Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'État de la chromatine'
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Josserand, Manon. "Exploring chromatin states in the Drosophila intestinal lineage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS056.
Full textAdult stem cells self-renew and differentiate into one or several cell types, thus ensuring tissue homeostasis. Understanding their regulation is crucial to have a better comprehension of uncontrolled proliferation and altered differentiation mechanisms occurring during tumorigenesis and age-dependent functional decline of tissues. My thesis aimed to better understand what chromatin states are associated with adult stem cell activity in vivo in a homeostatic tissue using the Drosophila adult intestine as a model. We have previously provided evidence of roles of conserved chromatin remodeling factors in controlling intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation (Gervais et al, 2019), highlighting their importance in the regulation of the intestinal lineage. During my PhD, I expanded on these studies to investigate chromatin state changes associated with stem cell differentiation at the genome-wide scale.By generating cell-type specific whole-genome binding maps of 5 chromatin proteins (RNA Pol II, Brahma, Polycomb, Heterochromatin Protein 1 and Histone linker H1) using Targeted DamID and performing subsequent Hidden Markov modelling to define chromatin states, we found that 7 major chromatin states exist in the intestinal lineage. These are 2 actives states (“Yellow” and “Red”), 3 repressive states (Polycomb-enriched “BlueR”, HP1-enriched “Green”, Histone H1-enriched “Black”) and 2 intermediate states (“Yellow Weak” and “Blue Mixed”). Examining these states at genes revealed that many genes, including key regulators of ISC activity, undergo lineage-specific chromatin state transitions upon differentiation to enterocytes (ECs) or enteroendocrine cells (EEs), the two differentiated intestinal cell types. These results indicate that differences of chromatin organization between the EC and EE lineages might be critical for cell fate decisions.We also found that differentiation genes follow specific chromatin state changes during differentiation. First, the key transcriptional regulators of lineage specification including prospero and nubbin undergo a transition from the BlueR state (Polycomb-enriched) to active states upon differentiation. These data suggest a potential regulatory function of Polycomb-marked chromatin for control of the transcriptional hierarchy within the ISC lineage. In contrast, we found that physiology and metabolic activity-related genes follow a transition from the Histone H1-enriched Black state in ISCs to active states in ECs and EEs upon their activation, suggesting a previously uncharacterized mode of regulation of physiology-related genes. Following this, we investigated the effect of genetic perturbation of HP1 and H1 on chromatin accessibility, transcription and tissue homeostasis. While HP1 is required to maintain heterochromatin, our results suggest that it also regulates the expression of genes with cellular metabolic functions independently of chromatin accessibility. Furthermore, HP1 is necessary to maintain ISC proliferation. Finally, we found a role for Histone H1 in regulating the EE transcriptional program in ISCs, suggesting that it could prime the ISCs towards the EE fate.Overall, our extensive characterization of chromatin state changes during differentiation provides a valuable resource to better understand the regulatory programs that control cell fate and identity, as well as physiological functions in this homeostatic tissue
Déjardin, Jérôme. "Séquences et facteurs nécéssaires à la mémoire épigénétique des états chromatiniens." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20039.
Full textSultana, Tania. "L'influence du contexte génomique sur la sélection du site d'intégration par les rétrotransposons humains L1." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4133.
Full textRetrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that employ an RNA intermediate and a reverse transcription step for their replication. Long INterspersed Elements-1 (LINE-1 or L1) form the only autonomously active retrotransposon family in humans. Although most copies are defective due to the accumulation of mutations, each individual genome contains an average of 100 retrotransposition-competent L1 copies, which contribute to the dynamics of contemporary human genomes. L1 integration sites in the host genome directly determine the genetic consequences of the integration and the fate of the integrated copy. Thus, where L1 integrates in the genome, and whether this process is random, is critical to our understanding of human genome evolution, somatic genome plasticity in cancer and aging, and host-parasite interactions. To characterize L1 insertion sites, rather than studying endogenous L1 which have been subjected to evolutionary selective pressure, we induced de novo L1 retrotransposition by transfecting a plasmid-borne active L1 element into HeLa S3 cells. Then, we mapped de novo insertions in the human genome at nucleotide resolution by a dedicated deep-sequencing approach, named ATLAS-seq. Finally, de novo insertions were examined for their proximity towards a large number of genomic features. We found that L1 preferentially integrates in the lowly-expressed and weak enhancer chromatin segments. We also detected several hotspots of recurrent L1 integration. Our results indicate that the distribution of de novo L1 insertions is non-random both at local and regional scales, and pave the way to identify potential cellular factors involved in the targeting of L1 insertions
Mauvieux, Laurent. "Accessibilité à l'ADN de la recombinase V(D)J : le locus TCR alpha/delta comme modèle." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N108.
Full textThe diversity of antigen receptors is composed from the recombination of their V, D and J segments. The mecanisms underlying the regulation of the recombination are poorly understood, but rely on the accessibility of the DNA to the V(D)J recombinase. We showed in this work that the two T cell receptors TCR J alpha are not randomly, but rather coincidentally rearranged in a given T cell. This coincidence relies, in part, on the presence of <> (TEA), a cis regulatorygenetic element located upstream of the TCRJA cluster
Germier, Thomas. "Dynamique de la chromatine et transcription." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30376.
Full textChromatin dynamics are affected by biological processes. To understand how physical behaviour of chromatin and biology work together, we need tools to analyse chromatin motion in living cells. Several systems exist to fluorescently label DNA loci and to effectively determine their position within the nucleus, but they have drawbacks in mammalian cells when it comes to studying chromatin motion in the context of biological processes. This is especially true when it comes to mechanisms where DNA needs to be processed in the vicinity of the labeling. To study chromatin dynamics in cellulo, the Bystricky group developed the ANCHOR DNA labelling system. ANCHOR relies on the insertion of a short, non-repetitive sequence (ANCH) in the host genome. This sequence contains binding sites for a protein (OR) which once bound, oligomerize and allow visualization of the tagged locus. ANCHOR is derived from the bacterial chromosome partitioning systems. The tool was successfully implemented in budding yeast (Saad et al. 2014) and more recently in Drosophila (H. Chen, Fujioka, and Gregor 2017; Gomez-Lamarca et al. 2018). One of my thesis projects was to apply the ANCHOR system in human cells. The ANCH3 sequence was inserted randomly and in one copy in the genome of breast cancer cell line MCF7 by Hafida Sellou (M2 student) and Fatima Moutahir (technician). To insert the ANCH3 sequence, MCF7 cells were first modified to insert a FRT site in the genome. Then, a plasmid containing ANCH3 coupled to Cyclin D1 transgene and a FRT site was transfected. Recombination between the two FRT site was promoted by Flipase. The fluorescently-tagged OR3 protein was either stably or transiently expressed to allow imaging of the CCND1 gene (see (Germier et al. 2017, 2018) for details). We wanted to establish a proof of principle for the use of ANCHOR in mammalian cells. MCF7 cells containing a CCND1 transgene, called G7-CCND1 (Germier et al. 2017) were stably transfected with OR3-Santaka and the CCND1 locus was followed using fast- time lapse microscopy over 24 h through one cell division in a single cell. We could effectively follow the transgene locus without much photobleaching. The presence of OR3-Santaka protein on the chromatin locus did not disturb replication and two loci were effectively observed in the two daughter cells (Germier et al. 2018). Using the ANCHOR3 system, we hence developed a powerful tool to study both rapid, short events such as transcription and long-term events taking place over days, such as cell division or differentiation
Mauger, Oriane. "Interconnexions entre épissage alternatif et chromatine." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066093/document.
Full textIn humans, alternative splicing affects almost all genes in the genome and generates extensive repertoires of RNAs and proteins. Splicing is a highly regulated process which occurs primarily when the RNA is being synthesized on chromatin. Many studies suggest that chromatin and epigenetic marks influence splicing choices to the corresponding locus. Conversely, other data suggest that splicing can modulate epigenetic marks. During my thesis, I studied different ways of crosstalk between splicing and chromatin. First, I investigated the effect of DNA methylation on splicing regulation. I have shown that the enzymes that methylate DNA have an overall effect on the splicing of exons with enriched methylation. My data suggest that proteins which bind to methylated DNA are involved in this regulation. On the other hand, I explored the impact of alternative splicing on chromatin regulation studying its impact on the expression and activity of both histone methyltransferases (HMTase): SUV39H2 and G9A. G9A and SUV39H2 generate variants transcripts whose expression is regulated according to tissues. All variants transcripts encode proteins. Conservation of G9A splice variants in species and no differences in their HMTase activity, lead us to propose that G9A alternative splicing is associated with a non-histone function. Conversely, SUV39H2 isoforms exhibit different HMTases activities, and regulate the expression of different target genes. All our results provide new connections in chromatin - splicing coupling and support a model in which they harbor self-influence
Ben, Mlih Abdellah. "Structures politiques du Maroc colonial : d'un "état" sultanien à un "état" sédimental." Paris 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA020042.
Full textThe political structures of colonial morocco are the result of the encounter between two "state-like" formations belonging to different cultural zones and historical eras. The interweaving of the sultan-rules stratum with the col lonial stratum gives rise to a particular type of "state" which i have called the "sedimentary state". The meeting of the two strata (sultan-rules and colonial) constitutes a moment of sedimentation understood as institutional consolidation and agglutination. In this sedimentary formation, the tasks of legitimation and documentation arre assigned to the power of the "sultanate". The protectorate, as a juridical-ideological category, is presented as the foundation upon which the "sedimentary state" is constructed. It supplies the themes of legitimation and initiates the cohabitation between the two coponents parts of the sedimentary system. The "sedimentary state" ascribes a central role to knowledge which constitutes an instrument for decoding and information gathering. Thus the soldier-investigator is the main character of the colonial administration. The joint need to partition the territory and control the population places him at the heart of the administrative apparatus. (. . . )
Revaud, Déborah. "Etude des cassures de l'ADN et des mécanismes de réparation dans les séquences télomériques interstitielles : Influence de la structure chromatinienne." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T033.
Full textIriqat, Dalal. "Construire un État palestinien." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010261.
Full textConde, e. Silva Natalia. "Le nucléosome centromérique et la fibre de chromatine." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066131.
Full textBancaud, Aurélien. "Dynamique et structure de fibres de chromatine individuelles." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066432.
Full textGreil, Frauke Almut. "Heterochromatin composition and function in Drosophila." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2006. http://dare.uva.nl/document/36504.
Full textGaubert, Albane. "Blocage des assemblages supramoléculaires par le design de peptides vectorisés." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066744.
Full textEssalouh, Laïla. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de l'histone H1 : rôle de la multiplicité moléculaire dans la réplication et la réparation de la chromatine." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON13505.
Full textXiaoquan, Gao. "Application de la distribution de Gibbs à l'analyse de la texture de la chromatine nucléaire." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05S010.
Full textBertrand, Claire. "Rôle des histone-acétyltransférases dans le développement d'Arabidopsis thaliana." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112293.
Full textHistone acetyltransferase are enzymes able to acetylate histone and non-histone proteins. They usually function as part of multiprotein complexes involved in gene transcriptional regulation. Histone acetylation also plays a role in chromatin remodelling, a mechanism that is greatly involved in the control of plant development. The aim of this work was to study the role of histone acetyltransferase in different aspects of Arabidopsis thaliana development. Therefore, the phenotypes of two histone acetyltransferase mutants were analysed. First of all, the mutation of AtGCN5 gene induces a pleiotropic phenotype and, particularly, a defect in floral development with homeotic transformations. These effects are accompanied by an expansion of the expression domain in the floral meristem of two key genes of this developmental aspect, WUSCHEL and AGAMOUS. These results showed that AtGCN5 is involved in the floral meristem activity. On the other hand, AtGCN5 mutation also affects the light response pathways. A similar phenotype was obtained with the mutation of HAF2 gene encoding TAF1, a transcription cofactor showing a histone acetyltransferase activity. Both AtGCN5 and TAF1 promote photomorphogenesis and transcription activation of light-induced genes. This regulation seems to involve their nucleosome acetylation function on the promoters and also a mediation function within transcriptional complexes. These results reveal that histone acetyltransferases are new regulators of plant specific developmental mechanisms
Terranova, Rémi. "Analyse fonctionnelle du domaine SET du gène Mll au cours du développement embryonnaire et hématopoi͏̈étique chez la souris." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22021.
Full textShukla, Manu Shubhdarshan. "Études sur le mécanisme de remodelage des nucléosomes par RSC et SWI/SNF." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10057.
Full textIn eukaryotic cell the DNA is organized in the nucleus in the form of chromatin, the fundamental unit of which is called as the nucleosome. Organization of DNA into the nucleosomes presents a strong barrier for various processes which require access to the DNA like transcription, replication and repair. To overcome this problem cells utilize a variety of methods, ATP dependent chromatin remodeling being one of the most important of them. A common feature of all the remodelers is that they are able to reposition the nucleosomes along the DNA at the expense of ATP. In the present work, we have studied the mechanism of nucleosome mobilization by RSC and SWI/SNF, two well characterized remodelers from yeast. A combinatorial approach was employed using high resolution microscopy namely Electron cryo-Microscopy (EC-M) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) together with novel biochemical approaches. We have shown that the nucleosome mobilization by RSC and SWI/SNF involves hitherto unknown intermediate structures. These remodeled nucleosome particles ‘The Remosomes' possess characteristic structural features. Our AFM studies show that ~180 bp of DNA is associated with the histone octamer as compared to ~147 bp in the canonical nucleosomes. Using DNaseI footprinting and EC-M we have shown that the path of DNA around the histone octamer is highly perturbed. Moreover, these particles represent an ensemble many different structures rather than one defined specie. The novel ‘in gel one pot assay' showed that accessibility profile of these particles is completely different from that of canonical nucleosomes and they are accessible all along the path of DNA. We have also addressed the question of inhibition of nucleosome mobilization due to incorporation of histone variant H2A. Bbd in the nucleosomes. We show that the docking domain of histone H2A is essential for SWI/SNF and RSC induced nucleosome sliding. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the reason for inability of these nucleosomes to slide is due to a faulty generation of ‘Remosome' intermediates
Boivin, Jérôme. "« État protecteur - État promoteur » La campagne antivénérienne dans le Québec de l'entre-deux-guerres." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25240/25240.pdf.
Full textClaudet, Cyrille. "Elasticité de la chromatine : étude avec une pince optique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00109955.
Full textNous discutons alors des résultats obtenus sur la transition B-S de l'ADN et tentons de les interpréter en invoquant une différence de comportement sous étirement selon que la séquence est riche en A-T ou en G-C.
Les résultats des étirements sur trois principaux types de chromatine sont ensuite présentés : force nécessaire à la rupture d'un nucléosome et longueur d'ADN libérée. En faisant varier les conditions d'étirements (essentiellement concentrations salines et concentrations en chromatine exogène), en modifiant la composition de la fibre de chromatine, nous montrons que le nucléosome n'est pas une entité stable dans les conditions diluées classique des expériences sur molécules uniques. Nous confirmons par ailleurs ce résultats avec des expériences de dilution suivit d'analyse sur gel d'électrophorèse. Les résultats établis après stabilisation nous invitent à poursuivre la discussion du déroulement du nucléosome sous tension à partir d'un modèle existant. Sur la base de ces résultats, nous tentons alors de donner une interprétation du déroulement du nucléosome que nous recadrons dans le contexte de la régulation génétique à l'échelle du nucléofilament.
Contrepois, Kévin. "Modifications de la chromatine associées à la sénescence cellulaire." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112102.
Full textCellular senescence is a stress response of mammalian cells characterized by a stable cell proliferation arrest. It can be triggered by telomere dysfunction, genotoxic stress and oncogene activation. Cellular senescence acts as a natural barrier against cancer development and is involved in ageing. Senescent cells reorganize their genome by the assembly of chromatin into senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). We showed that SIRT2-mediated global deacetylation of H4-K16Ac is involved in heterochromatin assembly in senescence. Moreover, we identified the accumulation with time of specific H2A and H2B variants in senescence triggered by persistent DNA damage signaling. These histone variants could have specific functions in senescent cells and could be a useful ageing biomarker in vivo.This work provides novel insights into chromatin modification and epigenetic regulation in cellular senescence
Montellier, Emilie. "Réorganisation de la chromatine au cours de la spermatogenèse." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV071.
Full textThe process of male gametogenesis, called spermatogenesis, represents a relevant physiological model to study chromatin dynamics. Indeed, a drastic chromatin remodeling occurs during the postmeiotic steps of spermatogenesis. The nucleosomal-based chromatin is restructured by massive eviction of histone and subsequent replacement by sperm small basic proteins, the protamines. Molecular mechanisms involved during this structural transition of chromatin are obscure, and constitute the area of investigation of our lab. On the other hand, gene expression program has to be tightly regulated during spermatogenesis, to allow expression of factors that will guide postmeiotic chromatin structural transitions. Implemented epigenetic marks which determined this gene expression program are poorly documented. Finally, the male genome undergoes a new chromatin restructuration after fertilization by an inverted process that lead to a somatic chromatin, while taking into account epigenetic information carried by the spermatozoa. Chromatin events involved in male genome reprogramming after fertilization are also poorly documented. During my PhD thesis, I have been interested in deciphering the role of new epigenetic actors in the context of murine spermatogenesis, as histone variants and histones post-translational modifications. I reveal their involvement in the massive postmeiotic histone replacement, for the regulation of gene expression, and in the early embryonic development
Elouaai, Fatiha. "Autoimmunité anti-chromatine et physiopathologie des maladies lupiques expérimentales." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30123.
Full textRoux, Christophe. "Contribution à l'étude de la chromatine du spermatozoïde humain." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S029.
Full textGAILLARD, PIERRE-HENRI. "Dynamique de la chromatine et reparation de l'adn lese." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066340.
Full textQuintin, Justine. "Organisation de la chromatine et signalisation par les oestrogènes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S074/document.
Full textA given cell has to be able to adapt its fate and homeostasis in response to endogenous and exogenous signals. This adaptation occurs through finely tuned regulations of genes' expressions leading to the variation of their transcriptomes. Multiple parameters have to be integrated in order to provide such mechanisms of regulation. First, the primary sequence of the genome and its organization into chromatin are major regulatory components that harbor genetic, structural and epigenetic information. Second, the three-dimensional organization of the genome into the nucleus brings both physical and functional constraints that also contribute towards these regulatory processes. Here, we engaged a work aiming to understand and dissect how these several levels of information are integrated during the transcriptional regulation of colinear genes (cluster of genes) by the same signal. We took as a model the coordinated regulation of the estrogen-sensitive TFF cluster driven by the estrogen receptor (ER) and its pioneering factors (FOXA1, FOXA2 and GATAs) in mammary cancer cells. This cluster is located within the long arm of the chromosome 21, and contains the gene model termed TFF1. We used large-scale methods (ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, 4C and microarray transcriptomic analyses) to decipher these dynamic mechanisms
Mateescu, Bogdan. "Ciblage et régulation du facteur HP1 sur la chromatine." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066203.
Full textBrisson, Darveau Guillaume. "UN ÉTAT HORS DU TEMPS." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28153/28153.pdf.
Full textLonguet, Stéphane. "Individu et état chez Hayek." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010046.
Full textIn this dissertation, I shall discuss the interaction between individualism and anti government interventionism, as perceivedby Hayek. It first appears that individualism is one of the main characteristics in Hayek's conception of rationalims. After a careful analysis, however, one finds that this is not really the case. Iin defending the free market economy, Hayek acknowledges the necessity of certain institutions. Thus, although he purports to advocate methodological individualism, he does not with all of its principles. Hence, Hayek's criticism of governmental intervention is flawed. Hayek's economic theories, developed in the 1930's, are not founded on pure methodological individualism. When hayekian methodology is fully applied it requires at least some degree of government intervention. The theory of spontaneous order does not resolve the inherent contradiction of hayed's view. The state remains a central institution of the market economy. Moreover in order for a free market economy to function properly, individuals must abide by its rules. A social control is implicitly required
Brisson-Darveau, Guillaume. "Un état hors du temps." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22477.
Full textMouriapregassin-Payet, Caroline. "État civil et volonté individuelle." La Réunion, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LARE0001.
Full textTraditionally, civil state and individual will are two antinomies concepts. The component of civil state could not be subject to amendment. Yet, the content of civil state could not break away the increasing thrall of the individual will, which involve itself progressively in, impacting its various components. Civil state, seeming unprepared to the arriving of this new piece of data, has to transform itself. It renews itself indeed by its nature of law and order as well as by its social designation function and from now on integrates the individual will. Therefore, the definition of civil state assumes a realization by integrating the concept of identity which is more fitted since it takes in consideration the objective aspect of the social identification implying a definite constancy and the subjective aspect allowing the amendment which will enable the achievement of a balance between self-interests and social interests
Lacombe, Jean. "Myxomes atriaux et état inflammatoire." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11341.
Full textHennion, Magali. "Mécanismes de régulation de la transcription par les insulateurs impliquant leur rôle dans l'organisation de la chromatine." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1052/.
Full textChromosomes organization is essential for many processes including genes activity, faithful genetic transmission during cell division and cell proliferation. Insulators are specific DNA sequences that specify chromatin borders, dividing the genome into functionally independent sub-domains. Insulators have been identified in most eukaryotes but the mechanisms that enable them to define borders and/or regulate nearby genes are still unclear. During my PhD studies, I focused on specific insulators whose function is carried out by the BEAF protein in Drosophila melanogaster. By depleting BEAF by RNA interference in cultured cells, I've studied the effect of this protein on chromatin organization at a putative border between euchromatin and heterochromatin, as well as on the expression of surrounding genes. I then extended these studies to the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation that involve BEAF. Localized near many promoters, BEAF insulators regulate the transcription of genes whose expression is essential for cells. Combining several genome-wide approaches, we have shown that BEAF is involved in the precise positioning of nucleosomes at transcription start sites. This positioning enables the regulation of an early step of polymerase II transcription, namely the pause near promoters which appears to be essential for the normal expression of many genes
Besnard, Emilie. "Modifications de l'organisation de la chromatine liées à l’entrée en sénescence et son impact sur la réplication du génome." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1T008.
Full textSenescence entry, considered as an irreversible cell cycle arrest, is characterized by modifications of chromatin organization forming specific heterochromatin foci (SAHF) coordinated to modification of gene expression and the progressive loss of capacity to replicate the genome. During my PhD, we investigated whether these changes in genome organization might induce modifications in the distribution and the activity of replication origins during replicative senescence entry and in prematurely induced senescence by inhibition of a chromatin modulator, the Histone AcetylTransferase p300. To study these regulations, we used the replicating DNA combing allowing to follow the progression of replication forks and to evaluate the mean distribution of origins. By using the nascent strand purification assay coupled to deep sequencing, we mapped the position of replication origins in the whole human genome and studied some factors which could be involve d with this determinism. Thanks to this study, we followed finely the modifications of activity of replication origins associated to senescence entry. Moreover, in order to better understand the mechanisms of activation of origins, we studied in collaboration with Dr Fisher's team, the role of Cdk1 and Cdk2, in the activity of replication origins in the Xenopus model
Aymard, François. "Rôle de la chromatine dans le choix de la voie de réparation des cassures double-brins à l'ADN." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3749/.
Full textAmongst all DNA damages, Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) are the most harmful lesions, since they can lead to mutations or genome rearrangements associated with cancerogenesis. DSBs can be repaired by two main mechanisms: NHEJ (Non Homologous End Joining) and HR (Homologous Recombination). The mechanism by which one or the other pathway is favored to repair DSB is not entirely understood. In the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around histones and forms the Chromatin, a dynamique structure that is known to influence all processes involving DNA including DSB repair. Firstly, we showed that the chromatin landscape participate in the repair pathway choice. The transcriptionnally active chromatin is preferentially repaired by HR which is recruted on transcribed loci via the H3K36me3 histone mark. This study demonstrates an essential rôle of the chromatin in the DSB repair pathway choice, in human cells. Secondly, we mapped by ChIP-Seq numerous histone post-translationnal modifications suspected to be involved in DNA repair, before and after DSB induction. This study allowed us to study the induction, the distribution and the association with the different repair pathways of nine histone modifications These studies led to a better understanding of reciprocical influences between chromatin and repair, and especially the rôle of transcritpion and the repair pathway choice
Reynoird, Nicolas. "Dérégulation épigénétique induites par la protéine fusion BRD4-NUT, et caractérisation de la protéine NUT au cours de la spermatogenèse et dans les cancers." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENV058.
Full textNowadays, it is clear that cancer cannot be reduced only to genetic abberations, and that a new parameter has to be considered, epigenetic. During my thesis, I have characterized the fusion protein BRD4-NUT, which results of a t(15; 19) translocation observed in NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), highly aggressive and lethal. BRD4 contains a double romodomain to interact with acetylated chromatin, thus recruting different complexes on chromatin. NUT is a protein of unknown function, specifically expressed during spermatogenesis. I have obeserved that BRD4-NUT is sufficient to promote tumorigenesis, via a sequestrating mecanism of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) CBP/p300. NUT interacts with and stimulates CBP/p300 activity, creating highly acetylated foci in chromatin. BRD4-NUT inhibits CBP/p300 transcriptionnal co-activation, and among others, blocks p53-dependant apotposis pathway. BRD4-NUT inhibition - by siRNA, bromodomain mutation or acetylation deregulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors - reactivates apoptosis of translocated cancer cells. This study is a precise exemple of epigenetic deregulation impacts on cell homeostatis and how it can promotes tumorigenesis. I have also characterized NUT protein on its physiological context (spermatogenesis), or during its illegitimate expression in cell lines without being translocated with BRD4
Liénard-Lambour, Barbara. "Caractérisation biochimique de macroH2A1.1 dans les cellules cancéreuses mammaires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30273.
Full textBiochemical properties of chromatin can be modulated by incorporation of histone variants in chromatin. MacroH2A has a amino-terminal domain typical of a full-length H2A, fused to a "macro domain". To date, three macroH2A have been identified: macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2 which are alternative spliced variants and macroH2A2. They have been principally associated to heterochromatin formation and transcriptional repression. State of art shows that macroH2A1 is associated to various cellular mechanisms such as chromosome X inactivation, senescence, cellular development, transcriptional regulation and DNA double strand breaks. Many of these processes are implicated in cancer formation, making macroH2A1 an important element to consider. Its expression has also been correlated to numerous cancer developments such as lung, colon, skin or breast. Due to the structural differences, links to ligands and controversy observed in the literature between macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2, it seems essential to study separately these two variants without omit their interconnection significance. Recently, we have determined that macroH2A1.1 expression level correlated specifically with Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). At the molecular level, this combination results in a positive correlation between macroH2A1.1 expression level and molecular characteristics of Epithelio-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). In this context, the aim of my thesis was to identify biochemical properties of macroH2A1.1 in many breast cancer cellular models using a specific antibody for macroH2A1.1 generated in the lab. All this work has allowed the identification of a mono-ubiquitinated form of macroH2A1.1 on its lysine 123. Technical tools implemented have also allowed to identify the modified form in association with RNA:DNA duplexes. The results presented in this thesis will allow to better understand the importance of post-translational modification of histone variant and to open a new operating field in the role definition for this variant
Bourgeon, Dominique. "RDM1, entre remodelage de la chromatine et réparation de l'ADN en réponse au cisplatine." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10214.
Full textRDM1 is a novel gene involved in the celle response to cisplatin in vertebrates. The RDM1 gene (for RAD52 Motif 1) was identified while searching databases for sequences showing similarities to RAD52. We have identified a protein partner of RDM1, HP1α, a major component of the heterochromatin and largely involved in epigenetic mechanisms. We have shown this interaction in 2-hybrid assays with several mutants of RDM1 in a region we identified as the "HP1 interaction box" also named "HPbox". We have also shown that RDM1 can act a transcriptional repressor but needs, for a large part, the presence of the "HPbox". Previously we have shown that the knock-out of RDM1 in a chicken cell lines leads to a hypersensitivity to cisplatin when cells are treated with. In addition, we have demonstrated the specific binding of RDM1 on adducts formed by cisplatin and DNA. Based on theses evidences, we plead for a role of RDM1 in the resistance to cisplatin treatment in human cancers. Lung cancers cell lines represent a good model for this study for two main reasons : first, cisplatin-based combination treatment is the most effective chmotherapy for Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NCLC), second, resistance to the treatment is increasing and we lack of molecular marker to explain it. Our worf has shown 1) strong variations in the expression level of the mRNA of RDM1 following a cisplatin treatment and 2) an accumulation of DNA-cisplatin adducts while the cells were treated with shRNA towards RDM1. In conclusion, we opened a new field of research on a protein which keeps a huge part of mystery, RDM1, but it might be a new prognostic factor in lung cancer, even if the exact function of RDM1 in the cases of DNA repair following cisplatin treatment remains unknown
Garcia-Aguilar, Marcelina. "Analyse fonctionnelle du rôle de la chromatine dans le contrôle de l’apomixie et de la sexualité." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0929.
Full textIn asexual reproduction by seed, or apomixis, female gametes avoid meiosis and double fertilization, developing by parthenogenesis offspring that are genetically identical to the mother plant. It has been hypothesized that apomixis could be a temporal or spatial deregulation of the sexual reproductive pathway. Our purpose in this study was to determine the role of chromatin dynamics during plant reproduction, and in the molecular switch between sexual reproduction in maize, and apomictic development in maize-Tripsacum hybrids. In a transcriptional screening of 319 chromatin-modifying enzymes (CME), we identified six loci that are specifically downregulated in ovules of apomictic plants. Four of them share strong homology with members of the RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway, which in Arabidopsis is involved in genes silencing via DNA methylation. The functional analysis of DMT102 (homologous to Arabidopsis CHROMOMETHYLASE 3) and DMT103 (homologous to DOMAIN REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2) mutant plants, we found the production of unreduced gametes, and formation of multiple embryo sacs in the mutant ovules, both key features of apomictic development. Immunolocalization experiments indicate that loss of DNA methylation in a DMT102 mutant line results in the localized release of a repressive chromatin state, which also mimics features of apomictic ovules. Our results suggest that reproductive development in maize requires an gametophyte-specific RdDM-like pathway, whose regulatory role is critical to the differentiation between apomictic and sexual reproduction
Szenker, Emmanuelle. "Etude des variants de l'histoire H3 : H3. 2 et H3. 3, au cours du développement embryonnaire d'un vertébré, Xenopus laevis." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066469.
Full textProper packaging of eukaryotic genomic DNA into chromatin is important for proper DNA compaction and gene expression regulation. The nucleosome core particle comprises a histone octamer wrapped DNA, and can be modulated by the incoporation of distinct histone variants. Concerning H3, the replicative histone variants H3. 1 and H3. 2 contribute to the histone supply needed during DNA replication, while the histone variant H3. 3 is incorporated throughout the cell cycle. Interestingly, the literature highlights a link between H3. 3 and transcription. Moreover, the incorporation of H3. 3 depends on a specific assembly pathway that involves the histone chaperone HIRA. The aim of my research project was to determine whether H3. 3 and its incorporation via HIRA had specific roles. The context of embryonic development was an ideal situation giving that it requires the fine control of genes expression. The use of the vertebrate Xenopus laevis, which unlike mammals has only one replicative H3 variant: H3. 2, allowed me to assess the specific function of H3. 2 and H3. 3 during development. I showed that despite their similarity these two histone variants are not interchangeable. Remarkably, downregulation of H3. 3 expression in embryos or interference with its assembly pathway via HIRA leads to major developmental defects at gastrulation. This phenotype is accompanied by expression defects of mesodermal genes, including the marker Xbra. Moreover, these embryos show overall defects in their chromatin organization. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of H3. 3 incorporation into chromatin during a key developmental transition, gastrulation
Sanulli, Serena. "Polycomb repressive complex 2 and jarid2 in the establishment of repressive chromatin state." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066429.
Full textPolycomb Repressive complex 2 (PRC2) contributes to the maintenance of epigenetic silencing established during development through the di- and trimethylation of H3K27. PRC2 complex is crucial for several biological processes, including stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, and maintenance of cell identity. Despite intensive research, the mechanisms that dynamically regulate PRC2 recruitment to the chromatin are still poorly understood. Recent studies identified Jarid2 as a cofactor of PRC2 and proposed this protein as a regulator of PRC2 targeting. During my PhD, I focused on the molecular mechanisms responsible for PRC2 chromatin targeting mediated by Jarid2 cofactor. I demonstrated that Jarid2 is methylated by PRC2 and that its methylation stimulates PRC2 enzymatic activity. Biochemical and in vivo approaches revealed that Jarid2 methylation acts during the de novo targeting of PRC2 complex to prime PRC2 activity and ensure the establishment of H3K27me3 at new genomic sites. I also contributed to the characterization of a novel SET-domain containing protein encoded by the bacteria L. Pneumophila. This protein, secreted by the bacteria after cellular infection, is targeted to the host chromatin to induce a unique modification, H3K14me. This mark, normally not present in mammalian host cells, prevents H3K14 acetylation and causes global transcriptional repression to circumvent cellular defense. These findings provided new perspectives about the regulation and function of histone-methyltransferase proteins during development and cell fate decision, as well as during cellular infections
Morales, Violette. "Contribution des queues amino-terminales des histones à la dynamique du nucléosome." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30221.
Full textDehé, Pierre-Marie. "Régulation et implications fonctionnelles de la méthylation de la lysine 4 de l'histone H3 par le complexe Set1 chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22072.pdf.
Full textEukaryotic genomes are packaged into highly dynamic entity termed chromatin. Compaction states of chromatin are crucial to allow or restrict DNA access to regulatory factors, playing a key role in cellular processes such as DNA transcription, replication and repair. The chromatin is made of a succession of nucleosomes. The nucleosome is made of an octamer of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) around which DNA is wrapped. Post-translational modifications occur on specific residues within the un-structured amino-termini of histone. These modifyed residues can be recognized by regulators bearing domains able to interact with specific modifications. Histone tails can be acetylated, methylated or ubiquitylated on lysines and phosphorylated on serines. It as been shown that lysine methylation is mainly catalysed by enzymes bearing a particular domain, called the SET domain. Lysines can be either mono-, di- or trimethylated and each state of modification corresponds to a specific biological message. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Set1 protein pocesses a C-terminal SET domain and catalyses mono-, di- and trimethylation of Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4). Moreover H3K4 di- and trimethylation depend on the Paf1 complex, as well as on the prior modification of H2B by Rad6. Finally, genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase II are marked by a 5' to 3' tri- to di- to mono-methyl gradient. We have shown that Set1 is able to travel with PolII on the whole gene, consistent with a transcription driven establishment of H3K4 methylation. Our results indicate that the loss of Paf1 or ubiquitylation of H2B have a modest effect on H3K4 monomethylation. We have thus revealed that regulation of monomethylation is distinct from regulation of di- and trimethylation. We have characterized the interactions that are established between the Set1 complex partners and the contribution of each subunit in both complex stability and activity. Our investigations led to the discovery of a new RRM (RNA Recognition Motif) domain downstream of the previously characterized one. We have shown that an efficient RNA binding requires both RRMs. Moreover we have shown that RNA binding of Set1 is independent of its methyltransferase activity. These observations predict a new role for Set1 in RNA processing
Pontvianne, Frédéric. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle d'AtNUC-L1 et AtNUC-L2 : deux protéines de type nucléoline chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20012.
Full textNucleolin has been implicated in different steps of ribosome biogenesis, and, in fact, it is a multifunctional nucleolar protein involved in a number of additional processes, including maintenance of chromatin structure, transcription regulation and translation. In contrast to mammals and yeast, the genome of the model plant A. Thaliana encodes two nucleolin-like proteins, AtNUC-L1 and AtNUC-L2. However, only the AtNUC-L1 gene is ubiquitously expressed in normal growth conditions. Biochemical and cytological analyses reveal a nucleolar localisation of AtNUC-L1 and its interaction with rRNA genes. Disruption of the AtNUC-L1 gene leads to severe plant growth and development defects in three independent T-DNA lines. Absence of this protein in Atnuc-L1 plants induces nucleolar disorganization and decondensation of Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NOR), which contain rRNA genes. The rates of rRNA gene transcription and/or processing of pre-rRNA are also affected. Interestingly, in Atnuc-L1 plants, the AtNUC-L2 protein is expressed and localised in the nucleolus, suggesting that AtNUC-L2 might rescue, at least partially, the loss of AtNUC-L1. Indeed, the double mutant Atnuc-L1/Atnuc-L2 seems to be lethal. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Atnuc-L1 have been carried out to explore metabolic pathways affected by the absence of AtNUC-L1. This work is the first description of a higher eukaryotic organism with a nucleolin-like gene disrupted and defines a new role of nucleolin in nucleolus structure and rDNA chromatin organization
Mathieu, Noëlle. "Etude in vivo de la fonction de l'élément enhancer du gène TCRβ : Rôle sur la structure de la chromatine, l'expression et les recombinaisons V(D)J au locus TCRβ." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22067.
Full textMangenot, Stéphanie. "Conformation, interactions et organisation des particules coeur de nucléosome." Paris 11, 2001. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002115.
Full textIn all eucaryotic cells, DNA is associated with different proteins to form the chromatin which is condensed in cell nucleus. Its organisation is still under discussion. To adress this question, we studied in vitro the behaviour of solutions of nucleosome core particles, the structural units of chromatin. In conditions similar to those found in the cell nucleus (concentration of particles and concentration of monovalent salt), nucleosome core particles form different ordered phases which nature highly depends on the ionic conditions. Using X-ray diffraction, we showed that at low salt concentration, particles form a lamellar phase of bilayers. At high salt concentration, hexagonal or quasi-hexagonal phases, organised at two or three dimensions are observed. In order to understand the origin of the polymorphism of the dense phases, we performed small angle X-ray scattering and osmometry measurements in dilute solution. We pointed out small conformational changes in the nucleosome core particle, and more precisely an histone tails extension when the salt concentration increases from 10 to 200 mM. This increase of the salt concentration also modifes the interactions between particles. We showed that these two phenomena (tails extension and variation of interactions) are coupled. These salt-induced conformational changes and variations of interactions could explain the polymorphism of organisation in concentrated solutions. Such comparisons require to carefully analyse how the salt concentration varies when the particles concentrations is increased
Escoffier, Emmanuelle. "La réorganisation de la chromatine au cours de la spermatogenèse." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10172.
Full textDuring spermiogenesis, a dramatic chromatin remodelling occurs: most of the histones are replaced by small basic proteins, called transition proteins which in turn are replaced by protamines. The focus of my thesis is the charaterisation of the final chromatin organization in condensed spermatids and the mechanisms driving it. Our results show for the first time the presence of new DNA packaging structures in condensed spermatids, containing the testis specific histone variant TH2B and new histone variants identified in our laboratory. Furthermore, these new structures are specifically present in the region of pericentric heterochromatin in these cells. This reorganization seems to imply the NAP1L4 chaperone, which could be targeted to chromatin by interacting with H3 histone tails. Proteomic analysis of germinal cells allowed us to identify two others proteins, FYTTD1 and HMGB4, which don't seem to be implicated in chromatin remodelling during the late steps of spermiogenesis. Nevertheless, FYTTD1 seems to be involved in RNA processing. Since RNA could be another support for epigenetic information, the characterization of the exact role of this protein will be an exciting challenge for the future
Sommermeyer, Vérane. "Rôle de la tri-méthylation de la lysine 4 de l’histone H3 dans la formation des cassures double brins méiotiques chez S. Cerevisiae." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066175.
Full textHomologous recombination is initiated by the introduction of programmed DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and is important for the segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis. Chromatin plays an important role in defining the location of DSB, which is correlated in particular to a histone post-translational modification, H3K4me3, and to chromatin loops anchored on the axis, a meiosis-specific structure. H3K4me3 deposition at DSBs and the link between them had so far remained elusive. I showed that H3K4me3 at DSB sites is deposited in vegetative growth and is associated with RNA pol II transcriptionnally active, although transcripts have not been observed in all cases. Besides its known role within the Set1 complex in depositing H3K4me3, I have identified, in meiosis, a new function of Spp1 in DSB formation. Spp1’s ability to read H3K4me3 (through its PHD finger) is important for DSB formation. Spp1 is localized in meiosis at the axis through an interaction with Mer2, one of the axis-localized proteins essential for DSB formation. We propose a model in which Spp1, while reading H3K4me3, defines the position of DSB and is able to tether them to the axis for their formation. However, in the absence of this mechanism, some DSBs that keep the same catalysing characteristics but another way of defining their location and their tethering to the axis must exist, potentially implicating their proximity to the axis and transcription. Those results show for the first time a mechanistic link between an epigenetic mark and meiotic DSBs formation
Contrepois, K��vin. "Modifications de la chromatine associ��es �� la s��nescence cellulaire." Phd thesis, Universit�� Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720224.
Full textDoyen, Cécile M. "Role des histone variants dans la dynamique de la chromatine." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00727677.
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