Journal articles: 'Ethanol; Lignocellulosic residues'

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Yadav, Ram Kailash P., Arbindra Timilsina, Rupesh K. Yadawa, and Chandra P. Pokhrel. "Potential Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Organic Residues of Agro-Based Industries in Nepal." ISRN Renewable Energy 2014 (January 20, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/305695.

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With the objective of exploring the potential of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes from major agro-based industries in Nepal, four types of major industries using raw materials from agriculture are selected as sources of lignocellulosic residues. They include a sugar industry, a paper industry, a tobacco industry, and a beer industry. Data from secondary/primary sources were used to record organic residues from these industries and estimates were made of potential production of bioethanol from them. About 494892.263 tons of dry bagasse could be produced if the total production of sugarcane in Nepal is taken to the sugar industry which means that about 138569.833 KL of bioethanol could be produced (in the year 2011/12). Similarly, the dry biomass residue produced from the paper mill is 86.668 ton/year that could produce 24.267 KL of bioethanol. The lignocellulosic residue from tobacco field in Nepal is approximately 18.826 ton/year that has potential to produce 5.836 KL of bioethanol. The dry biomass residue produced in beer industry amounts to 155.0596 ton/year that can yield about 63.5744 KL of bioethanol. It is estimated that about 57,841.3754 KL of bioethanol could be produced when these residues are fully utilized in producing bioethanol. If E10 is used in total import of petrol, about 20246.7 KL of bioethanol could be utilized, and the rest 37,594.6754 KL of bioethanol could be utilized for many other purposes.

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Kotarska, Katarzyna, Wojciech Dziemianowicz, and Anna Świerczyńska. "Study on the Sequential Combination of Bioethanol and Biogas Production from Corn Straw." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244558.

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The objective of this study was to obtain two types of fuels, i.e., bioethanol and biogas, in a sequential combination of biochemical processes from lignocellulosic biomass (corn straw). Waste from the agricultural sector containing lignocellulose structures was used to obtain bioethanol, while the post-fermentation (cellulose stillage) residue obtained from ethanol fermentation was a raw material for the production of high-power biogas in the methane fermentation process. The studies on obtaining ethanol from lignocellulosic substrate were based on the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method, which is a simultaneous hydrolysis of enzymatic cellulose and fermentation of the obtained sugars. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D-2) in the form of yeast cream was used for bioethanol production. The yeast strain D-2 originated from the collection of the Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology. Volatile compounds identified in the distillates were measured using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). CH4 and CO2 contained in the biogas were analyzed using a gas chromatograph in isothermal conditions, equipped with thermal conductivity detector (katharometer) with incandescent fiber. Our results show that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation enables production of bioethanol from agricultural residues with management of cellulose stillage in the methane fermentation process.

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Hoa, Doan Thai, Tran Dinh Man, and Ngo Viet Hau. "PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS FOR ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 25, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.264.

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The cost of raw materials continues to be a limiting factor in the production of bio-ethanol from traditional raw materials, such as sugar and starch. At the same time, there are large amount of agricultural residues as well as industrial wastes that are of low or negative value (due to costs of current effluent disposal methods). Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of elephant grass and wood residues for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose has been investigated in this study. Elephant grass (agricultural residue) and sawdust (Pulp and Paper Industry waste) with a small particulate size were treated using different dilute sulfuric acid concentrations at a temperature of 140-170°C within 0.5-3 hours. The appropriate pretreatment conditions give the highest yield of soluble saccharides and total reducing sugars.

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Evangelista, Igor Vieira, Adam Gonçalves Arruda, Larissa Soares de Menezes, Janaína Fischer, and Carla Zanella Guidini. "Physicochemical characterization of agro-industrial residues for second-generation ethanol production." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 13, 2021): e33110817151. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17151.

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Ethanol production from renewable sources, such as lignocellulosic materials, is already underway in several countries. The interest in the technology stems from concerns about global warming and the environmental impacts of solid waste disposal. Moreover, the conversion of agro-industrial wastes into ethanol is a value-adding strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of three lignocellulosic materials— rice straw bran, sugarcane bagasse, and corn peel bran—and determine, on the basis of these analyses, their suitability as feedstocks for second-generation ethanol production. Physicochemical characterization included the determination of particle size, moisture, ash, total solids, water activity, crude fat, protein, total extractives, soluble and insoluble lignin, holocellulose, cellulose, hemicellulose, and total carbohydrates. Rice straw bran is composed of 38.33% cellulose and 19.73% hemicellulose, sugarcane bagasse is composed of 27.09% cellulose and 5.61% hemicellulose, and corn peel bran is composed of 55.75% cellulose and 12.93% hemicellulose. The characterization showed the high concentration of cellulose in the residue of the corn peel bran. The results indicate that the three biomasses are suitable raw materials for biofuel production.

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Cavalaglio, Gianluca, Mattia Gelosia, Silvia D’Antonio, Andrea Nicolini, Anna Pisello, Marco Barbanera, and Franco Cotana. "Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production from the Recovery of Stranded Driftwood Residues." Energies 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2016): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en9080634.

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Alcívar-Mendoza, Pablo, José Muñoz-Murillo, Christhel Andrade-Díaz, and Alex Dueñas-Rivadeneira. "Saccharification and fermentation of the lignocellulosic residues of the orange to obtain bioalcohol." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 38, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 718–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280//revfacagron(luz).v38.n3.14.

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The production and consumption of oranges generates a large amount of lignocellulosic waste that is deposited in landfills without receiving any type of treatment that allows it to be used as by-products. The objective of the present investigation was to obtain bioalcohol through the saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic residues of the peel of the orange (Citrus sinensis). Three (3) different levels of sulfuric acid were used as treatment, to alter the lignocellulosic structure of the biomass, subsequently, a hydrolysis with cellulase enzymes was carried out, analyzing the presence of reducing sugars by spectrophotometry. The fermentation was carried out with two (2) different concentration levels of Sacharomyces cerevisiae yeast, subsequently, it was distilled and the presence of volatile organic compounds was determined by gas chromatography. The reducing sugars present in the highest proportion were: glucose (26.6 ± 0.77 g.L-1) and fructose (21.26 ± 0.51 g. L-1); the volatile organic compound with the highest concentration was ethanol (76.96%) and the index with the highest bioalcohol yield was obtained with the treatment with the highest concentration of sulfuric acid and yeast (12.72 ± 0.65 g. L-1); Orange peels are by-products of vegetable origin that can be used for the production of bioalcohol with percentages of ethanol higher than 76%.

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Rahimi, Vajiheh, Marzieh Shafiei, and Keikhosro Karimi. "Techno-Economic Study of Castor Oil Crop Biorefinery: Production of Biodiesel without Fossil-Based Methanol and Lignoethanol Improved by Alkali Pretreatment." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101538.

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Castor, a non-edible oil crop that flourishes even under extreme cultivation conditions, can be cultivated in wastewater with a lower cultivation cost than similar plants, e.g., rapeseed and soybean. This plant, containing seeds and lignocellulosic residues, has a promising perspective for biofuel production. The oil extracted from the seeds is inexpensive and can be efficiently converted to biodiesel, while the lignocellulosic parts are suitable for ethanol production after pretreatment with NaOH. Biodiesel typically produced from the fossil-based methanol; however, it can also be produced from the ethanol. In this study, ethanol used for biodiesel production is produced from the lignocellulosic residues (scenario 1), which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly; the process was compared with that of the methanol (scenario 2). In this study, techno-economic analyses were used to compare the technical and economic aspects of producing biodiesel from methanol and the produced ethanol. Simulations of the processes were carried out by Aspen plus software, and economic studies were conducted by Aspen Economic Analyzer. The prices of produced ethanol as a byproduct in scenarios 1 and 2 were USD 0.701 and 0.693 per liter, respectively, which are greater than that of gasoline. The prices of biodiesel produced as a primary product for scenarios 1 and 2 are USD 0.410 and 0.323/L, lower than the price of diesel in the Middle East region. The profitability indices for scenarios 1 and 2 are 1.29 and 1.41, respectively. Therefore, despite environmental benefits, the biorefinery based on producing biodiesel from methanol is more economically feasible than that produced from ethanol.

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Broda, Magdalena, Daniel J. Yelle, and Katarzyna Serwańska. "Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass—Challenges and Solutions." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248717.

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Regarding the limited resources for fossil fuels and increasing global energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change, there is a need to find alternative energy sources that are sustainable, environmentally friendly, renewable, and economically viable. In the last several decades, interest in second-generation bioethanol production from non-food lignocellulosic biomass in the form of organic residues rapidly increased because of its abundance, renewability, and low cost. Bioethanol production fits into the strategy of a circular economy and zero waste plans, and using ethanol as an alternative fuel gives the world economy a chance to become independent of the petrochemical industry, providing energy security and environmental safety. However, the conversion of biomass into ethanol is a challenging and multi-stage process because of the variation in the biochemical composition of biomass and the recalcitrance of lignin, the aromatic component of lignocellulose. Therefore, the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol has not yet become well-received commercially, being hampered by high research and production costs, and substantial effort is needed to make it more widespread and profitable. This review summarises the state of the art in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, highlights the most challenging steps of the process, including pretreatment stages required to fragment biomass components and further enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, presents the most recent technological advances to overcome the challenges and high costs, and discusses future perspectives of second-generation biorefineries.

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Liu, Na, Jienan Chen, Peng Zhan, Lin Zhang, Xiaoxun Zhou, Baiquan Zeng, Zhiping Wu, and Hui Wang. "Optimization of mixed enzymolysis of acid-exploded poplar wood residues for directional bioconversion." BioResources 15, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 1945–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1945-1958.

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Enzymolysis is a key bioconversion process of lignocellulosic biomass. The optimization of enzymolysis is important for its efficiency and accuracy. There is potential to solve the problem of low reducing sugar in the conversion of lignocellulose to bioethanol. In this study, mixed cellulases (cellulase and β-glucosidase) were used in the enzymolysis of acid-exploded poplar wood residues. The mixed enzymolysis process was optimized by response surface area test, and its kinetics model was established based on the Michaelis-Menten equation. The optimal parameters of the mixed enzymolysis were: initial, pH 5.2; temperature, 46 °C; and cellulase to β-glucosidase ratio, 1.62. These parameters resulted in enzymatic saccharification efficiency 1.3 times as high as that of the control (conducted with un-optimized parameters). The modeling revealed that there was a strong correlation (R2 = 0.97) between substrate concentration and reaction rate. Multiple simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (MSSCF) developed in the laboratory was also employed to verify the optimal parameters. The mixed enzymolysis process carried out with the optimal parameters achieved an ethanol concentration of 30.09 ± 0.49 g/L, which was 1.64 times higher than that conducted with un-optimized parameters. The fermentation time was also reduced by 24 h. Overall, the optimization of mixed enzymolysis process could enhance the efficiency of lignocellulosic directional conversion to bioethanol.

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Azmi, Intan Suhada, Amizon Azizan, Ruzitah Mohd Salleh, Rafidah Jalil, Tengku Elida Tengku Zainal Mulok, Nadzeerah Idris, Sandra Ubong, and Aimi Liyana Sihab. "Biomaterials Availability: Potential for Bioethanol Production." Advanced Materials Research 701 (May 2013): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.701.243.

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Over the last decade, there has been increasing research interest in the value of biosourced materials from lignocellulosic biomass. Abundant sources of lignocellulosic biomass such as palm,napiergrass,luceanatree, urban waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste and other waste have the potential to become a sustainable source of biofuel. In Malaysia, dissolution of cellulose from palm biomass to produce ethanol as future biofuels is very promising since palm residues from palm industry are highly abundant. In addition, cellulose contents in palm wastes or residues are relatively high for instance from empty fruit bunch or palm trunk. An efficient pretreatment is highly required prior to processes which convert the lignocellulosic palm biomass to bioethanol. The kinds of processes needed nowadays are called as green technology based techniques which are environmental friendly. Various solvents have been applied to dissolve cellulose including various types of ionic liquid as well. Previously, other method such as acid hydrolysis pretreatment process cause many drawbacks due to their low rates of hydrolysis and extreme acidic conditions. The dissolution process of the lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids is at its better advantage due to better dissolution as compared to by using organic or inorganic solvents. Therefore, at the moment, ionic liquid is becoming more preferable in dissolving the lignocellulosic biomass or any palm residues for instance.

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Sierra-Ibarra, Estefanía, Alejandra Vargas-Tah, Cessna L. Moss-Acosta, Berenice Trujillo-Martínez, Eliseo R. Molina-Vázquez, Alberto Rosas-Aburto, Ángeles Valdivia-López, Martín G. Hernández-Luna, Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima, and Alfredo Martínez. "Co-Fermentation of Glucose–Xylose Mixtures from Agroindustrial Residues by Ethanologenic Escherichia coli: A Study on the Lack of Carbon Catabolite Repression in Strain MS04." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 8941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248941.

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The production of biofuels, such as bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, is an important task within the sustainable energy concept. Understanding the metabolism of ethanologenic microorganisms for the consumption of sugar mixtures contained in lignocellulosic hydrolysates could allow the improvement of the fermentation process. In this study, the ethanologenic strain Escherichia coli MS04 was used to ferment hydrolysates from five different lignocellulosic agroindustrial wastes, which contained different glucose and xylose concentrations. The volumetric rates of glucose and xylose consumption and ethanol production depend on the initial concentration of glucose and xylose, concentrations of inhibitors, and the positive effect of acetate in the fermentation to ethanol. Ethanol yields above 80% and productivities up to 1.85 gEtOH/Lh were obtained. Furthermore, in all evaluations, a simultaneous co-consumption of glucose and xylose was observed. The effect of deleting the xyIR regulator was studied, concluding that it plays an important role in the metabolism of monosaccharides and in xylose consumption. Moreover, the importance of acetate was confirmed for the ethanologenic strain, showing the positive effect of acetate on the co-consumption rates of glucose and xylose in cultivation media and hydrolysates containing sugar mixtures.

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Vintila, Teodor, Ioana Ionel, Tagne Tiegam Rufis Fregue, Adriana Raluca Wächter, Calin Julean, and Anagho Solomon Gabche. "Residual biomass from food processing industry in Cameroon as feedstock for second-generation biofuels." BioResources 14, no. 2 (March 22, 2019): 3731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.3731-3745.

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The yields in bioconversion of residues produced in the Cameroon food industry to liquid and gaseous biofuels were evaluated and the potential of these residues as feedstock for renewable energy production in Cameroon were assessed. Residues generated after processing avocado, cocoa, and peanut crops were converted at laboratory-scale to second-generation gaseous biofuels (biogas) and liquid biofuels (ethanol). Mechanical (milling), thermal-chemical (steam-NaOH), and microwave pretreatments were applied before hydrolysis of biomass using cellulolytic enzymes. Cellulosic sugars production potential was also assessed. The energy conversion rate was higher when anaerobic digestion technology was applied to convert the tested biomass to methane. The total Cameroon potential under anaerobic digestion technology is over 330,000 m3, which represents 28% from oil consumption or 5.39% from electricity consumption when lignocellulosic ethanol technology was applied. The national potential was assessed up to 200,000 kg, representing 17% from oil consumption in transport or 3.19% from electricity consumption. Overall, the share of energy potential of the tested residual biomass is important when compared to fossil fuel consumption in Cameroon and represents an important potential feedstock for electricity production.

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Salcedo mendoza, Jairo Guadalupe, Luz Marina Florez Pardo, and Jorge Enrique Lopez Galan. "Significant enzymatic activities in the residues hydrolysis of the sugar cane harvest." DYNA 86, no. 210 (July 1, 2019): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n210.75286.

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In the production of ethanol from agroindustrial crop residues, one of the critical stages in the process is the conversion of lignocellulosic material to simple sugars, which can be done chemically or enzymatically. In this research, the enzymatic activities of commercial enzymes were evaluated for their influence on the degradation of lignocellulosic materials from sugar cane harvest residues (leaves and top cane). Eight substrates were pretreated with different delignification methods. Likewise, five enzymatic preparations were configured. An analysis of the enzyme-substrate interactions was conducted through fuzzy system analysis. The results showed regions of maximum enzymatic activity for residues of the sugarcane harvest, between 20-30 Filter Paper Units (FPU) /mL values lower than 500 pNPG (p-Nitrofenol-α-D-Glucopyranoside) U / mL of activity beta-glucosidase and hemicellulase activity between 50 and 70 IU / mL, confirming that the use of large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes is not necessary.

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Velásquez-Arredondo, H. I., A. A. Ruiz-Colorado, and S. De Oliveira junior. "Ethanol production process from banana fruit and its lignocellulosic residues: Energy analysis." Energy 35, no. 7 (July 2010): 3081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.052.

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Basaglia, Marina, Massimiliano D’Ambra, Giuseppe Piubello, Veronica Zanconato, Lorenzo Favaro, and Sergio Casella. "Agro-Food Residues and Bioethanol Potential: A Study for a Specific Area." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020344.

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Bioethanol obtained from agro-food wastes could contribute to decrease the dependency on fossil resources, reduce the impact of fossil fuels on the environment, and mitigate the food versus fuel debate. This study is aimed to investigate the availability of residual inexpensive agro-food biomasses that could feed a second-generation bioethanol plant located in a specific area of North Eastern Italy. After the identification of all crops in the area, more than 40 agro-food residues were analyzed for their availability and compositions in terms of water, polysaccharides, and sugars potentially convertible into bioethanol. 574,166 Mg of residual wet lignocellulosic biomass corresponding to 297,325 Mg of dry material were found available for bioethanol conversion. The most promising substrates were wheat straw and vine shoots. Based on the chemical composition of residues, the potential attainable ethanol was determined. Theoretical potential ethanol production was estimated at nearly 72,000 Mg per year. This quantity extensively exceeds the minimum yearly capacity of a sustainable bioethanol plant previously identified as around 50,000 Mg of ethanol. Taken together, these results demonstrate that, in the analyzed area, agro-food residues are available in an amount that could sustain bioethanol production in a specific and restricted district. Techno-economical evaluations are in progress to assess the actual feasibility of installing a second generation bioethanol production plant in the area of interest.

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Tavares, Eveline Queiroz de Pinho, Marciano Regis Rubini, Thiago Machado Mello-de-Sousa, Gilvan Caetano Duarte, Fabrícia Paula de Faria, Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filho, Cynthia Maria Kyaw, Ildinete Silva-Pereira, and Marcio Jose Poças-Fonseca. "An Acidic Thermostable Recombinant Aspergillus nidulans Endoglucanase Is Active towards Distinct Agriculture Residues." Enzyme Research 2013 (July 10, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/287343.

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Aspergillus nidulans is poorly exploited as a source of enzymes for lignocellulosic residues degradation for biotechnological purposes. This work describes the A. nidulans Endoglucanase A heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris, the purification and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Active recombinant endoglucanase A (rEG A) was efficiently secreted as a 35 kDa protein which was purified through a two-step chromatography procedure. The highest enzyme activity was detected at 50°C/pH 4. rEG A retained 100% of activity when incubated at 45 and 55°C for 72 h. Purified rEG A kinetic parameters towards CMC were determined as Km=27.5±4.33 mg/mL, Vmax=1.185±0.11 mmol/min, and 55.8 IU (international units)/mg specific activity. Recombinant P. pastoris supernatant presented hydrolytic activity towards lignocellulosic residues such as banana stalk, sugarcane bagasse, soybean residues, and corn straw. These data indicate that rEG A is suitable for plant biomass conversion into products of commercial importance, such as second-generation fuel ethanol.

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Sun, Run-Cang. "Detoxification and separation of lignocellulosic biomass prior to fermentation for bioethanol production by removal of lignin and hemicelluloses." BioResources 4, no. 2 (2008): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.2.452-455.

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Lignocellulosic materials such as agricultural residues have been recognized as potential sustainable sources of mixed sugars for fermentation to bioethanol. To obtain a high overall ethanol yield and achieve an economically feasible production process, the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses improves the accessibility of cellulosic material to hydrolytic enzymes and avoids the degradation products that are inhibitory to the yeast used in the subsequent fermentation. Technological advances, e.g., environmentally friendly removal of lignin and hemicelluloses from lignocellulosic biomass prior to fermentation of the librated glucose from cellulose into bioethanol, has the potential to provide for sustainable and cost effective production of biofuel.

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Santos, Natasha Kevellyn dos, Daniel Pasquini, and Milla Alves Baffi. "Factors that influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes for ethanol production: a review." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 8, no. 11 (December 20, 2022): 15137–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl8iss11pp15137-01e.

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Lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural and forestry residues, can be reused and serve as sources of sugars for the production of second-generation ethanol (2G) and other bioproducts. However, these wastes are composed by molecules of difficult degradation, which require steps of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for their bioconversion into fermentable sugars. At the same time, chemical substances with a potential inhibitory effect on the microbial metabolism can also be produced after the pretreatments and hinder the overall yield of the hydrolytic process. For an efficient and low-cost hydrolysis, homemade enzymes produced from agroindustrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, can be employed. However, a set of parameters might be adjusted, such as: kind of pretreatment, enzyme load, solids load, hydrolysis time and use of additives, to improve the yields in free sugars using these onsite enzymatic preparations. In this sense, studies involving the optimization of the conditions of pretreatment and saccharification are essential to increase the bioconversion rate of lignocellulose. These strategies are important for the production of value-added products from these wastes and, consequently, offer a correct and profitable destination to them. Hence, this study presents a review of the main features that influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes and the yield in reducing sugars for ethanol production.

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Kim, Seonghun. "Evaluation of Alkali-Pretreated Soybean Straw for Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5241748.

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Soybean straw is a renewable resource in agricultural residues that can be used for lignocellulosic bioethanol production. To enhance enzymatic digestibility and fermentability, the biomass was prepared with an alkali-thermal pretreatment (sodium hydroxide, 121°C, 60 min). The delignification yield was 34.1~53%, in proportion to the amount of sodium hydroxide, from 0.5 to 3.0 M. The lignin and hemicellulose contents of the pretreated biomass were reduced by the pretreatment process, whereas the proportion of cellulose was increased. Under optimal condition, the pretreated biomass consisted of 74.0±0.1% cellulose, 10.3±0.1% hemicellulose, and 10.1±0.6% lignin. During enzymatic saccharification using Cellic® CTec2 cellulase, 10% (w/v) of pretreated soybean straw was hydrolyzed completely and converted to 67.3±2.1 g/L glucose and 9.4±0.5 g/L xylose with a 90.9% yield efficiency. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the pretreated biomass by Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A produced 30.5±1.2 g/L ethanol in 0.5 L fermented medium containing 10% (w/v) pretreated biomass after 72 h. The ethanol productivity was 0.305 g ethanol/g dry biomass and 0.45 g ethanol/g glucose after fermentation, with a low concentration of organic acid metabolites. Also, 82% of fermentable sugar was used by the yeast for ethanol fermentation. These results show that the combination of alkaline pretreatment and biomass hydrolysate is useful for enhancing bioethanol productivity using delignified soybean straw.

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Srinophakun, Penjit, Anusith Thanapimmetha, Thongchai Rohitatisha Srinophakun, Pramuk Parakulsuksatid, Chularat Sakdaronnarong, Monsikan Vilaipan, and Maythee Saisriyoot. "Techno-Economic Analysis for Bioethanol Plant with Multi Lignocellulosic Feedstocks." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.3.319-328.

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Oil palm empty fruit bunch and trunk are classified as primary lignocellulosic residues from the palm oil industry. They are considered to be promising feedstocks for bioconversion into value-added products such as bioethanol. However,using these lignocellulosic materials to produce bioethanol remains a significant challenge for small and medium enterprises. Hence, techno-economic and sensitivity analyses of bioethanol plant simultaneously treating these materials were performed in this study. The information based on preliminary experimental data in batch operations wasemployed to develop a simulation of an industrial-scale semi-continuous production process. Calculations of mass balance, equipment sizes, and production cost estimation of the production plant of various capacities ranging from 10,000 L/day to 35,000 L/day were summarized. The result based on 20 years of operation indicated that the net present value of theplant of lower capacities was negative. However,thisvalue became positive when the plant operated with a higher capacity, 35,000 L/day.The highest ethanol yield, 294.84 LEtOH/tonfeedstock, was produced when the planttreated only an empty fruit bunch generating 8.94% internal rate of return and US$0.54 production cost per unit.Moreover, the higher oil palm trunk ratio in the feedstock, the lower ethanol yield contributing to the higher production cost per unit.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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Sannigrahi, Poulomi, and Arthur J. Ragauskas. "Characterization of Fermentation Residues from the Production of Bio-Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2011.1170.

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Liu, Z. Lewis, and Bruce S. Dien. "Cellulosic Ethanol Production Using a Dual Functional Novel Yeast." International Journal of Microbiology 2022 (March 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7853935.

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Reducing the cost of cellulosic ethanol production, especially for cellulose hydrolytic enzymes, is vital to growing a sustainable and efficient cellulosic ethanol industry and bio-based economy. Using an ethanologenic yeast able to produce hydrolytic enzymes, such as Clavispora NRRL Y-50464, is one solution. NRRL Y-50464 is fast-growing and robust, and tolerates inhibitory compounds 2-furaldehyde (furfural) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) associated with lignocellulose-to-fuel conversion. It produces three forms of β-glucosidase isozymes, BGL1, BGL2, and BGL3, and ferment cellobiose as the sole carbon source. These β-glucosidases exhibited desirable enzyme kinetic parameters and high levels of enzyme-specific activity toward cellobiose and many oligosaccharide substrates. They tolerate the product inhibition of glucose and ethanol, and are stable to temperature and pH conditions. These characteristics are desirable for more efficient cellulosic ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. NRRL Y-50464 provided the highest cellulosic ethanol titers and conversion rates at lower cellulase loadings, using either pure cellulose or agricultural residues, as so far reported in the literature. This review summarizes NRRL Y-50464 performance on cellulosic ethanol production from refined cellulose, rice straw, and corn stover processed in various ways, in the presence or absence of furfural and HMF. This dual functional yeast has potential to serve as a prototype for the development of next-generation biocatalysts. Perspectives on continued strain development and process engineering improvements for more efficient cellulosic ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials are also discussed.

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Arruda, Adam Gonçalves, Igor Vieira Evangelista, Larissa Soares de Menezes, Janaína Fischer, Vicelma Luiz Cardoso, Líbia Diniz Santos, and Carla Zanella Guidini. "Production of enzymatic complex from agro-industrial biomass and its application in combustible ethanol." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e40410613705. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.13705.

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Waste biomass and agro-industrial by-products, for production ethanol, will meet much of the great demand for this product. To reduce costs and optimize production, this study investigated solid-state fermentation (SSF) to obtain crude enzyme complex (CEC) from different agro-industrial biomasses (sugarcane bagasse, corn peel bran, rice straw bran and roasting and ground coffee residue) using cellulolytic fungi. The most promising CEC were evaluated in simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a culture broth containing sugarcane bagasse treated by steam explosion, and roast and ground coffee residue. In SSF with bioreactor volume of 0.25 L, containing 40 g of the biomass mixture and 40 g of sterile water with resuspended cells (1.0 x108 spores/g of solid medium) and temperature of 30±2 ºC, the strains Trichoderma reesei and Penicilium oxalicum provided the best enzyme activity. The CEC of T. reesei provided a concentration of 7.5 g L-1 of ethanol in a substrate containing treated sugarcane bagasse (60%) and roast and ground coffee residue (40%), under SHF conditions (pH 4.5, 35±2 °C, 48 h). The results obtained in this study show a promising alternative for correct disposal and use of residues and agro-industrial by-products by use in the production of enzymes and lignocellulosic ethanol.

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Mejia-Barajas, Jorge A., Melchor Arellano Plaza, Belem Vargas Ochoa, Rafael Salgado Garciglia, Jesús Campos García, and Alfredo Saavedra Molina. "Organic Compounds Generated in Bioethanol Production from Agave Bagasse." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 999–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v7i1.7338.

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In bioethanol production through lignocellulosic residues fermentations are generated by-products such as organic compounds (OCs). The organic compounds (OCs) had been well studied in wine and beer industry, but little is known about their presence in bioethanol industry, even when these affect yeasts physiologic state, and are considered as economically desirable in the chemical industry. In this work was evaluated the production of OCs in bioethanol production processes through separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of different agave bagasse residue (ABR). Fermentations were carried out by the Kluyveromyces marxianusSLP1, K. marxianus OFF1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeEthanol Red yeasts strains. The main OCs detected were ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-propanol, isobutanol, butanol, isoamyl-alcohol, ethyl-lactate, furfuryl-alcohol, phenyl-acetate, and 2-phenyl ethanol. A higher number of OCs was found in the SSF process when were used the K. marxianusOFF1 and SLP1 yeasts. This study provides better knowledge of the kind and concentrations of OCs produced by fermentation of the lignocellulosic ABR, which allow propose bioethanol by-products as potential source of economically desirable compounds.

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Fang, Chuanji, Jens Ejbye Schmidt, Iwona Cybulska, Grzegorz P. Brudecki, Christian Grundahl Frankær, and Mette Hedegaard Thomsen. "Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Date Palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) Leaflets and Rachis to Enhance Enzymatic Digestibility and Bioethanol Potential." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/216454.

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Date palm residues are one of the most promising lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production in the Middle East. In this study, leaflets and rachis were subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment to overcome the recalcitrance of the biomass for enzymatic conversion. Evident morphological, structural, and chemical changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy after pretreatment. High glucan (>90% for both leaflets and rachis) and xylan (>75% for leaflets and >79% for rachis) recovery were achieved. Under the optimal condition of hydrothermal pretreatment (210°C/10 min) highly digestible (glucan convertibility, 100% to leaflets, 78% to rachis) and fermentable (ethanol yield, 96% to leaflets, 80% to rachis) solid fractions were obtained. Fermentability test of the liquid fractions proved that no considerable inhibitors toSaccharomyces cerevisiaewere produced in hydrothermal pretreatment. Given the high sugar recovery, enzymatic digestibility, and ethanol yield, production of bioethanol by hydrothermal pretreatment could be a promising way of valorization of date palm residues in this region.

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Olguin-Maciel, Edgar, Anusuiya Singh, Rubi Chable-Villacis, Raul Tapia-Tussell, and Héctor A. Ruiz. "Consolidated Bioprocessing, an Innovative Strategy towards Sustainability for Biofuels Production from Crop Residues: An Overview." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111834.

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Increased energy demands in today’s world have led to the exploitation of fossil resources as fuel. Fossil resources are not only on the verge of extinction but also causing environmental and economic issues. Due to these reasons, scientists have started focusing their interest on other eco-friendly processes to biofuel and recently, second-generation biorefinery is gaining much more attention. In second-generation biorefinery, the main objective is the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass cost-effectively. Therefore, many scientists started different bioprocessing techniques like Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) to produce ethanol by using a single or plethora of microorganisms to produce ethanol in a single process. In this review, in-depth study on CBP is assessed as well as biofuel’s socio-economic value and a brief study of biorefineries. The study not only involves innovative approaches used in CBP but their effect on society and economic aspects.

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Chopda, Rushab, Jorge A. Ferreira, and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh. "Biorefining Oat Husks into High-Quality Lignin and Enzymatically Digestible Cellulose with Acid-Catalyzed Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040435.

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Oat husks are low-value lignocellulosic residues of oat processing that carry an environmental impact. Their polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) can be converted into a wide variety of value-added products; however, efficient pretreatment methods are needed that allow their fine separation for further tailored valorization. This study pioneered the use of milling-free and low acid-catalyzed ethanol organosolv for the delignification of oat husks, allowing their conversion into three high-quality streams, namely, glucan-rich, lignin-rich, and hemicellulosic compound-rich streams. Temperature, retention time, and solid-to-liquid ratio were found to impact the delignification of oat husks when using a one-factor-at-a-time strategy. The ideal conditions that were found (210 °C, 90 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:2) culminated into glucan and lignin fractions containing 74.5% ± 11.4% glucan and 74.9% ± 7.6% lignin, respectively. These high-purity lignin fractions open the possibility for higher value applications by lignin, potentially impacting the feasibility of second generation biorefineries. The glucan fraction showed 90% digestibility after 48 h of hydrolysis with 10 filter paper units of enzyme cocktail per gram of glucan. Considering the absence of size reduction and high solid loading, together with the quality of the obtained streams, organosolv pretreatment could be a potential strategy for the valorization of oat lignocellulosic residues.

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Medina, Víctor Guadalupe, Marinka J. H. Almering, Antonius J. A. van Maris, and Jack T. Pronk. "Elimination of Glycerol Production in Anaerobic Cultures of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Engineered To Use Acetic Acid as an Electron Acceptor." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 1 (November 13, 2009): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01772-09.

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ABSTRACT In anaerobic cultures of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glycerol production is essential to reoxidize NADH produced in biosynthetic processes. Consequently, glycerol is a major by-product during anaerobic production of ethanol by S. cerevisiae, the single largest fermentation process in industrial biotechnology. The present study investigates the possibility of completely eliminating glycerol production by engineering S. cerevisiae such that it can reoxidize NADH by the reduction of acetic acid to ethanol via NADH-dependent reactions. Acetic acid is available at significant amounts in lignocellulosic hydrolysates of agricultural residues. Consistent with earlier studies, deletion of the two genes encoding NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1 and GPD2) led to elimination of glycerol production and an inability to grow anaerobically. However, when the E. coli mhpF gene, encoding the acetylating NAD-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.10; acetaldehyde + NAD+ + coenzyme A ↔ acetyl coenzyme A + NADH + H+), was expressed in the gpd1Δ gpd2Δ strain, anaerobic growth was restored by supplementation with 2.0 g liter−1 acetic acid. The stoichiometry of acetate consumption and growth was consistent with the complete replacement of glycerol formation by acetate reduction to ethanol as the mechanism for NADH reoxidation. This study provides a proof of principle for the potential of this metabolic engineering strategy to improve ethanol yields, eliminate glycerol production, and partially convert acetate, which is a well-known inhibitor of yeast performance in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, to ethanol. Further research should address the kinetic aspects of acetate reduction and the effect of the elimination of glycerol production on cellular robustness (e.g., osmotolerance).

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Martín, Carlos, and Anne Belinda Thomsen. "Wet oxidation pretreatment of lignocellulosic residues of sugarcane, rice, cassava and peanuts for ethanol production." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 82, no. 2 (2007): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1648.

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Raud, Merlin, Lisandra Rocha-Meneses, Daniel J. Lane, Olli Sippula, Narasinha J. Shurpali, and Timo Kikas. "Utilization of Barley Straw as Feedstock for the Production of Different Energy Vectors." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040726.

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During the bioethanol production process, vast amounts of residues are generated as process waste. To extract more value from lignocellulosic biomass and improve process economics, these residues should be used as feedstock in additional processes for the production of energy or fuels. In this paper, barley straw was used for bioethanol production and the residues were valorized using anaerobic digestion (AD) or used for the production of heat and power by combustion. A traditional three-step bioethanol production process was used, and the biomass residues obtained from different stages of the process were analyzed. Finally, mass and energy balances were calculated to quantify material flow and assess the different technological routes for biomass utilization. Up to 90 kg of ethanol could be produced from 1 t of biomass and additional biogas and energy generated from processing residues can increase the energy yield to over 220%. The results show that in terms of energy output, combustion was the preferable route for processing biomass residues. However, the production of biogas is also an attractive solution to increase revenue in the bioethanol production process.

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Dziekońska-Kubczak, Urszula, Joanna Berłowska, Piotr Dziugan, Piotr Patelski, Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska, and Maria Balcerek. "Nitric Acid Pretreatment of Jerusalem Artichoke Stalks for Enzymatic Saccharification and Bioethanol Production." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082153.

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This paper evaluated the effectiveness of nitric acid pretreatment on the hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation of Jerusalem artichoke stalks (JAS). Jerusalem artichoke is considered a potential candidate for producing bioethanol due to its low soil and climate requirements, and high biomass yield. However, its stalks have a complexed lignocellulosic structure, so appropriate pretreatment is necessary prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, to enhance the amount of sugar that can be obtained. Nitric acid is a promising catalyst for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass due to the high efficiency with which it removes hemicelluloses. Nitric acid was found to be the most effective catalyst of JAS biomass. A higher concentration of glucose and ethanol was achieved after hydrolysis and fermentation of 5% (w/v) HNO3-pretreated JAS, leading to 38.5 g/L of glucose after saccharification, which corresponds to 89% of theoretical enzymatic hydrolysis yield, and 9.5 g/L of ethanol. However, after fermentation there was still a significant amount of glucose in the medium. In comparison to more commonly used acids (H2SO4 and HCl) and alkalis (NaOH and KOH), glucose yield (% of theoretical yield) was approximately 47–74% higher with HNO3. The fermentation of 5% nitric-acid pretreated hydrolysates with the absence of solid residues, led to an increase in ethanol yield by almost 30%, reaching 77–82% of theoretical yield.

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Chauhan, Nitin Mahendra, Sunil Tulshiram Hajare, Buzuayehu Mamo, and Abreham Assefa Madebo. "Bioethanol Production from Stalk Residues of Chiquere and Gebabe Varieties of Sweet Sorghum." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (February 18, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6696254.

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Bioethanol produced from renewable resource has potential to solve environmental pollution and to satisfy the need of demand and supply. It favours the use of nonfood lignocellulosic materials. Ethanol produced from plant materials can sustain the economy by reducing cost of imported petroleum, emitting neutral CO2. Moreover, it enhances the economy by providing value added market opportunities for transportation and agricultural sector. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate bioethanol production from stalk residues of Chiquere and Gebabe varieties of sweet sorghum collected from West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. Response surface methods with a three factor (inoculum size, pH, and dilution rate) with triplicate run by using the Box–Behnken method was referred. The experiment employed dilute acid hydrolysis, because it is an easy and productive process by treating the stalks with 4% of sulfuric acid for effective hydrolysis of substrate. Finally, the fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 72 hours on a shaker at 180 rpm by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The significance of the result was evaluated by using ANOVA, where P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. In the process, maximum yield of ethanol was obtained at an inoculum size of 5% (22.40%), pH level of 4.0 (21%), and dilution rate at 10 ml (21.46%). Very low yeast inoculum size and dilution factor have positive effect on the yield of ethanol, whereas very high dilution rate produced negative impact on ethanol production. FTIR spectroscopy peaks associated with O-H, C-O, and C-H stretching vibrations confirmed the presence of ethanol obtained from sweet sorghum stalks. The results of our study indicated that, being available in bulky amounts and nonedible material, sweet sorghum stalks can serve as potential feedstock for bioethanol production in developing countries such as Ethiopia.

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Semencenko, Valentina, Ljiljana Mojovic, Slobodan Petrovic, and Ozren Ocic. "Recent trends in bioethanol production." Chemical Industry 65, no. 2 (2011): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100913068s.

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The rapid depletion of the world petroleum supply and the increasing problem of greenhouse gas effects have strenghtened the worldwide interest in alternative, nonpetroleum sources of energy. Bioethanol accounts for the majority of biofuel use worldwide, either as a fuel or a gasoline enhancer. Utilization of bioethanol can significantly reduce petroleum use and exhaust greenhouse gas emission. The production of this fuel is increasing over the years, and has reached the level of 73.9 billion liters during the year 2009. Even though ethanol production for decades mainly depended on energy crops containing starch and sugar (corn, sugar cane etc.), new technologies for converting lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol are under development today. The use of lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural residues, forest and municipial waste, for the production of biofuels will be unavoidable if liquid fossil fuels are to be replaced by renewable and sustainable alternatives. For biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment plays a central role affecting all unit operations in the process and is also an important cost deterrent to the comercial viability of the process. The key obstacles are: pretreatment selection and optimization; decreasing the cost of the enzymatic hydrolysis; maximizing the conversion of sugars (including pentoses) to ethanol; process scale-up and integration to minimize energy and water demand; characterization and evaluation of the lignin co-product; and lastly, the use of the representative and reliable data for cost estimation, and the determination of environmental and socio-economic impacts. Currently, not all pretreatments are capable of producing biomass that can be converted to sugars in high enough yield and concentration, while being economically viable. For the three main types of feedstocks, the developement of effective continuous fermentation technologies with near to 100% yields and elevated volumetric productivities is one of the main research subjects in the ethanol industry. The application of new, engineered enzyme systems for cellulose hydrolysis, the construction of inhibitor tolerant pentose fermenting strains, combined with optimized process integration promise significant improvements.

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Shin, Gyeong-Jin, So-Yeon Jeong, and Jae-Won Lee. "Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the residues generated from ethanol concentration of lignocellulosic biomass using pervaporation." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 52 (August 2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.03.023.

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Schmatz, Alison Andrei, João Paulo Candido, Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis, and Michel Brienzo. "Semi-Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Improved by Lignin and Extractives Removal from Sugarcane Bagasse." Fermentation 9, no. 5 (April 22, 2023): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050405.

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Lignocellulosic biomass and agro-industrial residues are a source of fermentable sugars; however, pretreatments are needed to overcome biomass recalcitrance. This study evaluated the effect of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis and fermentation in response to dilute acid pretreatment. In natura bagasse, extractive-free bagasse, partially delignified bagasse, and bagasse with added butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant were pretreated with diluted acid and investigated in semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S-SSF). The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) resulted in lower yields of inhibitors in the liquid fraction of the acid pretreatment (0.01 g L−1 of furfural, 0.01 g L−1 of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 0.68 g L−1 of acetic acid). Partially delignified material and material with BHT resulted in biomass with low hemicellulose and lignin contents, indicating that BHT influenced lignin removal. Extractives removal showed benefits for the acid pretreatment, decreasing the dioxane-soluble material, and a higher yield of glucose and ethanol via S-SSF for the partially delignified material. Enzymatic saccharification of partially delignified material showed 87% of cellulose conversion (24 h with 15 FPU/g), and after 48 h of S-SSF (25 FPU/g), residual 7.06 g L−1 of glucose and production of 15.17 g L−1 of ethanol were observed. The low content of extractives, lignin, and dioxane soluble material resulted in better cellulose accessibility and ethanol yield. Chemical compounds can help remove lignin from biomass favoring ethanol production by S-SSF.

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Gordillo-Fuenzalida, Felipe, Alex Echeverria-Vega, Sara Cuadros-Orellana, Claudia Faundez, Thilo Kähne, and Rodrigo Morales-Vera. "Cellulases Production by a Trichoderma sp. Using Food Manufacturing Wastes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 4419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204419.

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The cost of cellulase enzymes is a main contributor to the operational cost of a biorefinery producing ethanol from lignocellulosic material. Therefore, onsite production of enzymes using low-value substrates might be an option to make a bio-based facility more economical, while improving environmental sustainability. Food manufacturing wastes (FMWs), such as olive mill solids, tomato pomace, and grape pomace, are some of the main wastes produced by the food industry in Chile. FMWs are mostly composed of lignocellulosic material, which is primarily made of cellulose. A fungal strain obtained from olive stones was identified as a Trichoderma sp. and characterized by molecular and morphological techniques. This strain was able to grow on three FMWs in both liquid and solid cultures. In liquid cultures, cellulase and β-glucosidase activities from the culture supernatants were quantified. Identification of extracellular proteins using mass spectrometry revealed the presence of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases. Cellulase production from agroindustrial residues could be an excellent opportunity to utilize FMWs as well as decrease enzyme production costs in biorefinery processes.

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Klasson, K. Thomas, Minori Uchimiya, Isabel M. Lima, and Larry L. Boihem, Jr. "Feasibility of removing furfurals from sugar solutions using activated biochars made from agricultural residues." BioResources 6, no. 3 (July 6, 2011): 3242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.3242-3251.

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Lignocellulosic feedstocks are often prepared for ethanol fermentation by treatment with a dilute mineral acid catalyst that hydrolyzes the hemicellulose and possibly cellulose into soluble carbohydrates. The acid-catalyzed reaction scheme is sequential, whereby the released monosaccharides are further degraded to furans and other chemicals that are inhibitory to the subsequent fermentation step. This work tests the use of agricultural residues (e.g., plant waste) as starting materials for making activated biochars to adsorb these degradation products. Results show that both furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are adsorbed by phosphoric acid-activated and steam-activated biochars prepared from residues collected from cotton and linen production. Best results were obtained with steam-activated biochars. The activated biochars adsorbed about 14% (by weight) of the furfurals at an equilibrium concentration of 0.5 g/L, and by adding 2.5% of char to a sugar solution, with either furfural or HMF (at 1 g/L), 99% of the furans were removed.

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Cansian, Ana Bárbara, Paulo Tardioli, Felipe Furlan, and Ruy de Sousa. "Modeling and simulation of the biosurfactant production by enzymatic route using xylose and oleic acid as reagents." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq210621001c.

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The biosynthesis of sugar esters, molecules with biosurfactant properties, can occur through the esterification of sugars with fatty acids by enzymatic catalysis. An alternative to reduce the impact of raw materials on the final cost of biosurfactant production and reuse industrial waste is to use residues from vegetable oil industries as source of FFA (Free Fatty Acid, such as oleic acid) and lignocellulosic residues of 2G ethanol as source of sugar (xylose). In this scenario, the present work aimed to model the production process of biosurfactants via heterogeneous biocatalysis by lipase, using oleic acid and xylose. Product separation and purification was performed using a sequence of precipitations (by adding ethanol, water and methyl ethyl ketone). Simulation was performed using the equation-oriented software EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), which is CAPE-OPEN compliant. The percentage of biosurfactants in the product was around 86%, with recovery of 88% in the purification. Regarding the study of energy expenditure, it was observed a value of -604.1 kW of heat associated with cooling and a value of 137.6 kW associated with heating. Developed mathematical models successfully described the process. The initial economic analysis of the process indicates a minimum biosurfactant selling price of US$72.37/kg.

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Zhang, Ai Ping, Chuan Fu Liu, and Run Cang Sun. "Dissolution of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids Assisted with Ethanol Pretreatment." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2429.

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One of the major current challenges to the chemical industry is the efficient use of renewable lignocellulosic biomass for the production of performance materials, platform chemicals, and biofuels. Dissolution of natural polymers including cellulose in ionic liquids has attracted much more attention around all over the world. However, the time for complete dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids was too long for processing and derivatization to produce industrial materials. Herein, ethanol pretreatment was introduced to improve cellulose dissolution in ionic liquids. The pretreated cellulose was easily wetted and penetrated for dissolution in ionic liquids, which efficiently avoided the formation of the agglomerates of cellulose mixed with air wrapped with viscous ionic liquids. The dissolution time of pretreated cellulose could decrease to 75 min under the given conditions. FT-IR and CP/MAS 13C-NMR analyses indicated that ethanol pretreatment and dissolution in ionic liquid did not lead to any functionalization of cellulose. It was also found that the crystalline structure of native cellulose was destroyed and the regenerated cellulose was mainly composed of amorphous structure. The thermal stability of cellulose decreased and the pyrolysis residues increased after dissolution and regeneration.

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Kancelista, Anna, Joanna Chmielewska, Paweł Korzeniowski, and Wojciech Łaba. "Bioconversion of Sweet Sorghum Residues by Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 Enzymes Cocktail for Effective Bioethanol Production." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111292.

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Improved cost-effective bioethanol production using inexpensive enzymes preparation was investigated. Three types of waste lignocellulosic materials were converted—for the production of enzyme preparation, a mixture of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran, while the source of sugars in hydrolysates was sweet sorghum biomass. A novel enzyme cocktail of Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 is presented. The one-step ultrafiltration process of crude enzyme extract resulted in a threefold increase of cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. The effectiveness of enzyme preparation, compared to Cellic® CTec2, was tested in an optimized enzymatic hydrolysis process. Depending on the test conditions, hydrolysates with different glucose concentrations were obtained—from 6.3 g L−1 to 14.6 g L−1 (representing from 90% to 79% of the CTec2 enzyme yield, respectively). Furthermore, ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIHA Active Yeast 6 strain DF 639 in optimal conditions reached about 120 mL kg d.m.−1 (75% compared with the CTec2 process). The achieved yields suggested that the produced enzyme cocktail C1 could be potentially used to reduce the cost of bioethanol production from sweet sorghum biomass.

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Norhanifah, A. H., A. R. Norliza, and J. Rafidah. "Production of Monoethylene Glycol from Lignocellulosic Biomass via Catalytic Hydrogenation: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1257, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1257/1/012015.

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Abstract Ethane and ethanol are produced through steam cracking and fermentation into ethylene respectively, which is then hydrolysed into monoethylene glycol (MEG). The disadvantages of both processes included used of easily oxidized substance and large quantities of water in order to minimize by-products such as diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol. Apart from that, MEG can also be produced by catalytic hydrogenation of biomass at extreme temperature and pressure with presence of catalyst. At the same time, this process uses lignocellulosic waste that have a high cellulose content such as residues from the agricultural and food industries. However, lignocellulosic biomass has to be treated to remove lignin content that may lower the rate of hydrogenation activity. In addition, most studies have found that the temperature in range of 240 °C to 280 °C and pressure of 5 MPa to 6 MPa are able to produce 18 wt% to 64 wt% of MEG. Meanwhile, the catalyst that have attract the researchers’ attention are nickel and tungsten species which are able to increase the MEG yield by overcoming the activation energy of the hydrogenation process. Factors such as lignocellulose’s pre-treatment, operating temperature and pressure, and the presence of catalyst will be discussed further.

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Gutiérrez, Luis F., Óscar J. Sánchez, and Carlos A. Cardona. "Process integration possibilities for biodiesel production from palm oil using ethanol obtained from lignocellulosic residues of oil palm industry." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 3 (February 2009): 1227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.001.

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Meramo-Hurtado, Samir Isaac, Plinio Puello, and Julio Rodríguez. "Computer-Aided Environmental Assessment Applied for Estimation of Ecological Impacts Derived from Topological Pathways Based on Lignocellulosic Biomass Transformation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 6586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186586.

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The growing awareness to include sustainability goals in the chemical process design has been making palpable since many governments and research institutions have made many efforts precisely to progress new ways to transform available resources into valuable chemicals. In this sense, this work is presenting a computer-aided evaluation based on environmental impact assessment and comparison of technical parameters for estimating the potential effects of two biorefinery designs. The first process involved a multiproduct production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol from cassava waste, while the second biorefinery comprised of succinic acid and bioethanol production from a mixture of cassava waste and banana rachis. These residues are highly available in the North Colombia region due to the agroindustrial activities of that zone. The developed environmental analysis employed the waste reduction algorithm (WAR) for estimating impact generation and output rates considering atmospheric and toxicological categories. Otherwise, process simulation of biorefineries showed production of 546.3 kg/h of acetone, 280.0 kg/h of ethanol, and 1305 kg/h of butanol for topology 1, while topology 2 delivered a synthesis of 13,865.7 kg/h of acetic acid and 2277.9 kg/h of ethanol. Data generated from process simulation allowed performing a technical comparison between evaluated biorefineries, showing a higher performance of evaluated indicators for topology 2. These evaluated variables included resource energy efficiency, and production yield, among others. The environmental analysis provided relevant information, indicating that topology 2 is a better alternative from an ecological viewpoint since this design would emit substances with lower effects than topology 1.

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Deuber, Raquel de Souza, Jéssica Marcon Bressanin, Daniel Santos Fernandes, Henrique Real Guimarães, Mateus Ferreira Chagas, Antonio Bonomi, Leonardo Vasconcelos Fregolente, and Marcos Djun Barbosa Watanabe. "Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels from Lignocellulosic Residues in Brazil through Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessments." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062723.

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Decarbonization of the aviation sector relies on deployment of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) at commercial scale. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been recognized as a promising technology to help supply the increasing projected SAF demand. High availability of agro-industrial residues, combined with a well-established biorefinery system, makes the sugarcane industry in Brazil a good option for HTL technology deployment. Moreover, challenges regarding the economic feasibility of SAF from HTL could be partially addressed by the RenovaBio policy, a market-driven incentive mechanism of carbon credits implemented in Brazil. This study investigated both the techno-economic and life cycle assessment of SAF production from sugarcane lignocellulosic residues, considering HTL integrated to a first-generation ethanol distillery and a HTL stand-alone facility. The evaluated scenarios showed great climate mitigation potential, reaching a reduction of up to 73–82% when compared to fossil jet fuel. The minimum fuel selling price of SAF at 15.4 USD/GJ indicated potential of economic competitiveness with fossil jet fuel in the best integrated scenario. The economic benefits obtained from carbon credits are not enough to enable feasibility of HTL in the stand-alone scenarios, even with the avoidance of carbon prices projected at 125 USD/tonne CO2-eq.

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Kasangana, Pierre B., Nicolas Auclair, Rodrigue Daassi, Kalvin Durand, Denis Rodrigue, and Tatjana Stevanovic. "Impact of pre-extraction on xylose recovery from two lignocellulosic agro-wastes." BioResources 17, no. 4 (September 14, 2022): 6131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6131-6147.

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A dilute acid hydrolysis of rice husk (RH), wheat straw (WS), and their extractive-free residues was investigated with the objective of recovering the highest yield of xylose while keeping at minimum its conversion into furfural. The hydrolysis conditions were determined for different concentrations of sulfuric acid and different reaction times at 121 °C. The pre-extraction with ethanol-water (1:1, v/v) was also examined as a parameter. Using response surface methodology, the optimum conditions for xylose production were identified as 1.8% of acid and 41.4 min of hydrolysis time for RH, while those for its counterpart EF-RH (extractives-free rice husks) were 1.0% acid concentration, for 60 min. The same conditions were also predicted for WS and its EF-WS. Under these conditions, the xylose yield was 79.6%, 82.8%, 94.3%, and 88.6% for RH, EF-RH, WS, and EF-RW, respectively. Under these conditions the minimal furfural yields obtained were 1.2% and 1.3% for RH and EF-RH, and 0.8% and 1.5%, for WS and EF-WS, respectively. These results suggested that the pre-extraction step before the acid hydrolysis affected, at least in part, the xylose recovery from RH, but it was not necessary for a better xylose yield of WS for its bioconversion into valuable bioproducts like xylitol.

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Díaz, Manuel J., Manuel Moya, and Eulogio Castro. "Bioethanol Production from Steam-Exploded Barley Straw by Co-Fermentation with Escherichia coli SL100." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040874.

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Second-generation bioethanol is considered a suitable option for replacing fossil fuels. Agricultural residues are being studied as feedstocks for sugar generation, which are in turn converted into ethanol. Among them, barley straw (BS) is a promising raw material, due to its high abundance, lignocellulosic composition and lack of other practical applications. Under these assumptions, the central aim of this study is to suggest an efficient bioethanol production scheme from BS at different levels of integration in co-fermentation with Escherichia coli SL100, including separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF), simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), and presaccharification and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (PSSCF), using the water-insoluble solid (WIS) and slurry fractions obtained after steam explosion (SE) pretreatment. The best results in terms of ethanol yield were achieved following the SHCF process, using the WIS and the slurry as substrates, with yields of 89.1% and 78.8% of the theoretical maximum, respectively. Considering all of the above points, the following scheme is proposed for the conversion of BS into ethanol: SE pretreatment (160 °C, 30 min) of BS previously soaked overnight in 2.88% w/v phosphoric acid solution, filtration of the slurry, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and co-fermentation of the two fractions obtained separately, with previous detoxification of the prehydrolysate with ammonium hydroxide (5 N). Under these conditions, 19.43 g of bioethanol was produced from 100 g of BS.

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Bohn, Letícia Renata, Aline Perin Dresch, Matheus Cavali, Ana Carolina Giacomelli Vargas, Jaíne Flach Führ, Siumar Pedro Tironi, Odinei Fogolari, Guilherme Martinez Mibielli, Sérgio Luiz Alves Jr., and João Paulo Bender. "Alkaline pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover for bioethanol production." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (August 25, 2021): e149101118914. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18914.

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The demand for ethanol in Brazil is growing. However, although the country is one of the largest producers of this fuel, it is still necessary to diversify the production matrix. In that regard, studies with different raw materials are needed, mainly the use of low cost and high available wastes such as lignocellulosic residues from agriculture. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the bioethanol production from corn stover. An alkaline pretreatment (CaO) was carried out, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis (Cellic Ctec2 and Cellic Htec2) to obtain fermentable sugars. The best experimental condition for the pretreatment and hydrolysis steps resulted in a solution with 0.31 gsugar∙gbiomass-1. Then, the fermentation was performed by the industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2) and by the wild yeast strain Wickerhamomyces sp. (UFFS-CE-3.1.2). The yield obtained was 0.38 gethanol∙gdry biomass-1 was, demonstrating the potential of this process for bioethanol production.

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MOYA, R., D. CAMACHO, R. SOTO, J. F. MATA-SEGREDA, and J. VEGA-BAUDRIT. "CHEMICAL AND EXTRACTIVES COMPATIBILITY OF EMPTY BUNCH FRUIT OF Elaeis guineensis, LEAVES OF Ananas cumosos AND TETRAPAK WITH WOOD USED IN PARTICLEBOARDS IN TROPICAL AREAS." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 45, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2015.356.

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Tropical countries produce a great variety of lignocellulosic residues from small-area planted crops. Large amount of “Tetra Pak” package are also produced without any disposal treatment. In order to give solutions for waste management, residues must be incorporated in other processes, such as the manufacture of particleboards. The main objective of this work was to evaluate chemical compositions, extractives in different solvent, chemical characterization of extracts in polar and un-polar solvent utilizing infrared spectrum analysis. A second aim of this study was to test the compatibility between chemical composition and extractives of empty bunch fruit of Elaeis guineensis (BPF), the leaves of Ananas cumosos (PL) and “Tetra Pak” packages with three timber species (Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Cupressus lusitanica).. Results showed that cellulose, ashes and lignin content of BPF, PL and “Tetra Pak” differ from those of the woody species. Similar result was obtained for pH and for the amount of substances extracted with different solvents. Infrared spectrum of water (polar), and ethanol-toluene (un-polar) solutions showed that the greatest differences in extracts were found in BPF and PL, this in relation to the studied woody species. Finally, HCMA showed that residues from BPF and “Tetra Pak” packages are slightly different, considering chemical compositions and extract content, to other woody species used for particleboard manufacture. Moreover, PL has the least compatibility with the woody species.

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Albert, Jakob. "Selective oxidation of lignocellulosic biomass to formic acid and high-grade cellulose using tailor-made polyoxometalate catalysts." Faraday Discussions 202 (2017): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00047b.

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The main goal of this project was to identify and optimize tailor-made polyoxometalate catalysts for a fractionated oxidation of lignocellulosic biomass (i.e. wood and residues from sugar or paper industries) to produce formic acid (FA) and high-grade cellulose for further processing e.g. in white biotechnology to provide bio-ethanol. Homogeneous vanadium precursors like sodium metavanadate and vanadyl sulfate as well as Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs) and more exotic structures like Anderson-, Wells-Dawson- and Lindqvist-type POMs were screened for the desired catalytic performance. The most promising behaviour was found using the Lindqvist-type POM K₅V₃W₃O₁₉, showing for the first time in the literature a selective oxidation of only hemicellulose and lignin to formic acid, while the cellulose fraction was untrapped. However, this can only be a first step towards the project goal as low product yields were obtained.

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da Silva Lins, Simone Aparecida, and Líbia de Sousa Conrado. "Cellulase Production under Solid State Fermentation in Cashew Apple Bagasse by Trichoderma reesei LCB 48." Defect and Diffusion Forum 365 (July 2015): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.365.323.

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Cellulases, among many enzymes, have been highlighted in several areas of expertise, such as food, textiles, pulp and paper and wastewater treatment of effluents and residues. There is also the challenge of producing biofuels, where currently cellulases have been widely applied in the production of cellulosic ethanol, where it is used during the stage of hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for conversion of cellulose to glucose. Studies have been developed in order to produce this enzyme through a process of solid state fermentation from lignocellulosic agroindustrial wastes, thus reducing the cost of enzyme production, and adding value to the residue. The aim of this work was to produce cellulases from the stalk of the cashew bagasse using Trichoderma reesei LCB 48. The study of the cellulase production was performed using 22 factorial design with central point in quadruplicate. The washed stalk of the cashew bagasse inoculated with T. reesei was evaluated for the production of cellulases with initial moisture contents of 45, 55 and 65% and in the presence of inorganic nitrogen ((NH4)2SO4) at concentrations 0.5, 0.75 and 1%. The fermentation was developed over 238 hours, and during this period the parameters analyzed were pH, moisture, AR and enzyme activity expressed in CMCase. Peak production of cellulase enzyme expressed in CMCase was achieved with 238 hours which value was 0.71 U/g (0.095 U/mL), under the conditions of 45% initial moisture content and 1% of nitrogen source. This activity was obtained in only one stage of the biotechnological process, the solid state fermentation; the next ones are concentration and purification. The using of experimental design methodology allowed us to observe the initial substrate moisture is the determining variable in the production of enzymes CMCases, and the minimum moisture level (45%) showed the highest production values of CMCase.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethanol; Lignocellulosic residues'

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