Journal articles on the topic 'Ethics in technology (e.g., digital, artificial intelligence)'
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1
Labrecque, Cory Andrew. "To Tend or to Subdue? Technology, Artificial Intelligence, and the Catholic Ecotheological Tradition." Religions 13, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13070608.
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In February 2020, the president of Microsoft, the executive vice president of IBM, the director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, and the former Italian Minister of Innovation joined the president of the Vatican’s Pontifical Academy for Life in Rome to sign The Rome Call for AI Ethics. In doing so, they promoted a shared sense of responsibility and commitment—by industry, government, and Church—to uphold certain ethical standards in the areas of digital innovation, artificial intelligence, and technological progress. In this article, I discuss The Rome Call for AI Ethics in conjunction with Pope Francis’ rendering of integral ecology and the technocratic paradigm in Laudato Si’. My aim here is to link Catholic teaching on technology (using AI as a starting point) to the environment and the ecological crisis.
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Egorova, Mariia A., Aleksei V. Minbaleev, Ol’ga V. Kozhevina, and Alain Dufolt. "Main directions of legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the context of a pandemic." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 2 (2021): 250–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.201.
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Artificial intelligence technologies are considered today as an integral part of the life of our society. Problems and research on the use of artificial intelligence is carried out at the intersection of many scientific fields. Jurisprudence is no exception. In recent years, there has been a tendency to harmonize law in accordance with new challenges and global trends in the development of the information society, which includes the introduction of information and communication technologies into social processes. This causes a change in the system of public relations and the formation of specific branches and sub-branches of law, in particular information or digital law. The Russian Federation, like most modern states, has put forward serious tasks to create a system of legal regulation of artificial intelligence. This issue has become especially urgent in the context of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, which triggered the expansion of the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies. The authors in the study raise the question of the most important areas of regulation in the use of artificial intelligence, primarily for sustainable economic development in a pandemic as well as for the activation of innovative technological entrepreneurship. The authors analyzed strategic documents and the legal basis for regulating artificial intelligence, science and technology of the digital economy in Russia. Based on the study of foreign practices in regard to normative legal regulation of the digital economy and artificial intelligence, the features of approaches in Europe and East Asia are revealed. The problem of digital ethics and ethics of artificial intelligence in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is acknowledged, and the prospects for the development of Russian legislation in the field of artificial intelligence are presented.
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Miao, Zeyi. "Investigation on human rights ethics in artificial intelligence researches with library literature analysis method." Electronic Library 37, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 914–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-04-2019-0089.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to identify whether artificial intelligence (AI) products can possess human rights, how to define their rights and obligations and what ethical standards they should follow. In this study, the human rights ethical dilemma encountered in the application and development of AI technology has been focused on and analyzed in detail in the light of the existing research status of AI ethics. Design/methodology/approach In this study, first of all, the development and application of AI technology, as well as the concept and characteristics of human rights ethics, are introduced. Second, the human rights ethics of AI technology are introduced in detail, including the human rights endowment of AI machines, the fault liability of AI machines and the moral orientation of AI machines. Finally, the approaches to human rights ethics are proposed to ensure that AI technology serves human beings. Every link of its research, production and application should be strictly managed and supervised. Findings The results show that the research in this study can provide help for the related problems encountered in AI practice. Intelligent library integrates human rights protection organically so that readers or users can experience more intimate service in this system. It is a kind of library operation mode with more efficient and convenient characteristics, which is based on digital, networked and intelligent information science. It aims at using the greenest way and digital means to realize the reading and research of human rights protection literature in the literature analysis method. Originality/value Intelligent library is the future development mode of new libraries, which can realize broad interconnection and sharing. It is people-oriented and can make intelligent management and service and establish the importance of the principle of human rights protection and the specific idea of the principle. The development of science and technology brings not only convenience to people's social life but also questions to be thought. People should reduce its potential harm, so as to make AI technology continue to benefit humankind.
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Nemitz, Paul. "Constitutional democracy and technology in the age of artificial intelligence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2133 (October 15, 2018): 20180089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0089.
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Given the foreseeable pervasiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern societies, it is legitimate and necessary to ask the question how this new technology must be shaped to support the maintenance and strengthening of constitutional democracy. This paper first describes the four core elements of today's digital power concentration, which need to be seen in cumulation and which, seen together, are both a threat to democracy and to functioning markets. It then recalls the experience with the lawless Internet and the relationship between technology and the law as it has developed in the Internet economy and the experience with GDPR before it moves on to the key question for AI in democracy, namely which of the challenges of AI can be safely and with good conscience left to ethics, and which challenges of AI need to be addressed by rules which are enforceable and encompass the legitimacy of democratic process, thus laws. The paper closes with a call for a new culture of incorporating the principles of democracy, rule of law and human rights by design in AI and a three-level technological impact assessment for new technologies like AI as a practical way forward for this purpose. This article is part of a theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
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Aggarwal, Nikita. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Intercultural Digital Ethics." Philosophy & Technology 33, no. 4 (September 19, 2020): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00428-1.
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Abstract Recent advances in the capability of digital information technologies—particularly due to advances in artificial intelligence (AI)—have invigorated the debate on the ethical issues surrounding their use. However, this debate has often been dominated by ‘Western’ ethical perspectives, values and interests, to the exclusion of broader ethical and socio-cultural perspectives. This imbalance carries the risk that digital technologies produce ethical harms and lack social acceptance, when the ethical norms and values designed into these technologies collide with those of the communities in which they are delivered and deployed. This special issue takes a step towards broadening the approach of digital ethics, by bringing together a range of cultural, social and structural perspectives on the ethical issues relating to digital information technology. Importantly, it refreshes and reignites the field of Intercultural Digital Ethics for the age of AI and ubiquitous computing.
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Lam, Kyle, Fahad M. Iqbal, Sanjay Purkayastha, and James M. Kinross. "Investigating the Ethical and Data Governance Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: Protocol for a Delphi Study." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): e26552. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26552.
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Background The rapid uptake of digital technology into the operating room has the potential to improve patient outcomes, increase efficiency of the use of operating rooms, and allow surgeons to progress quickly up learning curves. These technologies are, however, dependent on huge amounts of data, and the consequences of their mismanagement are significant. While the field of artificial intelligence ethics is able to provide a broad framework for those designing and implementing these technologies into the operating room, there is a need to determine and address the ethical and data governance challenges of using digital technology in this unique environment. Objective The objectives of this study are to define the term digital surgery and gain expert consensus on the key ethical and data governance issues, barriers, and future research goals of the use of artificial intelligence in surgery. Methods Experts from the fields of surgery, ethics and law, policy, artificial intelligence, and industry will be invited to participate in a 4-round consensus Delphi exercise. In the first round, participants will supply free-text responses across 4 key domains: ethics, data governance, barriers, and future research goals. They will also be asked to provide their understanding of the term digital surgery. In subsequent rounds, statements will be grouped, and participants will be asked to rate the importance of each issue on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all important) to 9 (critically important). Consensus is defined a priori as a score of 7 to 9 by 70% of respondents and 1 to 3 by less than 30% of respondents. A final online meeting round will be held to discuss inclusion of statements and draft a consensus document. Results Full ethical approval has been obtained for the study by the local research ethics committee at Imperial College, London (20IC6136). We anticipate round 1 to commence in January 2021. Conclusions The results of this study will define the term digital surgery, identify the key issues and barriers, and shape future research in this area. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/26552
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Loureiro, António. "There is a fourth industrial revolution: the digital revolution." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 10, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 740–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-07-2018-0044.
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Purpose This paper aims to identify potential issues for the travel and tourism industry, regarding technology in the digital era. Design/methodology/approach Travelport has defined five major themes in this area: big data, hybrid cloud, mobile, artificial intelligence and internet of things. Findings Issues such as personal data privacy, choice of solutions that preserve environmental sustainability, impact of the industry’s environmental footprint and growing number of conflict areas around the world mean that ethics comes before business as a benchmark. Originality/value This paper presents the perspective of a global distribution system operator regarding trends and opportunities affecting the travel industry.
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Han, Jeonghye. "An Information Ethics Framework Based on ICT Platforms." Information 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13090440.
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With continuing developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and robot technology, ethical issues related to digital humans, AI avatars, intelligent process automation, robots, cyborgs, and autonomous vehicles are emerging, and the need for cultural and social sustainability through AI ethics is increasing. Moreover, as the use of video conferencing and metaverse platforms has increased due to COVID-19, ethics concepts and boundaries related to information and communications technology, cyber etiquette, AI ethics, and robot ethics have become more ambiguous. Because the definitions of ethics domains may be confusing due to the various types of computing platforms available, this paper attempts to classify these ethics domains according to three main platforms: computing devices, intermediary platforms, and physical computing devices. This classification provides a conceptual ethics framework that encompasses computer ethics, information ethics, cyber ethics, robot ethics, and AI ethics. Several examples are provided to clarify the boundaries between the various ethics and platforms. The results of this study can be the educational basis for the sustainability of society on ethical issues according to the development of technology.
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Lee, Gihun, and Mihui Kim. "Deepfake Detection Using the Rate of Change between Frames Based on Computer Vision." Sensors 21, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 7367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217367.
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Recently, artificial intelligence has been successfully used in fields, such as computer vision, voice, and big data analysis. However, various problems, such as security, privacy, and ethics, also occur owing to the development of artificial intelligence. One such problem are deepfakes. Deepfake is a compound word for deep learning and fake. It refers to a fake video created using artificial intelligence technology or the production process itself. Deepfakes can be exploited for political abuse, pornography, and fake information. This paper proposes a method to determine integrity by analyzing the computer vision features of digital content. The proposed method extracts the rate of change in the computer vision features of adjacent frames and then checks whether the video is manipulated. The test demonstrated the highest detection rate of 97% compared to the existing method or machine learning method. It also maintained the highest detection rate of 96%, even for the test that manipulates the matrix of the image to avoid the convolutional neural network detection method.
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Ejaz, Hamza, Hari McGrath, Brian LH Wong, Andrew Guise, Tom Vercauteren, and Jonathan Shapey. "Artificial intelligence and medical education: A global mixed-methods study of medical students’ perspectives." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762210890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221089099.
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Objective Medical students, as clinicians and healthcare leaders of the future, are key stakeholders in the clinical roll-out of artificial intelligence-driven technologies. The authors aim to provide the first report on the state of artificial intelligence in medical education globally by exploring the perspectives of medical students. Methods The authors carried out a mixed-methods study of focus groups and surveys with 128 medical students from 48 countries. The study explored knowledge around artificial intelligence as well as what students wished to learn about artificial intelligence and how they wished to learn this. A combined qualitative and quantitative analysis was used. Results Support for incorporating teaching on artificial intelligence into core curricula was ubiquitous across the globe, but few students had received teaching on artificial intelligence. Students showed knowledge on the applications of artificial intelligence in clinical medicine as well as on artificial intelligence ethics. They were interested in learning about clinical applications, algorithm development, coding and algorithm appraisal. Hackathon-style projects and multidisciplinary education involving computer science students were suggested for incorporation into the curriculum. Conclusions Medical students from all countries should be provided teaching on artificial intelligence as part of their curriculum to develop skills and knowledge around artificial intelligence to ensure a patient-centred digital future in medicine. This teaching should focus on the applications of artificial intelligence in clinical medicine. Students should also be given the opportunity to be involved in algorithm development. Students in low- and middle-income countries require the foundational technology as well as robust teaching on artificial intelligence to ensure that they can drive innovation in their healthcare settings.
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Grassi, Edmondo. "The Forgery of Deepfake and the “Advent” of Artificial Intelligence." Intercultural Relations 4, no. 2(10) (October 28, 2021): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/rm.02.2021.10.06.
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The concept of politics changes its semantic value according to the historical period and the cultural changes affecting the social fabric. In classical literature, there was no distinction between politics and society or politics and ethics, since the first indicated the collective space in which cultural, social, economic relations of human life developed that were differentiated from other living forms. To date, with the advent of digitalization and artificial intelligence, we have a concrete assessment of how politics has acquired a new perspective and is changing to adapt to new technologies and its uses: on the one hand, we are experiencing the propagation of debate, confrontation, and information accessible at any time. On the other hand, it has become an instrument for the annihilation of rivals and subjugation of those who consider any data received from the Internet as truthful, exploiting the media and digital technologies, until it pervades the social structure, making even nonsense seem credible. The purpose of this contribution, therefore, is to outline theoretically the contours and contemporary phenomena that relate, through a dialogical relationship, with the use of deepfake techniques and artificial intelligence technology, the concepts of politics – in its dimension of the relationship of collective power – and of social communication.
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Ulguim, Priscilla. "Digital Remains Made Public: Sharing the dead online and our future digital mortuary landscape." AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 8, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/ap.v8i2.162.
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We live in the information age, and our lives are increasingly digitized. Our quotidian has been transformed over the last fifty years by the adoption of innovative networking and computing technology. The digital world presents opportunities for public archaeology to engage, inform and interact with people globally. Yet, as more personal data are published online, there are growing concerns over privacy, security, and the long-term implications of sharing digital information. These concerns extend beyond the living, to the dead, and are thus important considerations for archaeologists who share the stories of past people online. This analysis argues that the ‘born-digital’ records of humanity may be considered as public digital mortuary landscapes, representing death, memorialization and commemoration. The potential for the analysis of digital data from these spaces could result in a phenomenon approaching immortality, whereby artificial intelligence is applied to the data of the dead. This paper investigates the ethics of a digital public archaeology of the dead while considering the future of our digital lives as mnemonic spaces, and their implications for the living.
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Viteri Alcivar, Yanina Alexandra, Cristhian Gustavo Minaya Vera, Diana Esperanza Saltos Pinargote, and Maria Teresa Cano Montesdeoca. "Artificial intelligence and new technologies in times of pandemics." Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología 25, no. 110 (August 27, 2021): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/uct.v25i110.488.
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Artificial intelligence has marked a before and after in the history of computing, in technological evolution. However, this type of development is unreliable for people, since it puts at risk the use of confidential data and information to be used for other particular interests of companies. This paper evaluates the most salient aspects of artificial intelligence associated with new technologies and its impact on society during the pandemic period. Social needs in the period of social distancing, confinement and how a life of confinement is made acceptable with the use of technological tools are evaluated. A set of scientific publications, academic material, technical reviews are taken into account and it can be observed that new technologies are useful and necessary in the pandemic, however, it is not enough to cover human needs.
Keywords: New technologies, technological society, pandemic, artificial intelligence
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Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, Rocsana, Valentin Kuleto, Simona Corina Dobre Gudei, Costin Lianu, Cosmin Lianu, Milena P. Ilić, and Dan Păun. "Artificial Intelligence Potential in Higher Education Institutions Enhanced Learning Environment in Romania and Serbia." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 5842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105842.
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In their struggle to offer a sustainable educational system and transversal competencies for market requests, significant transformations characterise the higher education system in Serbia and Romania. According to EU policy, these transformations are related to educational reforms and the introduction of new technology and methodologies in teaching and learning. They are expected to answer to the PISA requirements and to increase the DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index). They are also likely to mitigate the inequity of HEIs (higher education institutions), empowered by a structured, goal-oriented strategy towards agile management in HEIs that is also appropriate for new market demands. Our study is based on an exploratory survey applied to 139 Romanian and Serbian teachers from the Information Technology School—ITS, Belgrade, and Spiru Haret University, Romania. The survey let them provide their knowledge of AI or their perceptions of the difficulties and opportunities of these technologies in HEIs. Our study discovered how difficulties and opportunities associated with AI impact HEIs. This study aims to see how AI might assist higher education in Romania and Serbia. We also considered how they might be integrated with the educational system, and if instructors would utilise them. Developing creative and transversal skills is required to anticipate future breakthroughs and technological possibilitiesThe new methods of education focuses on ethics, values, problem-solving, and daily activities. Students’ learning material, how they might achieve critical abilities, and their educational changes must be addressed in the future. In this environment, colleges must create new digital skills in IA, machine learning, IoT, 5G, the cloud, big data, blockchain, data analysis, using MS Office and other applications, MOOCs, simulation applications, VR/AR, and gamification. They must also develop cross-disciplinary skills and a long-term mindset.
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Paletta, Francisco Carlos, and Armando Malheiro da Silva. "Tecnologia e organização da informação VI TOI 2020: Base para a criação de Laboratório de Ensino." Prisma.com, no. 44 (2020): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16463153/44a8.
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The TOI – International Conference on Technology and Information Organization – is an initiative of the “Observatory of the Labor Market in Information and Documentation” research group (OMTID – CNPq) of the School of Communications and Arts of the University of São Paulo. The 4th TOI will take place in May 2018, in academic and scientific collaboration with the 15th CONTECSI FEA-USP, bringing together Information Science researchers, students and professionals - Librarianship, Archival Science and Museology, with the goal of promoting reflection and dialogue about relevant topics, as well as contributing to the integration of the academic and the professional environments, strengthening the interest in research, and sharing knowledge about the most innovative practices in this area. The program of this event covers the following fields of knowledge: Information and Knowledge Management; Technology and Information Systems; Digital Libraries and Repositories; Document Digitization, Knowledge Organization, Conservation and the Preservation of Information; Metadata; Digital Curation; Information Ethics; Digital Humanities; Labor Market and Entrepreneurship; Big Data; Data Science; Internet of Things; Artificial Intelligence.
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Laranjo, Liliana, Tim Shaw, Ritu Trivedi, Stuart Thomas, Emma Charlston, Harry Klimis, Aravinda Thiagalingam, et al. "Coordinating Health Care With Artificial Intelligence–Supported Technology for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): e34470. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/34470.
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Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasingly common chronic health condition for which integrated care that is multidisciplinary and patient-centric is recommended yet challenging to implement. Objective The aim of Coordinating Health Care With Artificial Intelligence–Supported Technology in AF is to evaluate the feasibility and potential efficacy of a digital intervention (AF-Support) comprising preprogrammed automated telephone calls (artificial intelligence conversational technology), SMS text messages, and emails, as well as an educational website, to support patients with AF in self-managing their condition and coordinate primary and secondary care follow-up. Methods Coordinating Health Care With Artificial Intelligence–Supported Technology in AF is a 6-month randomized controlled trial of adult patients with AF (n=385), who will be allocated in a ratio of 4:1 to AF-Support or usual care, with postintervention semistructured interviews. The primary outcome is AF-related quality of life, and the secondary outcomes include cardiovascular risk factors, outcomes, and health care use. The 4:1 allocation design enables a detailed examination of the feasibility, uptake, and process of the implementation of AF-Support. Participants with new or ongoing AF will be recruited from hospitals and specialist-led clinics in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. AF-Support has been co-designed with clinicians, researchers, information technologists, and patients. Automated telephone calls will occur 7 times, with the first call triggered to commence 24 to 48 hours after enrollment. Calls follow a standard flow but are customized to vary depending on patients’ responses. Calls assess AF symptoms, and participants’ responses will trigger different system responses based on prespecified protocols, including the identification of red flags requiring escalation. Randomization will be performed electronically, and allocation concealment will be ensured. Because of the nature of this trial, only outcome assessors and data analysts will be blinded. For the primary outcome, groups will be compared using an analysis of covariance adjusted for corresponding baseline values. Randomized trial data analysis will be performed according to the intention-to-treat principle, and qualitative data will be thematically analyzed. Results Ethics approval was granted by the Western Sydney Local Health District Human Ethics Research Committee, and recruitment started in December 2020. As of December 2021, a total of 103 patients had been recruited. Conclusions This study will address the gap in knowledge with respect to the role of postdischarge digital care models for supporting patients with AF. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12621000174886; https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/anzctr/trial/ACTRN12621000174886 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/34470
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BOURBAKIS, NIKOLAOS, JIM R. GATTIKER, and GEORGE BEBIS. "A SYNERGISTIC MODEL FOR REPRESENTING AND INTERPRETING HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS FROM VIDEO." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 12, no. 01 (March 2003): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213003001137.
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This paper describes a new and innovative and approach for representing, recognizing and interpreting human activity from video, contributing to an automated system capable of recognition of complex human behaviors. This technology is directly applicable for monitoring public safety and law enforcement, and capturing of activities is crucial for supporting virtual collaborations between citizens, and between citizens and government. Digital video stores of terabytes are now common, and will continue to increase until they dominate stored data. The government of the future will have to manage, organize, recall, and interpret information from this resource, This paper addresses one important facet of this. The approach presented here is a model based on the hierarchical synergy of three other models: the Local/Global (L-G) graph, the Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) graph and a neural network (NN) model. The application focus is the description of activity of actors in a video (or multi-sensor) scene, from the snapshot state description through higher levels of organization into events. The concept of importance is the distinction and interaction between structural knowledge, or knowledge about physical state, and functional knowledge, knowledge about change and events. The L-G graph provides a powerful description of the structural image features presented in an event, and the SPN model offers a description of the functional behavior. The NN (or other adaptive) model provides the capability of leaning behavioral patterns for classification of posture and activity, and forecasting possible events in a free environment.
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Larchenko, Victor, and Olga Barynikova. "New technologies in education." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 12145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127312145.
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This article contains a study on the topic “Digitalization and education: the current state and prospects.” It has analyzed such aspects of digital education as digital literacy, mobile digital education, and the ethics of artificial intelligence in education, VR and AR technologies in digital education, robotics training in educational institutions. Electronic textbooks, digital education software are very useful in development of foreign language learning right now. The purpose of this article is to familiarize with the results of the study on the introduction of digitalization in the educational process. The most attention is paid to its growing role attention in the condition of pandemic, when the processes of learning and teaching have to be changed in form of new material giving and finding. As it turned out the students have obtained better knowledge thanks to new digital approaches in educational process. As for teachers, they were more effective in monitoring student knowledge allowing them more independence. Conclusions have been drawn on the effectiveness of each aspect and digital education in general. Statistics on access to digital technologies, frequency of software use, percentage of digital technology ownership has also identified
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Suryono, Ryan Randy. "FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY (FINTECH) DALAM PERSPEKTIF AKSIOLOGI." Masyarakat Telematika Dan Informasi : Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 10, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17933/mti.v10i1.138.
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A technology is generated from the development of science which is then implemented in society. Changes in science to technology are inseparable from scientists. A scientist will be confronted with personal interests or interests of the general public which bring to the issue of scientific ethics and value-free problems. Likewise with the progress of e-finance and mobile technology for financial companies. This prompted Fintech's innovation to emerge after the global financial crisis in 2008 by combining e-finance, internet technology, social networking services, social media, artificial intelligence, and Big Data analytics. In addition, with the development of the digital economy, Fintech is present as an innovation. But in its development, there are still positive and negative issues from the application of Fintech that provide many new perspectives that lead to moral and ethical issues. By adopting the Kitchenham Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study identifies what problems occur in the development of Fintech. Using three databases, including SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore and Mendeley devices for journal database management, this study attempts to formulate an understanding of Fintech, Fintech variety, trends and Fintech innovations, what problems arise from Fintech innovation and how solutions are implemented Fintech
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Sampaio, Giovanna Martins, and Neila de Paula Pereira. "THE INTERFACE BETWEEN LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE USE OF AI AS A TOOL IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW - PATENT SYSTEM." BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 23603–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n10-444.
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This research sought to investigate the use of Artificial Intelligence in the development of patents, especially in the search and dissemination of anteriority. The research problem refers to the question of whether Artificial Intelligence technology can be considered as an Inventor in itself, and hold a patent: What are the main considerations and arguments for refusing this idea in the present scenario? Consequently, in order to achieve this multidisciplinary undertaking to study the interface between AI and Patents, it was necessary to apply a perspective also centered on data analysis, IOT and new technologies in the Age of the Digital Revolution, evaluating the algorithmic characteristic of Black Boxing. In addition, the studies necessarily covered the contextualization and criteria of legal responsibility, personality rights and contractual relations as fundamental factors to support the thesis discussed here. The studies briefly addressed the regulatory aspects and legislative policies of AI in the international and European contexts, providing a perspective of comparative law. Lastly, the work tried to address some of the issues of transparency and ethics involved in this problematic topic, bringing the concept of Cui Bono to justify the impossibility of granting a Patent to AI. Therefore, this research work encompassed the advantages and disadvantages involved in the Artificial Intelligence scenario, demonstrating improved performance and results of its use in the industrial property area, according to business practices and techniques, and the ethical parameters that must be pursued by society, to develop a transparent, reliable and “explicable” use of Artificial Intelligence, as a TOOL, especially related to the patent system.
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Balcombe, Luke, and Diego De Leo. "Digital Mental Health Challenges and the Horizon Ahead for Solutions." JMIR Mental Health 8, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e26811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26811.
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The demand outstripping supply of mental health resources during the COVID-19 pandemic presents opportunities for digital technology tools to fill this new gap and, in the process, demonstrate capabilities to increase their effectiveness and efficiency. However, technology-enabled services have faced challenges in being sustainably implemented despite showing promising outcomes in efficacy trials since the early 2000s. The ongoing failure of these implementations has been addressed in reconceptualized models and frameworks, along with various efforts to branch out among disparate developers and clinical researchers to provide them with a key for furthering evaluative research. However, the limitations of traditional research methods in dealing with the complexities of mental health care warrant a diversified approach. The crux of the challenges of digital mental health implementation is the efficacy and evaluation of existing studies. Web-based interventions are increasingly used during the pandemic, allowing for affordable access to psychological therapies. However, a lagging infrastructure and skill base has limited the application of digital solutions in mental health care. Methodologies need to be converged owing to the rapid development of digital technologies that have outpaced the evaluation of rigorous digital mental health interventions and strategies to prevent mental illness. The functions and implications of human-computer interaction require a better understanding to overcome engagement barriers, especially with predictive technologies. Explainable artificial intelligence is being incorporated into digital mental health implementation to obtain positive and responsible outcomes. Investment in digital platforms and associated apps for real-time screening, tracking, and treatment offer the promise of cost-effectiveness in vulnerable populations. Although machine learning has been limited by study conduct and reporting methods, the increasing use of unstructured data has strengthened its potential. Early evidence suggests that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of incrementing such technology. The limitations of an evidence-based approach require better integration of decision support tools to guide policymakers with digital mental health implementation. There is a complex range of issues with effectiveness, equity, access, and ethics (eg, privacy, confidentiality, fairness, transparency, reproducibility, and accountability), which warrant resolution. Evidence-informed policies, development of eminent digital products and services, and skills to use and maintain these solutions are required. Studies need to focus on developing digital platforms with explainable artificial intelligence–based apps to enhance resilience and guide the treatment decisions of mental health practitioners. Investments in digital mental health should ensure their safety and workability. End users should encourage the use of innovative methods to encourage developers to effectively evaluate their products and services and to render them a worthwhile investment. Technology-enabled services in a hybrid model of care are most likely to be effective (eg, specialists using these services among vulnerable, at-risk populations but not severe cases of mental ill health).
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Tien, Tran Anh, Mai Thi Kim Khanh, and Chau Huy Ngoc. "Industry 4.0 and the Roles of Social Sciences and Humanities." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i3.574.
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The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) has become a new reality at a global scale. The exponential growth of technology is changing many aspects of human lives including economy, culture, society and lifestyles while posing new challenges in the areas of workforce, state management and ethics in a digital age. This article serves as an introductory account to examine such issues and highlight the contribution of social sciences and humanities in raising awareness, skill training and shaping ethical values in the era of Industry 4.0. Social sciences and humanities may find opportunities in utilizing their advantages in provides the workforce with soft/transferrable skills, enhancing their capacities in optimizing technological advancements. Besides, the rise of artificial intelligence also put forward issues which requires expertise of social scientists and humanities scholars in order to ensure the harmony of technology and humanistic elements. We also argue that in order to take the most out of the technological advancements brought by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the cooperation among social sciences and humanities, sciences and technology is extremely crucial.
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Holzinger, Andreas, Anna Saranti, Alessa Angerschmid, Carl Orge Retzlaff, Andreas Gronauer, Vladimir Pejakovic, Francisco Medel-Jimenez, Theresa Krexner, Christoph Gollob, and Karl Stampfer. "Digital Transformation in Smart Farm and Forest Operations Needs Human-Centered AI: Challenges and Future Directions." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22083043.
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The main impetus for the global efforts toward the current digital transformation in almost all areas of our daily lives is due to the great successes of artificial intelligence (AI), and in particular, the workhorse of AI, statistical machine learning (ML). The intelligent analysis, modeling, and management of agricultural and forest ecosystems, and of the use and protection of soils, already play important roles in securing our planet for future generations and will become irreplaceable in the future. Technical solutions must encompass the entire agricultural and forestry value chain. The process of digital transformation is supported by cyber-physical systems enabled by advances in ML, the availability of big data and increasing computing power. For certain tasks, algorithms today achieve performances that exceed human levels. The challenge is to use multimodal information fusion, i.e., to integrate data from different sources (sensor data, images, *omics), and explain to an expert why a certain result was achieved. However, ML models often react to even small changes, and disturbances can have dramatic effects on their results. Therefore, the use of AI in areas that matter to human life (agriculture, forestry, climate, health, etc.) has led to an increased need for trustworthy AI with two main components: explainability and robustness. One step toward making AI more robust is to leverage expert knowledge. For example, a farmer/forester in the loop can often bring in experience and conceptual understanding to the AI pipeline—no AI can do this. Consequently, human-centered AI (HCAI) is a combination of “artificial intelligence” and “natural intelligence” to empower, amplify, and augment human performance, rather than replace people. To achieve practical success of HCAI in agriculture and forestry, this article identifies three important frontier research areas: (1) intelligent information fusion; (2) robotics and embodied intelligence; and (3) augmentation, explanation, and verification for trusted decision support. This goal will also require an agile, human-centered design approach for three generations (G). G1: Enabling easily realizable applications through immediate deployment of existing technology. G2: Medium-term modification of existing technology. G3: Advanced adaptation and evolution beyond state-of-the-art.
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Garg, Neha, and Bhupinder Singh. "Sustainable Development-Adopting a Balanced Approach between Development and Development Induced Changes." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.0015ecst.
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The emergence of globalization has raised serious concerns and promoted ever increasing dichotomy between development and climate change issues that are borne out of such trade development plans and strategies. The sustainable development goals embark on 17 broad categories that calls upon the nations to achieve them by 2030. In order to achieve these goals the need of the hour is to make a paradigm shift from traditional trade agreements and policies to such agreements that aim to prioritize the attainment of these goals. There has to be uniform environment laws to promote intergeneration and intra-generational equity among the nations and leaving no lacuna for geographical disparity. The Artificial Intelligence can play a pivotal role in achieving sustainability by cross fertilization of technology and sustainable development leading to smart states, effective utilization of resources, green investment policies, use of efficacious renewable energy resources, analyzing agricultural needs and prior analyses of prospective disasters. AI is now playing a conspicuous role in promoting education through digital platform. The only drawback is lack of ethical policies that create human perspective promoting socio-economic intelligence. The need of the hour is to make equitable and collaborative approaches to bridge the inequalities supporting high quality health diagnosis, human interaction and ethics.
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Caramiaux, Baptiste, and Sarah Fdili Alaoui. ""Explorers of Unknown Planets"." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (November 7, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555578.
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Alongside recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), a new art practice has emerged in recent years that borrows and transforms these advances in the production of artworks. The actors of this emergent practice are coming from contemporary art, media and digital arts. These artists have developed an original practice of AI within their creative field. In this article, we propose a qualitative study to explore the nature of this practice. We interviewed five internationally renowned artists about how AI is integrated into their work. Through a thematic analysis of the interviews, we first find that their practice relies on crafting algorithms and data as materials. We uncover how they explicitly use this material unpredictability rather than avoid it. Secondly, we highlight the politics of their practice that consist of resisting the culture of AI research, as well as its inherent power dynamics. We also highlight how their relationship with the technology is imbued with ethics and how they rethink their role with respect to the technology. In this paper, we aim to provide the CSCW community with a way to expand the framework in which AI can be understood not only as a tool but also as cultural and political design material.
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Thacker, Jason. "The Age of AI: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 72, no. 4 (December 2020): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf12-20thacker.
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THE AGE OF AI: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity by Jason Thacker. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Thrive, 2020. 192 pages. Hardcover; $22.99. ISBN: 9780310357643. *There are not yet many books that engage with artificial intelligence theologically. Jason Thacker's The Age of AI: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity, written for a general audience, provides an important start to much-needed theological discussions about autonomous and intelligent technologies. As an early effort in this complex interdisciplinary dialogue, this book deserves credit for its initial exploratory efforts. Thacker's book also points to the larger and more complex territory requiring further exploration. *Thacker, creative director at the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention and project lead for their "Artificial Intelligence: An Evangelical Statement of Principles," is eager to draw attention to the pervasive and disruptive presence of artificial intelligence in our lives. While some may be distracted by images of AI that are speculative--the utopian Commander Data or the dystopian Terminator--many have not given much thought to the actual forms of AI that are part of our lives already, such as recommendation systems and digital assistants. "AI is everywhere," Thacker says; "And we aren't prepared." To help the unprepared understand AI, Thacker provides an orientation to current AI developments and explores the wide-ranging impacts of these on self-understanding, medicine, family, work, war, privacy, and the future. Along the way, he recalls biblical wisdom about old moral problems and imperatives, such as what the Ten Commandments prohibit and what Micah 6:8 prescribes (doing justice, loving mercy, and journeying attentively with God). He also offers a number of familiar biblical assurances, such as not being afraid and trusting in God. *All of this is helpful, to an extent. Thacker's major conclusions about AI are that we should not let our creations--our artificial agents--supersede human agency, and that we should not place too much hope in technology, for it alone cannot save us. Both of these are important points, although neither is very controversial nor necessarily theological: transparency is called for in many AI ethical frameworks, and we are well into a period of technological disenchantment. *Thacker starts The Age of AI by asking two significant questions. First, what does it mean to be human? Thacker looks to Genesis 1, which states--three times--that God created humans in the image of God. Clearly, this is an important theological claim; it is also a very complex one. There are various interpretations of what it means to be created in the image of God, and this is only the first chapter of the biblical narrative. Thacker emphasizes a functional interpretation of Genesis 1: We are called to work to glorify God. Elsewhere, however, Thacker shifts to a more essentialist interpretation that emphasizes human dignity. He asserts that our dignity does not come from what we do and that "nothing in this world defines us" (p. 117). But what about the work we are called to do in and for the world? *Another challenge of beginning in Genesis 1 is what happens in Genesis 3--humanity's rebellion against God. Thacker claims that "the image of God in us was not lost" (p. 19), though he does not address the extent to which this image was corrupted. For Christians, what is most important is Jesus's redemption and transformation of that fallen image. What does the image of God in Christ, the new Adam, reveal about the future of humanity? *Questions raised by Thacker's answer to his first question carry over into his answer to his second question, what is technology (including AI)? For Thacker, technology itself is morally neutral: "What's sinful isn't the sword but how people choose to use it" (p. 20). Given Isaiah's eschatological image of swords beaten into plowshares, many would argue that the sword is part of a system of weaponry and warfare that is immoral and must come to an end. Going beyond Isaiah, Jacques Ellul concluded that the biblical city, as an image of the technological society, must ultimately be destroyed: the city is an autonomous, multi-agent system with a diabolical power that exceeds the power of the human agents who created it. (Ellul almost seems to suggest that there is something like a rogue AI in the Bible!) Ellul goes too far with this, missing the good in the city and the transformative power of new creation over sinful systems, but he rightly points to the deformative power of technology. Thacker acknowledges that technology profoundly changes us and our world, positively and negatively, but he seems to suggest that humans can easily remain in control of and essentially unchanged by it. *Thacker's emphasis on Genesis, "where everything began," appears to close off any discussion about evolution and its insights into the role of technology in our emergence as a species. Indeed, the archeological record reveals that the use of simple stone tools shaped ancient human bodies and brains. Technology not only preceded the arrival of Homo sapiens, it shaped our understanding of what a human being is in form and function. Furthermore, throughout human history, technology has continued to change us fundamentally. Consider, for example, Walter Ong's insight that the technology of writing restructured consciousness. From the perspective of evolution and cultural development, technologies have been shaping and changing what we are from the beginning. *Thacker critiques Max Tegmark and Yuval Noah Harari for conflating evolution and cultural development, but that misses their interest in how humans might continue to outrun natural selection through innovation--a path our species has been on for many millennia, at least since the agricultural revolution and the creation of the complex artificial environments we call cities. As controversial as they may be, Tegmark and Harari point to how a deeper historical and philosophical understanding of technology enables us to explore questions about the holistic transformation of humans and human agency. *Thacker's view of technology encourages pursuing "technological innovation to help push back the effects of the fall" (p. 70). He worries that we might be tempted to "transcend our natural limitations," although it is not clear how far we are permitted to push back against the corrupted creation. He also fears "the people of God buying the lie that we are nothing more than machines and that somehow AI will usher in a utopian age" (p. 182). Educating people to resist being reduced to the status of machines (or data or algorithms) should be a learning outcome in any class or discussion about AI. As for ushering in a utopian age, this is one way of describing (in a kingdom-of-God sense) the Christian vocation: participating with God in the new creation. And perhaps AI has a role in this. *Thacker is absolutely right that we need a foundational understanding of who we are and of what technology is, and his answers provoke a number of questions for further exploration. The Bible reflects a rich interplay between human technological and spiritual development, from Edenic agriculture through Babelian urban agencies. And, as a technology itself, the Bible participates in these developments through its origin, nature, and function to mediate divine agency that transforms human agency. The biblical narrative makes it clear that we are not going back to the primordial garden in Genesis; we are moving toward the eschatological city, New Jerusalem, imaged in Revelation--"and what we will be has not yet been revealed" (1 John 3:2). How we understand the relationship between technological transformation and the transformation of all things through the new creation deserves much more attention within Christian theology. *With AI, it is clear that we are facing an even more profound restructuring of our lives and world--and of our selves. Rather than looking back to the imago Dei corrupted in the beginning, Christians might find it more generative to look to the imago Christi. As N. T. Wright powerfully argues in History and Eschatology: Jesus and the Promise of Natural Theology (SPCK, 2019), the new creation inaugurated through the resurrection of Jesus provides a radically new perspective on creation. This includes us and our artificial creations. While Thacker believes "nothing will ever change fundamental aspects of the universe" (p. 168), some of us may imagine AI participating in the new creation. *For someone just beginning to think about AI and Christianity, The Age of AI might be a good place to start. But more needs to be read and written to explore the theological and technological questions this book raises. *Reviewed by Michael J. Paulus Jr., Dean of the Library, Assistant Provost for Educational Technology, and Director and Associate Professor of Information Studies, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA 98119.
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Felix Chukwuma Aguboshim, Ifeyinwa Nkemdilim Obiokafor, and Irene Nkechi Onwuka. "Strategies for coping with frontier technologies and innovations in Africa." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.1.0307.
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Recent advancements in Frontier Technologies and Innovations (FTI), including artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology have shown significant and tremendous potentials for sustainable development globally. Despite this, Africa appears to be unprepared to equitably use or adopt these technological innovations. Evidence has shown that the ongoing global growth in FTI negatively impacts Africa with multifaceted inequalities ranging from poor global class, persistent poverty, disparities in income-earning opportunities, internet usage, pay gap, poor standards of education and health, etc., resulting majorly from poor adoption of technological innovations and favorable Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policies, culture, ethics, and values. Significant digital divides were evident between the technologically advanced countries and backward countries such as Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic because technological innovations have become critical tools for addressing the spread of the disease. This study highlights the strategy for coping with FTI for sustainable development in Africa. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was adopted as the study conceptual framework. UTAUT model claims that users' acceptance behavior toward technology is determined by users' decision to use technology and the perceived benefits thereof. The researchers explored a narrative review, analysis, and synthesis of vast works of literature that revealed significant information on strategies for coping with FTI in Africa. The researchers also conjointly extracted peer-reviewed articles among the last five years from electronic databases, engaging some keywords like "Frontier Technologies and Innovations in Africa' 'Coping with Frontier Technologies and Innovations' leveraging resources of Africa via Technology and Innovation", etc. Results show that global progress was associated with sharper inequality between countries, with widening disparities in FTI adoption, literacy level, and access to products, social services such as ICT infrastructure, electrification, education, and health. Results also show that literacy empowerment in Africa especially among women, on technology adoption, policies, culture, ethics, and values may advance sustainable goals, leverage their literacy abilities for FTI adoption, and close widening gaps and inequalities in global FTI.
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Asad, Muhammad Mujtaba, Aisha Naz, Prathamesh Churi, and Mohammad Mehdi Tahanzadeh. "Virtual Reality as Pedagogical Tool to Enhance Experiential Learning: A Systematic Literature Review." Education Research International 2021 (November 16, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7061623.
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Since half of the century, technology has dominated the modern era. The rapid advancement of technology has reached generating artificial intelligence and artificial realities. So, virtual reality is an emerging technology and is applicable in education as well. Virtual reality is a computer-generated simulation, where people can interact within an artificial environment. Moreover, in an educational setting, such an environment provides students with a chance to get experiential learning. This paper has a systematic literature review on emerging technologies, such as virtual reality as a pedagogical tool for enhancing students’ experiential learning. This review aims to explore and understand the effect of virtual reality on students’ experiential learning by reviewing twenty-six selected articles. The selected studies have followed various methodologies and are from different contexts. This review study aims to present a systematic literature review for understanding and exploring the effect of virtual reality as a pedagogical tool for enhancing students’ experiential learning. Nine themes were identified, which are (a) virtual reality as pedagogical tool, (b) virtual reality as emerging educational technology tool, (c) virtual reality as digital transformation, (d) virtual reality as teaching-learning model, (e) virtual reality as architectural pedagogy, (f) virtual reality for communication skills, (g) virtual reality for reading and writing skills, (h) virtual reality for social learning, and (i) virtual reality for experiential learning. Thus, it is found that virtual reality is used as a pedagogical tool for various subject areas for encouraging involvement. It is helpful in medical, engineering, language, and social learning, as it provides a chance to get first-hand experience of the environment. Also, it helps learners to engage in a presented virtual environment and experience the sense of presence in it and enhances students’ experiential learning. Therefore, this review found virtual reality as an essential pedagogical tool for strengthening students’ experiential learning.
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Tumashbay, T. "Modern Generation Time and Values." Adam alemi 91, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.1/1999-5849.06.
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The theme of the research is devoted to the problems of integration of Kazakhstani society into the modern process of globalization. New generation is being formed in Kazakhstani society under the influence of globalization. Technological and informational innovations in the world make new demands on the formation of competent, versatile, open people. The succession of generations occurs under the influence of historical subjectivity in the spiritual and social development of a person. The aim of this article is to identify changes in the behavior of generations that have been formed during the years of independence. The theoretical significance of this article lies in the fact that in the era of globalization we live in close integration and increasing interdependence with all people of the world. Therefore, our society must be adapted to changes in globalization in all spheres of its development. The article examines the value basis of the development of modern Kazakh society based on digital technologies, the contradictions of human leisure time. On the one hand, the digital, information society increases a person’s abilities and potential, while on the other hand, the holistic integration of young people into the virtual world takes place. Although such information technology exists as a social fact, it manifests itself in a negative behavioral form in our social environment. High-tech societies use digital opportunity, along with artificial intelligence and material income, as a barometer of social life, in the measure of a single house in the world. In our social environment, this social trend manifests itself in different ways. These are: cyberbullying, decadence, addiction to smartphones, the internet among children. The authors use theoretical, methodological and comparative research methods in the article. The theoretical basis of the research is the scientific concepts of F. Nietzsche, I. Wallerstein, G. Markuse, D.K. Bogatyrev, G. Myamisheva and L.V. Turarbekova.
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Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Yousef, Abdollah Aghabara, Mahdi Davari, and Joe Mari Maja. "Feasibility of Using Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Detection of Some Apple Pests and Diseases." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020906.
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There are many methods to detect plant pests and diseases, but they are primarily time-consuming and costly. Computer vision techniques can recognize the pest- and disease-damaged fruits and provide clues to identify and treat the diseases and pests in their early stages. This study aimed to identify common pests, including the apple capsid (Plesiocoris rugicollis)/AC, apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella)/ACM, Pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri)/PLB, and one physiological disease-apple russeting/AR in two cultivars, Golden Delicious and Red Delicious, using the digital image processing and sparse coding method. The Sparse coding method is used to reduce the storage of the elements of images so that the matrix can be processed faster. There have been numerous studies on the identification of apple fruit diseases and pests. However, most of the previous studies focused only on diagnosing a pest or disease, not on computational volume reduction and rapid detection. This research focused on the comprehensive study on identifying pests and diseases of apple fruit using sparse coding. The sparse coding algorithm in this work was designed using Matlab software. The apple pest and disease detection were performed based on 11 characteristics: R, G, B, L, a, b, H, S, V, Sift, and Harris. The class detection accuracy using the sparse coding method was obtained for 10 classes with three views of apple for S. pyri of red apple as 81%, S. pyri of golden apple as 88%, golden apple russeting as 85%, S. pyri and russeting of red apple as 100%, S. pyri and russeting of golden apple as 80%, codling moth of red apple as 86%, codling moth of golden apple as 72%, S. pyri of red apple as 83%, S. pyri of golden apple as 90%, codling moth and S. pyri of red apple as 80%, and codling moth and S. pyri of golden apple as 67%. The total processing time for developing the dictionary was 220 s. Once the dictionary was developed, pest and disease detection took only 0.175 s. The results of this study can be useful in developing automatic devices for the early detection of common pests and diseases of apples. Although the study was focused on apple diseases, results for this work have huge potential for other crops.
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Serova, O. A. "EVOLUTION OF CIVIL LAW RESEARCH: LINKING WITH NEW TECHNOLOGICAL REALITY." METODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CIVIL LAW RESEARCHES 3, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33397/2619-0559-2021-3-3-76-95.
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Introduction: digitalization has generated qualitative changes in many spheres of public life. The science of civil law cannot stay out of these changes. It is necessary to define new directions of scientific research, including in related fields of knowledge. Cross-sectoral research methods will take a key place in the study of the impact of digital technologies on public relations. Purpose of the research: identification of new thematic (subject) areas for the science of civil law. The relevance of these areas is determined by the high degree of penetration of digital technologies into economic and social processes. Methods: general scientific (dialectical) method, as well as such particular scientific methods of cognition, formal legal, comparative legal, logical. Discussion: a change in the subject areas of research under the influence of a new technological reality occurs in all sciences and fields of activity. Artificial intelligence technologies and robotic technology are being actively studied not only at the level of engineering sciences, mechatronics, etc., but also become an object of study in philosophy, ethics, medicine, linguistics and philology. Outside of this scientific context, research in the field of civil law is impossible. Representatives of other scientific areas determine social risks, threats and opportunities, which later take on specific outlines in the form of legal regulation models. Conclusions: the inclusion of the science of civil law in the subject areas of the new technological reality is dictated by the high social risks of technologization of law. For a long time, civil law managed to maintain a balance between the needs of civil circulation and the protection of the natural rights of citizens. Today, it is also necessary to maintain a balance between the development of digital technologies, reducing regulatory barriers and protecting the rights of citizens, as the least protected category of participants in the digitalization process.
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Kawamoto, Kazuhiko. "Special Issue on Advances on Intelligent Multimedia Processing." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 14, no. 2 (March 20, 2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2010.p0121.
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As computer and sensor technology advances make increasing amounts of multimedia data available, multimedia processing methodologies are needed for multimodal data fusion, efficient data processing, information extraction, and added-value data generation. This special issue introduces the following latest practical developments in image processing, acoustical signal processing, pattern recognition, data mining, and visualization: S. Kobashi et al. propose a robust algorithm for reconstructing total knee arthroplasty implants from X-ray cone-beam images. Y. Hatakeyama et al. propose an algorithm for classifying ultrasonic abdominal images with the help of reports in text format. T. Miyazaki et al. analyze breathy and rough speech by the elderly. M. Nii et al. present a genetic algorithm for classifying nursing-care text. These papers provide useful insights into medical diagnosis and nursing care in the aging society coming to dominate 21st century. T. Toyota et al. visualize Japanese law networks based on granular computing. K. Sawase et al. present a management system for large databases of tagged images. These graphical user interface techniques will be helpful to those who are not computer experts. H. Kawano et al. propose a classification algorithm for segmenting range data into multiple quadric surfaces. Y. Arai et al. propose a nearest-neighbor method for personal authentication. H. Kawano et al. present an algorithm for extracting the structure of decorative characters based on graph spectral decomposition. These classification and discriminant algorithms provide a basis for multimedia data processing. G. Tanaka et al. propose a color transfer algorithm. H. Orii et al. present an image completion algorithm. G. Tanaka et al. present an image enhancement algorithm to noisy images. M. Mizumachi et al. propose a stochastic algorithm for estimating sound source direction. These image and acoustical processing algorithms improve the quality of digital data and will provide new applications in these areas. We thank the authors and referees whose invaluable work and kind comments have made this special issue possible and improved overall paper quality.
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Shamanna, Paramesh, Mala Dharmalingam, Arun Vadavi, Jahangir Mohammed, Terrence Poon, Mohamed Thajudeen, Ashok Keshavamurthy, and Suchitra Bhonsley. "Response to Twin Enabled Precision Treatment for Reversing Diabetes: An Initial Analysis at 4 Weeks of the Ongoing Randomised Controlled Trial." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A474—A475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.970.
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Abstract Introduction: Technology enabled precision nutrition, a combination of macro, micro and biota nutrients, along with Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) have been demonstrated to be a key for reversal of diabetes. Methods: We conducted an initial analysis (n=23) of the ongoing randomized controlled trial of Twin Precision Treatment (TPT): a novel whole-body digital twin enabled precision treatment for reversing diabetes. The clinical and the biochemical parameters were evaluated as the longitudinal follow up at the first follow up visit at 4 weeks. The target sample size is 300 with an estimated duration of 5 years. Descriptive statistics were used Results: 8/23 (35%) patients achieved the intended outcome of reversal of HbA1c and off any anti-diabetic medications. There was a statistically significant improvement in HbA1c % (8.5 ± 1.6 to 6.8 ± 0.66; p<0.0001), Fasting Blood Glucose mg/dL (FBS) (151 ± 44 to 98 ± 18; p<0.0001), HOMA2-IR (1.7 ± 0.64 to 1 ± 0.45; p=0.0001), HOMA2-Beta (53 ± 28 to 86 ± 38; p=0.0013), Systolic BP (129 ± 11 to 120 ± 11; p=0.008) and serum albumin g/dL (4.5 ± 0.21 to 4.2 ± 0.31; p=0.0042). The baseline values for the other parameters including body weight, waist circumference, Diastolic BP, Alanine transaminase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), eGFR, WBC, Platelet, Globulin, ESR, demonstrated a clinically relevant, superior change Discussion: The initial analysis for the prospectively designed trial reveals a remarkable improvement in the clinical and the biochemical parameters that would determine the complete and the prolonged remission of diabetes. The initial results are an early indicator for the translation of the scientific rationale for the technological intervention, through digital twin technology, powered by Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), as a modality to enable reversal of diabetes into an achievable outcome that would be durable. The impactful glycemic control appears to have positive meaningful metabolic health consequences Trial Registration: The trial has been prospectively registered in Clinical Trial Registry – India: Reference no. CTRI/2020/08/027072 on August 10, 2020
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Sarikakis, Katharine, Izabela Korbiel, and Wagner Piassaroli Mantovaneli. "Social control and the institutionalization of human rights as an ethical framework for media and ICT corporations." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 16, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-02-2018-0018.
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Purpose This paper is concerned with the place of human rights in the process of technological development but specifically as this process is situated within the corporate-technological complex of modern digital communications and their derivatives. This paper aims to argue that expecting and institutionalizing the incorporation of human rights in the process of technological innovation and production, particularly in the context of global economic actors, constitutes a necessary act if we want to navigate the immediate future of artificial intelligence and ubiquitous connectivity in ways that protect democracy and human dignity. Design/methodology/approach The discussion presents the case for defending human rights through a social control perspective, which assumes the conscious quest for impacting change and cartographing a path of actions and intentions. The authors approach the problem from James Ralph Beniger’s theory of the Control Revolution (1986) to explain the emergence of a new social order and to outline the main challenges brought particularly by media and information and communication technology (ICT) corporations as global actors of power. Findings Ethics initiatives, considering human rights as an ethical framework for media and ICT businesses, can be based on social control perspectives to regard the more complex variables interacting in the formation of effective policy making. It is the right to participate in the construction of knowledge in society and, informed by this knowledge, help manage or control democratic issues, including influencing on the regulation of technology and other cultural formats of control (Altheide, 1995). Knowing social control tools enable citizens to lead their destinies, plan their freedom and the change what they wish in the societies they live in. Originality/value Social control is often understood as a term taken for granted and many times faced as representing malignant and anti-democratic forms. Here, the authors try to build a theoretical ground where both sides – the benign and the malignant – can be taken in consideration to bring awareness to the need to discuss social control as a democratic endeavor, and consider human rights as part of this and not something apart and idealized. The practice of human rights is directly associated with social control forms and is from within these practices individuals must understand its role on social control and act.
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Stanković, Miloš, Mohammad Meraj Mirza, and Umit Karabiyik. "UAV Forensics: DJI Mini 2 Case Study." Drones 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5020049.
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Rapid technology advancements, especially in the past decade, have allowed off-the-shelf unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that weigh less than 250 g to become available for recreational use by the general population. Many well-known manufacturers (e.g., DJI) are now focusing on this segment of UAVs, and the new DJI Mini 2 drone is one of many that falls under this category, which enables easy access to be purchased and used without any Part 107 certification and Remote ID registration. The versatility of drones and drone models is appealing for customers, but they pose many challenges to forensic tools and digital forensics investigators due to numerous hardware and software variations. In addition, different devices can be associated and used for controlling these drones (e.g., Android and iOS smartphones). Moreover, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the adoption of Remote ID is not going to be required for people without the 107 certifications for this segment at least until 2023, which creates finding personally identifiable information a necessity in these types of investigations. In this research, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of DJI Mini 2 and its data stored across multiple devices (e.g., SD cards and mobile devices) that are associated with the drone. The aim of this paper is to (1) create several criminal-like scenarios, (2) acquire and analyze the created scenarios using leading forensics software (e.g., Cellebrite and Magnet Axiom) that are commonly used by law enforcement agencies, (3) and present findings associated with potential criminal activities.
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Khan, Ali Hamad, Amjad Hanif, Shahid Ilyas, Sarah Hussain Khattak, Abdul Hanan, Sajid Hussain, and Irfan Ullah. "Effect of PH and Powder to Liquid Ratio on the Solubility of a Conventional Glass Ionomer Luting Cement." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22166786.
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Introduction: Properties of GI luting cements are influenced by complex oral environment. This in-vitro study is designed to simulate oral conditions for better understanding behavior of GI luting cement in oral cavity and to evaluate its solubility. Fluctuating oral environment from acidic to alkaline is thought to cause solubility of luting agent, which insults the integrity of luting agents leading to micro leakage and ultimately luting failure of restorations. An attempt via this study was made to funnel powder liquid ratio for dental practice by exposing different P/L ratio to varying pHs of artificial saliva solution. Materials and Methods: Four groups of specimens were prepared using different powder liquid ratios (Group A 1:2, group B 1:3, group C 1.5:3 and group D 2:3S). Specimens were desiccated for 2 hours in hot air oven and weighted with digital analytical balance. Specimens were immersed in respective artificial saliva for a week, desiccated for 2 hours, weighed and solubility was calculated. Micrographs of specimens were taken with scanning electron microscope. Descriptive statistics such as mean, range and standard deviation values were presented as tables and charts. variation of means amongst groups were analysed using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant Results: Solubility of specimens immersed in acidic artificial saliva solution showed elevated solubility. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant results, Tukey’s HSD showed that specimen of group A2 showed elevated solubility of 0.000246790 g/mm3 and specimens of group D1 showed less solubility of 0.000003466g/mm3. Conclusion: Unlike manufacturer recommended P/L ratio, this study concluded that P/L ratio of 2:3 is a better GI luting cement as it exhibited least solubility in both acidic and basic environments. Keywords: Luting, GI luting cement, solubility, salivary pH
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Dermenci, Kamil Burak, Pradeep Kumar Dammala, Poonam Yadav, Anish Raj Kathribail, Joeri Van Mierlo, and Maitane Berecibar. "A Review on Digitalization Approaches for Battery Manufacturing Processes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026601mtgabs.
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Lithium ion batteries (LiBs) continue to be the most advanced technology in the battery systems as the world rushes to meet the diverse and expanding demands of the energy storage solutions. Research institutions, academia and industries requires a safer, high-performance and cheaper LiBs to accelerate the transition from oil-based to an electrical-based economy. Because of some interdependent electrochemical kinetics involved in the LiB chemistry, and time it takes for the fabrication process it became one of the challenging aspects in this modern day life as it is time consuming and needs to be updated with upcoming materials and methodologies[1]. To overcome these challenges quickly, introduction of digital tools [2] which can optimize the parameters of making LiBs are being researched and are trying to implement them in the battery manufacturing industry. Typically, the state of art manufacturing of batteries is a sequence of intermittent steps like slurry preparation, coating and drying, electrode cutting, calendaring, stacking pouch cell formation, electrolyte filling, sealing and mechanical and electrochemical testing which have to be precisely controlled and optimize each dependent parameters carefully and reorganize them for the fabrication to adopt to new systems which takes a lot of effort and machine handling for new innovative battery technologies. Automation of this manufacturing process with Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine learning(ML) or Internet of Things (IoT) is the new way of approach [3]. These approaches can help the research and battery manufacturing plants to meet the demands of cost effectiveness, sustainability, time needs and scalability. Digitalization of these techniques on one hand can reduce the time to market and provide a profitable manufacturing and on the other hand it can guide the cell prototyping and advanced cell chemistry to the new manufacturing tools in the virtual way. Thus the designing tools cost, prototyping cost also can be reduced. The abstract reviews both experimental and computational approach to undergo smooth transition in the battery manufacturing process. References Witt, D. et al. Myth and Reality of a Universal Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Design Optimum: A Perspective and Case Study. Energy Technol. 9, (2021). Ramakrishna, S., Khong, T. C. & Leong, T. K. Smart Manufacturing. Procedia Manuf. 12, 128–131 (2017). dos Reis, G., Strange, C., Yadav, M. & Li, S. Lithium-ion battery data and where to find it. Energy AI 5, (2021).
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Reich, Rob, Mehran Sahami, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. "System Error: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 74, no. 1 (March 2022): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-22reich.
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SYSTEM ERROR: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot by Rob Reich, Mehran Sahami, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2021. 352 pages. Hardcover; $27.99. ISBN: 9780063064881. *Remember when digital technology and the internet were our favorite things? When free Facebook accounts connected us with our friends, and the internet facilitated democracy movements overseas, including the Arab Spring? So do the authors of this comprehensive book. "We shifted from a wide-eyed optimism about technology's liberating potential to a dystopian obsession with biased algorithms, surveillance capitalism, and job-displacing robots" (p. 237). *This transition has not escaped the notice of the students and faculty of Stanford University, the elite institution most associated with the rise (and sustainment) of Silicon Valley. The three authors of this book teach a popular course at Stanford on the ethics and politics of technological change, and this book effectively brings their work to the public. Rob Reich is a philosopher who is associated with Stanford's Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence as well as their Center for Ethics in Society. Mehran Sahami is a computer science professor who was with Google during the startup years. Jeremy Weinstein is a political science professor with experience in government during the Obama administration. *The book is breathtakingly broad, explaining the main technical and business issues concisely but not oversimplifying, and providing the history and philosophy for context. It accomplishes all this in 264 pages, but also provides thirty-six pages of notes and references for those who want to dive deeper into some topics. The most important section is doubtless the last chapter dealing with solutions, which may be politically controversial but are well supported by the remainder of the book. *Modern computer processors have enormous computational power, and a good way to take advantage of that is to do optimization, the subject of the first chapter. Engineers love optimization, but not everything should be done as quickly and cheaply as possible! Optimization requires the choice of some quantifiable metric, but often available metrics do not exactly represent the true goal of an organization. In this case, optimizers will choose a proxy metric which they feel logically or intuitively should be correlated with their goal. The authors describe the problems which result when the wrong proxy is selected, and then excessive optimization drives that measure to the exclusion of other possibly more important factors. For example, social media companies that try to increase user numbers to the exclusion of other factors may experience serious side effects, such as the promotion of toxic content. *After that discussion on the pros and cons of optimization, the book dives into the effects of optimizing money. Venture capitalists (VCs) have been around for years, but recent tech booms have swelled their numbers. The methodology of Objectives and Key Results (OKR), originally developed by Andy Grove of Intel, became popular among the VCs of Silicon Valley, whose client firms, including Google, Twitter, and Uber, adopted it. OKR enabled most of the employees to be evaluated against some metric which management believed captured the essence of their job, so naturally the employees worked hard to optimize this quantity. Again, such a narrow view of the job has led to significant unexpected and sometimes unwanted side effects. *The big tech companies are threatened by legislation designed to mitigate some of the harm they have created. They have hired a great many lobbyists, and even overtly entered the political process where possible. In California, when Assembly Bill 5 reclassified many independent contractors as employees, the affected tech companies struck back with Proposition 22 to overturn the law. An avalanche of very expensive promotion of Proposition 22 resulted in its passage by a large margin. *It is well known that very few politicians have a technical background, and the authors speculate that this probably contributes to the libertarian leaning prominent in the tech industry. The authors go back in history to show how regulation has lagged behind technology and industrial practice. An interesting chapter addresses the philosophical question of whether democracy is up to the task of governing, or whether government by experts, or Plato's "philosopher kings" would be better. *Part II of the book is the longest, addressing the fairness of algorithms, privacy, automation and human job replacement, and free speech. The authors point out some epic algorithm failures, such as Amazon being unable to automate resumé screening to find the best candidates, and Google identifying Black users as gorillas. The big advances in deep learning neural nets result from clever algorithms plus the availability of very large databases, but if you've got a database showing that you've historically hired 95% white men for a position, training an algorithm with that database is hardly going to move you into a future with greater diversity. Even more concerning are proprietary black-box algorithms used in the legal system, such as for probation recommendations. Why not just let humans have the last word, and be advised by the algorithms? The authors remind us that one of the selling points of algorithmic decision making is to remove human bias; returning the humans to power returns that bias as well. *Defining fairness is yet another ethical and philosophical question. The authors give a good overview of privacy, which is protected by law in the European Union by the General Data Protection Regulation. Although there is no such federal law in America, California has passed a similar regulation called the California Consumer Privacy Act. At this point, it's too soon to evaluate the effect of such regulations. *The automation chapter is entitled "Can humans flourish in a world of smart machines?" and it covers many philosophical and ethical issues after providing a valuable summary of the current state of AI. Although machines are able to defeat humans in games like chess, go, and even Jeopardy, more useful abilities such as self-driving cars are not yet to that level. The utopian predictions of AGI (artificial general intelligence, or strong AI), in which the machine can set its own goals in a reasonable facsimile of a human, seem quite far off. But the current state of AI (weak AI) is able to perform many tasks usefully, and automation is already displacing some human labor. The authors discuss the economics, ethics, and psychology of automation, as human flourishing involves more than financial stability. The self-esteem associated with gainful employment is not a trivial thing. The chapter raises many more important issues than can be mentioned here. *The chapter on free speech also casts a wide net. Free speech as we experience it on the internet is vastly different from the free speech of yore, standing on a soap box in the public square. The sheer volume of speech today is incredible, and the power of the social media giants to edit it or ban individuals is also great. Disinformation, misinformation, and harassment are rampant, and polarization is increasing. *Direct incitement of violence, child pornography, and video of terrorist attacks are taken down as soon as the internet publishers are able, but hate speech is more difficult to define and detect. Can AI help? As with most things, AI can detect the easier cases, but it is not effective with the more difficult ones. From a regulatory standpoint, section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA 230) immunizes the platforms from legal liability due to the actions of users. Repealing or repairing CDA 230 may be difficult, but the authors make a good case that "it is realistic to think that we can pursue some commonsense reforms" (p. 225). *The final part of the book is relatively short, but addresses the very important question: "Can Democracies Rise to the Challenge?" The authors draw on the history of medicine in the US as an example of government regulation that might be used to reign in the tech giants. Digital technology does not have as long a history as medicine, so few efforts have been made to regulate it. The authors mention the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Software Engineering Code of Ethics, but point out that there are no real penalties for violation besides presumably being expelled from the ACM. Efforts to license software engineers have not borne fruit to date. *The authors argue that the path forward requires progress on several fronts. First, discussion of values must take place at the early stages of development of any new technology. Second, professional societies should renew their efforts to increase the professionalism of software engineering, including strengthened codes of ethics. Finally, computer science education should be overhauled to incorporate this material into the training of technologists and aspiring entrepreneurs. *The authors conclude with the recent history of attempts to regulate technology, and the associated political failures, such as the defunding of the congressional Office of Technology Assessment. It will never be easy to regulate powerful political contributors who hold out the prospect of jobs to politicians, but the authors make a persuasive case that it is necessary. China employs a very different authoritarian model of technical governance, which challenges us to show that democracy works better. *This volume is an excellent reference on the very active debate on the activities of the tech giants and their appropriate regulation. It describes many of the most relevant events of the recent past and provides good arguments for some proposed solutions. We need to be thinking and talking about these issues, and this book is a great conversation starter. *Reviewed by Tim Wallace, a retired member of the technical staff at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA 02421.
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DAGHER, Georges. "Big data, artificial intelligence and ethics." (IJRE) International Journal of Research and Ethics (ISSN 2665-7481) 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.51766/ijre.v5i1.104.
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Big data are certainly an essential component of digital science and technology and also of machine learning, robotics, and new means of communication. They are also part of the digital revolution that is shaking our society to its very roots. The information that the data initially contain, is considerably enriched by cross-referencing data. Highly diverse, these data can berelated to health or well-being. One of the characteristics of big data in health is the blurring of the distinctions underpinningimplementation of the ethical principles that promote the protection of individual rights in health. Precise knowledge of individuals and of their state of health creates a risk of profiling, which threatens the protection of private life and may lead to stigmatization of people or groups. Such stigmatization threatens private life, but also the principles of solidarity and equity which are the basis of our health system. Care and business are becoming increasingly hard to distinguish, as aresult of the transformation of care and of the healthcare market. In addition, ethical principles can be weakened by the exploitation of big data: medical confidentiality, the responsibility of the medical decision and the personal relationship between the doctor and patient. The need for protection of the in-dividual must be reaffirmed and its modalities redefined, to dispel the threat of a society under the surveillance and control of multiple providers acting for various purposes.
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Becker, Sarah J., André T. Nemat, Simon Lucas, René M. Heinitz, Manfred Klevesath, and Jean Enno Charton. "A Code of Digital Ethics: laying the foundation for digital ethics in a science and technology company." AI & SOCIETY, January 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01376-w.
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AbstractThe rapid and dynamic nature of digital transformation challenges companies that wish to develop and deploy novel digital technologies. Like other actors faced with this transformation, companies need to find robust ways to ethically guide their innovations and business decisions. Digital ethics has recently featured in a plethora of both practical corporate guidelines and compilations of high-level principles, but there remains a gap concerning the development of sound ethical guidance in specific business contexts. As a multinational science and technology company faced with a broad range of digital ventures and associated ethical challenges, Merck KGaA has laid the foundations for bridging this gap by developing a Code of Digital Ethics (CoDE) tailored for this context. Following a comprehensive analysis of existing digital ethics guidelines, we used a reconstructive social research approach to identify 20 relevant principles and derive a code designed as a multi-purpose tool. Versatility was prioritised by defining non-prescriptive guidelines that are open to different perspectives and thus well-suited for operationalisation for varied business purposes. We also chose a clear nested structure that highlights the relationships between five core and fifteen subsidiary principles as well as the different levels of reference—data and algorithmic systems—to which they apply. The CoDE will serve Merck KGaA and its new Digital Ethics Advisory Panel to guide ethical reflection, evaluation and decision-making across the full spectrum of digital developments encountered and undertaken by the company whilst also offering an opportunity to increase transparency for external partners, and thus trust.
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Hanna, Robert, and Emre Kazim. "Philosophical foundations for digital ethics and AI Ethics: a dignitarian approach." AI and Ethics, February 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00040-9.
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AbstractAI Ethics is a burgeoning and relatively new field that has emerged in response to growing concerns about the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on human individuals and their social institutions. In turn, AI ethics is a part of the broader field of digital ethics, which addresses similar concerns generated by the development and deployment of new digital technologies. Here, we tackle the important worry that digital ethics in general, and AI ethics in particular, lack adequate philosophical foundations. In direct response to that worry, we formulate and rationally justify some basic concepts and principles for digital ethics/AI ethics, all drawn from a broadly Kantian theory of human dignity. Our argument, which is designed to be relatively compact and easily accessible, is presented in ten distinct steps: (1) what “digital ethics” and “AI ethics” mean, (2) refuting the dignity-skeptic, (3) the metaphysics of human dignity, (4) human happiness or flourishing, true human needs, and human dignity, (5) our moral obligations with respect to all human real persons, (6) what a natural automaton or natural machine is, (7) why human real persons are not natural automata/natural machines: because consciousness is a form of life, (8) our moral obligations with respect to the design and use of artificial automata or artificial machines, aka computers, and digital technology more generally, (9) what privacy is, why invasions of digital privacy are morally impermissible, whereas consensual entrances into digital privacy are either morally permissible or even obligatory, and finally (10) dignitarian morality versus legality, and digital ethics/AI ethics. We conclude by asserting our strongly-held belief that a well-founded and generally-accepted dignitarian digital ethics/AI ethics is of global existential importance for humanity.
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Fischer, Isabel, Claire Beswick, and Sue Newell. "Rho AI – Leveraging artificial intelligence to address climate change: Financing, implementation and ethics." Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, February 23, 2021, 204388692096178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043886920961782.
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The case focusses on Rho AI, a data science firm, and its attempt to leverage artificial intelligence to encourage environmental, social and governance investments to limit the impact of climate change. Rho AI’s proposed open-source artificial intelligence tool integrates automated web scraping technology and machine learning with natural language processing. The aim of the tool is to enable investors to evaluate the climate impact of companies and to use this evaluation as a basis for making investments in companies. The case study allows for students to gain an insight into some of the strategic choices that need to be considered when developing an artificial intelligence–based tool. Students will be able to explore the role of ethics in decision-making related to artificial intelligence, while familiarising themselves with key technical terminology and possible business models. The case encourages students to see beyond the technical granularities and to consider the multi-faceted, wider corporate and societal issues and priorities. This case contributes to students recognising that business is not conducted in a vacuum and enhances students’ understanding of the role of business in society during new developments triggered by digital technology.
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Adams, Catherine, Patti Pente, Gillian Lemermeyer, Joni Turville, and Geoffrey Rockwell. "Artificial Intelligence and Teachers’ New Ethical Obligations." International Review of Information Ethics 31, no. 1 (August 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie483.
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Largely thought to be immune from automation, the teaching profession is now being challenged on multiple fronts by new digital infrastructures and smart software that automate pedagogical decision-making and supporting teaching practises. To better understand this emerging and ethically fraught intensification of technologies in today’s classrooms, we asked, “what new ethical obligations are teachers facing as a result of AI technology adoption in schools?” We began by defining AI, then turned to posthumanism to grapple with how networked, AI-enhanced digital technologies extend and intermesh with human beings cognitively, affectively, morally, corporeally, spatially, temporally, socially and politically. We catalogued Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies that have been deployed in some of today’s K-12 classrooms (AIEDK-12)s and developed a topology of AIEDK-12 technologies based on (1) teachers’ professional activities being supported by AI, (2) AI being used by and for learners to facilitate their learning and development; (3) additions to K-12 curricula about AI; and (4) AI-based technologies being used by schools, districts and ministries of education to inform decisions that affect teachers. We then consider how a posthumanist investigative approach to disclosive ethics —”interviewing objects”— can shed new light on the implications of widespread deployment of AIEdK12 on teachers’ work. We interviewed three AI-based educational applications, recasting teachers and students as involved and evolving human-AI hybrids. In the process, we uncovered some of the new complications and ethical conundrums being introduced to teachers’ professional practises.
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"On Methods to Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in the World." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 5159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a9220.119119.
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In the modern digital age, the issues of using artificial intelligence and the field of development of intelligent technologies are extremely important and relevant. Over the past few years, there have been attempts of state regulation of artificial intelligence, both in Russia and in other countries of the world. Artificial intelligence poses new challenges to various areas of law: from patent to criminal law, from privacy to antitrust law. Among the current approaches, the most optimal is the creation of a separate legal regulation mechanism that creates a clear distinction between areas of responsibility of developers and users of systems with artificial intelligence and the technology itself. Today, the development of the legal framework for the existence of artificial intelligence can be conditionally divided into two approaches: the creation of a legal framework for the introduction of applied systems with artificial intelligence and stimulate their development; regulation of the sphere of creating artificial “super intelligence”, in particular, compliance of the developed technologies with generally recognized standards in the field of ethics and law. A separate area should be the introduction of uniform ethical principles for all developers and users of systems with artificial intelligence. The most optimal in this aspect is the approach implemented within the framework of the Asilomar principles. In these circumstances, the appeal to the problem of legal regulation of artificial intelligence is becoming more relevant than ever. This paper presents the results of a detailed analysis of existing approaches to the legal regulation of artificial intelligence.
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Turobov, A. M., and M. G. Mironyuk. "Empirical model for analysis of the dynamics of algorithmization (artificial intelligence technology) in the field of security by the example of the USA." Political Science (RU), no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/poln/2021.03.04.
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How does the state security system evolve under the influence of the artificial intelligence technology? To answer this question, an empirical model is proposed. The model evaluates the state security system (by the example of the USA) using the security consistency parameter, which estimates how the state perceives threats (indicator of threats) and whether the state has the necessary capabilities to counter them (indicator of capabilities) in relation to the artificial intelligence technology. The model (as well as the conceptualization of the artificial intelligence technology in the context of the security domain) provides evidence of how security transformations occur. It serves as a tool for studying the corresponding changes and assessing the state security system. It is necessary to indicate the limitation of the study: we do not consider direct military applications in the field of automation and algorithms (artificial intelligence technology). The validation of the empirical model has been undertaken using the case of the USA (eight-time intervals are subject to analysis, namely: 1999, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2019). With the development of the technology itself, the “interest” of the state and the definition of threats, as well as the rapid growth of the capabilities of the artificial intelligence technology (coincides with the years of maximum progress in computing power and the introduction of new algorithms) are growing, and since 2012, the dynamic has been linear, since more new “discoveries” have contributed to evolutionary rather than “revolutionary” growth trajectory. The developed model is scalable. This feature may be useful in the empirical security studies: the artificial intelligence technology within the model can be replaced with other types of digital technologies (for example, big data, cloud computing or 5 g connection technologies, etc.); thus, empirical models of security consistency under the impact of other technologies can be developed. The approach proposed allows to under take cross-country comparisons with respect to specific types of digital technologies and their interactions with the security domain.
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Mohammadi Moghadam, Hooman, Hossein Foroozan, Meysam Gheisarnejad, and Mohammad-Hassan Khooban. "A survey on new trends of digital twin technology for power systems." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, April 26, 2021, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201885.
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Recently, the Digital Twin (DT) technology, which joints the physical environment and virtual space, has drawn more attention in industry and research academic plans. In general, the virtual model representations of the physical objects are created in the DT manner to simulates the characteristics and behaviors of the real-word system. Applying a supervisory system not only can reduce the failures of components, but also preserve the overall costs associated with the system at a minimum. This paper reviews the DT applications in the power system, while its advantages in wind turbines, solar panels, power electronic converter, and shipboard electrical system will be briefly discussed. The potential benefits of contemporary technologies to ameliorate the DT in the industry are studied. Besides, it provides a great technique to assess and analyze system performance. As a basis for DT, various new emerging developments as an example of artificial intelligence (AI), big data, the internet of things (IoT), and 5 G are reviewed.
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Jaillant, Lise, and Arran Rees. "Applying AI to digital archives: trust, collaboration and shared professional ethics." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, November 17, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac073.
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Abstract Policy makers produce digital records on a daily basis. A selection of records is then preserved in archival repositories. However, getting access to these archival materials is extremely complicated for many reasons—including data protection, sensitivity, national security, and copyright. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be applied to archives to make them more accessible, but it is still at an experimental stage. While skills gaps contribute to keeping archives ‘dark’, it is also essential to examine issues of mistrust and miscommunication. This article argues that although civil servants, archivists, and academics have similar professional principles articulated through professional codes of ethics, these are not often communicated to each other. This lack of communication leads to feelings of mistrust between stakeholders. Mistrust of technology also contributes to the barriers to effective implementation of AI tools. Therefore, we propose that surfacing the shared professional ethics between stakeholders can contribute to deeper collaborations between humans. In turn, these collaborations can lead to the building of trust in AI systems and tools. The research is informed by semi-structured interviews with thirty government professionals, archivists, historians, digital humanists, and computer scientists. Previous research has largely focused on preservation of digital records, rather than access to these records, and on archivists rather than records creators such as government professionals. This article is the first to examine the application of AI to digital archives as an issue that requires trust and collaboration across the entire archival circle (from record creators to archivists, and from archivists to users).
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D’Cruz, Premilla, Shuili Du, Ernesto Noronha, K. Praveen Parboteeah, Hannah Trittin-Ulbrich, and Glen Whelan. "Technology, Megatrends and Work: Thoughts on the Future of Business Ethics." Journal of Business Ethics, October 3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05240-9.
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AbstractTo commemorate 40 years since the founding of the Journal of Business Ethics, the editors in chief of the journal have invited the editors to provide commentaries on the future of business ethics. This essay comprises a selection of commentaries aimed at creating dialogue around the theme Technology, Megatrends and Work. Of all the profound changes in business, technology is perhaps the most ubiquitous. There is not a facet of our lives unaffected by internet technologies and artificial intelligence. The Journal of Business Ethics established a dedicated section that focuses on Technology and Business Ethics, yet issues related to this phenomenon run right through all the sections. Kirsten Martin, editor of the Technology and Business Ethics section, joins our interim social media editor, Hannah Trittin-UIbrich, to advance a human-centric approach to the development and application of digital technologies that places Business Ethics at centre of the analysis. For Shuili Du, technology is the defining condition for a new era of Corporate Social Responsibility—CSR 3.0—which she defines as “a company’s socially responsible strategies and practices that deal with key ethical and socio-technical issues associated with AI and related technologies on the one hand and leverage the power of AI and related technologies to tackle social and environmental problems on the other hand.” It is not just technologies that are a determining feature of our lives but technology companies, an argument made by Glen Whelan as he examines Big Business and the need for a Big Business Ethics as we try to understand the impact of Big Tech on our post-work world. Indeed, as noted by Ernesto Noronha and Premilla D’Cruz, megatrends in addition to advancement in technologies, namely globalization, the greening of economies, and changes in demographics and migration, are shaping the future for workers in ways previously unimaginable. Contributing to this important debate, Praveen Parboteeah considers the influence of another longstanding but oft overlooked megatrend, the role of religion in the workplace. Given the enormity of the influence of technology and other megatrends in our world, it is not surprising that this essay introduces ground-breaking ideas that speak to the future of business ethics research.
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Wirtz, Jochen, Werner H. Kunz, Nicole Hartley, and James Tarbit. "Corporate Digital Responsibility in Service Firms and Their Ecosystems." Journal of Service Research, October 5, 2022, 109467052211304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10946705221130467.
Full textAbstract:
Digitization, artificial intelligence, and service robots carry serious ethical, privacy, and fairness risks. Using the lens of corporate digital responsibility (CDR), we examine these risks and their mitigation in service firms and make five contributions. First, we show that CDR is critical in service contexts because of the vast streams of customer data involved and digital service technology’s omnipresence, opacity, and complexity. Second, we synthesize the ethics, privacy, and fairness literature using the CDR data and technology life-cycle perspective to understand better the nature of these risks in a service context. Third, to provide insights on the origins of these risks, we examine the digital service ecosystem and the related flows of money, service, data, insights, and technologies. Fourth, we deduct that the underlying causes of CDR issues are trade-offs between good CDR practices and organizational objectives (e.g., profit opportunities versus CDR risks) and introduce the CDR calculus to capture this. We also conclude that regulation will need to step in when a firm’s CDR calculus becomes so negative that good CDR is unlikely. Finally, we advance a set of strategies, tools, and practices service firms can use to manage these trade-offs and build a strong CDR culture.
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Almeida Rodrigues, Jonas, and Henrique Dias Pereira dos Santos. "Is artificial intelligence really a future trend in health care?" Brazilian Dental Science 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2021.v24i3.3108.
Full textAbstract:
Everyone who uses any digital platform in the daily routine has already been surprised by some sudden ad or product advertisement about which some information has been sought on the Internet. Coincidence? Of course not! This is just one example of how artificial intelligence is inserted into our daily lives. It is in the platforms for music streaming, movies, shopping for any product, in traffic applications, in the stock market. Each "like", each share, each post shows a pattern of consumer preference, a characteristic that can be used to direct advertisements in order to advertise or market a product to a specific target. This is already happening, it is not part of the future. Artificial intelligence is already part of our present. But how do these platforms manage to "guess" our preferences or tastes and hit exactly what we were looking for? In reality nothing is guessed, it is learned. Through computer modeling, these systems learn from the examples that we ourselves give them. We feed these systems on a daily basis. Just like children, who learn many things by example (languages, for instance) before they even go to school, these systems are also capable of learning. A child learns that a dog is different from a cat when it sees examples of several dogs and several cats. So a child can learn the differences between both animals. Algorithms learn the same way, through examples. This is what we call "machine learning," a sub-area of artificial intelligence (AI). It is an advance for society, but it must be applied with ethics and transparency (see the Netflix documentary Coded Bias). Moving away from the market sphere and thinking about health care, machine learning has also been widely employed, because these systems have the ability to learn using endless amount of patient and hospital data (Big Data). In this sense, AI-based systems have been developed aiming at improving patient care, from the organization of triage systems at clinics and hospitals, patient scheduling, organization of test result delivery, preventing errors in drug prescriptions, as well as predicting and assisting in disease diagnosis. The artificial intelligence literature in the medical field is already vast. In dentistry, research has focused on the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in dental radiology. Tools are produced for researchers and system developers that aim at assisting clinicians in imaging diagnosis, for example, of dental caries, periapical lesions, bone resorption, among other important outcomes. Some companies, in Brazil and worldwide, have already seen a potential market in the application of these neural networks, and are providing software to assist in the analysis of radiographic images. Far from being able to replace health professionals, this technology should be used to improve the work of dentists and bring more security in diagnosis. Trying to replace a health professional with artificial intelligence, especially in dentistry, is impossible and not productive at all (see Eric Topol's book Deep Medicine). Information technology as an ally will bring many benefits to dentistry, not only in radiology. The analysis of digital cohorts (electronic patient records) with machine learning algorithms can bring new insights to Science. Such algorithms are able to cross-reference thousands of predictive attributes with various endpoints to define which information is most relevant for qualitative analyses. It is the new advanced statistics. For this reason, it is especially important to emphasize the need to build a large-scale public dental dataset to make the clinical application of AI possible. The challenge now is to improve the quality of the datasets to build really accurate machine learning algorithms. Finally, it would be very useful for dentists if these developed machine learning systems become applications that could be widely available and spread to the dental community. The spectrum of AI is huge! Try doing a search today on some topic and wait for the algorithm to work! It will offer you all the information, based on the search example you yourself have offered! This is AI in our lives, no future, but a present! Keywords Artificial intelligence; Health care.