrates while high-ISW accessions exhibited significantly higher total free amino acids in their seeds. Groundnut seeds of EBI accessions with 0% kernel colonization contained less total carbohydrate, and the accessions with 100% kernel colonization contained the highest total carbohydrates. Besides, total carbohydrates correlated positively with kernel colonization (p<0.01). So, it is postulated that high total carbohydrate makes groundnut seeds susceptible to A. flavus colonization.

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Sollai, Michele. "How to Feed an Empire?" Agricultural History 96, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 379–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9825310.

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Abstract In 1937—one year after the Fascist “conquest” of Ethiopia—the Italian East African Empire was on the brink of an economic and food crisis. In order to feed the newborn empire's growing Italian population, Mussolini's regime launched a call for agricultural mobilization meant to rapidly make the empire self-sufficient in wheat, the main staple of the Italian population. This article analyzes the scientific foundations of the program of imperial “wheat autarky” and its materialization during the “wheat campaigns” between 1938 and 1941, particularly focusing on the introduction of and experimentation with hybrid wheat seeds in the Ethiopian highlands. The article shows the key role played by Italian agronomists and plant breeders in the framing and implementation of wheat autarky in the Fascist empire. Contrary to the historical emphasis of Fascist propaganda on the technological and human colonization of Ethiopia by Italian agriculture, the article also argues for the crucial position of indigenous farming within the colonial project of wheat development. Finally, Ethiopia's environments and its nonhuman actors became essential protagonists in the unfolding of these agricultural plans. The article makes the case for viewing wheat rust—a fungal plant disease—as a key component of the evolution and demise of the Italian occupation of Ethiopia.

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Sewnet, Tadesse Chanie, and Fassil Assefa Tuju. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with shade trees and Coffea arabica L. in a coffee-based agroforestry system in Bonga, Southwestern Ethiopia." Afrika Focus 26, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02602007.

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In a first step to understand the interactions between Colfea arabica L. trees and mycorrhizae in Ethiopia, an investigation of the current mycorrhizal colonization status of roots was undertaken. We sampled 14 shade tree species occurring in coffee populations in Bonga forest, Ethiopia. Milletia ferruginea, Schefflera abyssinica, Croton macrostachyus, Ficus vasta, F. sur, Albizia gummifera, Olea capensis, Cordia africana, Ehretia abyssinica, Pouteria adolfi-friederici, Pavetta oliveriana, Prunus africana, Phoenix reclinata and Polyscias fulva. Coffee trees sampled under each shade tree were all shown to be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi). Four genera and 9 different species of AM fungi were found in the soils. Glomus (Sp1, Sp2, & Sp3 & Sp4), Scutellospora (Sp1 & Sp2) and Gigaspora (Sp1 & Sp2) were found under all 14 shade tree species, whereas Acaulospora (Sp1) occurred only in slightly acidic soils, within a pH range of 4.93-5.75. Generally, roots of the coffee trees were colonized by arbuscules to a greater degree than those of their shade trees, the arbuscular colonization percentage (AC%) of the former being higher than the latter (significant difference at 0.05 level). Though differences were not statistically significant, the overall hyphal colonization percentage (HC%) and mycorrhizal hyphal colonization percentage (MHC%) were shown to be slightly higher under coffee trees than under their shade trees. However, the differences were statistically significant at 0.05 level in the case of HC% values of coffee trees under Pouteria adolf-friederici and MHC% under Cordia africana. Spore density and all types of proportional root colonization parameters (HC%, MHC%, AC% and vesicular colonization percentage, VC%) for both coffee and shade trees were negatively and significantly correlated with organic soil carbon, total N, available P, EC and Zn. Correlation between arbuscular colonization for coffee (AC%) and organic carbon was not significantly positive at a 0.05 level. Incidence of specific spore morphotypes was also correlated with physical and chemical soil properties. Results indicate that AM fungi could potentially be important in aforestation and help to promote coffee production activities in Ethiopia providing an alternative to expensive chemical fertilizer use, and would offer management methods that take advantage of natural systems dynamics that could potentially preserve and enhance coffee production.

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Mengesha, Tedros Sium, and Mussie T. Tessema. "Eritrean Education System: A critical Analysis and Future Research Directions." International Journal of Education 11, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v11i1.14471.

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This paper critically discusses the Eritrean education system at different period of time: before the Italian colonization (before 1889), Italian colonialization (1889-1941), British Administration (1941-1952), Federation with Ethiopia (1952-1962), annexation of Eritrea by Ethiopia (1962-1961), after independence (after 1991). An important finding of the current study is that, education system is significantly influenced by the economic and political situation of a country in that when the economic and political situation of a country is not conducive, the education system suffers. This study also discusses the implications of the findings of the current study and future research directions.

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Terefe, A. "Nasal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopia: A meta-analysis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.292.

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Birhane, Emiru, Kbrom Fissiha Gebretsadik, Gebeyehu Taye, Ermias Aynekulu, Meley Mekonen Rannestad, and Lindsey Norgrove. "Effects of Forest Composition and Disturbance on Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Spore Density, Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Root Colonization and Soil Carbon Stocks in a Dry Afromontane Forest in Northern Ethiopia." Diversity 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040133.

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We investigated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density and root colonization in three distinct dry Afromontane forest plant communities, representing differing levels of disturbance and soil properties. Soil and root samples were collected from sixty-five 50 × 50-m plots from four plant communities. We collected data for AMF spore density, AMF root colonization and soil organic carbon stocks in 0–25 and 25–50 cm soil depth ranges. AMF spore density, and root colonization differed significantly among plant communities. The least disturbed Juniperus procera–Maytenus senegalensis (Jupr-Mase) plant community, which contained high tree and shrub density, had the highest AMF spore density, root colonization and soil carbon stocks. The most disturbed Cadia purpurea–Opuntia ficus-indica (Capu-Opfi) community which contained the lowest tree and shrub density supported the lowest AMF spore density, root colonization and soil carbon stocks. There was no significant difference in spore density between the two soil depths, but AMF root colonization was significantly higher in the upper soil than in the subsoil (p < 0.001). The difference in soil properties was not uniform between plant communities. Conserving remnant dry Afromontane forests and restoring the degraded forests are critical to improve and maintain forest ecosystem functioning and sustain ecosystem services.

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Lemma, Dereje, Tufa Kolola Huluka, and Legese Chelkeba. "Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of group B streptococci among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systemic review and meta-analysis study." SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212210813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221081338.

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Objective: Maternal colonization or infection with drug-resistant Group B streptococcus is a serious disease that affects mother, fetus, and infant. The knowledge of maternal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility test is substantially needed for a nation to formulate a policy or change the already existing one to reduce maternal, fetus, and infant mortality. As a result, the goal of this review was to determine the pooled prevalence Group B streptococcus colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility among Ethiopian pregnant women. Methods: Literature searches were carried out in the electronic biomedical databases and indexing services such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Original records of research articles, available online from 2014 to December 2020, addressing prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance pattern of Group B streptococcus in pregnant women were identified and screened. Endnote citation manager software version X9 for windows was utilized to collect and organize search outcomes and for removal of duplicate articles. The relevant data were extracted from included studies using a format prepared in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA 14.0 software for the outcome measures analyses and subgrouping. The I2 index was used to measure heterogeneity between studies and median, and interquartile (25%, 75%) was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility rate. Results and conclusion: Sixteen original articles were found in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Group B streptococcus colonization was recorded in 979 of the 5743 pregnant women, resulting in a 16% overall frequency (95% confidence interval: 13%−20%). The estimated prevalence varied significantly between studies with significant heterogeneity (χ2 = 154.31, p = 0.001, I2 = 90.28). Ampicillin (97.8%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%), penicillin G (95.5%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%), and vancomycin (100%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%) susceptibility were all high in Group B streptococcus, whereas tetracycline (29%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%) susceptibility was low. Group B streptococcus colonization rates in Ethiopian women during pregnancy were virtually similar to those in many underdeveloped countries, and Group B streptococcus isolates were highly sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin G, and vancomycin.

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Mekuria, Surafel, Ayichew Seyoum, Zerihun Ataro, Tigist Abebe, and Kedir Urgessa. "Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Associated Factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Rate among Old-Age Patients with Respiratory Tract Infection Attending Sheik Hassan Yebere Referral and Karamara General Hospitals, Jigjiga, Ethiopia." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2022 (September 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9338251.

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Background. Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract of humans. Colonization of the upper respiratory tract (carriage of pneumococcus) by S. pneumoniae is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infection. It is the major cause of respiratory tract infection and frequent cause of physician visits, hospitalization, and death among old-aged patients because of their low immunity status. However, data on S. pneumoniae among old-aged patients in eastern Ethiopia are limited. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and associated factor of S. pneumoniae colonization among old-aged patients. Method. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 March to 15 April 2020, at Sheik Hassan Yebere Referral and Karamara General Hospitals, Jigjiga, eastern Ethiopia. A total of 188 individuals greater than or equal to 60 years suspected of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections were included. Sociodemographic, behavioral, living conditions, and clinical data were collected by trained data collectors. Sputum samples were collected and examined for S. pneumoniae using the culture and biochemical tests as per the standard procedures. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The data were entered on Epi-data version 3.1, and frequencies, crude odds ratio, and adjusted odds ratio were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. The prevalence of S. pneumoniae colonization rate among old-aged patients was 13.8% (26/188) (95% CI: 9.6–19.1). Smoking (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.3–8.3), upper airway problems (AOR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.1–15), and asthma disease (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.1–8.9) were the factors associated with S. pneumoniae colonization. The isolated organisms showed high antimicrobial resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (n = 12, 46.2%), tetracycline (n = 11, 42.3%), and ampicillin (n = 9, 34.6%). Conclusion. This study showed that high prevalence of S. pneumoniae and antimicrobial resistance for trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline, and ampicillin when compared to similar studies. Cigarette smoking, having upper airway problem, and asthma disease were factors associated with S. pneumoniae colonization. The provision of pneumococci conjugate vaccination and avoiding smoking are highly recommended for old aged in the community.

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Tesfaye, Addisu, Addisu Melese, and Awoke Derbie. "Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Associated Factors of Group B Streptococci Colonization among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Jigjiga, Southeast Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2022 (March 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9910842.

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Background. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS) is one of the causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. It is associated with severe maternal and neonatal outcomes. The colonization rate, associated factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity (AST) profile of GBS among pregnant women in Eastern Ethiopia is less studied. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 st March to 30 th May, 2021 in Jigjiga. A total of 182 pregnant women with a gestational period of ≥36 weeks were included. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the participants’ demographic and clinical history. Vaginal-rectal samples were collected by brushing the lower vagina and rectum with a sterile cotton swab for bacteriological culture. An antimicrobial sensitivity test (AST) was performed using the Kary-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The logistic regression model was used to find out factors associated with GBS colonization. Results. GBS colonization among pregnant women attending antenatal care was at 15.9% (29/182). The AST result showed that the majority of the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin (96.6%), chloramphenicol (96.6%), ampicillin (93.1%) azithromycin (89.7%), and penicillin (86.2%). In contrast, the isolates were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and tetracycline at 17.2%, 20.7%, 27.6%, 27.6%, and 34.5%, respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was noted in 4 isolates (13.79%). GBS colonization was significantly associated a with history of preterm labor (<37 weeks of gestation) (AOR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.36–10.9) and a history of prolonged ruptured membrane (>18 hr.) (AOR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.34–8.83). Conclusions. The colonization rate of GBS was considerably high among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the present study area. The observed antimicrobial resistance for the common drugs and the reported MDR level calls for routine screening of pregnant women for GBS and actions to minimize antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be strengthened.

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Terefe, A. "Nasal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among pre-school children in Ethiopia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 73 (August 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.3712.

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Muhaba, Hussein, Genet Molla Fenta, and Daniel Gebretsadik. "Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and its associated factors among HIV patients attending art clinic at Dessie comprehensive specialized hospital, Dessie, North East Ethiopia." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): e0000838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000838.

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Globally the incidence of nosocomial infections and colonization due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become greater concern. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of nasal carriage of MRSA with its antimicrobial susceptibility patter among HIV patients attending ART clinic. cross-sectional study was conducted from January 01 to May 30, 2020 at Dessie comprehensive specialized hospital, north east Ethiopia. A total of 206 HIV patients were recruited by applying systematic random sampling technique. Nasal specimen was collected from both anterior nares, and inoculated directly on mannitol salt agar, MacConkey, 5% blood agar. Screening of MRSA and methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strain was done by using cefoxitin antibiotic disc following modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associated factors with S. aureus and MRSA. study participants were in the age range between 12 and 72 years and their mean (±SD) age was 41.52 (±11.2). The rate of S. aureus and MRSA colonization was 127/206 (61.7%) and 58/206 (28.2%), respectively. Having job close contact with human [AOR = 4.41; 95% CI = 1.5–13.02; p = 0.007], picking the nose [AOR = 4.38; 95% CI = 1.34–14.29; p = 0.014] and ART failure [AOR = 7.41; 95% CI = 2.08–26.41; p = 0.002] had statistically significant association with MRSA colonization. MRSA showed resistance for tetracycline (53.4%), erythromycin (84.5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (86.2%). Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) was detected among 96.5% of MRSA and 20.3% of MSSA isolates. the rate of S. aureus and MRSA nasal colonization was high and it has associated with different factors. Understanding and managing MRSA among HIV patients is mandatory and stakeholders should find out the way how to decolonize the bacteria from nasal area.

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Seid, Mohammed, Getnet Beyene, Yared Alemu, Bereket Workalemahu, Mulugeta Delbo, Dagimawie Taddesse, Gelila Biresaw, and Aseer Manilal. "Does cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV patients increase the drug resistance of pneumococci? A comparative cross-sectional study in southern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): e0243054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243054.

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Background Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria results in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Although the prolonged cotrimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis is arguably associated with the risk of increasing drug resistance in the common pathogens, information regarding its impact on Streptococci pneumoniae / pneumococcus is very limited. Objective This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on nasopharyngeal colonization rate and antimicrobial resistance using Streptococci pneumoniae (pneumococcus) as an indicator organism among HIV patients in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Materials and methods A comparative cross-sectional study was designed and conducted among HIV patients attending the Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) clinic of Arba Minch General Hospital (AMGH) from April 01 to August 31, 2018. A total of 252 participants were systematically selected and clustered into two study groups based on their CTX prophylaxis status, one taking CTX prophylaxis, and the second one, the control group (without prophylaxis). A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data from patients. A nasopharyngeal swab was collected and cultured for pneumococcal isolation and identification in accordance with standard microbiological techniques. An antibiotics sensitivity test was performed according to the CLSI guidelines. Data were analyzed using the Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. The primary outcome was determined using logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 252 enrolled HIV patients (mean age (37.38± 9.03 years), 144 (57.14%) were males. The overall, nasopharyngeal colonization rate of S. pneumoniae was 13.5% (95% CI: 8.4–15.6). Asymptomatic pneumococcal carriage rates among patients on CTX prophylaxis and the control group were 16.3%, and 10.3% respectively (p-value = 0.03). Regarding the risk factors analyzed, CTX prophylaxis (AOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.05–4.9) and gender (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.09–5.93) were significantly associated with pneumococcal colonization, showing a male preponderance. Cotrimoxazole-resistant pneumococci were 85.7% vs. 47.4% in the prophylaxis group and the control group respectively and it was statistically significant (AOR: 6.7; 95% CI: 1.3–36). Percentages of multi-drug resistant isolates in these two groups were 38.09 and 15.38 respectively (p-value = 0.04). Among the CTX resistant pneumococci isolates, 85% were also found to be co-resistant towards penicillin and was statistically significant. Conclusion The percentage prevalence of nasopharyngeal pneumococci colonization was higher in patients taking CTX prophylaxis. It was noted that CTX prophylaxis eventually results in the selection of cotrimoxazole resistance and multi-drug resistance in pneumococci. There is evidence of existing cross-resistance between cotrimoxazole and penicillin antibiotics. Therefore, CTX prophylaxis must be administered judiciously. Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility is warranted where the prophylaxis is common.

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Dadi, Belayneh Regasa, Mulatu Sime, Mohamed Seid, Dagimawie Tadesse, Munira Siraj, Dagninet Alelign, and Zerihun Solomon. "Vertical Transmission, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Group B Streptococcus among Mothers and Their Neonates in Southern Ethiopia." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8163396.

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Background. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) contributes to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality by increasing intrauterine infection or vertical transmission at the time of birth. Despite many efforts to reduce the potential risk of vertical transmission, GBS remains the main cause of serious disease (neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and/or pneumonia) in vulnerable newborns during the first week of life. This study aimed to assess vertical transmission, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of GBS among pregnant women and their neonates. Methods. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers and their neonates from February to May 2021. A total of 201 pregnant women with their neonates participated in this study. A well-designed questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and clinical data. A vaginal swab from mother before delivery and neonatal nasal and ear canal swab samples were taken as soon as after delivery within 30 minutes. Vaginal swabs, neonatal ear canal, and nasal swabs were placed into Todd–Hewitt broth and incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours at 35–37°C in 5% CO2 conditions and then subcultured on 5% sheep blood agar for 18–48 hours. Presumptive identification of GBS was made by morphology, Gram stain, catalase, and hemolytic activity on sheep blood agar plates. CAMP and bacitracin susceptibility tests were used as confirmatory tests for GBS. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Vertical transmission rates of GBS (mother to neonates) were 11.9%. The prevalence of GBS among pregnant women and newborns was 24/201 (11.9%) (95% CI = 7.5–16.9) and 11/201 (5.5%) (95% CI = 2.5–9.0), respectively. The history of prolonged rupture of membranes (AOR = 3.5, CI = 2.2–18.8) and urinary tract infection (AOR = 2.9, CI = 1.7–16.3) were associated factors for maternal GBS colonization. Gestational age of <37 weeks ( p = 0.008 ), low birth weight of <2.5 kg ( p = 0.001 ), and maternal history of vaginal discharge ( p = 0.048 ) were associated factors for neonatal GBS colonization. Low antibiotic resistance was observed for erythromycin 8.6%, clindamycin 5.7%, and chloramphenicol 2.9%. Conclusion. In this study, high vertical transmission (mother to neonates) rate was observed. The prevalence of vaginal GBS colonization of women at delivery was 11.9% and significantly associated with the history of prolonged rupture of membranes and urinary tract infections. Gestational age of <37 weeks, low birth weight of <2.5 kg, and maternal history of vaginal discharge were associated with neonatal GBS colonization. Hence, there is a need for antenatal culture-based GBS screening, risk factor-based interventions, and regular follow-up of drug resistance patterns for proper treatment and management of GBS.

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Lemma, Mahlet, Yonas Bekele, Stefan Petkov, Moa Hägglund, Beyene Petros, Abraham Aseffa, Rawleigh Howe, and Francesca Chiodi. "Streptococcus pneumoniae Nasopharyngeal Carriage among PCV-10-Vaccinated HIV-1-Infected Children with Maintained Serological Memory in Ethiopia." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030159.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) vaccines have substantially reduced the burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) worldwide. Despite high coverage with S. pneumoniae vaccination, upper-respiratory-tract colonization by S. pneumoniae is still common. We assessed maintenance of serological responses to S. pneumoniae serotypes included in PCV-10 by ELISA in HIV-1-infected children (n = 50) and age-matched controls (n = 50) in Ethiopia. We isolated S. pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal swabs and determined S. pneumoniae serotype by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Comparable levels of S. pneumoniae serotype-specific IgG concentrations were detected in plasma of HIV-1-infected children and matched controls, with geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) consistently higher than the protective threshold for PCV-10 serotypes of 0.35 μg/mL. We isolated S. pneumoniae from 38 (out of 97) nasopharyngeal swabs, 25 from HIV-1-infected children and 13 from controls. WGS based serotyping revealed 22 known S. pneumoniae serotypes and 2 nontypeable (NT) isolates. Non-PCV-10 serotypes represented >90% of isolates. We showed that HIV-1-infected children and matched controls in Ethiopia carry a level of maintained serological memory to PCV-10 considered protective for IPDs. We identified a higher proportion of nasopharyngeal carriage with highly pathogenic S. pneumoniae non-PCV strains among HIV-1-infected children compared to controls.

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Regasa Dadi, Belayneh, Zerihun Solomon, and Mheret Tesfaye. "Vancomycin resistant Enterococci and its associated factors among HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): e0251727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251727.

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Background The emergence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) has alarmed the global community due to its tendency for colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients are colonized by vancomycin resistant Enterococci than other groups. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci and its associated factors among HIV infected patients on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among HIV infected patients on ART at from June 1 to August 30, 2020. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by pre-tested structured questionnaire. Stool sample was collected and processed by standard microbiological techniques. Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method was used to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Data were entered by Epi data version 4.6.0.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 25. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. P-values in the multivariable analysis, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine the strength of association. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results Enterococci spp was isolated on 123/200 (61.50%) patients. Among these isolates, the incidence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci was 11.4% [95% CI: (6.0–17.0)]. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against Enterococci showed highest rate of resistance to ampicillin (69.9%). Multidrug resistances were observed in 49.59% of Enterococci isolates. Study participants who had prior antibioticexposurer more than two weeks [AOR = 7.35; 95% CI: (1.2144.64)] and hospitalization for the last six months [AOR = 5.68; 95% CI: (1.09 29.74)] were significantly associated with vancomycin resistant Enterococci. Conclusions In our study high incidence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci was found. Previous exposure to antibiotics for more than two weeks and hospitalization for more than six months were significantly associated with vancomycin resistant Enterococci. The isolated Enterococci had variable degrees of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, periodic surveillance on antimicrobial resistance pattern, adhering to rational use of antibiotics and implementing infection prevention protocols may reduce colonization by VRE.

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Schönfeld, Andreas, Torsten Feldt, Tafese B. Tufa, Hans M. Orth, André Fuchs, Million G. Mesfun, Frieder Pfäfflin, et al. "Prevalence and impact of sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women in central Ethiopia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 3 (August 4, 2017): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417723545.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major global public health issue and omnipresent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase the risk of HIV acquisition. Moreover, STIs and HIV in pregnant women can harm the unborn child. In this study, we systematically investigated the prevalence of HIV, relevant STIs and vaginal group B streptococcus colonization among pregnant women presenting at Asella Teaching Hospital in central Ethiopia and their effect on perinatal mortality. A follow-up was performed six weeks after delivery. A total of 580 women were included, of which 26.6% tested positive for at least one pathogen ( Chlamydia trachomatis 9.8%, trichomoniasis 5.3%, hepatitis B 5.3%, gonorrhoea 4.3%, group B streptococcus 2.4%, syphilis 2.2%, HIV 2.1%). None of the HIV infections were previously undiagnosed, indicating effective HIV screening activities in the region. Follow-up data were available for 473 (81.6%) children, of which 37 (7.8%) were stillborn or died within the first six weeks of life. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis and recruitment at obstetric ward (versus antenatal care) were associated with mortality. High prevalence of STIs in pregnant women and their impact on the unborn child demonstrate the need for screening and treatment programmes in order to prevent perinatal mortality.

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Manilal, Aseer, Misgun Shewangizaw, Mohammedaman Mama, Tigist Gezmu, and Behailu Merdekios. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in HIV patients of Arba Minch province, Ethiopia: Carriage rates, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation." Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/030.66.2019.014.

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Birhane, Emiru, Teklemariam Gebregergs, Mengisteab Hailemariam, Lindsey Norgrove, and Ermias Aynekulu. "Root Colonization and Spore Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Along Altitudinal Gradients in Fragmented Church Natural Forest Remnants in Northern Ethiopia." Microbial Ecology 82, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-021-01744-5.

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Birhane, Emiru, Nakiguli Fatumah, Kidane Gidey, Amanuel Zenebe, and Ssemwanga Mohammed. "Vegetation cover density and disturbance affected arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density and root colonization in a dry Afromontane forest, northern Ethiopia." Journal of Forestry Research 29, no. 3 (October 25, 2017): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0493-5.

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Belachew, Teshome, Muluneh Assefa, Zelalem Tefera, Andualem Fenta, and Sirak Biset. "Colonization Rate and Associated Factors of Non-Pathogenic Neisseria Species, and Moraxella catarrhalis Among Healthy School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 16 (January 2023): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s395343.

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Moges, Birhan, Adane Bitew, and Aster Shewaamare. "Spectrum and theIn VitroAntifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Yeast Isolates in Ethiopian HIV Patients with Oropharyngeal Candidiasis." International Journal of Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3037817.

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Background.In Ethiopia, little is known regarding the distribution and thein vitroantifungal susceptibility profile of yeasts.Objective.This study was undertaken to determine the spectrum and thein vitroantifungal susceptibility pattern of yeasts isolated from HIV infected patients with OPC.Method.Oral pharyngeal swabs taken from oral lesions of study subjects were inoculated onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Yeasts were identified by employing conventional test procedures and the susceptibility of yeasts to antifungal agents was evaluated by disk diffusion assay method.Result.One hundred and fifty-five yeast isolates were recovered of which 91 isolates were from patients that were not under HAART and 64 were from patients that were under HAART.C. albicanswas the most frequently isolated species followed byC. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. kefyr, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Rhodotorulaspecies. Irrespective of yeasts isolated and identified, 5.8%, 5.8%, 12.3%, 8.4%, 0.6%, and 1.3% of the isolates were resistant to amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and nystatin, respectively.Conclusion.Yeast colonization rate of 69.2% and 31% resistance to six antifungal agents was documented. These highlight the need for nationwide study on the epidemiology of OPC and resistance to antifungal drugs.

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Desta, Kassu, Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel, Aklilu Azazh, Halima Mohammod, Dawit Desalegn, Damte Shimelis, Dereje Gulilat, et al. "High Gastrointestinal Colonization Rate with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Hospitalized Patients: Emergence of Carbapenemase-Producing K. pneumoniae in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 11, no. 8 (August 30, 2016): e0161685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161685.

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TAYLOR, PETER J., LEONID A. LAVRENCHENKO, MICHAEL D. CARLETON, ERIK VERHEYEN, NIGEL C. BENNETT, CAREL J. OOSTHUIZEN, and SARITA MAREE. "Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex." Zootaxa 3024, no. 1 (September 13, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3024.1.1.

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We combined evidence from biogeography, craniodental traits, linear and geometric morphometrics (233 skulls), cytogenetics (karyotypes of 18 individuals) and mitochondrial DNA sequences (44 cytochrome b and 21 12S rRNA sequences) to test species limits within Otomys typus s.l. (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini), a complex that is patchily distributed across alpine zones of Ethiopia and East Africa. Our results confirm the specific validity of O. dartmouthi, O. jacksoni, O. orestes, and O. uzungwensis, forms recently removed from synonymy under typus s.l.; support elevation of four other alpine forms to species (O. fortior, O. helleri, O. thomasi, and O. zinki); identify three additional new species (O. cheesmani sp. nov., O. simiensis sp. nov., O. yaldeni sp. nov.); and enable redefinition of O. typus s.s. as a species restricted to certain mountains west of the Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia (Simien and Guna Mountains in the north, extending to the highlands of the western rim of the Rift Valley). Phylogenetic interpretation of the cytochrome b data clearly demonstrates that the alpine morphotype once united under O. typus s.l. has originated independently at high elevations on several mountain ranges in eastern and northeastern Africa; although generally adapted to high-elevation vegetation, such alpine species are ecologically segregated from one another. Patterns of morphometric, genetic, and ecological differentiation among populations once misassigned to nominal O. tropicalis and O. typus more parsimoniously reflect regional cladogenesis along elevational gradients, rather than multiple, successive colonization by different ancestral forms from southern Africa as earlier supposed. Although incomplete and preliminary, information gathered for O. tropicalis indicates that it too is a species composite; several lines of research are discussed to redress its polyphyletic content. Our results, together with other recent taxonomic studies of Otomys, appreciably elevate the level of endemism within eastern Africa and underscore the significance of Africa's eastern highlands to the continental diversification of Otomyini.

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Birhane Fiseha, Samrawit, Getamesay Mulatu Jara, Elshaday Azerefegn Woldetsadik, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, and Musa Mohammed Ali. "Colonization Rate of Potential Neonatal Disease-Causing Bacteria, Associated Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile Among Pregnant Women Attending Government Hospitals in Hawassa, Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 14 (August 2021): 3159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s326200.

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Asfaw, Eskedar, Amsalu Nebiyu, Eshetu Bekele, Milkiyas Ahmed, and Tessema Astatkie. "Coffee-husk biochar application increased AMF root colonization, P accumulation, N2 fixation, and yield of soybean grown in a tropical Nitisol, southwest Ethiopia." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 182, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201800151.

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Yallew, Addisalem Tebikew. "Expanding use of the English language for research and its Implications for Higher Education Institutions and Researchers." Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education 11, Winter (March 15, 2020): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v11iwinter.1556.

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The knowledge era or the knowledge society has made universities one of the central institutions for the production of new knowledge and scholarship. In line with this development, many African universities, that were often regarded as teaching-learning laden, are reorienting their mission and vision embracing research intensiveness as one of their aspirations with the goal of becoming globally or regionally competitive and locally relevant. This qualitiative research focusing on the use of the English language for research in selected African flagship universities in Ethiopia, Mozambique and South Africa is conducted against a backdrop where questions related to research productivity are becoming more central not only to higher education institutions but to higher educational research pertaining to the continent. Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of capital, field, and habitus in general and specifically that of linguistic capital as an aspect of cultural capital are used to inform the conceptualization and the analysis of the research. To explore issues pertaining to the interlinked concepts of language and (de)colonization in research, postcolonial perspectives on language and education are used to guide the study. The study is expected to contribute to our understanding of (English) language and research in African higher education.

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Le Houérou, Fabienne. "Gender and Sexual Abuses during the Italian Colonization of Ethiopia and Eritrea <br/>—<i>The “Insabbiatti”, Thirty Years after</i>." Sociology Mind 05, no. 04 (2015): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2015.54023.

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Aklilu, Addis, Aseer Manilal, Gemechu Ameya, Melat Woldemariam, and Munira Siraj. "Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization Rate of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Associated Factors Among Hospitalized Patients in Arba Minch General Hospital, Arba Minch, Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 13 (May 2020): 1517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s239092.

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Mulu, Wondemagegn, Endalew Yizengaw, Megbaru Alemu, Daniel Mekonnen, Derese Hailu, Kassaw Ketemaw, Bayeh Abera, and Mulugeta Kibret. "Pharyngeal colonization and drug resistance profiles of Morraxella catarrrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae among HIV infected children attending ART Clinic of Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 13, no. 5 (May 10, 2018): e0196722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196722.

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Birhane, Emiru, Kahsay Aregawi, and Kidane Giday. "Changes in arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density and root colonization of woody plants in response to exclosure age and slope position in the highlands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Arid Environments 142 (July 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.03.002.

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Girma, Abayeneh. "In Vitro Biocontrol Evaluation of Some Selected Trichoderma Strains against the Root Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in Bure Woreda, Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2022 (July 16, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1664116.

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Capsicum annum L. is a major vegetable crop consumed worldwide as a spice, vegetable, pickle, condiment, and sauce. Each year in Ethiopia, 80% of the yield loss of hot peppers is caused by Fusarium wilt. Controlling this disease using fungicides can pollute the environment and induce genetic resistance in fungal phytopathogens. To solve this serious problem, it is necessary to look for economically safe, long-lasting, and effective biocontrol alternatives. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate antagonistically active Trichoderma strains against F. oxysporumf.sp.capsici using a dual culture assay. The results of this study revealed that out of 32 Trichoderma isolates tested in vitro, only six (T. harzianum (TD1), T. asperellum (TD5), T. viride (TD7), T. hamatum (TD11), T. virens (TD15), and T. longibrachiatum (TD21)) strains showed a varying rate (45.72–93.57%) of biocontrol activity toward the tested pathogen. Of six isolates, three (TD5, TD1, and TD7) strains showed effective antagonists against the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.capsici of hot pepper (C. annum) with a colonization percentage of 89.45%, 90.12%, and 93.57%, respectively. These Trichoderma strains showed higher inhibition efficiency (> 70%) against the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum with good stress tolerance (temperature, pH, salt concentration, and heavy metals) ability. The isolates also produce different hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase, and chitinase) with mycoparasitism potential against the mycelia growth of F. oxysporum. Therefore, the results of this study concluded that TD1, TD5, and TD7 Trichoderma strains showed potential biocontrol effects with wide stress tolerance ability against the root pathogen F. oxysporum of hot pepper and can thus be recommended as the best alternative for wide greenhouse and field trial evaluations.

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Gahamanyi, Noel, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Mecky I. Matee, Dieudonné Mutangana, and Erick V. G. Komba. "Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species in Humans and Animals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (January 14, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2092478.

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Thermophilic Campylobacter species are clinically important aetiologies of gastroenteritis in humans throughout the world. The colonization of different animal reservoirs by Campylobacter poses an important risk for humans through shedding of the pathogen in livestock waste and contamination of water sources, environment, and food. A review of published articles was conducted to obtain information on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of thermophilic Campylobacter species in humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research4life-HINARI Health, and Researchgate.net, were searched using the following search terms “thermophilic Campylobacter,” “Campylobacter jejuni,” “Campylobacter coli,” “diarrhea/diarrhoea,” “antimicrobial resistance,” “antibiotic resistance,” “humans,” “animals,” “Sub-Saharan Africa,” and “a specific country name.” Initially, a total of 614 articles were identified, and the lists of references were screened in which 22 more articles were identified. After screening, 33 articles on humans and 34 on animals and animal products were included in this review. In humans, Nigeria reported the highest prevalence (62.7%), followed by Malawi (21%) and South Africa (20.3%). For Campylobacter infections in under-five children, Kenya reported 16.4%, followed by Rwanda (15.5%) and Ethiopia (14.5%). The country-level mean prevalence in all ages and under-five children was 18.6% and 9.4%, respectively. The prevalence ranged from 1.7%–62.7% in humans and 1.2%–80% in animals. The most reported species were C. jejuni and C. coli. The AMR to commonly used antimicrobials ranged from 0–100% in both humans and animals. Poultry consumption and drinking surface water were the main risk factors for campylobacteriosis. The present review provides evidence of thermophilic Campylobacter occurrence in humans and animals and high levels of AMR in SSA, emphasizing the need for strengthening both national and regional multisectoral antimicrobial resistance standard surveillance protocols to curb both the campylobacteriosis burden and increase of antimicrobial resistance in the region.

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Getachew, Gezahagn, Boris Rewald, Douglas L. Godbold, and Hans Sandén. "Endophytic Fungal Root Colonization of Eragrostis tef in Eroded Croplands of the Ethiopian Highlands is Limited by Low Spore Density and Fertilisation." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020073.

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Eragrostis tef (teff) is a (sub-)tropical cereal crop and a staple food in Eastern Africa. As soil erosion has become increasingly worse in the Ethiopian highlands, we test the hypotheses that 1) eroded soils possess low arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore densities, 2) teff growth is limited by low endophytic fungal root colonization rates and 3) colonization rates and spore densities are additionally reduced by fertilization. A pot experiment was set up to study the effect of cropland soil inoculation using pristine fungal communities (from adjacent forests) or fertilization. AMF spore densities in soil with and without teff and root colonization by AMF and dark septate endophytes (DSE) were related to straw and grain yields. AMF and DSE colonization rates were higher after inoculation, which provides evidence that a low spore density limits teff root colonization in eroded soils. However, teff yields were significantly increased after fertilisation but not inoculation. N-P fertilization further lowered root colonization rates and spore density. We conclude that forest soils serve as a refugium for soil biota in the degraded landscape of the Ethiopian highlands. As both increased AMF and DSE increase the stress resistance of plants, their inoculation potential should be considered when developing sustainable management methods for teff.

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Mengistu, Yohannes, and Messele Gedebou. "Aerobic Gram-negative pharyngeal bacilli of adult Ethiopians: carrier rates and antibiograms." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 2 (October 1986): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400065335.

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SummaryOne thousand pharyngeal swab specimens were processed for aerobic culture to determine the carriage rate of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). The isolates were identified and their sensitivity determined to 11 antibacterial drugs following standard techniques.Similar pharyngeal carriage rates of GNB were found among the various groups of healthy subjects. Patients had higher colonization rates (27%) than healthy subjects (16%). The increase in prevalence of GNB seemed to be associated with underlying diseases and duration of hospitalization.Klebsiella (36%) was the most frequent genus amongst the 215 isolates of GNB followed by pseudomonas (13%), enterobacter (13%) and acinetobacter (10%). Others were less frequently isolated.Over 70% of all isolates were resistant to ampicillin (79%) and carbenicillin (72%); 55, 45 and 43% were resistant to cephalothin, tetracycline and streptomycin, respectively. The great majority of the strains were sensitive to the remaining six drugs.The hospital isolates were more resistant than the non-hospital isolates to most drugs tested. The hospital strains were also more often multiply resistant (89%) than the non-hospital strains (60%). Sixty-five different resistance antibiograms of 1—10 drugs were observed among 191 strains. More varied types of antibiograms were observed among hospital strains.The high frequency of multiple drug resistance of the isolates is an indication of the extensive use of antibacterial drugs, indicating the need for a policy for judicious use of drugs.

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Mulaw, Guesh, Diriba Muleta, Anteneh Tesfaye, and Tesfaye Sisay. "Protective Effect of Potential Probiotic Strains from Fermented Ethiopian Food against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in Mice." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (April 14, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7523629.

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Salmonella is one of the most harmful pathogens responsible for foodborne outbreaks, illnesses and deaths. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of potentially probiotic strains against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in mice. The compatibility test among the selected potential probiotic strains (Lactobacillus plantarum K132, Lactobacillus paracasei K114 and Lactococcus lactis E124) using the cross-streaking method showed the absence of antagonism. The anti-Salmonella activities of coculture of the isolated potential probiotics in the form of mixed or single culture showed a remarkable anti-Salmonella activity with 96.50 to 100% growth inhibition. The combination of strains, which showed the highest growth inhibition rates against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, was used to test their effect on the colonization of mice by Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. White albino male mice were pretreated with the mixed potential probiotics for 7 days and infected with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 for 1 day. A total of 3 treatments were applied, during which the negative control group was treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); a positive control group (typ) was challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 alone. The treated group (pro-typ) was pretreated with mixed potential probiotic culture and then infected with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. The survival rate of mice and counts of Salmonella in feces were recorded. The survival rate of mice on day 21 after the oral challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was significantly p<0.05 higher in the experimental pro-typ group (100% survival) compared with the positive control group (20% survival). The counts (colony-forming unit per ml) of Salmonella in feces were significantly lower p<0.05 for the pro-typ group compared to the typ group. The combination of potential probiotic strains was able to protect mice against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 infection that demonstrates their potential to be used as probiotic cultures for the production of functional fermented products.

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Bellucci, Stefano, and Massimo Zaccaria. "Wage Labor and Mobility in Colonial Eritrea, 1880s to 1920s." International Labor and Working-Class History 86 (2014): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547914000118.

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AbstractMobility and wage labor are two key variables that help to explain some of the complexities of the labor history of colonial Eritrea. Focusing on the initial period of Italian colonization, between the 1880s and 1920s, this article analyzes the relationship between the two above-mentioned variables. Based on previously unexplored archival sources and documents, the authors conclude that wage labor did contribute to the mobility of workers throughout the region (and not vice versa). In the period under consideration, Eritrea did not become a settler colony, despite Italy's initial efforts to import a national labor force. Instead, through a mix of capital investments in construction and transport, and increasing military recruitment, the Italian regime contributed significantly to an increase in free wage labor in the region. Within a year of Italy's 1911 invasion of Libya, it needed to reinforce its colonial army. From 1912 onward, in return for wages, tens of thousands of Eritreans entered the Italian colonial army to fight on the Libyan front. This military employment left voids in the local labor market, which were filled by people from neighboring countries, particularly Ethiopians and Yemenis. A relationship thus developed and continued between mobility and wage labor.

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El-Farhati, Haithem, Mourad Khaldi, Alexis Ribas, Mohamed Wassim Hizem, Saïd Nouira, and Violaine Nicolas. "Evolutionary history of the two North African hedgehogs (Mammalia: Erinaceidae) Atelerix algirus and Paraechinus aethiopicus based on phylogeography and species distribution modelling." Vertebrate Zoology 71 (December 6, 2021): 799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e70989.

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Abstract Two species of hedgehogs are known to occur in northern part of Africa: the Algerian hedgehog Atelerix algirus and the Ethiopian hedgehog Paraechinus aethiopicus. Within each species several subspecies were described based on morphometrical data and pelage coloration, but all these subspecies have enigmatic and unclear definitions. We investigated the phylogeographical history and taxonomy of these two species based on mitochondrial DNA data covering the entire geographical distribution of A. algirus and the North African distribution of P. aethiopicus. We also used climatic niche modelling to make inferences about their evolutionary history. Low genetic diversity was recovered in both species. While no phylogeographic pattern was found in P. aethiopicus, two haplogroups were identified within A. algirus. This could be explained by the fact that continuous high or moderate climatic suitability occurred throughout most of the Saharan desert since the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) for the first species, while during the LGM there were several disconnected areas of high climatic suitability for A. algirus: one in South-West Morocco, one at the coastal Moroccan-Algerian border and one in Tunisia-coastal Libya. Our genetic results confirm that A. algirus recently colonized Spain, Balearic and Canary Islands, and that this colonization was probably mediated by humans. Suitable climatic conditions occurred throughout most of the Southern and Eastern Iberian Peninsula during the last 6,000 years which could have favored the spatial expansion of the Algerian hedgehog after its arrival in Europe. According to our molecular results subspecific recognition within North Africa is unwarranted for both species.

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Sewnet, Tadesse Chanie, and Fassil Assefa Tuju. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with shade trees and Coffea arabica L. in a coffee-based agroforestry system in Bonga, Southwestern Ethiopia." Afrika Focus 26, no. 2 (September 14, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v26i2.4912.

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In a first step to understand the interactions between Coffea arabica L. trees and mycorrhizae in Ethiopia, an investigation of the current mycorrhizal colonization status of roots was undertaken. We sampled 14 shade tree species occurring in coffee populations in Bonga forest, Ethiopia. Milletia ferruginea, Scheffiera abyssinica, Croton macrostachyus, Ficus vasta, F. sur, Albizia gummifera, Olea capensis, Cordia africana, Ehretia abyssinica, Pouteria adolfi-friederici, Pavetta oliveriana, Prunus africana, Phoenix reclinata and Polyscias fulva. Coffee trees sampled under each shade tree were all shown to be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi). Four genera and 9 different species of AM fungi were found in the soils. Glomus (Sp1, Sp2, & Sp3 & Sp4), Scutellospora (Sp1 & Sp2) and Gigaspora (Sp1 & Sp2) were found under all 14 shade tree species, whereas Acaulospora (Sp1) occurred only in slightly acidic soils, within a pH range of 4.93-5.75. Generally, roots of the coffee trees were colonized by arbuscules to a greater degree than those of their shade trees, the arbuscular colonization percentage (AC%) of the former being higher than the latter (signifIcant difference at 0.05 level). Though differences were not statistically signifIcant, the overall hyphal colonization percentage (HC%) and mycorrhizal hyphal colonization percentage (MHC%) were shown to be slightly higher under coffee trees than under their shade trees. However, the differences were statistically significant at 0.05 level in the case of HC% values of coffee trees under Pouteria adolf-friederici and MHC% under Cordia africana. Spore density and all types of proportional root colonization parameters (HC%, MHC%, AC% and vesicular colonization percentage, VC%) for both coffee and shade trees were negatively and significantly correlated with organic soil carbon, total N, available P, EC and Zn. Correlation between arbuscular colonization for coffee (AC%) and organic carbon was not significantly positive at a 0.05 level. Incidence of specific spore morphotypes was also correlated with physical and chemical soil properties. Results indicate that AM fungi could potentially be important in aforestation and help to promote coffee production activities in Ethiopia providing an alternative to expensive chemical fertilizer use, and would offer management methods that take advantage of natural systems dynamics that could potentially preserve and enhance coffee production. Key words: aforestation; agroforestry, coffee groves, ecology, integrated production systems, rhizosphere, sustainable agriculture, symbiosis

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Woubishet Girma, Nadia Yimer, Tesfaye Kassa, and Elias Yesuf. "Group B Streptococcus Recto-Vaginal Colonization in Near-Term Pregnant Women, Southwest Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 30, no. 5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v30i5.7.

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BACKGROUND: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is recognized as an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Maternal vaginal carriage of GBS (Streptococcus agalactiae) can lead to vertical transmission to the neonate at the time of delivery. However, little is known about its prevalence, predictors and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Jimma, Ethiopia. This study assessed the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and determinants of GBS recto-vaginal colonization among near-term pregnant women.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2015 at Jimma University Medical Centre in Southwest Ethiopia. Data through questionnaire and GBS isolates from vaginal and rectal swabs were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of GBS colonization among near term pregnant women (35-37 weeks) was 16.3% (22/135). The majority of GBS isolates were sensitive to Ampicillin and Penicillin G with 95.5% and 90.1%, respectively. Erythromycin and clindamycin were resisted by 50% and 40.9% of the isolates, respectively, whereas gentamicin was resisted by all isolates. GBS colonization was significantly associated with a history of preterm delivery (PTD) (AOR: 6.3, 95% CI: 1.42, 28.3) and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) during current pregnancy (AOR: 6.4, 95% CI, 1.95, 21.1).CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that one among six near-term pregnant women had recto-vaginal GBS colonization. In places where universal screening is not feasible, selective screening for factors particularly history of PTD and UTI during current pregnancy may be a reasonable option. Antibiotic susceptibility testing should be performed while using Erythromycin, Clindamycin or Gentamicin.

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Bekele, Habtamu, Adera Debella, Tamirat Getachew, Bikila Balis, Dawit Tamiru, Addis Eyeberu, Getahun Tiruye, et al. "Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Recto-Vaginal Colonization, Vertical Transmission, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (May 16, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.851434.

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BackgroundMaternal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) recto-vaginal colonization is the most common route for early onset neonatal GBS diseases. A good understanding of the rate of maternal GBS colonization, vertical transmission rate, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles is needed to formulate a broad protection mechanism, like vaccine preparation. For that reason, this meta-analysis aimed at determining the pooled prevalence of GBS recto-vaginal colonization, vertical transmission rate, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles in Ethiopia.MethodsBoth published and unpublished studies were searched from MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences databases, and Google Scholar. Independent selection was then carried out by the authors based on the eligibility criteria and data extraction using Microsoft excel. The authors then used STATA version 14.1 software for further cleaning and analysis. The review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) PRISMA guidelines. Using the random-effect model, the prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and forest plot were used to present the findings. Besides, the studies' heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane chi-square (I2) statistics, while Egger intercept was used to assess publication bias.ResultsThis review included nineteen studies. The pooled prevalence of recto-vaginal colonization was 15% (95% CI: 11, 19), while the prevalence of vertical transmission was 51% (95% CI: 45, 58) and highest-level susceptibility to vancomycin was 99% (95% CI: 98, 100). However, the GBS susceptibility to tetracycline was 23% (95% CI: 9, 36).ConclusionsNearly one out of seven pregnant women in Ethiopia had recto-vaginal colonization of GBS. As a result, half of the pregnancies end with vertical transmission of GBS. Hence, the review emphasizes that policy and programs should consider planning and implementing prophylactic programs.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021287540.

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ASMELASH, FISSEHA, and EMEBET GETACHEW. "Suitability of selected legume (Vachellia spp.) tree species for forest restoration in the Central Ethiopian highlands." Nusantara Bioscience 14, no. 2 (October 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n140210.

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Abstract. Asmelash F, Getachew E. 2022. Suitability of selected legume (Vachellia spp.) tree species for forest restoration in the Central Ethiopian highlands. Nusantara Bioscience 14: 195-202. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative suitability of the legume tree species viz., Vachellia abyssinica (Hochst. ex. Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr., Vachellia etbaica (Schweinf.) Kyal. & Boatwr., Vachellia lahai (Steud. & Hochst. ex Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr., and Vachellia seyal (Delile) P.J.H.Hurter for restoring forests in Central Ethiopian highlands. The suitability of three accessions of V. seyal was also compared. The correlation between root nodule number and root Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) colonization (RC) and seedlings’ growth variables were computed, and the effect of seedling age on nodule number and RC was determined. Seedlings were grown for nine months on degraded local soil in a mesh house in central Ethiopia. We measured shoot height, shoot fresh weight, rooting depth, root nodule number, and RC in the third and ninth months. The one-way ANOVA results indicated that tree species and/or accession (for V. seyal) had a significant (p<0.05) effect on all the measured variables except shoot height and rooting depth at the ninth month. Generally, nodule number and RC increased with seedling age. However, according to the independent t-test results, significant (p<0.05) differences were recorded for V. abyssinica, with a 57.16% reduction in nodule number, and V. seyal accession-1, with a 418.52% increase in RC. The Spearman’s rank correlation results indicated that the correlation between nodule number and RC was weak and non-significant (p>0.05) both in the third and ninth months. Based on the measured growth variables, nodule number (N-fixation potential), and RC, V. etbaica was the least suitable species for forest restoration in central Ethiopian highlands. The remaining species/accessions are comparably suitable. The V. abyssinica lost its comparative fitness with seedling age, maybe because it is a provenance far away from central Ethiopia. However, V. seyal accession-3, the furthest provenance, has performed much better. The legume trees of Ethiopia are less studied. Their role as environmental engineers could be better understood by knowing more about their root traits. Therefore, this study could motivate future research in this regard. Long-term experiments are required to consider more legume tree species and provenances in the future.

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Enevig, Martin. "Normer, intervention og kon ikt på Afrikas Horn – betydningen for Somalia." Politik 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politik.v16i1.27536.

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Inter-state con ict in Africa is rare. ough the continent has seen more than its fair share of con icts, the majority of these have been internal rather than inter-state. A notable exception is the Horn of Africa, where inter-state con ict is more common than in Africa as a whole. An important factor in explaining this is the region’s colonial history, which di ers from the general African history of colonization in that the region’s central state, Ethiopia, was never colonized. is article argues that Africa has a stronger non-intervention norm than the rest of the world, because it is underlined by a strong anti-colonialism norm. Due to Ethiopia’s special role in the region, the two norms run counter on the Horn resulting in a weaker non-intervention norm. e article analyses how the weaker non-intervention norm a ects inter-state relations on the Horn and what this means for the current political developments in Somalia.

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"Colonized Severing the Cords of the Colonizer: A Research of Various Aspects of Colonization in the Hadassah: One Night with the King." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 6S3 (November 22, 2019): 1658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f1310.0986s319.

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Colonization can be traced clearly in the novel Hadassah: One Night with the King. Esther is the slave girl of the Persian Empire under the reign of King Xerxes, a resident at the citadel of Susa. Having control over 127 provinces from Ethiopia to India, King Xerxes had also made Israel his colony. The Jews in captivity have been assigned menial jobs from standing at the entrance of the court and saluting the visitors to scribe writing. Both men and women have been taken as slaves to work in the royal chambers. Besides this, another group of people called Agagites suppress them. The Jews face double colonization. This paper focuses on how a ‘voice of deliverance’ emerges from the voiceless, oppressed nation. Queen Esther, a colonized woman, rises to the rank of a Queen and saves her people from getting wiped out entirely. The Jews continuously were colonized by super powers. Finally, they broke the bondages of the lurking dangers by being led by Queen Esther.

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Reta, Alemayehu, Moges Wubie, and Getnet Mekuria. "Nasal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among pre-school children in Ethiopia." BMC Research Notes 10, no. 1 (December 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-3079-6.

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Birhane, Emiru, Kide Mogos Gebremedihin, Tewodros Tadesse, Mengsteab Hailemariam, and Negasi Solomon. "Exclosures restored the density and root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." Ecological Processes 6, no. 1 (September 18, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0101-9.

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Reta, Alemayehu, Abeba Mengist, and Asnakew Tesfahun. "Nasal colonization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 18, no. 1 (September 5, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12941-019-0324-y.

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Yadeta, Tesfaye Assebe, Alemayehu Worku, Gudina Egata, Berhanu Seyoum, Dadi Marami, and Yemane Berhane. "Maternal group B Streptococcus recto vaginal colonization increases the odds of stillbirth: evidence from Eastern Ethiopia." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18, no. 1 (October 19, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2044-2.

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Gebremedhn, Goyitom, Tewelde Tesfay Gebremariam, Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun, Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene, and Muthupandian Saravanan. "Prevalence and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among HIV patients in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia." SpringerPlus 5, no. 1 (June 24, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2613-7.

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Gizachew, Mucheye, Moges Tiruneh, Feleke Moges, Mulat Adefris, Zemene Tigabu, and Belay Tessema. "Newborn colonization and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus agalactiae at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia." BMC Pediatrics 18, no. 1 (November 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1350-1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethiopia – Colonization'

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