Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ethics; Law and ethics; Right and wrong'
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Townsend, George Anthony Barry. "Morality and central cases of rules /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armt748.pdf.
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Ferrari, Geoffrey Harrison. "Explaining right and wrong." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:99e1091c-aaef-4f75-b3cb-e64da557afba.
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When an act is right or wrong, there may be an explanation why. Different moral theories recognize different moral facts and offer different explanations of them, but they offer no account of moral explanation itself. What, then, is its nature? This thesis seeks a systematic account of moral explanation within a framework of moral realism. In Chapter 1, I develop a pluralist theory of explanation. I argue that there is a prima facie distinctive normative mode of explanation that is essential to moral theory. In Chapter 2, I characterize normative explanation through its formal properties. I then draw on John Mackie’s claim that moral explanations are queer to develop a powerful form of moral scepticism. In Chapters 3–4, I reject attempts to reduce normative explanation to logical necessity, metaphysical necessity, or conceptual (analytic) necessity. The failure of these accounts is taken to reinforce Mackie’s scepticism. In Chapter 5, I defend a partial analysis of normative explanation in terms of irreducible normative laws. I argue that irreducible normative laws offer a realist, though non-naturalist, answer to Mackie’s scepticism. The existence of irreducible normative laws then is defended as offering the best realist explanation of why rightness and wrongness supervene on descriptive properties. In Appendix A, I discuss the claim the normative explanation has an essential connection to the motivation of virtuous agents. I defend this claim from certain difficulties posed by Jonathan Dancy’s recent work.
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Cornell, Nicolas Browne. "Wrongs without Rights." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11553.
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How do rights relate to moral complaints? What is the relationship between our moral entitlements---the obligations that are owed to us---and the moral complaints that we can make---our claims to have been wronged?Philosophy
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Carpenter, Kristi. "Foucauldian ethics contemplating judgments of right and wrong following the "death of God" /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1468.
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Katz, David I. "Who's listening? The right, the wrong, and the real in improvised music." Thesis, Mills College, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10133464.
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What does the current focus on identity as a medium of social exchange bring into the practice of improvised music? What happens to listening, spontaneity, empathy, freedom and generosity in this social climate? Is there somehow emerging within the music-improvisatory discourse a kind of de facto constraint, perhaps superimposed on the musical language from the larger cultural field? The frameworks of music sociology, object relations theory, political philosophy, pedagogy, music history and art criticism offer a backdrop against which the complex challenges of interpersonal communication can be seen in their relevance to the here and now of music improvisation.
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Kwong, C. Y., and 江祖胤. "The Nature of moral duties: Scanlon's contractualist account of 'what we owe to each other'." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29491101.
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Likens, Ann P. "The law and ethics of advance medical directives." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.
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Geever-Ostrowsky, Jodi Ann. "Considering a Human Right to Democracy." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/87.
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Human rights are commonly taken to include both behavioral freedoms, such as a right to express opinions, and safeguards against the behaviors of others, such as a right not to be tortured. I examine the claim by Allen Buchanan and others that democracy should be considered a human right. I discuss what human rights are, what they do, and what they obligate moral agents to do, comparing this framework to attributes of democracy. I conclude that while democracy itself is both too nebulous and too specific to be the subject of a human right, it may be proper to speak of a human right to state self-determination.
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Hession, Mark R. "The relationship of values and norms an analysis of personal freedom in law /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.
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Olsson, Johanna. "A European Right to Assisted Suicide? Moral Justifications of the ECtHR Case Law." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23180.
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This thesis seeks to investigate whether the current European Court of Human Rights case-law on assisted suicide can be justified using Kantian or Utilitarian arguments. The theory, consisting of Utilitarianism and Kantianism, is applied to three key cases arguing a right to assisted suicide under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights; Pretty v. the United Kingdom, Haas v. Switzerland and Koch v. Germany. Using argumentation analysis, arguments based on the case-law in combination with the two theories are presented and discussed. In a discussion centered around concepts such as autonomy, utility and rationality, the thesis concludes that the two theories are indeed useful in justifying the case-law on assisted suicide. The observation that the two theories can justify the same actions on different grounds concludes the essay, before ideas encouraging future research are presented.
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Vauclair, Christin-Melanie. "What is right? what is wrong? and does the answer tell something about culture? : an investigation into culture and morality using the values concept : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1157.
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Powell, Rhonda L. "Security and the right to security of person." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:26e81a46-54d5-44f5-a3cd-c74a5798ea0d.
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This thesis inquires into the meaning of the right to security of person. This right is found in many international, regional and domestic human rights instruments. However, academic discourse reveals disagreement about the meaning of the right. The thesis first considers case law from the European Convention on Human Rights, the South African Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter. The analysis shows that courts too disagree about the meaning of the right to security of person. The thesis then takes a theoretical approach to understanding the meaning of the right. It is argued that the concept of ‘security’ establishes that the right imposes both positive and negative duties but that ‘security’ does not determine which interests are protected by the right. For this, we need consider the meaning of the ‘person’. The notion of personhood as understood in the ‘capabilities approach’ of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum is then introduced. It is suggested that this theory could be used to identify the interests protected by the right. Next, the theoretical developments are applied to the legal context in order to illustrate the variety of interests the right to security of person would protect and the type of duties it would impose. As a result, it is argued that the idea of ‘security of person’ is too broad to form the subject matter of an individual legal right. This raises a question over the relationship between security of person and human rights law. It is proposed that instead of recognising an individual legal right to security of person, human rights law as a whole could be seen as a mechanism to secure the person, the capabilities approach determining what it takes to fulfil a right and thereby secure the person.
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Keevy, Daniel Matthew John. "A critical analysis of the doctor-patient relationship in context of the right to adequate health care." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25086.
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The purpose of this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare through a critical analysis of the law of obligations, constitutional law and international law framed in the wider focal point of South African medical law. The Constitution only makes provision for the right to access to health care. Conclusively this thesis will have to establish a link between a minimum standard in health care and the Constitution. It is submitted that the most efficacious method of establishing this link is with the duty of care, which is intrinsically linked to the doctor-patient relationship. If a critical analysis of the doctor-patient relationship can establish a clear link between the duty of care and state liability then such a link can successfully be applied to the Constitution. If this link is transposed onto the Constitution, a critical evaluation of the rights in the Bill of Rights will then reveal the most applicable right that can house the right to an adequate standard of health care. Such an analysis is only part of the solution however. In order to make this right effective, the international body of medical laws must be critically analysed and juxtaposed against this adequate standard. This carries the dual purpose of adding normative content as well as determining the current state of South Africa’s obligations under international human rights law, and to what extent those obligations have been discharged. Finally, and most significantly, the right to adequate healthcare, as it was forged in the international legal analysis, will be transposed onto the current South African jurisprudence of socio-economic rights. This practical application will then be reflected onto the new National Health Care Insurance to show conclusively that the current governmental approach of effecting health care is wholly inoperable and will ultimately result in significant harm and extensive human rights violations. This is based on the government only considering access to health care sufficient to discharge its duties and being totally incapable of effectively managing its resources. The core outcome for this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare. Secondary outcomes are tracing the history of medicine to illustrate the creation and evolution of the doctor-patient relationship, a critical analysis of the application of medical ethics to South African law of obligations, a critical analysis of the Constitution and its fundamentals, an exhaustive evaluation of South Africa’s duties and accomplishments under its international obligations and effectively applying the right to adequate healthcare which is diametrically opposed to the current course South Africa is taking to provide health care.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
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Stein, Sebastian. "The objectivity of freedom : a systematic commentary on the introduction to Hegel’s Philosophy of Right." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6b709922-9487-4b90-a2b7-9b63c43b0739.
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The introduction (§§1-33) to Hegel’s Philosophy of Right is the key to the work’s structure, its argumentative strategy and it functions as a foundation for Hegel’s practical philosophy in general. Its explanatory potential is best realised by situating it within the systematic context of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences and the Science of Logic. This interpretative strategy reveals that for Hegel, the true site of agency is ‘the concept’ and that particular individuals and their arbitrary activity are at best the concept’s ‘appearance’. This does not render their activity ‘false’ but describes how willing and freedom are ‘for us’ as self-conscious subjects that confront an external world. For Hegel, ‘true’ freedom in the sense of ‘self-determination to itself’ resides with the universal and singular concept that negatively unites itself with its objectivity to form what he calls the ‘Idea of the will’ or ‘right’. This interpretation contradicts the mainstream of contemporary Hegel scholarship since its proponents either deny the reality of the universal concept as agent or absolutely differentiate between the concept’s activity (subjective action) and its objective reality (norms, institutions). This prevents the interpreter from appreciating that it is Hegel’s concept that is manifest in form of particular willing subjects and their socio-political context. Since most commentators associate ‘activity’ or ‘freedom’ primarily with particular subjects, their notions of freedom are, by Hegel’s standards, either empty and fail to describe actual willing or they fall short of the standard of ‘true freedom’, viz. ‘self-determination to itself’ because their agents’ freedom depends on something that differs from the agents.1 The present commentary argues that such a dilemma can be avoided by an interpretation that attributes agency to Hegel’s concept. By determining itself to be Idea, the universal concept determines itself (as subject) to itself (as object) and rational agency and rational institutions are grasped as aspects of the same entity. This is what Hegel calls the unconditioned Idea of right or ‘objective freedom’.
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Diarra, Almanso. "Les relations juridiques entre le médecin, le patient et le juge judiciaire : l'exemple du Sénégal." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080054.
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La protection des droits du patient est devenue à l’heure actuelle, une obligation juridique qui s’impose à tout Etat de droit. De ce fait, le Sénégal qui évolue vite, n’est pas à la traine dans le respect et la protection des droits du patient en particulier et les droits de l’Homme en général. C’est dans cette optique que le législateur sénégalais à adopté en 1998 deux lois complémentaires relatives à la réforme du système de santé afin de conférer au patient des droits, qui jusqu’à l’adoption de ces lois, étaient considérés comme des obligations déontologiques du médecin : la loi n°98-08 du 2 mars 1998 et la loi n°98-12 du 2 mars 1998. Depuis l’adoption de ces deux lois, les relations entre le médecin et le patient ont beaucoup évolué du moins en théorie car, sur le terrain, il est constaté que cette réforme hospitalière est inadaptée aux réalités locales. En réalité, même si la réforme du système de santé sénégalais est inefficace aux yeux de l’opinion publique, reste qu’elle a le mérite de doter le Sénégal d’un cadre juridique garantissant les droits du patient notamment le droit d’accès aux soins de qualité, le droit à une information claire et appropriée et le droit au consentement libre et éclairéThe protection of the rights of the patient became at the moment, a legal obligation (bond) which is imperative upon any rule of law (State subject to the rule of law). Therefore, Senegal which evolves fast is not lagging behind in the respect and the protection of the rights of the patient in particular and the human rights generally. It is from this perspective that the Senegalese legislator adopted in 1998 two complementary (additional) relative laws which re-forms her (it) of the health system to confer on the patient’s rights, which until the adoption of these laws, were considered as ethical obligations (bonds) of the doctor: The law n°98-08 of March 2nd, 1998 and the law n°98- 12 of March 2nd, 1998. Since the adoption of these two laws, the relations between the doctor and the patient evolved a lot at least in theory because, on the ground, he (it) noticed that this re-form hospitable (hospital) is unsuitable for the local realities. In reality, even if it re-forms her (it) of the Senegalese health system is ineffective in the eyes of the public opinion, states that she (it) has the merit to endow Senegal of a legal framework guaranteeing the rights of the patient in particular the access right for quality care, the right (law) for clear and appropriate information and the right (law) for free and lit consent
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Sahlin, Karlsson Rebecca. "Asylrättens innebörd i internationell rätt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-389658.
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En av de mest politiskt omdebatterade frågorna i världen idag är hur ett land ska ställa sig till de migranter och människor på flykt som söker skydd inom landets gränser. Även inom juridiken finns olika uppfattningar av vad rätten till asyl verkligen innebär. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera rätten till asyl i internationell rätt. Är rätten till asyl en territoriell rätt för stater att bevilja asyl? Är det en rätt för flyktingar att söka asyl? Eller en rätt för flyktingar att erhålla asyl? Huruvida rätten har statusen sedvanerätt diskuteras också. I en del av uppsatsen diskuteras de etiska övervägandena bakom rätten till asyl och de tillämpas sedan i en juridisk kontext, närmare bestämt i sedvanebedömningen. Slutsatsen är att rätten till asyl i internationell rätt inkluderar en rätt för stater att bevilja asyl, en rätt för individer att söka asyl och sannolikt också en rätt för flyktingar att erhålla asyl. Mycket talar för att alla dessa aspekter också har utvecklats till sedvanerätt.One of the most politically debated questions in the world today is how a country should respond to migrants and people who seek refugee within it’s borders. Also in the field of law there are different view about what the right of asylum really means. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the right of asylum in international law. Is the right of asylum a territorial right of states to grant asylum? Is it a right for refugees to seek asylum? Or a right for refugees to receive asylum? Wheater or not the right has the status of customary international law will also be discussed. In one part of the paper the ethical concerns behind the right of asylum will be examined and also applied in a legal context, in the determination of the customary status of the rigt. The conclusion is that the right of asylum in international law includes a territorial right for states to grant asylum, a right for individuals to seek asylum and probably also a right to obtain asylum. All these aspects of the right also seems to be part of customary international law.
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Martins, Paulo Jorge dos Santos. "O privado em público: direito à informação e direitos de personalidade." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5452.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais na especialidade de Ciências da ComunicaçãoA satisfação do direito do público à informação, de que os jornalistas estão incumbidos, é suscetível de conflituar com direitos de personalidade. A presente dissertação aborda as diversas dimensões desta problemática, no sentido de compreender de que forma pode ser assegurada a compatibilização entre as duas esferas. A investigação, que cruzou a reflexão teórica com o exame de casos concretos de abordagens jornalísticas, incluiu uma análise comparativa de normas inscritas em códigos deontológicos e de ética e a realização de entrevistas a jornalistas profissionais. A principal conclusão é que a autorregulação, não a lei, constitui a sede mais adequada para garantir que o exercício do direito à informação sacrifica direitos de personalidade apenas em situações de manifesto interesse público. Nesse sentido, preconiza-se o fortalecimento de instrumentos neste domínio. É recomendado o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre o tratamento jornalístico de acontecimentos envolvendo cidadãos comuns, para aprofundar o conhecimento da questão.
Satisfying the right of the public to information, which journalists are responsible for, is likely to conflict with personality rights. This dissertation examines the various dimensions of this problem, in order to understand how compatibility between the two spheres can be ensured. The investigation, which crossed the theoretic reflection with the examination of specific cases of journalistic approaches, includes a comparative analysis of standards inscribed in codes of ethics and interviews to professional journalists. The main conclusion is that self-regulation, not law, is the appropriate place to ensure that the exercise of the right to information only sacrifices personal rights in situations of manifest public interest. In this sense, it is recommended the strengthening of instruments in this field. It is recommended the development of studies on the journalistic treatment of events involving ordinary citizens to deepen the knowledge of the matter.
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Chi, Young-hae. "By what right do we own things? : a justification of property ownership from an Augustinian tradition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5555bb1d-9d5c-4260-b2bc-3c04c61ecb31.
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The justification of property ownership based on individual subjective rights is tightly bound to humanist moral perspectives. God is left out as irrelevant to the just grounds of ownership, which is established primarily on the basis of human self-referential, moral capacity. This thesis aims at developing an alternative justification, both for property as an institution and as a private holding, with a view to bringing God back into the centre stage and thereby placing property ownership on the objective concept of right. A tradition hitherto generally left unnoticed, yet uncovered here as the source of inspiration, vests the whole project with a moral-teleological tone. The tradition, enunciated by St. Augustine and developed by St. Bonaventure and John Wyclif, invites us to see property from the perspective of a moral end: it ought to be used for the love of God and neighbours, and as such it can be owned only by the just. In spite of important insights into the moral nature of property, the Augustinian thesis not only fails to spell out what ‘use for love’ means but also suffers from elitism. Nor does it offer an adequate justification of private property. Such weaknesses call for revision. When we reinterpret the Augustinian thesis through the concept of the divine imperative of service coupled with a proper understanding of human work, property acquires a distinctive justification. Property, as an institution, is justified as a requisite for carrying out God’s redemptive work towards the world. From this general justification ensues the particular justification. We hold property as specifically ‘mine,’ since each person’s ordained mission to participate in God’s work requires a uniquely personal material means, although the recognition and fulfilment of individual mission still demands communal efforts. The duty to carry out the God-commanded mission at first allows us to possess private property only in a non-proprietorial and non-exclusive manner. Yet in the prevailing condition of economic scarcity and human greed, civil jurisdiction must provide a structure of rights to enforce property institution. As God’s invitation for the transformation of the world is a universal command, everybody should have a minimum of property, and yet in differentiation of the scope and kinds commensurate with the particularities of individual mission.
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Santos, Dailor dos. "O direito à memória em face das violências autoritárias: os riscos e os desafios da (re)construção do passado a partir das possibilidades jurídicas e perspectivas éticas da memória." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2010. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3239.
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O presente estudo analisa os riscos e os desafios para a atribuição de sentidos ao direito à memória. Parte da rememoração das práticas violentas admitidas pelo regime ditatorial que tomou o poder no Brasil entre 1964 e 1985 para examinar as distinções entre a violência e o poder e elucidar as repercussões políticas e jurídicas da anistia construída no Brasil em 1979. Pesquisa o vínculo entre a história e a memória, discute o formato transdisciplinar da memória, aponta o seu substrato político e delineia a sua conformação sociológica. Examina as perspectivas jurídicas da memória a partir das dificuldades e dos riscos de sua afirmação como direito. Analisa os vínculos entre a memória e a verdade, aponta o fundamento ético que permite a construção jurídica da memória e enfrenta os paradoxos do direito à memória quando é confrontado pela ideia de um possível perdão, pela imposição de esquecimentos, pelas deficitárias compreensões que lhe dá o direito e pelas exigências da justiça de transição. O método de abordagem dessa problemática é o fenomenológico. O estudo aponta que a violência e o poder diferem em suas aspirações e em suas possibilidades. Diz que as violências cometidas pela ditadura militar brasileira constituem o paradigma da barbárie no Brasil. Afirma que a anistia política proposta em 1979 não se encontra concluída ou superada. Considera que a memória, autêntica prática política, surge como a resposta do tempo presente às violências do passado e como apelo de todas as vítimas. Admite uma construção conjunta da história e da memória. Visualiza a transdisciplinaridade da memória. Compreende a memória em sua referência ao pertencimento social. Questiona e informa os riscos da correlação entre a memória e a verdade. Reconhece o tempo da memória - preocupado com todas as vítimas da história do progresso - como a perspectiva ética para a construção do direito à memória. Aceita a possibilidade de um perdão construído pelo exercício compartilhado do direito à memória. Aponta os limites para a construção de anistias políticas e repele a ideia de que o esquecimento pode ser imposto. Refuta o posicionamento da Corte Constitucional brasileira sobre a anistia de 1979. Valoriza as práticas da justiça de transição e defende que o direito à memória contribui para a consolidação dos Direitos Humanos. Propõe uma autocrítica do próprio direito, a partir da dinâmica de um direito fraterno.
The present study analyses the risks and challenges for attributing senses to the right to memory. It starts from the remembrance of violent practices accepted by the dictatorial regime that took power in Brazil from 1964 to 1985 to examine the distinctions between violence and power and elucidate the political and juridical repercussions of amnesty built in Brazil in 1979. It searches the link between history and memory, discusses the transdisciplinary format of memory, points its political underbelly and outlines its sociological conformation. It examines the juridical prospects of memory from the difficulties and risks of its claim as a right. It analyses the links between memory and truth, points the ethical foundation that allows the juridical construction of memory and encounters the paradoxes of the right to memory when it is confronted by the idea of a possible forgiveness, by the imposition of forgetfulness, by deficient understandings that law provides and by the requirements of transitional justice. The approach to this problem is phenomenological methodology. The study suggests that violence and power differ in their aspirations and in their possibilities. It states that violence committed by the Brazilian military dictatorship is the paradigm of barbarism in Brazil. It asserts that the political amnesty proposed in 1979 is not completed or overcome. It considers that memory, authentic political practice, emerges as present time?s answer to the violence of the past and as an appeal from all victims. It accepts a joint construction of history and memory. It visualizes the transdisciplinarity of memory. It understands memory in its reference to social belonging. It questions and informs the risks of the correlation between memory and truth. It recognizes the time of memory - concerned about all victims of the progress of history - as the ethical perspective for the construction of the right to memory. It accepts the possibility of a forgiveness built by the shared exercise of the right to memory. It points the limits for political amnesties and repels the idea that forgetfulness can be imposed. It refutes the position of the Brazilian Constitutional Court on the 1979 amnesty. It values the transitional justice practices and argues that the right to memory contributes to the consolidation of Human Rights. It proposes a self-criticism of law itself, from the dynamics of a fraternal law.
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Milon, Pauline. "Analyse théorique du statut juridique de la nature." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0051.
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Cette thèse interroge le statut juridique de la nature à travers une analyse théorique. Réfléchir sur le statut de la nature revient à questionner la singularité du lien qui lie l’homme à la nature : s’agit-il d’une mise en rapport induisant une échelle de valeur avec la hiérarchie qui l’accompagne, ou plutôt d’une mise en relation sans hiérarchie mais avec des liens d’interdépendance ? Finalement l’idée est de sortir d’une logique dualiste séparant l’homme de la nature. La nature est réifiée par le droit. Objet du droit, défini par et pour l’homme, elle est qualifiée de chose, de bien ou encore de patrimoine. Mais cette thèse est avant tout le constat d’une évolution du statut de la nature, qui ne peut plus être considérée aujourd’hui seulement comme un objet. L’évolution socio-politique accompagne un mouvement tendant à sa subjectivisation progressive. S’opère alors un rééquilibrage « désacralisant » l’homme quand il persiste à se couper du reste de la natureThis thesis questions the legal status of nature through a theoretical analysis. Reflecting on the status of nature is tantamount to questioning the singularity of the link between man and nature: is it a relationship that induces a scale of value with a subsequent hierarchy, or rather a relationship without hierarchy but with links of interdependence? Eventually, the idea is the idea is to escape from a dualistic logic separating man from nature. Nature is first reified by law. Object of law, defined by and for men, nature is considered as a thing, a good or an heritage. But this thesis is above all the observation of an evolution of the status of nature which can no longer be considered today only as an object. The socio-political evolution accompanies a movement aiming at the progressive subjectivization of nature. A rebalancing then occurs, "desacralizing" man as he persists in cutting himself from the rest of nature
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Kempe, Hannes. "Våld, rätt och öde : en läsning av Walter Benjamins Zur Kritik der Gewalt." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27764.
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This essay provides an attempt to reflect the notions of violence, right or law and fate in Benjamin’s Zur Kritik der Gewalt, in order to clarify his very dense historical-philosophical reflection on the constitutive relation between violence and law. In contrast to what is most often the case, this essay will not address the notion of divine violence in a direct sense, but mainly focus on Benjamin’s discussion on right and law. The complex of his historical reflection, his attempt to articulate what he calls the “historical function” not only of violence, but also of law, is crucially related to the notion of fate. First and foremost fate is what turns the suspicion of the perniciousness of this historical function into a certainty, actualizing its destruction as something obligatory in terms of divine violence, by deepening the analysis and revealing the fundamental relation between law and violence. By pointing out the function of violence within the sphere of law, Benjamin not only states that violence cannot be thought otherwise than in relation to this sphere, but also that the relation between law and violence has to be thought in terms of the “uncertainty of the legal threat”. The deepest meaning of both the “uncertainty” and “the legal threat” emerges from the “sphere of fate”, and by reflecting this notion this essay will try to outline the legal complex and the meaning of fate in terms of guilt, misfortune and judgement, and how it is constituted with reference to the notion of “bare life” – that is, the marked bearer of guilt. The complexity of the relation between violence and law shows itself in the circumstance that this “bearer” in terms of guilt also becomes the bearer of the relation itself, bearing the validity of law, or more precise, the being in force of law. This also conceptualizes law as a phenomenon of frontiers, in a double sense that will explain the meaning of guilt and fate in terms of infringement, but also the legal relation to violence understood as a line constituting an inside and an outside within the sphere of law itself. And this will also explain why the meaning of justification of violence – significantly related to fate and the phenomenon of this line – never can be understood ethically.
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Saunders, Josiah Paul. "Kant's Departure from Hume's Moral Naturalism." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Philosophy and Religious Studies, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/992.
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This thesis considers Kant's departure from moral naturalism. In doing so, it explores the relationship between ethics, naturalism, normativity and freedom. Throughout this exploration, I build the case that Kant's ethics of autonomy allows us to make better sense of ethics than Hume's moral naturalism. Hume believes that morality is ultimately grounded in human nature. Kant finds this understanding of ethics limiting. He insists that we are free - we can critically reflect upon our nature and (to an extent) alter it accordingly. This freedom, I contend, renders the moral naturalist's appeal to nature lacking. Of course, a Kantian conception of freedom - some form of independence from the causal order - is fairly unpopular in contemporary circles. In particular, a commitment to naturalism casts doubt on such a notion of freedom. I argue with Kant that such a conception of freedom is essential to the conception of ourselves as rational agents. The critical turn, unlike naturalism, warrants this conception of freedom, accommodating the point of view of our rational agency. It thus allows Kant's ethics of autonomy to better grasp certain key elements of morality - normativity and our agency - than Hume's moral naturalism.
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Daniel, Dafydd Edward Mills. "Conscience and its referents : the meaning and place of conscience in the moral thought of Joseph Butler and the ethical rationalism of Samuel Clarke, John Balguy and Richard Price." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:427a4657-7701-4c68-bb05-353100ee9a73.
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Joseph Butler's moral thought and the ethical rationalism of Samuel Clarke, and his followers, John Balguy and Richard Price, are frequently distinguished, as a result of: (a) Butler’s empirical method (e.g., Kydd, Sturgeon); (b) Butler's emphasis upon self-love in the 'cool hour passage' (e.g., Prichard, McPherson); (c) Butlerian conscience, where, on a neo-Kantian reading, Butler surpassed the Clarkeans by conveying a sense of Kantian 'reflective endorsement' (e.g., Korsgaard, Darwall). The neo-Kantian criticisms of the Clarkeans in (c) are consistent with (d) Francis Hutcheson's and David Hume's criticisms of the Clarkeans; (e) modern criticisms of rational intuitionism that follow Hutcheson and Hume (e.g., Mackie, Warnock); and (f) the contention that the Clarkeans occupied an uneasy position within 'post-restoration natural law theory' (e.g., Beiser, Finnis). (d)-(e) thus underpin the distinction between Butler and the Clarkeans in (a)-(c), where the Clarkeans, unlike Butler, are criticised for representing moral truth as the passive, and self-evident, perception of potentially uninteresting facts. This study responds to (a)-(f), by arguing that Butlerian and Clarkean conscience possessed more than one referent; so that conscience meant an individual's experience of his own judgement and God’s judgement and the rational moral order. As a result of their shared theory of conscience, Butler and the Clarkeans held the same theory of moral development: moral agents mature as they move from obeying conscience according to only one of conscience's referents, to obeying conscience because to do so is to satisfy each of conscience's referents. In response to (a)-(b), this study demonstrates that the Clarkeans agreed with Butler’s method and 'cool hour': natural considerations of individual judgement and self-interest were necessary aspects of the progress towards moral maturity in both Butler and the Clarkeans. With respect to (c), it is argued that Butler and the Clarkeans shared the same understanding of practical moral reasoning as part of their shared understanding of conscience and moral development. This study places limits upon proto-Kantian readings of Butler, and neo-Kantian criticisms of the Clarkeans, while making it inconsistent to divide Butler and the Clarkeans on the basis of Butlerian conscience. In answer to (c)-(f), Clarkean conscience shows that the Clarkeans were neither complacent nor ‘externalists’. Clarkean conscience highlights how the Clarkeans positioned themselves within the tradition of Ciceronian right reason and Thomistic natural law. Consequently, in both Butler and the Clarkeans, the intuition of moral truth was not the passive perception of an 'independent realm' of normative fact, but the active encounter, in conscience, with reason qua the law of God’s nature, human nature, and the created universe.
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Tixador, Jean-Christophe. "Clientèle médicale et exercice en société des médecins." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594988.
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Aujourd'hui, le droit français permet aux professions libérales et notamment aux médecins de créer des sociétés et d'exercer en société la médecine. Le recours au droit des sociétés constitue une véritable révolution dans la pratique de la médecine libérale. L'exercice en société apporte d'ailleurs aux médecins de nombreux avantages. Mais lorsqu'ils envisagent de constituer une société, ils se posent légitimement la question de savoir quelles seront les conséquences de ce nouveau mode d'exercice sur leur propre clientèle. L'exercice en société semble constituer un instrument qui permet aux médecins d'exercer une certaine influence et emprise sur leur clientèle. Cet instrument s'avère donc très utile pour le professionnel libéral et notamment le médecin puisque la clientèle constitue leur unique source de revenus et de richesse. En effet, ce mode d'exercice leur permet, tout d'abord, de transmettre leur clientèle dans le cadre de la société et leur permet ensuite de la fidéliser à long terme dans la mesure où il conduit à améliorer la pratique de la médecine libérale. Cette influence sur la clientèle constitue probablement l'une des raisons du succès de l'exercice en société des médecins
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Townsend, George Anthony Barry. "Morality and central cases of rules." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110398.
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Machado, João P. "The ethical line between right and wrong: a study on the limits of the corporate social responsibility in China." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/3806.
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M1, M14, J2, J28The aim of this expository case is to demonstrate the importance of the cultural context in the analysis of the Corporate Social Responsibility practices of an organization in China. This essay is supported by four cases of management’s behavior especially common in the Chinese industrial situation at the present times. Each of these cases was analyzed individually, in which it was identified and classified the Corporate Social Responsibility practices, or the lack of them. Moreover, the cases do not belong to one specific industry, but to four different dimensions of the industrial reality. The causes and the consequences of them vary from one to another and the main challenge is to conclude what can be ethically accepted or, in opposition, considered as disrespectful for values that should prevail in all the cultural contexts. Problem: To identify if the polemic practices documented are understandable according to the Chinese cultural history, as well as to the respect for the Human Life. Method: The study of the opinion of Corporate Social Responsibility Specialists coming from different backgrounds, supported by international and local surveys. In essence, this subject is more qualitative than quantitative. Historical data was collected from books and articles. Conclusion: In two of the four cases are identified unethical practices of the management that should be punished and avoided. It is also proposed the existence of 3 Core Values that should be respected independently from the business environment and a Grey Zone, which includes the polemic practices that can be understandable in relation to the cultural context of the situation.
O objectivo desta dissertação expositiva é demonstrar a importância do contexto cultural na análise das práticas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa nas organizações na China. A suportar este ensaio estão quatro casos de comportamentos dos órgãos de gestão, extremamente comuns na situação actual Chinesa. Cada caso foi analisado individualmente, tendo sido identificadas e classificadas as práticas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa neles presentes, ou a sua ausência. Os referidos casos não estão relacionados unicamente com um sector, sendo que as suas causas e consequências variam consoante o caso e o principal desafio, apresenta-se como a conclusão do que é, eticamente, aceitável, por oposição ao que é considerado desrespeitoso de certos valores que deverão ser intocáveis seja em que cultura for. Questão: Identificar se as polémicas práticas apresentadas são compreensíveis mediante a história cultural Chinesa e o respeito pela dignidade humana. Método: O estudo da opinião de especialistas oriundos de diferentes contextos culturais, suportado por pesquisas internacionais e locais. Este tema é, na sua essência, mais qualitativo do que quantitativo. A informação histórica foi angariada através de livros e artigos. Conclusão: Em dois dos quatro casos são identificados práticas de gestão eticamente condenáveis e que devem ser evitadas no futuro. Pondera-se também, não só a existência de 3 Valores - Chave que deverão ser respeitados, independentemente do contexto empresarial, assim como a existência de uma área cinzenta, que inclui algumas práticas empresarias polémicas mas compreensíveis mediante a sua contextualização cultural.
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Zeijlstra, Irene Elisabeth. "Some ethical and legal consideration concerning strike action by doctors in the South African public service." Thesis, 2012.
Find full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine in the branch of Bioethics and Health Law, Johannesburg, May 2012Doctors in the South African public services went on strike in mid-2007, 2009 and 2010. The main issue related to salaries. In my research report I will present arguments concerning the justifiability or not of strike action by South African doctors Thus the laws, codes, and oaths subscribed to by medical practitioners in South Africa will be presented. Doctor's obligations stated in such declarations, and some ethical theories will be presented as they relate to the moral justifiability of doctor's strikes, and to the individual doctor-patient relationship. Arguably, the individual doctor-patient relationship is crucial for a flourishing population and social justice. In the context of this relationship, the potential harms and benefits of strike action for both parties will be discussed. I will suggest that whether justified or not, strikes may not be the right means to achieving the end of excellent healthcare. The aim of the research, ultimately, is optimal health for the South African population with retention of doctors in the public service.
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Moabelo, Kgorohlo Micro. "Inconsistency in judicial decisions : the right to life in perspective." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18631.
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The dissertation critically examines and compares the decisions of the
Constitutional Court and the High Courts in cases dealing with the right to life, as
contained in section 11 of the Constitution of South Africa Act 108 of 1996. The
dissertation analysis the issues of adjudication and the concept of justice in
perspective. The main question is as follows: Are the Constitutional Court
decisions objective, based on the interpretation of the constitutional text, or do they
rather reflect the individual judge(s) personal perspective(s) or preference(s).
The purpose of this dissertation is to undertake a comparative study and analysis
of the Constitutional Court decisions on the right to life, same aspect from different
perspective, and show that the right to life is not given proper effect to on account
of the subjective approach to its interpretation undertaken by the judges.
It examines and scrutinises the Constitutional Court’s adjudication process. It found
that the law is indeterminable, because the court’s decisions are not based on the
interpretation of the law, but on the individual judges’ background and personal
preferences. This is so because the court uses the majority rule principle in its
decisions: The perception of the majority of the judges becomes a decision of the
court. It is argued that when taking a decision a judge does not apply the law but
instead uses the law to justify his predetermined decision on the matter. The
conclusion supports the critical legal scholars’ theory relating to the indeterminacy
of the law. It tests the objectivity of the judges using their own previous decisions.Criminal & Procedural Law
LLM
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Bostani, Fateme. "Children’s right to “proper education” in contemporary Iran : a critical legal essay with an ethical and empirical approach towards improving Iranian governance." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23506.
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La recherche prend place dans le quotidien actuel de la sphère éducationnelle en Iran. Remarquons que l’Iran est État non occidental et islamique, mais ayant néanmoins adhéré au principe, plutôt occidental, de la Convention internationale sur les droits de l’enfant. Cette recherche s’insère dans une continuité de recherche au soutien des droits humains. Elle propose une voie d’empowerment aux groupes iraniens ouverts à la démocratie, mais aussi aux mouvements éducatifs soucieux des droits fondamentaux de la personne. Divisé en quatre chapitres, le questionnement hybride de la thèse conduit à un essai interdisciplinaire critique bénéficiant aux trois disciplines du droit, de la philosophie et de l'étude empirique. Face au système juridique international et iranien d'un point de vue juridique classique, le chapitre philosophique tend à répondre à la question de «que pourrait-on considérer non seulement du droit à l'éducation, mais également du droit à une « éducation appropriée » fondée sur des motifs éthiques et philosophiques dans le sens où cela conviendrait mieux à la culture iranienne et aux habitudes sociales ». Le chapitre empirique recherche donc "Dans l'action en faveur des droits des enfants iraniens, que révèlent les représentations sociales iraniennes au sujet du fossé potentiel entre un concept idéal de «proper education» et la vie quotidienne des enfants? "
À partir d’une approche philosophique— plus précisément d’une éthique de la vertu—, la thèse propose le concept d’«éducation appropriée » [proper education] comme approche critique des positions internationales et internes du droit à l’éducation de l’enfant. Y est présenté comme «éducation appropriée » un droit moral et juridique pour les enfants : ce droit relève alors de la catégorie des droits au développement qui servent le droit à un avenir ouvert et ainsi que le droit de s'épanouir pleinement. Le recours à ce concept propose ainsi conception du droit à l’éducation harmonisée au contexte iranien actuel. D'un point de vue empirique, à partir d’une approche inductive typique de la Human Rights Advocacy approach et sur la base de quatre-vingts (80) entretiens auprès d’enfants et d’enseignants, sont observés et analysés les écarts entre le droit officiel et les façons dont ils sont vécus, mobilisés, pensés ou niés dans la sphère de l’éducation iranienne aujourd’hui. Enfin, l’essai juridique critique suggère que la gouvernance iranienne soit ouverte à une évolution vers une autorité contractuelle moderne dans le système éducatif pour être plus compatible avec les besoins psycho-émotionnels des enfants et en même temps pour d'appliquer des conseils politiques de l'éthique de la vertu à se déplacer vers une forme libérale de politiques éducatives qui promeuvent les vertus de l’autonomie et de la tolérance. Ils sont autant d’informations cruciales pour une gouvernance législative iranienne avisée, ancrée à une quête islamique de vertu tout autant qu’au bonheur des enfants.The research takes place in the current daily life of the educational sphere in Iran. It should be noted that Iran is a non-Western and Islamic state, but nonetheless adhered to the rather Western principles of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. This research is part of a continuity of research in support of human rights. It offers a path of empowerment to Iranian groups open to democracy, but also to educational movements concerned with the fundamental rights of the person. Divided into four chapters, the hybrid questioning of the thesis leads to a critical interdisciplinary essay benefiting the three disciplines of law, philosophy and empirical study. Facing the international and Iranian legal system from a classical legal view, the philosophical chapter tends to respond to the question of “what could be considered not just the right to education, but the right to a “proper” education based in ethical and philosophical grounds in the sense that it would better suit Iranian culture and social habits than an allegedly “universal” [occidental] classical legal conception?". The empirical chapter, then, looks for the “Iranian social representations of the children’s rights that reveal the gap between the ideal expressed concept of “proper education” and day-to-day life of children?” with an advocative approach. From a philosophical view —more precisely from virtue ethics stand point—the thesis proposes the concept of "right to proper education" as a critical approach to the international and internal positions of the right to education for children. "Proper education" is presented as a moral and legal right for children under the category of developmental rights which serves the right to an open future and the right to maximizing self-fulfillment. It is also a conception of the right to education harmonized with the current Iranian Islamic context. From an empirical standpoint, starting from a typical inductive approach of the Human Rights Advocacy approach and based on more than eighty (80) interviews with children and teachers, the gaps between the official laws and the ways in which they are experienced, mobilized, thought of or denied in the sphere of today Iranian education, are observed and analyzed. Finally, the critical legal essay suggests the Iranian governance to be open to a shift toward a modern contractual authority in educational system to be more compatible with the psycho-emotional needs of children and at the same time to apply the virtue ethics political advice to move toward a liberal form of educational policies that promotes the virtues of autonomy and toleration. These are all crucial information for wise Iranian legislative governance rooted in an Islamic pursuit of virtues as well as the happiness of children.
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Coetzee, Lodewicus Charl. "Medical therapeutic privilege." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/567.
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The therapeutic privilege is a defence in terms of which a doctor may withhold information from
a patient if disclosure of such information could harm the patient. This study explores the defence
of therapeutic privilege and provides a critical evaluation. A comparative investigation is
undertaken, while arguments springing from a variety of disciplines are also incorporated.
A number of submissions are made for limiting the ambit of the defence. The main submission
is that the therapeutic privilege should comply with all the requirements of the defence of
necessity. In addition, it should contain some of the safeguards afforded to the patient by the
requirements of the defence of negotiorum gestio so that therapeutic privilege is out of the
question if medical treatment is administered against the patient's will, or the doctor has reason
to believe (or knows) that the patient will refuse to undergo an intended intervention once
properly informed.Jurisprudence
L.L.M. (Jurisprudence)
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VLČKOVÁ, Jana. "Etický rozměr lidské práce v kontextu svobody a důstojnosti člověka." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-110404.
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In this dissertation I am analysing certain aspects of labour, especially the ones that are of significant interest to moral philosophy within the church and its catholic doctrine. In the same time I identify the foundation for freedom and dignity of labouring human being that are being degraded especially in the present time economisation process. Further, I outline the issues associated with the changes within the division of labour from industrial revolution to present day and in the same time I present issues connected with labouring human being vs. human capital. Because freedom is the foundation of humanity I also describe issues connected with human rights in the context of universal and natural law. In this way I analyse Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its defence in an intercultural environment. Lastly, besides those theoretical concepts, I evaluate an Amnesty International CR project called "Business That is Worth It" which aims at supporting companies to a responsible management of employees rights protection especially in developing countries.