Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ethiopia – Colonization

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ethiopia – Colonization'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ethiopia – Colonization"

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Woldemaram, Hirut. "Linguistic Landscape as standing historical testimony of the struggle against colonization in Ethiopia." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2016): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.2.3.04wol.

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Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest independent country and its second largest in terms of population. Apart from a five-year occupation by Italy, which is considered as a war time, the country has never been colonized. The Linguistic Landscape (LL) of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the seat of the African Union, prominently depicts that important history. Erected in the main squares of the city, the various monuments serve as standing testimonies of the struggle, victory and important figures pertaining to Italian fascist invasion of Ethiopia. Moreover, there are different institutions (schools, hospitals) and infrastructures (bridges, streets) officially named after significant historical moments. Visible in the central locations and squares of the city, monuments, statues, and the naming of streets, bridges, schools, and hospitals, keep the peoples’ memory about the struggle against the Italian invasion and the victories obtained. Symbols of the Lion of Judah, cross and national flags are also part of the public exhibit marking identities, ideologies and references to the country’s history. This study aims at showing how the LL serves as a mechanism to build the historical narrative of Ethiopia. It overviews how the LL in Addis Ababa via its monuments depicts the anti-colonial struggle and the victory over Fascist Italian forces. The monuments considered are: the Victory Monument, The Patriots Monument, The Abune Petros statute, and the Menelik II Statue. After presenting background aspects, this paper tackles Ethiopians’ memories of the Italian invasion as expressed in Addis Ababa’s LL and their identity construction and reconstruction. The last section discusses the findings and draws concluding remarks. Methodologically, digital Figures of the monuments were collected coupled with interview. Ethnographic approaches to the LL are used to analyze the selected memorial objects. As Creswell (2003) indicates ethnographic designs like qualitative research procedures, aims at describing, analyzing, and interpreting a culture-sharing group’s patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in 2014 with a sample of 15 pedestrians, males and females, of different ages and educational categories who were standing in front of the monuments waiting for buses. The interviewers wanted to know what people think of the significance and relevance of location of the monuments in the public space. Most of the interviewees tended to support the views of the prevailing popular interpretations. They strongly relate the monuments with memories of brutality of Italian invaders on the one hand, and the strong resistance, patriotism and heroism of the Ethiopian people. The interviews agree that this unique victory needs to keep being celebrated and glorified as part of the history of Ethiopia.
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Syraji, Yonas, and Jeyaramraja P.R. "Relationship of altitude, individual seed weight, and kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus with biochemical parameters of various Ethiopian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) accessions." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(2).344.358.

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Groundnut is one of the five extensively grown oil crops of Ethiopia. Groundnut kernels contain 40-50% fat, 20-50% protein, and 10-20% carbohydrate and are rich in vitamin E, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, falacin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, and potassium. This study aimed to determine individual seed weight, kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus, and biochemical parameters in groundnut seeds collected from different areas of Ethiopia. Groundnut germplasm in the form of seeds was collected from the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute (EBI), further information about each accession location and altitude was also collected from the institute. Parameters such as individual seed weight (ISW), kernel colonization by A. flavus, and biochemical parameters (i.e. total carbohydrate, protein, and total free amino acids) were measured in the groundnut seeds. A negative relationship between ISW and altitude (p<0.01) was observed in this study which indicates that an increase in altitude would result in a decrease in seed weight. A positive relationship between altitude with total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and with total free amino acids (p<0.05) was also observed. Low-ISW accessions exhibited significantly higher total carbohydrates while high-ISW accessions exhibited significantly higher total free amino acids in their seeds. Groundnut seeds of EBI accessions with 0% kernel colonization contained less total carbohydrate, and the accessions with 100% kernel colonization contained the highest total carbohydrates. Besides, total carbohydrates correlated positively with kernel colonization (p<0.01). So, it is postulated that high total carbohydrate makes groundnut seeds susceptible to A. flavus colonization.
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Sollai, Michele. "How to Feed an Empire?" Agricultural History 96, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 379–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9825310.

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Abstract In 1937—one year after the Fascist “conquest” of Ethiopia—the Italian East African Empire was on the brink of an economic and food crisis. In order to feed the newborn empire's growing Italian population, Mussolini's regime launched a call for agricultural mobilization meant to rapidly make the empire self-sufficient in wheat, the main staple of the Italian population. This article analyzes the scientific foundations of the program of imperial “wheat autarky” and its materialization during the “wheat campaigns” between 1938 and 1941, particularly focusing on the introduction of and experimentation with hybrid wheat seeds in the Ethiopian highlands. The article shows the key role played by Italian agronomists and plant breeders in the framing and implementation of wheat autarky in the Fascist empire. Contrary to the historical emphasis of Fascist propaganda on the technological and human colonization of Ethiopia by Italian agriculture, the article also argues for the crucial position of indigenous farming within the colonial project of wheat development. Finally, Ethiopia's environments and its nonhuman actors became essential protagonists in the unfolding of these agricultural plans. The article makes the case for viewing wheat rust—a fungal plant disease—as a key component of the evolution and demise of the Italian occupation of Ethiopia.
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Sewnet, Tadesse Chanie, and Fassil Assefa Tuju. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with shade trees and Coffea arabica L. in a coffee-based agroforestry system in Bonga, Southwestern Ethiopia." Afrika Focus 26, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02602007.

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In a first step to understand the interactions between Colfea arabica L. trees and mycorrhizae in Ethiopia, an investigation of the current mycorrhizal colonization status of roots was undertaken. We sampled 14 shade tree species occurring in coffee populations in Bonga forest, Ethiopia. Milletia ferruginea, Schefflera abyssinica, Croton macrostachyus, Ficus vasta, F. sur, Albizia gummifera, Olea capensis, Cordia africana, Ehretia abyssinica, Pouteria adolfi-friederici, Pavetta oliveriana, Prunus africana, Phoenix reclinata and Polyscias fulva. Coffee trees sampled under each shade tree were all shown to be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi). Four genera and 9 different species of AM fungi were found in the soils. Glomus (Sp1, Sp2, & Sp3 & Sp4), Scutellospora (Sp1 & Sp2) and Gigaspora (Sp1 & Sp2) were found under all 14 shade tree species, whereas Acaulospora (Sp1) occurred only in slightly acidic soils, within a pH range of 4.93-5.75. Generally, roots of the coffee trees were colonized by arbuscules to a greater degree than those of their shade trees, the arbuscular colonization percentage (AC%) of the former being higher than the latter (significant difference at 0.05 level). Though differences were not statistically significant, the overall hyphal colonization percentage (HC%) and mycorrhizal hyphal colonization percentage (MHC%) were shown to be slightly higher under coffee trees than under their shade trees. However, the differences were statistically significant at 0.05 level in the case of HC% values of coffee trees under Pouteria adolf-friederici and MHC% under Cordia africana. Spore density and all types of proportional root colonization parameters (HC%, MHC%, AC% and vesicular colonization percentage, VC%) for both coffee and shade trees were negatively and significantly correlated with organic soil carbon, total N, available P, EC and Zn. Correlation between arbuscular colonization for coffee (AC%) and organic carbon was not significantly positive at a 0.05 level. Incidence of specific spore morphotypes was also correlated with physical and chemical soil properties. Results indicate that AM fungi could potentially be important in aforestation and help to promote coffee production activities in Ethiopia providing an alternative to expensive chemical fertilizer use, and would offer management methods that take advantage of natural systems dynamics that could potentially preserve and enhance coffee production.
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Mengesha, Tedros Sium, and Mussie T. Tessema. "Eritrean Education System: A critical Analysis and Future Research Directions." International Journal of Education 11, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v11i1.14471.

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This paper critically discusses the Eritrean education system at different period of time: before the Italian colonization (before 1889), Italian colonialization (1889-1941), British Administration (1941-1952), Federation with Ethiopia (1952-1962), annexation of Eritrea by Ethiopia (1962-1961), after independence (after 1991). An important finding of the current study is that, education system is significantly influenced by the economic and political situation of a country in that when the economic and political situation of a country is not conducive, the education system suffers. This study also discusses the implications of the findings of the current study and future research directions.
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Terefe, A. "Nasal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopia: A meta-analysis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.292.

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Birhane, Emiru, Kbrom Fissiha Gebretsadik, Gebeyehu Taye, Ermias Aynekulu, Meley Mekonen Rannestad, and Lindsey Norgrove. "Effects of Forest Composition and Disturbance on Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Spore Density, Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Root Colonization and Soil Carbon Stocks in a Dry Afromontane Forest in Northern Ethiopia." Diversity 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040133.

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We investigated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density and root colonization in three distinct dry Afromontane forest plant communities, representing differing levels of disturbance and soil properties. Soil and root samples were collected from sixty-five 50 × 50-m plots from four plant communities. We collected data for AMF spore density, AMF root colonization and soil organic carbon stocks in 0–25 and 25–50 cm soil depth ranges. AMF spore density, and root colonization differed significantly among plant communities. The least disturbed Juniperus procera–Maytenus senegalensis (Jupr-Mase) plant community, which contained high tree and shrub density, had the highest AMF spore density, root colonization and soil carbon stocks. The most disturbed Cadia purpurea–Opuntia ficus-indica (Capu-Opfi) community which contained the lowest tree and shrub density supported the lowest AMF spore density, root colonization and soil carbon stocks. There was no significant difference in spore density between the two soil depths, but AMF root colonization was significantly higher in the upper soil than in the subsoil (p < 0.001). The difference in soil properties was not uniform between plant communities. Conserving remnant dry Afromontane forests and restoring the degraded forests are critical to improve and maintain forest ecosystem functioning and sustain ecosystem services.
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Lemma, Dereje, Tufa Kolola Huluka, and Legese Chelkeba. "Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of group B streptococci among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systemic review and meta-analysis study." SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212210813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221081338.

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Objective: Maternal colonization or infection with drug-resistant Group B streptococcus is a serious disease that affects mother, fetus, and infant. The knowledge of maternal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility test is substantially needed for a nation to formulate a policy or change the already existing one to reduce maternal, fetus, and infant mortality. As a result, the goal of this review was to determine the pooled prevalence Group B streptococcus colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility among Ethiopian pregnant women. Methods: Literature searches were carried out in the electronic biomedical databases and indexing services such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Original records of research articles, available online from 2014 to December 2020, addressing prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance pattern of Group B streptococcus in pregnant women were identified and screened. Endnote citation manager software version X9 for windows was utilized to collect and organize search outcomes and for removal of duplicate articles. The relevant data were extracted from included studies using a format prepared in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA 14.0 software for the outcome measures analyses and subgrouping. The I2 index was used to measure heterogeneity between studies and median, and interquartile (25%, 75%) was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility rate. Results and conclusion: Sixteen original articles were found in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Group B streptococcus colonization was recorded in 979 of the 5743 pregnant women, resulting in a 16% overall frequency (95% confidence interval: 13%−20%). The estimated prevalence varied significantly between studies with significant heterogeneity (χ2 = 154.31, p = 0.001, I2 = 90.28). Ampicillin (97.8%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%), penicillin G (95.5%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%), and vancomycin (100%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%) susceptibility were all high in Group B streptococcus, whereas tetracycline (29%; interquartile range = 89.5%−100%) susceptibility was low. Group B streptococcus colonization rates in Ethiopian women during pregnancy were virtually similar to those in many underdeveloped countries, and Group B streptococcus isolates were highly sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin G, and vancomycin.
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Mekuria, Surafel, Ayichew Seyoum, Zerihun Ataro, Tigist Abebe, and Kedir Urgessa. "Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Associated Factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization Rate among Old-Age Patients with Respiratory Tract Infection Attending Sheik Hassan Yebere Referral and Karamara General Hospitals, Jigjiga, Ethiopia." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2022 (September 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9338251.

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Background. Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract of humans. Colonization of the upper respiratory tract (carriage of pneumococcus) by S. pneumoniae is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infection. It is the major cause of respiratory tract infection and frequent cause of physician visits, hospitalization, and death among old-aged patients because of their low immunity status. However, data on S. pneumoniae among old-aged patients in eastern Ethiopia are limited. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and associated factor of S. pneumoniae colonization among old-aged patients. Method. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 March to 15 April 2020, at Sheik Hassan Yebere Referral and Karamara General Hospitals, Jigjiga, eastern Ethiopia. A total of 188 individuals greater than or equal to 60 years suspected of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections were included. Sociodemographic, behavioral, living conditions, and clinical data were collected by trained data collectors. Sputum samples were collected and examined for S. pneumoniae using the culture and biochemical tests as per the standard procedures. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The data were entered on Epi-data version 3.1, and frequencies, crude odds ratio, and adjusted odds ratio were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. The prevalence of S. pneumoniae colonization rate among old-aged patients was 13.8% (26/188) (95% CI: 9.6–19.1). Smoking (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.3–8.3), upper airway problems (AOR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.1–15), and asthma disease (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.1–8.9) were the factors associated with S. pneumoniae colonization. The isolated organisms showed high antimicrobial resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (n = 12, 46.2%), tetracycline (n = 11, 42.3%), and ampicillin (n = 9, 34.6%). Conclusion. This study showed that high prevalence of S. pneumoniae and antimicrobial resistance for trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline, and ampicillin when compared to similar studies. Cigarette smoking, having upper airway problem, and asthma disease were factors associated with S. pneumoniae colonization. The provision of pneumococci conjugate vaccination and avoiding smoking are highly recommended for old aged in the community.
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Tesfaye, Addisu, Addisu Melese, and Awoke Derbie. "Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Associated Factors of Group B Streptococci Colonization among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Jigjiga, Southeast Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2022 (March 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9910842.

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Background. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS) is one of the causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. It is associated with severe maternal and neonatal outcomes. The colonization rate, associated factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity (AST) profile of GBS among pregnant women in Eastern Ethiopia is less studied. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 st March to 30 th May, 2021 in Jigjiga. A total of 182 pregnant women with a gestational period of ≥36 weeks were included. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the participants’ demographic and clinical history. Vaginal-rectal samples were collected by brushing the lower vagina and rectum with a sterile cotton swab for bacteriological culture. An antimicrobial sensitivity test (AST) was performed using the Kary-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The logistic regression model was used to find out factors associated with GBS colonization. Results. GBS colonization among pregnant women attending antenatal care was at 15.9% (29/182). The AST result showed that the majority of the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin (96.6%), chloramphenicol (96.6%), ampicillin (93.1%) azithromycin (89.7%), and penicillin (86.2%). In contrast, the isolates were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and tetracycline at 17.2%, 20.7%, 27.6%, 27.6%, and 34.5%, respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was noted in 4 isolates (13.79%). GBS colonization was significantly associated a with history of preterm labor (<37 weeks of gestation) (AOR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.36–10.9) and a history of prolonged ruptured membrane (>18 hr.) (AOR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.34–8.83). Conclusions. The colonization rate of GBS was considerably high among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the present study area. The observed antimicrobial resistance for the common drugs and the reported MDR level calls for routine screening of pregnant women for GBS and actions to minimize antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be strengthened.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethiopia – Colonization"

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Ayele, Taye Bekele. "Colonization history, phylogeography and conservation genetics of the gravely endangered tree species Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel from Ethiopia /." Göttingen : Optimus, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991222679/04.

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STEFANI, Giulietta. "Mascolinità e colonialismo : italiani in Africa Orientale (1935-1941)." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5985.

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Books on the topic "Ethiopia – Colonization"

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Sbacchi, Alberto. Ethiopia under Mussolini: Fascism and the colonial experience. London: Zed Books, 1985.

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Ethiopia under Mussolini: Fascism and the colonial experience. London: Zed Books, 1989.

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Taddia, Irma. Autobiografie africane: Il colonialismo nelle memorie orali. Milano: FrancoAngeli, 1996.

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Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Libary of Congress. Hebraic Section), ed. The building of an empire: Italian land policy and practice in Ethiopia, 1935-1941. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

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Workshop, Addis Ababa University Institute of Development Research Land Tenure Project. Land tenure and land policy in Ethiopia after the Derg: Proceedings of the Second Workshop of the Land Tenure Project. Dragvoll: University of Trondheim, Centre for Environment and Development, 1994.

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Venturini, Monica. Fuori campo: Letteratura e giornalismo nell'Italia coloniale, 1920-1940. Perugia: Morlacchi editore U.P., 2013.

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Tolesa, Addisu. Geerarsa folksong as the Oromo national literature: A study of ethnography, folklore, and folklife in the context of the Ethiopian colonization of Oromia. Lewiston, N.Y: Mellen Press, 1999.

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Translating Ethiopia: Travel Writing, Explorations, Colonization. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018.

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Sbacchi, Alberto. Ethiopia Under Mussolini. Africa World Press, 2004.

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Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial experiences in late nineteenth-century Harar. 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ethiopia – Colonization"

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Ibreck, Rachel. "Contesting Dispossession: Land Rights Activism in Gambella, Ethiopia, and Pujehun, Sierra Leone." In Against Colonization and Rural Dispossession. Zed Books Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350218307.ch-012.

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Moreda, Tsegaye. "Local Resistance to Large-Scale Agricultural Land Acquisitions in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Ethiopia." In Against Colonization and Rural Dispossession. Zed Books Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350218307.ch-013.

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Gillett, Rachel Anne. "Clouds Gather, and the Band Plays On." In At Home in Our Sounds, 166–99. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842703.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on the way cultural production was mobilized to fight fascism and racism in the early 1930s. Yet it simultaneously illustrates how different constituencies in “Black Paris” related to colonialism very differently. The two events that anchor this exploration are the celebration of the tercentenary of France’s colonization of the Antilles and the campaign against Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia. Various coalitions used music and performance to celebrate the tercentenary. Others made music to generate solidarity and financial support for Haile Selassie and Ethiopia in the face of the Italian invasion. In both cases music and performance became a way of gathering people together and raising money for political causes. The strong support for the pan-African campaign on behalf of Ethiopia was present at the same time as the divided responses to the tercentenary. The conjunction illustrates Paul Gilroy’s characterization of Black identities in the Atlantic region as showing both solidarity and difference.
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Saraiva, Tiago. "Coffee, Rubber, and Cotton: Cash Crops, Forced Labor, and Fascist Imperialism in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Eastern Europe." In Fascist Pigs. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035033.003.0006.

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The fifth chapter takes coffee, rubber and cotton, three typical elements of colonial plantation stories, and delves into Italian occupation of Ethiopia, German imperial rule in Eastern Europe, and Portuguese colonialism in Northern Mozambique. These plantation schemes, which had plant breeders’ artefacts as their material basis, made massive use of forced labor to serve the imperial economy. Without ignoring the different levels of violence unleashed by the three fascisms, the text suggests that one gains significant insight into the history of fascism from treating together their empires. I take seriously Heinrich Himmler’s intention of making Auschwitz the Agriculture Experiment Station for the colonization of the East and compare the work undertaken there on a rubber ersatz with that of the Portuguese Cotton Research Center in Mozambique and its role in the mobilization of hundreds of thousands of forced workers, as well as with Italian coffee experiment stations in Ethiopia.
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Saraiva, Tiago. "Sheep: Fascist Settlers and the Colonization of Africa and Europe." In Fascist Pigs. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035033.003.0007.

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The sixth and final chapter is the most original in terms of methodology, for it takes a single technoscientific organism – Karakul sheep – and follows its role in the settlement of the frontier for the three fascist empires. The ability of Karakul to thrive under harsh environmental conditions and its high value in the fur market made it a perfect companion species for white settler’s imperial expansion. The Animal Breeding Institute at the University of Halle is taken as center of circulation, establishing standards and producing the rams to be used not only in white settlers farms in German possessions in Eastern Europe, but also in Italian settlement schemes in Libya and Ethiopia, and in Portuguese colonization of South-western Angola. The different local karakul sheep experiment stations located in frontier spaces are treated as experiments in colonial sociability, revealing the connections between sheep breeding and the genocides perpetrated by the three regimes.
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Mitchell, Peter. "Introducing Horse Nations." In Horse Nations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198703839.003.0006.

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Hidden by rocks near a waterhole in Australia’s desert interior an Aboriginal woman and her children catch their first sight of the shockingly large animal of which they have previously only heard: the newcomer’s kangaroo. Thousands of kilometres to the west and high in southern Africa’s mountains a shaman completes the painting of an animal that does not exist, horned at the front, bushy tail at the rear, a composite of two species, one long familiar, the other new. Across the Atlantic Ocean on the grasslands of Patagonia the burial of an Aónik’enk leader is in its final stages, four of his favourite possessions killed above the grave to ensure his swift passage to the afterlife. To the north in what Americans of European descent call New Mexico, Diné warriors chant the sacred songs that ensure their pursuers will not catch them and that they will return safely home. And on the wintry plains of what is not yet Alberta, Siksikáwa hunters charge into one of the last bison herds they will harvest before the snows bring this year’s hunting to an end. Two things unite these very different scenes. First, though we cannot be sure, the historical, ethnographic, and archaeological sources on which they are based allow for them all happening on precisely the same day, sometime in the 1860s. Second, all concern people’s relationship with one and the same animal—pindi nanto, karkan, kawoi, ∤íí’, ponokáómita·wa—the animal that English speakers know as ‘horse’. And that simple fact provides the basis for this book. For, before 1492, horses were confined to the Old World—Europe, Asia, and Africa north of the tropical rainforests and a line reaching east through South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia to the sea. They were wholly unknown in Australasia, the Americas, or southern Africa. As a result, the relationships implied by the vignettes I have just sketched, as well as those involving Indigenous populations in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico, South Africa, and New Zealand, evolved quickly. And they were still evolving when these societies were finally overwhelmed by European colonization.
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