Journal articles: 'Ethical Theory'

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Dienhart, John W. "Business Ethics and Ethical Theory." Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 7 (1996): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc199679.

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Gauthier, Candace Cummins. "Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory." Idealistic Studies 22, no. 3 (1992): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/idstudies199222340.

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Nobis, Nathan. "Feminist Ethics without Feminist Ethical Theory (Or, More Generally, “φ Ethics without φ Ethical Theory”)." Journal of Philosophical Research 30, no. 9999 (2005): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_2005_6.

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Pink, Thomas. "Power, Scepticism and Ethical Theory." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 76 (May 2015): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246115000119.

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AbstractIt is often thought that as human agents we have a power to determine our actions for ourselves. And a natural conception of this power is as freedom – a power over alternatives so that we can determine for ourselves which of a variety of possible actions we perform. But what is the real content of this conception of freedom, and need self-determination take this particular form? I examine the possible forms self-determination might take, and the various ways freedom as a power over alternatives might be constituted. I argue that though ordinary ethical thought, and especially moral blame, may be committed to our possession of some capacity for self-determination, the precise nature of this power is probably ethically underdetermined – though conceptions of the nature of the power that come from outside ethics may then have important implications for ethics.

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Woolley, Alice. "The Problem of Disagreement in Legal Ethics Theory." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 181–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900006007.

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Legal ethics theories give competing and exclusive accounts of the ethical foundations of the lawyer’s role. They disagree about the relationship between morality and law, about the content of the lawyer’s central ethical duties and about how specific ethical problems should be resolved. Each theoretical account asserts that the others are mistaken in some fundamental way. Yet all legal ethics theories are theories of action; legal ethics theorists do not seek merely to enlighten, they also seek to influence how lawyers and the legal profession respond to ethical issues. This creates a problem of disagreement: the problem created by the divergent but exclusive claims made by different ethical theories at the point when those theories are to be translated into action. This paper considers how, given the problem of disagreement, legal ethics theories can have any impact on individual ethical decision-making or public policy. Specifically, it considers how theories can have any impact given a) that they fundamentally disagree; and b) what experimental psychology tells us about how people make ethical decisions in fact, and the nature of lawyer regulation.

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Svegliato, Justin, Samer B. Nashed, and Shlomo Zilberstein. "Ethically Compliant Sequential Decision Making." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 13 (May 18, 2021): 11657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i13.17386.

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Enabling autonomous systems to comply with an ethical theory is critical given their accelerating deployment in domains that impact society. While many ethical theories have been studied extensively in moral philosophy, they are still challenging to implement by developers who build autonomous systems. This paper proposes a novel approach for building ethically compliant autonomous systems that optimize completing a task while following an ethical framework. First, we introduce a definition of an ethically compliant autonomous system and its properties. Next, we offer a range of ethical frameworks for divine command theory, prima facie duties, and virtue ethics. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy and usability of our approach in a set of autonomous driving simulations and a user study of planning and robotics experts.

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Son, Ayoung. "Emergence of Ethical Subjectivity through Literary Reading." Criticism and Theory Society of Korea 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.19116/theory.2022.27.1.95.

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Uglietta, John. "Middle Theory in Professional Ethics." Teaching Ethics 18, no. 2 (2018): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tej201910865.

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In professional ethics, focus on ethical theory fails to offer practical advice and focus on individual cases fails to develop adequate ethical understanding. There is a wide gap between abstract moral theories and concrete professional cases. To understand professional ethics, we must pay more attention to this gap and the middle level of theory that we find there. This middle theory brings abstract principles closer to practical cases by considering and incorporating the goals, circumstances, customs and other established social practices and compromises of particular professions. Understanding the complex systems of individual professions is quite important morally as such systems can alter our ethical duties dramatically. Therefore, adequate consideration of professional ethics requires a thorough understanding of philosophical ethics and of the nature of the specific profession concerned. However, recognizing the importance of this middle area will require us to reconsider how we teach, and who teaches, professional ethics.

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Englert, Walter. "Epicurus’ Ethical Theory." Ancient Philosophy 12, no. 2 (1992): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil199212231.

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Czank, James. "Nietzsche’s Ethical Theory." Symposium 13, no. 2 (2009): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/symposium200913232.

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Butchvarov, Panayot. "Moore’s Ethical Theory." International Studies in Philosophy 35, no. 4 (2003): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil2003354118.

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Richardson, Henry S. "Rescuing Ethical Theory." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 54, no. 3 (September 1994): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108590.

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Benjamin, Martin. "Rethinking Ethical Theory." Teaching Philosophy 10, no. 4 (1987): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil198710477.

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Swanton, Christine. "A Virtue Ethical Theory of Role Ethics." Journal of Value Inquiry 50, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10790-016-9582-5.

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Purcell, Sebastian. "An Ethics of Recognition: Redressing the Good and the Right." Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 27, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2019.881.

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In Oneself as Another, Paul Ricoeur proposes a new ethical theory that integrates Aristotle’s eudaemonist virtue ethical outlook with Immanuel Kant’s deontological ethics. The goal is ambitious, and recent discussions in anglophone philosophy have made its undertaking look to be founded on a confusion. The new argument goes that the ethical justification at work in the Aristotelian and Kantian traditions is of opposed kinds. Attempts to integrate them, as a result, are either incoherent, or, in the best case, simply minor variations on one or another predominant ethical outlook. The essay grants the opposed kinds thesis and argues that despite its apparent impossibility, Ricoeur nevertheless does succeed in integrating two ethical approaches, including their different sources of justification, to produce a novel and thus ethically interesting theory. The essay closes, finally, with a reflection on how this method might be developed one step further to include an insight by Emmanuel Levinas on the look of the Other, and so make for an ethics of recognition.

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Rangping, Ji. "An Ethical Literary Analysis of The Girlhood of Shakespeare’s Heroines." Interlitteraria 23, no. 1 (August 5, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2018.23.1.7.

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The Girlhood of Shakespeare’s Heroines, a classic Shakespeare drama adaptation by Mary Cowden Clarke, tells the girlhood stories of Shakespeare’s heroines in a series of fifteen tales. Analysing the tales from the perspective of ethica l literary criticism and the theory of the Sphinx factor (an original c ritical theory formulated by the Chinese scholar Nie Zhenzhao), this paper explores such ethical and social problems as the double standards of sex ethics and the inequalities between man and woman by means of the Animal factor analysis and argues that by disclosing these problems in a deliberately abhorrent way, the tales fulfil the task of ethically educating Victorian readers, and female readers in particular, in an enlightening and entertaining way while leading Victorian women to the appreciation of Shakespeare’s plays.

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Rambe, Patient, and Takawira Munyaradzi Ndofirepi. "Influence of Small Business Ethics on Buying Decisions of Customers: A case of Indigenous Owned Fast-Food Outlets in Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 8, no. 5(J) (October 30, 2016): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v8i5(j).1441.

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While the prevalence of ethical consumerism has pressured small businesses to embrace ethical behaviour, in ethically precarious business conditions the relentless pursuit for profit by small businesses may compel them to compromise their moral values. As such, a tacit struggle may persist between such businessesâ€™ strategic orientations (e.g. profitability, improved performance) and demands of ethically conscious consumers. Drawing on ethics theory, this study explored the influence of the ethical conduct of small fast food outlets on buying intentions of customers. A survey was conducted on 116 probabilistically sampled customers of an indigenous owned fast-food outlet in two cities in Zimbabwe. Findings suggest that customers considered ethical conduct of business ventures when making their purchase decisions although it was unclear whether ethical consumers persistently maintained their buying decisions (i.e. purchasing ethically made products). Ethical business practices, however, remained an enduring feature of enterprises striving to optimise their profit motives.

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Puroway, Andrew W. "Tensions: A Grounded Theory of Ethical Practice." NACADA Journal 42, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/nacada-22-18.

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Academic advising is fraught with ethical dilemmas. Advisors' actions are beholden to various and conflicting constituents. Existing literature on ethics in academic advising provides guidance for advisors via normative ethical principles, suggested processes, and statements about how advising ought to be practiced. However, knowledge of advisors' experiences of ethical dilemmas remains limited. This grounded theory study produced a model of how primary-role academic advisors working in large state university systems engage in ethical practice. It includes four cyclical phases: pre-encounter, encounter, discernment, and response. Each phase highlights discrete but interconnected themes grounded in data gleaned from semi-structured interviews with 12 advisors. The grounded theory has implications for advisors, advising administrators, and future research in bolstering ethical practice.

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Raj, Shivneil Kumar, and Sandhiya Roy. "Accounting Theory: An Ethical Perspective of Real Life Scenarios." International Journal of Business and Social Research 6, no. 10 (November 27, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i10.1006.

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<p>Decisions are made daily in businesses and individuals do encounter situations where they are faced with ethical issues. The subject is how one evaluates whether an act is ethical or unethical. This research article discusses real life ethical dilemmas that could be faced in accounting or business environment and applicability of various theories of ethics that were taught in accounting theory course in the undergraduate accounting program. The researcher employs a number of case studies highlighting the stories related to ethics that have been experienced in the past working life. Teleological and deontological theories are being used to explain how one could identify that a particular act is ethical or unethical. The work of accountants requires them to maintain high level of ethics to ensure integrity of the profession. </p>

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Nguyen, Lam D., Kuo-Hao Lee, Bahaudin G. Mujtaba, and Sorasak Paul Silanont. "Business Ethics Perceptions of Working Adults." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 5, no. 2 (April 2014): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2014040103.

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Businesses nowadays face urgent demands to act ethically and socially responsibly. Some believe that ethically responsible companies design and use corporate governance that serves all stakeholders' interests to achieve competitive advantage and maintaining ethical behavior is very important through corporate governance. Thus, an ethical business environment is critical and ethical behavior is expected of everyone in the modern workplace. Companies devote many resources and training programs to make sure their employees live according to the high ethical standards. This study used Clark and Clark's (1966) Personal Business Ethics Scores (PBES) measure to examine the relationship between gender, age, management experience, ethics course taken, and ethics training to ethical maturity of Thai working adults. This research surveyed 236 Thai working adults to measure their Personal Business Ethics Scores (PBES). Statistically significant differences were found in the variables of ethics course taken and ethics training. Gender, age, and management experience, however, did not lead to any significant differences. Consequently, Kohlberg's Cognitive Moral Development theory regarding ethical maturity is partly supported since respondents with more ethics education and training have higher business ethics scores than those without ethics education and training. In this study, Thai background and cultural dimension, as well as literature on moral development and ethics, are presented along with practical applications, suggestions and implications for educators, managers, and employees.

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Ahmad, Zuraida, Noraini Mohamed Noor, Siti Fauziah Toha, Nurul Fadzlin Hasbullah, Ali Sophian, and Maizirwan Mel. "Aspirational Ethics as a Contributing Factor in Engineering Students’ Ethical Awareness and Behavior." IIUM Journal of Educational Studies 9, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijes.v9i3.400.

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As ethical behavior is a part of engineers' professional identity and practice, developing ethical behavior skills in future engineers is a vital component of the engineering curriculum. There are already established instructional methods to teach engineering ethics (EE), however, it is concentrated on ethical awareness, and little attention has been given to how this will affect the ethical behavior. Even though students are capable of exercising ethical judgment, it does not mean that they are ethically literate or likely to act ethically. The assessment of engineering ethics cannot be conducted based on ethical judgment, because the ethical awareness of some engineers has not translated into ethical behavior. An alternative instructional method for measuring the ethical behavior is required to see how the ethical awareness given in the classroom setting is translated to the actual ethical behavior. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to propose an instructional method that correlates with both ethical awareness and ethical behavior, through aspirational ethics which require the students to contribute to the society. This method integrates the theory of morals and values, ethical and unethical conduct, code of practices of an engineer, ethics with the environment, and the responsibility of the engineer for the safety of everybody. Students’ ethical behavior in the society will be demonstrated through the University Social Responsibility (USR) projects. From these projects, the students’ ethical behavior is assessed by their peers, beneficiaries that they are serving, as well as by the educators, regarding their ethical conduct. This will be the tools to observe the degree of correlations between the ethical awareness instilled and behavior manifested. Applying these instructional methods will allow educators to build confidence and trust in their students' ability to build a professional identity and be prepared for the engineering profession and practice.

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Can, Liu. "Housekeeping of feelings: On Heller’s ethical aesthetics." Thesis Eleven 171, no. 1 (August 2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07255136221121231.

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This paper discusses Heller’s aesthetic ethics in her feeling theory. ‘Feeling’ is an aesthetic problem as well as an ethical problem. Heller discusses the important role of emotions in modern life. ‘Housekeeping of feelings’ is the key category of Heller’s ethical aesthetics, which is related to one’s self-realization. It is beneficial to the formation of individual value and helps to reconstruct an increasingly atomized community. The housekeeping of feelings is some kind of care, which is important both ethically and aesthetically. Heller’s feelings theory is based on human value itself, which is of great methodological significance for the reconstruction of the broken emotional community in the post-epidemic era.

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Derry, Robbin, and Ronald M. Green. "Ethical theory in business ethics: A critical assessment." Journal of Business Ethics 8, no. 7 (July 1989): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00382928.

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Walsham, Geoff. "Ethical theory, codes of ethics and IS practice." Information Systems Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.1996.tb00005.x.

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Parker, Martin. "Business Ethics and Social Theory: Postmodernizing the Ethical." British Journal of Management 9, s1 (September 1998): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.9.s1.4.

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Freeman, J. M. "Ethical theory and medical ethics: a personal perspective." Journal of Medical Ethics 32, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.014837.

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Walsham, Geoff. "Ethical theory, codes of ethics and IS practice." Information Systems Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2575.1996.00105.x.

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Klempner, Geoffrey. "Philosophy, Ethics and Dialogue." Journal of Dialogue Studies 2, no. 2 (2014): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/wtog6669.

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Here, I examine the nature of ethical dialogue from the point of view of its foundations in the critique of the dominant, disinterested conception of ethics, relating this to my 20 year experience corresponding with students taking courses with Pathways to Philosophy, including a prisoner on Death Row, Texas, USA. Ethical dialogue, where we seek the best outcome by our collective lights, is contrasted with activity in the business arena, where traders are assumed to be acting from purely self-interested motives. The role of philosophy as an activity of seeking, in the words of the metaphysician F.H. Bradley, ‘bad reasons for what we believe on instinct’ is examined from the point of view of our practical interest in learning how to engage in ethical dialogue, as well as the need to defend the theory of ethical dialogue against rival views. From the standpoint of theory, the ethics of dialogue is the conclusion of a three-part dialectical argument involving the refutation of solipsism and the subsequent refutation of anti-solipsism. Looking at ethical dialogue from the standpoint of praxis, it appears that learning ethical dialogue is more like learning to dance than learning an intellectual game like chess. It can’t be taught from a book. One learns ethical dialogue by engaging in ethical dialogue. One consequence of this radical conception of ethics is a new version of the problem of akrasia. You have the knowledge and the will, but fail ethically because of your practical inability to engage the other person in ethical dialogue.

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Mayo, Bernard, and R. M. Hare. "Essays in Ethical Theory." Philosophical Quarterly 40, no. 158 (January 1990): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2219977.

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Becker, Lawrence C. "Impartiality and Ethical Theory." Ethics 101, no. 4 (July 1991): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/293339.

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Beebe, John. "Jung’s Compensatory Ethical Theory." International Journal of Jungian Studies 10, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19409052.2018.1446504.

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ABSTRACTThe author, reviewing a book on Jung’s moral psychology by the psychoanalyst Dan Merkur, concludes that Jung’s idea of a divergence in aim between conscious and unconscious creates in the psyche a conflict of duties, toward the ego and its persona, on the one hand, and toward the self and its soul, on the other. An individual mind can reconcile this conflict only by ethical position-taking, which is arrived at through moral effort that fosters a growth of consciousness but is never without ambivalence and uncertainty as to the principles that have informed it. Jung’s idea that the unconscious is there to compensate for any ethical position taken by the conscious mind is echoed by contemporary psychoanalytic notions of collaboration between superego and ego in producing moral stances. Merkur is praised for recognizing Jung’s priority at countering Freud’s position that the unconscious cannot think about the ethical conflicts that are experienced by the ego.

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Kupperman, Joel. "Character and Ethical Theory." Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13 (1988): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.1988.tb00116.x.

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Schwartz, Mark. "Ethical Decision-Making Theory." Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 26 (2015): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc2015262.

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BEAUCHAMP, T. "Ethical theory and epidemiology." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44 (1991): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(91)90167-8.

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Mooradian, Norman. "20th Century Ethical Theory." Teaching Philosophy 19, no. 2 (1996): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil199619228.

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Okapal, James M. "This Is Ethical Theory." Teaching Philosophy 33, no. 4 (2010): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil201033451.

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Gu, Jakwang. "A Study on Charles Bernstein’s ‘ethical, aesthetical, political’ (anti)poetics." Criticism and Theory Society of Korea 23, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19116/theory.2018.23.3.5.

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Moon, Sungwon. "The Depth of Openness: Emmanuel Levinas’s concept of ethical openness." Criticism and Theory Society of Korea 25, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19116/theory.2020.25.3.129.

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Reamer, Frederic G. "Toward ethical practice: The relevance of ethical theory." Social Thought 15, no. 3-4 (June 1989): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15426432.1989.10383674.

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Arnold, Denis G., Robert Audi, and Matt Zwolinski. "Recent Work in Ethical Theory and Its Implications for Business Ethics." Business Ethics Quarterly 20, no. 4 (October 2010): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201020438.

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ABSTRACT:We review recent developments in ethical pluralism, ethical particularism, Kantian intuitionism, rights theory, and climate change ethics, and show the relevance of these developments in ethical theory to contemporary business ethics. This paper explains why pluralists think that ethical decisions should be guided by multiple standards and why particularists emphasize the crucial role of context in determining sound moral judgments. We explain why Kantian intuitionism emphasizes the discerning power of intuitive reason and seek to integrate that with the comprehensiveness of Kant’s moral framework. And we show how human rights can be grounded in human agency, and explain the connections between human rights and climate change.

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Monteverde, Settimio. "Undergraduate healthcare ethics education, moral resilience, and the role of ethical theories." Nursing Ethics 21, no. 4 (December 5, 2013): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013505308.

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Background: This article combines foundational and empirical aspects of healthcare education and develops a framework for teaching ethical theories inspired by pragmatist learning theory and recent work on the concept of moral resilience. It describes an exemplary implementation and presents data from student evaluation. Objectives: After a pilot implementation in a regular ethics module, the feasibility and acceptance of the novel framework by students were evaluated. Research design: In addition to the regular online module evaluation, specific questions referring to the teaching of ethical theories were added using simple (yes/no) and Likert rating answer formats. Participants and research context: At the Bern University of Applied Sciences, a total of 93 students from 2 parallel sub-cohorts of the bachelor’s program in nursing science were sent the online survey link after having been exposed to the same modular contents. A total of 62% of all students participated in the survey. Ethical considerations: The survey was voluntary and anonymous. Students were free to write their name and additional comments. Findings: Students consider ethical theories—as taught within the proposed framework—as practically applicable, useful, and transferable into practice. Discussion: Teaching ethical theories within the proposed framework overcomes the shortcomings described by current research. Students do not consider the mutually exclusive character of ethical theories as an insurmountable problem. Conclusion: The proposed framework is likely to promote the effectiveness of healthcare ethics education. Inspired by pragmatist learning theory, it enables students to consider ethical theories as educative playgrounds that help them to “frame” and “name” the ethical issues they encounter in daily practice, which is seen as an expression of moral resilience. Since it does not advocate a single ethical theory, but is open to the diversity of traditions that shape ethical thinking, it promotes a culturally sensitive, ethically reflected healthcare practice.

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Lončarić, Dina, and Mateja Balent. "The impact of ethical ideologies on the judgment of online marketing communications ethics in the tourism market." Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 7, no. 1 (2019): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.7.1.5.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between ethical ideologies and the judgment of online marketing communications ethics in the tourism market. The aim of the research is also to establish a relationship between the judgement of online communications ethics and behavioural intentions. The paper is based on empirical research conducted using the scenario method and survey method. The Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) was used to measure ethical ideology along two dimensions, relativism and idealism. Five scenarios were designed, describing potentially ethically ambiguous situations. A relationship was established between ethical ideologies and ethical judgements of online marketing communications. The study proved that respondents who scored higher on the idealism scale have more rigid criteria with regard to online communications ethics and were better at recognising ethically ambiguous situations. A relationship between the ethical judgements of the described situations and behavioural intention was also established. Although topics relating to online communications on the tourism market are extensively researched, there are few studies dealing with ethical judgement of such communications. The special contribution of this paper is in the fact that research includes students of tourism and hospitality who will, in the near future, find themselves in situations where they will need to make, and take moral responsibility for, decisions regarding communications in the tourism market. Therefore, this research contributes both to theory and practice.

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Stavrova, Elena. "Old and New in Business Ethics Theory." Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no. 4 (2020): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.4(4).132-139.2020.

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This paper aims to show the need to study both classical and modern theories in business ethics. It is necessary because social relations in production change, as do production conditions, the relationship between owners and workers, employees. The aim of the article is also to demonstrate the possible deviations from the natural, basic principles of ethical behavior in business and to look for opportunities to regulate them and limit the opportunities for their manifestation. This study has an epistemological character, dedicated to studying the evolution of fundamental ethical theories explaining the interaction between subjects in the ethical ecosystem. In developing the article, descriptive analysis was used to identify, analyze, and summarize the main features of poodle theories in business ethics. This paper has its theoretical basis of a rich category of tools and classical theories in aesthetics; new business ethics theories are being developed as an inalienable part of the ethical ecosystem. The evolution of the productive forces has had its irreversible impact on the ethical relations in the social system and on each business unit as a whole. The interrelations between the main religions professed by mankind − Christianity, Judaism and Islamic religion with the main category assessing the return on investment, namely the interest rate, are analyzed. The conclusions have been drawn about this type of income in the older religions and newer religions. Basic new business ethics theories are analyzed, such as the Theory of moral hazard, Agency Theory, Diamond’s Theory of delegated monitoring, Rent-Seeking. Research on the evolution of basic business economics theories is usually done based on theoretical analysis and much less based on specific business cases. Here is presented the manifestation of modern theories in business ethics, particular cases of changes in the state of business ecosystems and possibility that basis can also serve as a legal and regulatory initiative to precisely regulate these deviations and their sanction. The chosen form of research is sharing the opinions of the author of the study. In this article, the author seeks the connection, the integration of ethics in the functioning of the business system due to the severance of the direct relationship between owners and employees and the emergence of intermediaries as agents to whom decision-making rights are delegated. The severance of this relationship is at the heart of the evolutionary development of the ethical business side in the context of existing constraints. Keywords: Business Ethics, Moral Hazard, Rent-Seeking, Diamond Theory, Agency Theory.

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Gill, Christopher. "Stoic Ethical Theory: How Much Is Enough?" Symposion 9, no. 1 (2022): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/symposion2022913.

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How much theory is enough for a complete account of ancient Stoic ethics and for modern life-guidance? Stoic ethics was presented either purely in its own terms or combined with the idea of human or universal nature (or both). Although the combination of ethical theory with human and universal nature provides the most complete account, each of these modes of presentation was regarded as valid and can provide modern life-guidance.

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Lee, Lisa M. "Public Health Ethics Theory: Review and Path to Convergence." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 1 (2012): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00648.x.

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For over 100 years, the field of contemporary public health has existed to improve the health of communities and populations. As public health practitioners conduct their work – be it focused on preventing transmission of infectious diseases, or prevention of injury, or prevention of and cures for chronic conditions – ethical dimensions arise. Borrowing heavily from the ethical tools developed for research ethics and bioethics, the nascent field of public health ethics soon began to feel the limits of the clinical model and began creating different frameworks to guide its ethical challenges. Several public health ethics frameworks have been introduced since the late 1990s, ranging from extensions of principle-based models to human rights and social justice perspectives to those based on political philosophy. None has coalesced as the framework of choice in the discipline of public health. This paper examines several of the most-known frameworks of public health ethics for their common theoretical underpinnings and values, and suggests next steps toward the formulation of a single framework.

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Maslov, Denis. "Ethics without theory? On advantages of the Pyrrhonian over the dogmatic way of life." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 15, no. 1 (2021): 238–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2021-15-1-238-264.

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The paper discusses two interrelated problems pertaining to the Pyrrhonian way of life. We try to rise to the challenge and play devil’s advocate, arguing from the skeptical point of view. The first part portrays a reconstruction of central skeptical arguments against the dogmatic ethics that attack some epistemological, metaphysical and ethical issues of the central dogmatic concept “the good by nature”. The second part considers the arguments suggested by G. Striker and R. Bett who claim that the sceptic cannot have ethics nor be an ethical agent. Against it, we try to formulate minimal conditions for ethics without theory, namely, the conceptual ability to distinguish between “right” and “wrong” actions grounded upon the notion of “private good” and the skeptical criteria for actions. This is made possible by relativizing the criteria of the ethical and connecting it with the customs and traditions of a given community. Though Pyrrhonism is quite different from ethical relativism or ethical realism, a striking comparison to H. Putnam’s ethical approach is drawn at the end of the paper.

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al-Attar, Mariam. "Meta-ethics: A Quest for an Epistemological Basis of Morality in Classical Islamic Thought." Journal of Islamic Ethics 1, no. 1-2 (July 27, 2017): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685542-12340003.

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The aim of this article is to critique the meta-ethical foundation of the purposes of law theory (maqāṣid al-sharīʿa). It starts by introducing the Ashʿarite meta-ethics, and in two sub-sections briefly elucidates the perceived relation between meta-ethics and normative ethics and the relation between ethics, Islamic jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) and speculative theology (ʿilm al-kalām). The article examines the meta-ethical presuppositions of the Qurʾan, arguing that Qurʾanic ethics allows for rethinking the meta-ethical foundation of themaqāṣid,since it accepts objective moral values and allows for moral epistemology that is based on reason. The last and the longest section of the article develops arguments that would admit human reason in formulating themaqāṣidand suggests that this requires a different ethical foundation, one that is closer to the Muʿtazilite conception of morality. The arguments are based on the work of some classical and contemporary scholars who have noted the contradiction in the traditionalmaqāṣidtheory, and on the views of those scholars whose ethical views and principles expressed an understanding of morality that contradicts with ethical voluntarism or ‘divine command theory’ in ethics. The theory ofmaqāṣidis here clearly presumed to be a normative one rather than simply descriptive.

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Kim, Chin-Tai. "Forgiveness as an Ethical Category: Limits of Ethical Theory." International Journal of the Humanities: Annual Review 9, no. 4 (2012): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9508/cgp/v09i04/43207.

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Huff, Chuck. "For ethical reflection, establish a clear technical foundation." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 17, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-07-2019-0071.

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Purpose This viewpoint aims to highlight the necessarily technical nature of ethics in software development, propose a label (ethical bypassing) for ethical analysis that does not lead to ethical action and introduce a philosophical foundation for technical analysis that leads to ethical software development. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach is one of technical analysis that is aware of social science and philosophical knowledge bases. Findings The findings establish a clear technical foundation that is crucial to ethical analysis that will actually inform software development. Research limitations/implications The idea that beginning with technical expertise is the best way to begin ethical reflection on a technical implementation has been often suggested, but not really empircally tested. Research using cases or other qualitative approaches would need to be done to add credibility to the claim. Practical implications This approach suggests that collaboration between technically informed ethicists and ethically informed technical experts should begin with the exploration of the technical questions rather than with ethical speculation. Social implications A common approach to ethical education is to concentrate on ethical theory and its application in technical contexts. This approach suggests that this may lead to ethical bypassing by the student, the avoidance of the making technical decisions by extensive ethical reflection. Originality/value This paper introduces a new term, ethical bypassing, to the literature on the ethics of software development.

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Magelssen, Morten, Reidar Pedersen, and Reidun Førde. "Four Roles of Ethical Theory in Clinical Ethics Consultation." American Journal of Bioethics 16, no. 9 (July 29, 2016): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1196254.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethical Theory'

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