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Cantwell, Mark G. "Mobility and fate of contaminants in estuarine environments /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2006. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3248226.
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Pinto, Beatriz Lázaro. "Broad host range plasmids in estuarine environments." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3515.
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Mestrado em BiotecnologiaA transferência horizontal de genes permite a adaptação microbiana a nichos especiais, dos quais dois bons exemplos são a camada superficial do mar e a coluna de água. Os plasmídeos com gama alargada de hospedeiros (BHR), responsáveis pelo fluxo de material genético entre cromossomas bacterianos (inclusivamente entre microorganismos muito afastados filogeneticamente) têm um papel essencial na evolução das comunidades microbianas. Entre eles, os plasmídeos pertencendo ao grupo de incompatibilidade IncP-1 têm um interesse especial por causa da sua extraordinária flexibilidade na iniciação da replicação e da estabilidade na sua manutenção numa ampla gama de hospedeiros. Estes elementos genéticos móveis, além de constituírem ferramentas úteis na engenharia genética, representam uma grande fonte de genes que codificam para características tão significativas como a resistência a antibióticos e a degradação de xenobióticos. No entanto, a diversidade nesta família de plasmídeos BHR tem sido subestimada até agora: actualmente sabe-se da existência de cinco subgrupos divergentes, mas embora alguns plamídeos modelo tenham sido estudados ao detalhe, ainda há muito para investigar. Em trabalhos anteriores na Ria de Aveiro (costa NW de Portugal), foi feita a captura exógena de plasmídeos bem como o isolamento de bactérias potencialmente hospedeiras de plasmídeos endógenos. Neste trabalho, sequências de nucleótidos específicas foram amplificadas mediante reacções em cadeia da polimerase para determinar a presença de plasmídeos BHR. Os sete plasmídeos IncP-1 detectados, foram em primeiro lugarfilogeneticamente estudados. O alinhamento das sequências de nucleótidos de 281 pb que foram amplificadas e que correspondem a um fragmento do gene trfA (que codifica para uma proteína do início da replicaçao) sugeriu o estabelecimento de dois novos clusters situados filogeneticamente em dois subgrupos diferentes de IncP-1: IncP-1β e o recentemente descrito IncP-1ε. Estes constituem os primeiros replicões IncP-1 provenientes de ambientes estuarinos a serem detectados e isolados. De seguida, uma comparação e caracterização preliminar genética e fenotípica foi realizada com os plasmídeos purificados, considerando a descrição já conhecida dos dois plasmídeos arquétipos evolutivamente mais próximos, pB10 e pKJK5. Assim, as análises de fragmentos de restrição, determinação da inibição do crescimento do hospedeiro na presença de mercúrio e ensaios de resistência a diferentes antibióticos ajudaram a compreender o elevado interesse que recai nestes plasmídeos revelando a diversidade fenotípica e genotípica. Uma completa descrição de qualquer destes novos plasmídeos pode ter una enorme importância ecológica, evolutiva e biotecnológica, incrementada pela sua procedência dum ambiente não clínico. Portanto este trabalho justifica um estudo em maior profundidade destes replicões promíscuos.
The horizontal gene transfer allows microbial adaptation to special niches, from which the sea-surface microlayer or the subsurface waters in estuarine environments might be good examples. Broad host range plasmids, responsible for the reshuffling of genetic material between bacterial chromosomes (even amongst distantly related microorganims), play an essential role on the evolution and diversity of microbial communities. Among them, the incompatibility group IncP-1 plasmids have a special interest due to their extraordinary flexibility in the replication initiation and stable maintenance in such a wide spectrum of hosts. These mobile genetic elements, in addition to the helpful genetic engineering tools they mean, represent a great source of potentially useful genes encoding for traits as significant as antibiotic resistance or xenobiotic degradation. Nevertheless, the diversity of this family of BHR plasmids has been underestimated until recently: it is currently known to have five divergent sub-groups, but although some prototype plasmids have been studied in great detail, there is still much left to research. In previous investigations exogenous plasmid capture was carried out as well as putative endogenous plasmid bacterial hosts isolated in the Ria de Aveiro lagoon (NW coast of Portugal). In this work, polymerase chain reactions were developed to amplify specific nucleotide sequences and determine BHR plasmids presence. From a bioinformatical approach, the seven IncP-1 plasmids detected were firstly phylogenetically studied. The alignment of the amplified 281 bp nucleotide sequences corresponding to a fragment of the replication initiation protein encoding gene trfA suggested the formation of two novel clusters belonging to two different IncP-1 plasmid subgroups: IncP-1β and the lately described IncP-1ε. Additionally, these represent the first estuarine IncP-1 replicons to be detected and isolated. Then a preliminary genetic and phenotypic comparison was performed with the purified plasmids, by taking into account the known description of the evolutionary closest models, pB10 and pKJK5. That way, restriction fragment analysis as well as antibiotic and mercury resistance determination assays helped to comprehend the high significance falling on the captured plasmids by revealing the genetic and phenotypic diversity. A whole description of any of these novel plasmids may have a huge ecological, evolutionary and biotechnological importance, even more due to its precedence from a non-clinical environment. Therefore this work justifies further studies on these promiscuous replicons.
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Helton, Rebekah R. "Ecology of benthic viruses in marine and estuarine environments." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 214 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1362525081&sid=14&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Douglas, Nora Katherine. "Extending Spectrophotometric pHT Measurements in Coastal and Estuarine Environments." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7146.
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Nearshore and estuarine environments play a vital role in the cycling of carbon, but the effects of ocean acidification in estuarine waters have not been studied as extensively as in the open ocean. One reason for this is the limitation of pH measurement capabilities in low-salinity waters. Typically, pH in these environments has been measured using potentiometric methods that are subject to uncertainties on the order of 0.01. Spectrophotometric methods for measuring pHT offer precision and accuracy superior to those of potentiometric methods. However, previous characterizations for purified sulfonephthalein indicators, used for marine spectrophotometric measurements, are not applicable to estuarine salinities. Some estuarine datasets using unpurified indicators exist, but the presence of dye impurities affects the accuracy of these characterizations. Colorimetric impurities are known to interfere with absorbance measurements and can cause errors in pH on the order of 0.02.
In this work, a mathematical model has been developed to correct spectrophotometric pHT determined with unpurified m-Cresol Purple (mCP), the indicator used most widely for these measurements. The model accounts for absorbances of colorimetric impurities that interfere with absorbance by mCP. This corrective approach brings measurements made using unpurified mCP in synthetic solutions of 0.7 M NaCl into better agreement with those made using purified mCP: within ±0.004 pH units for all six indicators tested at pHT ≤ 8.0. The model is useful for both (a) research groups currently using unpurified mCP to measure pHT, and (b) retrospective correction of historic pHT datasets collected using unpurified mCP. The correction requires only that a small sample of the unpurified mCP is saved for a single-point test at high pHT (~12), and that historic absorbance measurements are archived for subsequent correction.
The principles of the corrective model were applied to an historic calibration of the mCP dissociation constant (KI) at 0 ≤ S ≤ 40 and T = 298.15 K using unpurified indicator. After correction of absorbances for dye impurities, recalculation of KI was performed, and the recalculated values were combined with mCP KI data for freshwater and seawater. The combined dataset was then refitted as a function of S and T. The resulting model is representative of mCP behavior across 0 ≤ S ≤ 40 and 278.15 ≤ T ≤ 308.15 K and produces p(KIe2) values that are within ±0.004 of p(KIe2) values from previously published purified mCP calibrations.
This refitting approach was also applied to pHT determinations made with Thymol Blue (TB) and Cresol Red (CR), two sulfonephthalein indicators that have been previously used in waters outside the indicating range of mCP. The models, which were of the same form as the estuarine p(KIe2) model for mCP, performed approximately as well as the mCP model: with the exception of one high-salinity, high-temperature TB datum, all residuals were within ±0.0043 of the previously published TB and CR calibrations.
Finally, an internal consistency analysis was performed using carbon chemistry data collected during two recent coastal ocean acidification research cruises. For pHT measurements performed during both cruises, purified mCP was used, and corresponding measurements of total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were conducted. Both cruises included excursions into the Columbia River, where low salinities prevent usage of the marine p(KIe2) model for purified mCP. The Columbia River samples provided the opportunity to evaluate the internal consistency of pHT measurements made in low-salinity waters using the refitted estuarine p(KIe2) model. Although internal consistency agreement in the estuarine range is poor compared to marine measurements, pHT calculated using the new estuarine model compared well with pHT calculated using the previously published estuarine mCP model. The poor internal consistency in the estuarine range, even when making state-of-the-art pH measurements, points toward the need for a more robust characterization of the carbonic acid dissociation constants in the estuarine salinity range. This characterization should take into account the contributions of organic acids to total alkalinity in nearshore waters.
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Oliver, Lucie Rebecca. "Mussel assemblages as biomonitors of anthropogenic disturbance in estuarine environments." Thesis, Bangor University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438829.
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Gontz, Allen M. "Sources and Implications of Shallow Subsurface Methane in Estuarine Environments." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GontzAM2005.pdf.
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Costa, Rui Carlos Faria Gameiro da. "Three-dimensional modelling of cohesive sediment transport in estuarine environments." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262293.
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Dyson, Kirstie Elizabeth. "Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in heterogeneous environments /." St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/698.
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Vandever, Justin P. "Acoustic Measurement and Modeling of Waves in Estuarine and Coastal Environments." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617859.
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Williams, Simon. "Microbial ecology of anammox bacteria in estuarine and oxygen minimum zone environments." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/61716/.
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Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) is an environmentally significant process with great importance for global biogeochemical cycles. This process is mediated by a unique suite of phylogenetically distinct chemolithoautotrophic bacteria which demonstrate novel physiological and metabolic characteristics. However, despite the importance of these organisms, there is still much which is poorly understood about them, specifically the diversity and distribution of these bacteria and their controlling environmental factors. Furthermore, genomic studies and observations from the field suggest that anammox bacteria may have a far greater metabolic diversity than previously thought, suggesting that the current understanding of these organisms is incomplete. This study aimed to elucidate these aspects of the ecology of anammox bacteria in estuarine and OMZ (oxygen minimum zone) environments. A clear community shift was observed in estuarine environments from Ca. Brocadia spp. dominated freshwater sites to Ca. Scalindua spp. dominated marine sites. The OMZ was dominated by Ca. Scalindua spp. though diversity within this clade was observed between organisms in the upper oxycline and those within the core of the OMZ. Microcosm experiments amended with organic substrates suggested that some anammox organisms (namely Ca. Brocadia spp., Ca. Jettenia spp. and Ca. Kuenenia spp.) may have the ability to assimilate carbon directly from organic substrates such as dimethylamine and urea. However, these data were inconclusive and further investigations are required to prove or disprove the hypothesis that anammox bacteria can utilise organic substrates. Nevertheless, this study improves the understanding of the ecology of anammox organisms in estuarine and OMZ environments, providing an unprecedented depth of data as to the diversity and distribution and unique insights into potentially novel metabolic capabilities of these organisms.
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Koepfler, Eric Thor. "Heterotrophic bacterial production: Relationships to biological and abiological factors in estuarine environments." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616721.
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Section 1. Ecotoxicological effects of creosote contamination on benthic bacterial communities in the Elizabeth River, Virginia were investigated using both structural and functional microbial parameters. Results indicated that cell specific and total heterotrophic bacterial production parameters were depressed in a dose dependent manner with increasing sediment PAH concentrations. Toxicity effects upon production were modified by temporal trends associated with temperature as well as spatial sediment characteristics. of the parameters employed, the tritiated thymidine production assay was found to be the most sensitive for detection of ecotoxicological effects. Section 2. Bacterial abundance and production were examined during a destratification event in the lower James River, Virginia. Bacterial abundance, although significantly different between stations, did not change over the study. Bacterial production (&\sp3&H-Tdr incorporation) in surface waters was significantly less during the mixed period (187 &\mu&g C&\cdot&1&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}\cdot& d&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}&) compared to the most stratified state (324 &\mu&g C&\cdot&1&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}\cdot& d&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}&). Correlations between bacteria and chlorophyll were diminished during the mixed period. Total and flagellate specific grazing rates upon bacteria were reduced during the onset of destratification. Relationships between bacterial and nutrient parameters also indicated a strong influence of destratification. These results indicate that destratification changes trophic interactions within the microbial loop, which are not necessarily reflected in temporal patterns of bacterial abundance. Section 3. Bacterioplankton production, and ammonium assimilation and remineralization were examined between April and August 1988 in the lower York River, Va. Size fractionation enabled estimates of bacterial contribution (&&15 &\mu&m) towards ammonium cycling processes. Bacterial ammonium assimilation accounted for 19-95% of total dark ammonium assimilation, with station means of 46-48%. Station means of ammonium remineralization in the &<&1.6 &\mu&m treatment was 92, 48, and 38% of unfractionated values from lower to the upper river stations respectively. Regression statistics indicated that assimilation was best predicted by bacterial production. Remineralization was less well predicted by all variables. These results indicate the importance of bacteria in ammonium cycling can be greatly disproportionate to their biomass and production.
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Mazumder, Debashish, and res cand@acu edu au. "Contribution of Saltmarsh to Temperate Estuarine Fish in Southeast Australia." Australian Catholic University. School of Arts and Science (NSW, 2004. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp47.09042006.
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Saltmarsh is an important coastal habitat located in the littoral zone of estuaries. Australian saltmarsh area is decreasing due to agricultural and urban development and invasion by mangrove. The aim of the study was to assess the contribution made by saltmarsh as a habitat and a source of food items for fish. Three saltmarsh sites were studied, with Towra Point chosen as a site for detailed ecological study. When corrected for water volume, fish densities were found to be higher within the saltmarsh compared to the adjacent mangrove. Although the fish assemblages in saltmarshes differed significantly from mangroves the overall ratio between commercially and ecologically valuable species in these habitats are similar, a result suggesting the importance of temperate saltmarsh as habitat for economically important fish. Significant export of crab larva from saltmarsh (average crab larval abundance 2124.63 m-3 outgoing water) is a positive contribution to the estuarine food chain supplementing the nutritional requirements of estuarine fish. While the diet of the crabs producing this larvae seems dependant on the saltmarsh environment (given the contrasting isotopic signatures of Sesarma erythrodactyla in saltmarsh and mangrove, and the similarity of isotopic signatures in the saltmarsh for Sesarma erythrodactyla and Helograpsus haswellianus), the crabs do not seem to be dependent on any of the common species of saltmarsh plant, but rather depend on particulate organic matter (POM) derived from local and other sources. Crab larva are a prey item for many estuarine fish, including commercially important species, as evidenced by gut content analysis of fish visiting the saltmarsh flats during spring tides. The results strongly suggest that emphasis be given to ecosystembased management for an estuary rather than component (e.g., vegetation) based managed as defined by the Fisheries Management Act (1994) and the State Environmental Planning Policy 14.
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Young, Ruth Anne. "Biotic Responses to Urbanisation in Mangrove Dominated Estuaries." Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367651.
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Increasing urbanisation of coastal areas is placing unprecedented pressure on
estuarine environments. Impacts associated with urbanisation can alter the health of
estuarine ecosystems, reducing their capacity to provide valuable ecosystem services.
In order protect these environments, relationships between estuarine health and
urbanisation should be understood and applied to sustainable urban planning in coastal
areas. Responses measured in estuarine biota offer much potential for providing
pragmatic and sensitive means for the detection of urban impacts in estuaries.
I assessed the responses of estuarine biota to increasing levels of urbanisation
in the rapidly developing coastal region of southeast Queensland, Australia. I
measured a suite of biotic indicators, namely: the δ15N of mangroves and crabs as a
tracer for urban N sources, sediment chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) as an
estimate of the biomass of microphytobenthos (MPB), and a condition index in crabs,
measured as the hepatosomatic index (HI). Urbanisation was estimated as the
percentage of catchment covered by impervious surfaces (impervious cover, IC).
Increases in impervious surfaces such as roads, footpaths and car parks are closely
linked to urbanisation. These surfaces concentrate and convey pollutants generated
from urban activities into coastal waterways and estuaries, thus making IC a useful
indicator of urban impact.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Middlemas, Stuart John. "Interactions between harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and salmonids (Salmo spp.) in estuarine environments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288379.
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There is great interest in the perceived conflict between salmon fisheries and seals, but little information to inform managers. This study therefore explored the interactions between harbour seals and salmonids within an estuarine system, the Cromarty Firth, NE Scotland (57°37’N, 4°21’W). The number of seals using this area in the 2000 pupping season was estimated to be 188 (138-286) using a novel Bayesian framework that corrected counts of seals on land for those remaining in the water. The presence of seals in the mouth of the River Conon, at the head of the Firth, and the occurrence of salmonid otoliths in seal scats, were related to changes in the abundance of adult salmonids. Overall, salmonid otoliths were found in 8% of scat samples and 21% of those collected during July. This represents the highest reported incidence of salmonid otoliths from scat samples collected in the UK; it is not clear if this is due to temporal or geographic differences with previous work. A novel diet estimation technique was constructed based on the assumption that seals may be employing one of a range of possible foraging strategies. This estimator was compared to two established methods and it was found that model choice introduced considerable introduced considerable bias (up to 3x) in the estimated importance of salmonids in the diet. It is unclear which of the models is appropriate and their outputs were combined to represent uncertainty in our estimates of diet more fully. It was not possible to partition consumption of salmonids between salmon and sea trout as otoliths were too badly digested to allow identification of species. A simple food web was used to suggest that removal of seal predation may improve fishery catch by 17% (5-52%). This figure must be treated with caution and potential biases, and caveats, are discussed.
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Meynecke, Jan-Olaf. "Influence of Climate and Estuarine Habitat Characteristics on Coastal Fisheries - A Case Study for Queensland, Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365785.
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Abstract: The primary data sources for this study were (1) 17 years of commercial fish catch data from over 30 selected estuarine fish species or species groups; and (2) estuarine habitat maps for Queensland, Australia. Queensland appears to be the best study region as it had the largest extent of soft sediment estuarine habitats, comprising seagrass, salt marsh and mangroves, and offers long-term commercial fish catch data compared to other states in Australia. As a first step, the relationship between catch (both as catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and total catch) for commercially caught species in their dominant fisheries (trawl, line, net or pot fisheries) and estuarine geomorphic spatial metrics were extracted from digital habitat maps in geographic information systems (GIS). For preliminary analyses, I examined 13 geographical regions in Queensland based on their importance to commercial fisheries. Spatial metric characteristics such as Euclidean distance, patch density and landscape connectivity for 273 estuaries along the Queensland coast were then calculated within 90 fish catch grids, which provided inshore fish catch data from 21 species groups.
The collective spatial characteristics of estuarine habitats such as size and structural connectivity showed significant correlation with fish catch, with r2 values > 0.7 for 17 commercial species groups. More detailed multiple regression analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) plots showed significant links between geomorphic coastal features such as structural connectivity and nearshore fisheries production. The relationship was best explained by connectivity indices for mangroves, salt marsh and channels, further suggesting the fundamental importance of connected tidal wetlands to the fish catch.
Climate-driven dependencies of fish catch were explored by using CPUE, rainfall, coastal air temperature and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and catch time-series for specific combinations of climate, seasons and regions. Surplus production models where applied to the commercial fish catch data using the program CLIMPROD. In addition to habitat configuration, climate, particularly rainfall, played a major role in the species composition of the fish catch. Up to 30 % of Queensland’s total fish catch and up to 80 % of the barramundi catch variation for specific regions were explained by rainfall, often with a time-lag response to rainfall events. Temperature had similar influences on fish and prawn catches, with high temperatures having a negative effect on the prawn catch in the Gulf of Carpentaria.
The importance of estuary-scale habitat connectivity to fish populations was assessed by studying fish movement in relation to the extent of flooding for several commercially and recreationally important species in and out of a small mangrove creek using a stationary passive integrated transponder (PIT) system, augmented by underwater digital video recorders (DVRs) for visual sensing. A high-resolution digital elevation model derived from airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and aerial imagery was used to estimate inundation pattern of intertidal habitats to compare with movement of PIT tagged fish. Investigations of fish movement at a detailed scale confirmed the broad-scale findings that habitat connectivity and close spatial proximity of resources are key factors for estuary-dependent fish species in tide-dominated systems to access different habitats. Access to habitat resources such as mangroves is more limited in time than previously thought and is dependent on fish species and size, thus suggesting importance of other adjoining habitats. Fish species and size also affected time of residency and diel pattern of habitat use.
The analyses presented in this thesis also allow an evaluation of the economic consequences of climate parameters on estuarine fisheries. Species-specificity in climate-catch relationships suggested a strong need to develop forecast models and manage estuaries for future climate change by adjusting the quota for the more sensitive species. In addition, my findings on the role of estuarine habitat connectivity could guide the construction of a network of protected marine areas of various structural configurations that can optimise ecosystem services. The demonstrated value of habitat connectivity further warns against future reduction of connectivity by habitat destruction and climate change. The new techniques developed for assessing the spatial ecology of estuarine fish and their habitat utilisation and site fidelity behaviour will assist evaluation of the role of estuarine habitat inter-dependencies in supporting coastal fish populations.
The fish catch data set used for fisheries management is valid for broad-scale investigations. However, it can be insufficient for managing certain stocks, e.g., fish targeted by recreational fishers. Data sets can be significantly improved by in-corporating locally collected recreational fish catch data, which can provide detailed information for particular river systems and allow better assessments of potential overfishing.
The results of this study suggest that sound ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a diversity of information, an improved catch record system, a species-specific approach to managing the impact of climate change, and ecologically meaningful protection areas with high habitat connectivity.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment.
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Sjoeberg, Tristan Nenne. "The distribution and cycling of dissolved carbon monoxide in estuarine, coastal and shelf break environments." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302077.
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Yokokawa, Taichi. "Growth and grazing mortality of phylogenetically distinct bacterial groups in estuarine and coastal marine environments." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145485.
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Price, James Edward. "Estuarine zooplankton community structure in stratified and well-mixed environments (York River, Virginia, Chesapeake Bay)." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616816.
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The community structure and vertical distribution patterns of mesozooplankton in the lower York River, Virginia were examined during August, 1978. Samples were collected in the upper and lower water strata before, during and after destratification of the water column due to tidal mixing. In the stratified pre-mixed water column, distinct zooplankton communities were identified above and below the pycnocline. Pronounced diurnal vertical migrations of Acartia tonsa (all stages) and Pseudodiaptomus coronatus were documented. During the well-mixed hydorgraphic regime, the previously identified communities were not as well defined. There was a greater homogeneity of species assemblages and less pronounced differentiation of the vertical distributions for the dominant species during all light conditions. Following restratification, the species assemblages and diurnal vertical distributions closely resembled those identified in the well-mixed sampling period rather than the communities and patterns observed from the initial stratified environment. The homogeneous nature of the zooplankton communities in the well-mixed environment is attributed to the absence of water column stratification. The inability of the zooplankton to reestablish vertically distinct assemblages following restratification of the water column is proposed to be a result of low oxygen concentrations.
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Filippini, Andrea Gilberto. "Free surface flow simulation in estuarine and coastal environments : numerical development and application on unstructured meshes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0404/document.
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Over the last decades, there has been considerable attention in the accurate mathematical modeling and numerical simulations of free surface wave propagation in near-shore environments. A physical correct description of the large scale phenomena, which take place in the shallow water region, must account for strong nonlinear and dispersive effects, along with the interaction with complex topographies. First, a study on the behavior in nonlinear regime of different Boussinesq-type models is proposed, showing the advantage of using fully-nonlinear models with respect to weakly-nonlinear and weakly dispersive models (commonly employed). Secondly, a new flexible strategy for solving the fully-nonlinear and weakly-dispersive Green-Naghdi equations is presented, which allows to enhance an existing shallow water code by simply adding an algebraic term to the momentum balance and is particularly adapted for the use of hybrid techniques for wave breaking. Moreover, the first discretization of the Green-Naghdi equations on unstructured meshes is proposed via hybrid finite volume/ finite element schemes. Finally, the models and the methods developed in the thesis are deployed to study the physical problem of bore formation in convergent alluvial estuary, providing the first characterization of natural estuaries in terms of bore inceptionCes dernières décennies, une attention particulière a été portée sur la modélisation mathématique et la simulation numérique de la propagation de vagues en environnements côtiers. Une description physiquement correcte des phénomènes à grande échelle, qui apparaissent dans les régions d'eau peu profonde, doit prendre en compte de forts effets non-linéaires et dispersifs, ainsi que l'interaction avec des bathymétries complexes. Dans un premier temps, une étude du comportement en régime non linéaire de différents modèles de type Boussinesq est proposée, démontrant l'avantage d'utiliser des modèles fortement non-linéaires par rapport à des modèles faiblement non-linéaires et faiblement dispersifs (couramment utilisés). Ensuite, une nouvelle approche flexible pour résoudre les équations fortement non-linéaires et faiblement dispersives de Green-Naghdi est présentée. Cette stratégie permet d'améliorer un code "shallow water" existant par le simple ajout d'un terme algébrique dans l'équation du moment et est particulièrement adapté à l'utilisation de techniques hybrides pour le déferlement des vagues. De plus, la première discrétisation des équations de Green-Naghdi sur maillage non structuré est proposée via des schémas hybrides Volume Fini/Élément Fini. Finalement, les modèles et méthodes développés dans la thèse sont appliqués à l'étude du problème physique de la formation du mascaret dans des estuaires convergents et alluviaux. Cela a amené à la première caractérisation d'estuaire naturel en terme d'apparition de mascaret
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Gibb, Stuart William. "Trace determination of ammonia and methylamines by flow injection extraction : ion chromatography in estuarine and marine environments." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240848.
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Oberrecht, Dennis [Verfasser]. "Development of a Numerical Modeling Approach for Large-Scale Fluid Mud Flow in Estuarine Environments / Dennis Oberrecht." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229615040/34.
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Hejazi, Kourosh. "Three-dimensional numerical and physical modelling of coastal hydro-environments : turbulent stratified flows in estuarine harbours and barrages." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/104358/.
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An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) three-dimensional hydrodynamic free-surface numerical model has been developed based on the time-dependent Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the finite volume method (FVM). The model with non-hydrostatic pressure distribution and a structured nonorthogonal curvilinear staggered mesh is capable of simulating non-homogeneous stratified flows and problems involving complex bathymetry. A projection method is deployed for solving the set of the equations, and a buoyant k-ε turbulence model is included in the numerical model. Six new advection schemes are introduced, and a fifth-order-accurate upstream scheme was utilised in the numerical model. Extensive numerical tests showed the capability of the model in simulating free surface flows and non-linear terms in Navier-Stokes equations. To achieve a better understanding of hydrodynamics, mixing, and salt transport and stratification and their interactive mechanisms in estuarine harbours and barrages, a laboratory tidal basin was designed, set up and employed for velocity, water surface elevation and salinity measurements of an idealised vertically distorted model harbour. For despiking and denoising the velocity data a linear algorithm was established, which successfully lowered the noise level and removed the spikes. The measurements showed a horizontal circulation in the harbour and weak vertical circulations. The salinity suppressed the circulation across the water depth, resulting in less mixing in vertical direction and stronger flushing on the surface. Comparisons of the numerical model simulations against the experimental data showed that the velocities and flow patterns were in generally good agreement with the measured values. For the fresh water the model under-predicted the dominant velocity components for the areas with strong circulation and for the saline water the simulated results showed an overprediction in lower layers and good agreements with the measured values for the top layer. The water elevations exhibited very close predictions compared with the measured data. The salinity simulated profiles showed good agreements with the measured values for lower layers and an over-prediction for the top layer. The investigations showed that the dominant velocities inside the harbour were increased for taller barriers, but with the increase of mean water depth the circulations weakened. The saline water flushing into the harbour flows underneath the fresh ambient water resulting in higher salinity concentration in the harbour over time.
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Markus-Michalczyk, Heike [Verfasser], and Kai [Akademischer Betreuer] Jensen. "Willows in Tidal Wetlands in Times of Climate Change : Ecological Niches in Estuarine Environments / Heike Markus-Michalczyk. Betreuer: Kai Jensen." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052996647/34.
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Lenanton, Rodney Charles John. "The role of estuarine and inshore-marine environments in the life cycles of the exploited marine fish species of temperate Western Australia." Thesis, Lenanton, Rodney Charles John (1988) The role of estuarine and inshore-marine environments in the life cycles of the exploited marine fish species of temperate Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1988. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/50320/.
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The way in which "estuarine-dependent" fish use selected permanently open, seasonally open, and normally closed estuaries, and inshore marine waters is discussed. Attention is initially focused on the impact of reducing the connection between the sea in those estuaries in which bars tend to form at their mouths, and the effect of the resultant fluctuations in salinity on the composition and abundance of the estuarine fish community. Many of the commercially important and alleged "estuarine-dependent" marine species utilise nearshore marine habitats as an alternative to those provided by estuaries, even when a bar does not prevent access to the estuary. Many of these nearshore marine habitats, particularly the surf-zone, often harbour large accumulations of detached macrophyte detritus. Most of the fish caught in the surf-zone were represented by juveniles, and a number were important commercial species that were also abundant in estuaries. The total number of fish was strongly correlated with the amount of detached macrophytes present. The dominant species caught fell into two groups, i.e. those that were equally abundant in weeded and non-weeded surf-zones, and those that were almost exclusively found in weed. Dietary analyses of fish, allied with the large numbers of pisciverous cormorants present, show that the weed in the surf-zone provides a rich feeding site and suggests that it is a refuge from diurnal predation. The number of the commercially important Cnidoglanis macroceQhalus (mainly O+) was positively correlated with both the volume of fine red algae and dead seagrass. These respective two components of the drift have been shown to provide a habitat and food supply for the amphipod Allochestes comQressa, which is a major food item of the surf-zone populations of C.macrQQeQhalus.
The contribution of the weight and value of "estuarine-dependent" finfish species to the total commercial fishery of temperate Western Australia was shown to be 20.3 and 2.4% respectively. Since many "alleged" "estuarine-dependent" species also use protected inshore marine waters as nursery areas in both south-western Australia and in other regions of temperate Western Australia where estuaries are absent, these species cannot be considered to be entirely dependent on estuaries. It is therefore preferable to regard these species as "estuarine-opportunists".
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Oakes, Joanne. "Microalgae and Mangroves as Carbon Sources for Estuarine Invertebrates: Evidence from Stable Isotope Enrichment Experiments." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365499.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of different sources of carbon (energy) supporting secondary productivity in estuaries and coastal waters is still rather uncertain, despite decades of research on this topic. One of the major uncertainties is the relative importance of carbon from macrophyte detritus and microalgae, particularly diatoms and cyanobacteria within sediments (microphytobenthos, MPB). Existing methods have been unable to determine their relative contributions to consumer nutrition. This thesis addresses some of the limitations of existing methods, and then uses an innovative combination of techniques to determine the relative contributions of detritus and MPB to the nutrition of consumers within a mangrove forest in southeast Queensland, Australia. To ensure wide applicability, techniques were developed for both mud and sand, encompassing the range of sediments encountered in estuaries and protected coastal waters. Stable isotope analysis is commonly used to resolve food web issues. Difficulty extracting MPB from sediment to obtain a pure carbon isotopic signature (δ13C), however, has hampered efforts to determine the importance of MPB as a carbon source for consumers. I showed that compound-specific isotope analysis of phytol, part of the chlorophyll molecule, can be used to estimate MPB δ13C with enough precision for most food web studies: within 1-1.8‰ of actual values (95% CI) at normal levels of replication (n = 5 or 10). Although the majority of phytol in sediments is produced in situ by MPB, part of the phytol pool is derived from detritus (e.g. 33% for mud, 17% for sand in the current study). In some situations, this could lead to errors in estimating MPBδ13C, realistically by about 1‰ (in sand) or 2‰ (in mud), but an adjustment can be made where necessary. Compound-specific isotope analysis of phytol (the phytol method) can therefore be confidently used to estimate MPB δ13C values in estuarine environments. Where δ13C values of detritus and MPB are similar, natural abundance stable isotopes are unable to resolve their contribution to consumer nutrition. Enrichment of producers with the heavy 13C isotope generates distinct δ13C values that can be traced into consumers. Studies aiming to enrich MPB using 13C-enriched sodium bicarbonate have, however, observed simultaneous enrichment of bacteria. This may simply be due to use of MPB-derived carbon by bacteria, but if bacteria acquire the label directly, enrichment of consumers would indicate use of bacteria, rather than MPB, as a primary carbon source. Application of 13C-enriched bicarbonate resulted in enrichment of MPB in both mud and sand and subsequent secondary enrichment of bacteria. Direct bacterial uptake was trivial in comparison to MPB uptake. Any labelling of animals in subsequent enrichment experiments could therefore be attributed to use of MPB as a primary carbon source. I used a combination of the phytol method, stable isotope enrichment, and compartment modelling within a mangrove forest to examine use of detritus and MPB as carbon sources for common consumers; crabs (Australoplax tridentata and Parasesarma erythrodactyla) and foraminifera (Ammonia beccarii and Trochammina inflata). Compartment modelling quantified the extent of use through comparison of producer and consumer enrichment over time. The main carbon source for T. inflata was unable to be established, but all other species acquired virtually all of their carbon locally (within a 1 m radius), from MPB and/or mangrove detritus. The majority of carbon for A. tridentata was derived from MPB (99%), whereas P. erythrodactyla and A. beccarii predominantly utilised mangrove detritus (88 and 84%, respectively). For the latter two species, the remainder of carbon was derived from MPB. The different strategies in carbon utilisation by the crab species indicate feeding selectivity that may be a strategy to avoid interspecific competition for food resources. The high abundance of benthic invertebrates and their rapid assimilation of local carbon sources highlight their potential importance in influencing carbon cycling and productivity in estuaries. Consumption of benthic invertebrates by more mobile, higher consumers may also allow for transport of locally-produced carbon to adjacent waters via trophic relay. The methods demonstrated in this thesis have potential application in resolving food web issues in a variety of habitats. Further application of these techniques at a variety of temporal and spatial scales would help to develop a broader understanding of the importance of macrophyte detritus and MPB, and establish general patterns in utilisation of carbon sources in estuarine systems.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment
Faculty of Environmental Sciences
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Costa, Breno Gustavo Bezerra. "DistribuiÃÃo de Mercurio (Hg) em Sedimento, Ãgua e Biota na RegiÃo de Influencia dos Efluentes da Carcinicultura na Gamboa do Cumbe â Rio Jaguaribe - Cearà â Brasil." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3238.
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A bacia hidrogrÃfica do Rio Jaguaribe, localizada no Estado do CearÃ, ocupa uma Ãrea de em torno de 80.000 km2, a sub-bacia do Baixo Jaguaribe tem Ãrea de drenagem de 6.875 km2, sendo esta correspondente a 4,64% do territÃrio cearense. A regiÃo estuarina do Rio Jaguaribe à dominada por florestas de manguezal que ocupam 215,5 ha, particularmente no canal de marà da Gamboa do Cumbe. Estando na regiÃo Ãrea implantada a maior Ãrea de produÃÃo de camarÃo em cativeiro do estado, ocupando 1.316 ha em viveiros cerca de 50% do total de todo o Estado do CearÃ. A quantificaÃÃo de mercÃrio (Hg), na Ãgua e em sedimento (superficial e testemunhos sedimentares) ao longo de toda a Gamboa do Cumbe mostrou valores variando de 6,3 a 32,1 ng/l (14,4  8,4), 1,1 a 23,5 ng/l (7,0  7,8), 3,2 a 15,0 ng/l (7,4  3,9), para o Hg total, dissolvido e particulado na Ãgua respectivamente. No sedimento as concentraÃÃes variaram de 1,6 a 10,3 ng/g (4,7  2,9) e 1,9 a 16,2 % (6,7  4,9) respectivamente para a concentraÃÃo de Hg e percentual de matÃria orgÃnica. A concentraÃÃo de Hg em peixes coletados na regiÃo variaram de 4,3 â 37,0 ng/g (9,9  9,0) em Sphoeroides testudineos e 9,7 a 66,1 ng/g (31,8  14,4) Cathorops spixii. Com a obtenÃÃo destes dados pÃde-se definir a Ãrea preferencial de deposiÃÃo e acumulaÃÃo de Hg e a forma dissolvida mostrou-se a predominante exportada. Aquacultura promove alteraÃÃes significativas das cargas de Hg nos Ãltimos anos baseado nos valores da concentraÃÃo de Hg nos perfis sedimentares. O Hg proveniente da aquicultura à 156,4 kg.ano-1, na sua maioria associados ao MPS sendo transportado para a regiÃo estuarina adjacente e depositado na Ãrea da Gamboa do Cumbe.The Jaguaribe River basin, located in State CearÃ, occupies an area of about 80,000 km2, wher as the sub-basin of the Lower Jaguaribe River has a drainage area of 6,875 km2, equivalent to 4.64% of the stateâs area. The estuarine region of the Jaguaribe River is dominated by mangrove forests that occupy 215.5 ha, particularly in the tidal channel of the Gamboa do Cumbe. In this area it is located the largest area of shrimp production in captivity in the state, with 1,316 ha of pond area around 50% of the entire aquaculture area of the state of CearÃ. The quantification of mercury (Hg) in water and sediments (surface and sedimentary profile) along the Gamboa do Cumbe showed values ranging from 6.3 to 32.1 ng / l (14.4  8.4) , 1.1 to 23.5 ng / l (7.0  7.8), 3.2 to 15.0 ng / l (7.4  3.9), or total Hg, dissolved and particulate Hg respectively. In sediments concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 10.3 ng / g (4.7  2.9) and 1.9 to 16.2% (6.7  4.9) for Hg and organic matter respectively. The concentration of Hg in fish collected in the region ranged from 4.3 to 37.0 ng / g (9.9  9.0) in Testudines sphoeroides and from 9.7 to 66.1 ng / g (31.8  14 , 4) in Cathorops spixii. These data made possible to define the area of preferential deposition and accumulation of Hg and that the predominant form of Hg export is dissolved Hg. Aquaculture, seems to have promoted significant changes in Hg loads in recent years based on records of Hg concentration in sedimentary profiles. Hg of burden from aquaculture to the region is about 156.4 kg.ano-1, mostly associated with TSS transported of the adjacent estuarine region and is stored in the sediment of the deposition area of Gamboa do Cumbe.
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Basilio, Thiago Holanda. "Sustainability of fishing activities in PiÃma county, off southern EspÃrito Santo State, Brazil." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15447.
Full textAbstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorThis work presents the ecological, economic, technological, and social relations and management associated with fishing activities in the municipality of PiÃma, located on the southern coast of EspÃrito Santo. The work was undertaken from January 2012 to April 2015 by means of differing methodologies. The identification of geoecological units and the monitoring of fisheries were necessary. It was also necessary to record the oral history of professionals in the fishing sector of the region, in addition to the collection of specimens, laboratory work, loosely structured questionnaires, environmental education activities, and participatory workshops with fishers and mollusk gatherers for the collection of information related to the traditional ecological knowledge of those involved in the activities. This study was developed with the objective of presenting an integrated analysis of the geoecological units related to fishing activity as developed in the municipality of PiÃma, as well as to promote an analysis of the sustainability of fishing activities by means of a description of the systems of fishing, utilizing the RAPFISH model â a method of evaluation of the sustainability of fisheries through a multivaried ordered analysis of 54 atributes distributed across five dimensions: social, ecological, economic, technological, and handling. A series of variables categorized in numerical scale from 1 to 5 were determined for all of the attributes and the given arithmetic mean of each system was calculated. The identification of units was undertaken with the utilization of cartographic georeferenced images, with descriptive information regarding fishing activities undertaken, the forms of use and occupation, the impacts and the management proposals for each environment. After an integrated analysis was performed, it was revealed that the fishers and mollusk gatherers concentrated in age between 50 and 60 and on average engage in the activity for 27 years. They hold ecological knowledge passed down through generations, both practical and theoretical activities from old, since the indigenous fishing activities, passing through colonization and socioenvirionmental changes, up to current days. Nine geoecological units were identified (fluvial channel, estuarine channel, mangrove, beach strip, rocky shore, coastal reefs, ocean shoreline, coastal islands, and open sea), and 13 fishing systems developed in the municipality according to the type of fleet, fishing gear, target resource, exploited ecosystem, income of fishermen and labor relations. A sustainability analysis showed longline and line are the forms of fishing with the greatest level of sustainability. The other forms of fishing had, on average, lower levels. Currently there are six protected areas in PiÃma, and the proposal to create a federal marine conservation area in the municipality, together with ICMBio, is still in the works, although management and conservation activities are not observed in these areas. In 2015 the Fishing Colony of PiÃma celebrates 50 years since its founding and the fisheries production of the municipality stands out in the state of EspÃrito Santo. However, pollution, aggradation on the beaches and in the river mouth, real estate speculation; dredging, mineral, and petroleum projects in the region are among the changes and problems most perceived by the fishing community. These factors can negatively affect the quality of life, the production of fishing resources, and the sustainability of fisheries in the southern region of EspÃrito Santo. Research activities, teaching, and expansion aimed at undertaking a systematic collection of data, the monitoring and inspection of fishing activities and of environmental degradation practices, as well as an appreciation of the culture and traditions of those directly and indirectly involved in this important profession are suggested as solutions to the above mentioned problems. The data show the importance of government, institutional, business, and civic support for the maintenance and guarantee of sustainability of the exploited environments, of resources, and fisheries. Thus, integrated studies on fishing are necessary to subsidize the formulation of concrete proposals, as well as for the comanagement of fishing activities developed in the region.
Esse trabalho apresenta as relaÃÃes ecolÃgicas, econÃmicas, tecnolÃgicas, sociais e de manejo vinculadas a sustentabilidade das atividades pesqueiras no municÃpio de PiÃma, com Ãrea total de 72 km2, localizado no litoral sul do estado do EspÃrito Santo. O trabalho foi realizado de Janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2015 em uma Ãrea geogrÃfica de 55 km2, abrangendo regiÃes terrestres, estuarinas, costeiras e marinhas de PiÃma. Para isso foi necessÃria a identificaÃÃo dessas unidades geoecolÃgicas relacionadas Ãs atividades de pesca. TambÃm foi necessÃrio o registro da histÃria oral dos profissionais do setor pesqueiro na regiÃo, por meio de questionÃrios semiestruturado e oficinas participativas com pescadores e marisqueiras para o levantamento das informaÃÃes relacionadas ao conhecimento ecolÃgico tradicional dos envolvidos na atividade. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar uma anÃlise integrada das unidades geoecolÃgicas relacionadas aos sistemas de pesca desenvolvidos no municÃpio de PiÃma e promover uma anÃlise de sustentabilidade dessas pescarias, por meio da descriÃÃo dos sistemas de pesca, utilizando o modelo RAPFISH - um mÃtodo de avaliaÃÃo da sustentabilidade de pescarias, atravÃs de uma anÃlise de ordenaÃÃo multivariada de 54 atributos distribuÃdos em cinco dimensÃes: social, ecolÃgica, econÃmica, tecnolÃgica e de manejo. A identificaÃÃo das unidades realizou-se por meio do sensoriamento remoto com a utilizaÃÃo de imagens cartogrÃficas georreferenciadas e de imagens do Googleearth, sendo descritas informaÃÃes sobre as atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas, as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo, os impactos e as propostas de gestÃo para cada ambiente. ApÃs anÃlise integrada desenvolvida, foi revelado que os pescadores e as marisqueiras se concentram em idade de 50 a 60 e desenvolvem suas atividades hà mais de 27 anos em mÃdia. Eles possuem conhecimentos ecolÃgicos adquiridos atravÃs das geraÃÃes. Foram identificadas nove unidades geoecolÃgicas (canal fluvial; canal estuarino; manguezal; faixa de praia; costÃo rochoso; recifes costeiros; mar litorÃneo; ilhÃus/ilhas costeiras e mar pelÃgico) e 13 sistemas de pesca (cano, coleta manual, jererÃ, puÃÃ, tarrafa, rede de espera, rede de arrasto de praia, arrasto rebocado, linha com anol, mergulho, espinhel, corrico e cerco), desenvolvidos no municÃpio de acordo com o tipo de frota, arte de pesca, recurso alvo, ecossistema explorado, renda dos pescadores e relaÃÃes de trabalho. A anÃlise de sustentabilidade mostrou que espinhel e linha sÃo as pescarias com maiores nÃveis de sustentabilidade. Foi observado que todas as pescarias necessitem de investimentos para melhoria continua das cinco dimensÃes analisadas (social, ambiental, econÃmico, tecnolÃgico e de manejo). Atualmente existem seis Parques Naturais em PiÃma e ainda tramita, junto ao ICMBio, a proposta de criaÃÃo de uma unidade de conservaÃÃo federal marinha no municÃpio. Contudo nÃo sÃo observadas aÃÃes de pesquisa, manejo e conservaÃÃo nessas unidades. Em 2015 a ColÃnia de Pesca de PiÃma completa 50 anos de fundaÃÃo e a produÃÃo pesqueira do municÃpio à destaque no estado do EspÃrito Santo. Entretanto, a poluiÃÃo, a falta de fiscalizaÃÃo das prÃticas ilegais de pesca, o assoreamento das praias e na foz do rio, a especulaÃÃo imobiliÃria, projetos de dragagem, de minÃrio e petrolÃferos na regiÃo estÃo entre os problemas que mais foram percebidos pela comunidade pesqueira. Esses fatores podem prejudicar a qualidade de vida, a produÃÃo dos recursos pesqueiros e a sustentabilidade das pescarias da regiÃo sul do EspÃrito Santo. Para resoluÃÃo desses conflitos sÃo sugeridas aÃÃes de pesquisa, ensino e extensÃo voltadas à realizaÃÃo de coletas sistemÃticas de dados, o monitoramento e fiscalizaÃÃo das atividades pesqueiras e das prÃticas de degradaÃÃo ambiental, bem como a valorizaÃÃo da cultura e tradiÃÃes daqueles que estÃo envolvidos direta e indiretamente com essa profissÃo. Os dados mostram a importÃncia do apoio governamental, institucional, empresarial e da sociedade civil para manutenÃÃo e garantia da sustentabilidade dos ambientes explorados, dos recursos e das pescarias. Dessa forma, estudos integrados sobre a pesca tornam-se necessÃrios para subsidiar a formulaÃÃo de propostas concretas, como tambÃm para a co-gestÃo das atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas em determinadas regiÃes geogrÃficas.
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Basilio, Thiago Holanda. "Análise integrada e de sustentabilidade da pesca artesanal no município de Piúma, litoral sul do Espírito Santo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/16784.
Full textAbstract:
BASILIO, Thiago Holanda; SILVA, Edson Vicente da. Análise integrada e de sustentabilidade da pesca artesanal no município de Piúma, litoral sul do Espírito Santo. Fortaleza-CE. 178 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2015.Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T14:04:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_thbasilio.pdf: 7178208 bytes, checksum: 803038ecd2871348ae78b582d503797c (MD5)
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This work presents the ecological, economic, technological, and social relations and management associated with fishing activities in the municipality of Piúma, located on the southern coast of Espírito Santo. The work was undertaken from January 2012 to April 2015 by means of differing methodologies. The identification of geoecological units and the monitoring of fisheries were necessary. It was also necessary to record the oral history of professionals in the fishing sector of the region, in addition to the collection of specimens, laboratory work, loosely structured questionnaires, environmental education activities, and participatory workshops with fishers and mollusk gatherers for the collection of information related to the traditional ecological knowledge of those involved in the activities. This study was developed with the objective of presenting an integrated analysis of the geoecological units related to fishing activity as developed in the municipality of Piúma, as well as to promote an analysis of the sustainability of fishing activities by means of a description of the systems of fishing, utilizing the RAPFISH model — a method of evaluation of the sustainability of fisheries through a multivaried ordered analysis of 54 atributes distributed across five dimensions: social, ecological, economic, technological, and handling. A series of variables categorized in numerical scale from 1 to 5 were determined for all of the attributes and the given arithmetic mean of each system was calculated. The identification of units was undertaken with the utilization of cartographic georeferenced images, with descriptive information regarding fishing activities undertaken, the forms of use and occupation, the impacts and the management proposals for each environment. After an integrated analysis was performed, it was revealed that the fishers and mollusk gatherers concentrated in age between 50 and 60 and on average engage in the activity for 27 years. They hold ecological knowledge passed down through generations, both practical and theoretical activities from old, since the indigenous fishing activities, passing through colonization and socioenvirionmental changes, up to current days. Nine geoecological units were identified (fluvial channel, estuarine channel, mangrove, beach strip, rocky shore, coastal reefs, ocean shoreline, coastal islands, and open sea), and 13 fishing systems developed in the municipality according to the type of fleet, fishing gear, target resource, exploited ecosystem, income of fishermen and labor relations. A sustainability analysis showed longline and line are the forms of fishing with the greatest level of sustainability. The other forms of fishing had, on average, lower levels. Currently there are six protected areas in Piúma, and the proposal to create a federal marine conservation area in the municipality, together with ICMBio, is still in the works, although management and conservation activities are not observed in these areas. In 2015 the Fishing Colony of Piúma celebrates 50 years since its founding and the fisheries production of the municipality stands out in the state of Espírito Santo. However, pollution, aggradation on the beaches and in the river mouth, real estate speculation; dredging, mineral, and petroleum projects in the region are among the changes and problems most perceived by the fishing community. These factors can negatively affect the quality of life, the production of fishing resources, and the sustainability of fisheries in the southern region of Espírito Santo. Research activities, teaching, and expansion aimed at undertaking a systematic collection of data, the monitoring and inspection of fishing activities and of environmental degradation practices, as well as an appreciation of the culture and traditions of those directly and indirectly involved in this important profession are suggested as solutions to the above mentioned problems. The data show the importance of government, institutional, business, and civic support for the maintenance and guarantee of sustainability of the exploited environments, of resources, and fisheries. Thus, integrated studies on fishing are necessary to subsidize the formulation of concrete proposals, as well as for the comanagement of fishing activities developed in the region.
Esse trabalho apresenta as relações ecológicas, econômicas, tecnológicas, sociais e de manejo vinculadas a sustentabilidade das atividades pesqueiras no município de Piúma, com área total de 72 km2, localizado no litoral sul do estado do Espírito Santo. O trabalho foi realizado de Janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2015 em uma área geográfica de 55 km2, abrangendo regiões terrestres, estuarinas, costeiras e marinhas de Piúma. Para isso foi necessária a identificação dessas unidades geoecológicas relacionadas às atividades de pesca. Também foi necessário o registro da história oral dos profissionais do setor pesqueiro na região, por meio de questionários semiestruturado e oficinas participativas com pescadores e marisqueiras para o levantamento das informações relacionadas ao conhecimento ecológico tradicional dos envolvidos na atividade. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar uma análise integrada das unidades geoecológicas relacionadas aos sistemas de pesca desenvolvidos no município de Piúma e promover uma análise de sustentabilidade dessas pescarias, por meio da descrição dos sistemas de pesca, utilizando o modelo RAPFISH - um método de avaliação da sustentabilidade de pescarias, através de uma análise de ordenação multivariada de 54 atributos distribuídos em cinco dimensões: social, ecológica, econômica, tecnológica e de manejo. A identificação das unidades realizou-se por meio do sensoriamento remoto com a utilização de imagens cartográficas georreferenciadas e de imagens do Googleearth, sendo descritas informações sobre as atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas, as formas de uso e ocupação, os impactos e as propostas de gestão para cada ambiente. Após análise integrada desenvolvida, foi revelado que os pescadores e as marisqueiras se concentram em idade de 50 a 60 e desenvolvem suas atividades há mais de 27 anos em média. Eles possuem conhecimentos ecológicos adquiridos através das gerações. Foram identificadas nove unidades geoecológicas (canal fluvial; canal estuarino; manguezal; faixa de praia; costão rochoso; recifes costeiros; mar litorâneo; ilhéus/ilhas costeiras e mar pelágico) e 13 sistemas de pesca (cano, coleta manual, jereré, puçá, tarrafa, rede de espera, rede de arrasto de praia, arrasto rebocado, linha com anol, mergulho, espinhel, corrico e cerco), desenvolvidos no município de acordo com o tipo de frota, arte de pesca, recurso alvo, ecossistema explorado, renda dos pescadores e relações de trabalho. A análise de sustentabilidade mostrou que espinhel e linha são as pescarias com maiores níveis de sustentabilidade. Foi observado que todas as pescarias necessitem de investimentos para melhoria continua das cinco dimensões analisadas (social, ambiental, econômico, tecnológico e de manejo). Atualmente existem seis Parques Naturais em Piúma e ainda tramita, junto ao ICMBio, a proposta de criação de uma unidade de conservação federal marinha no município. Contudo não são observadas ações de pesquisa, manejo e conservação nessas unidades. Em 2015 a Colônia de Pesca de Piúma completa 50 anos de fundação e a produção pesqueira do município é destaque no estado do Espírito Santo. Entretanto, a poluição, a falta de fiscalização das práticas ilegais de pesca, o assoreamento das praias e na foz do rio, a especulação imobiliária, projetos de dragagem, de minério e petrolíferos na região estão entre os problemas que mais foram percebidos pela comunidade pesqueira. Esses fatores podem prejudicar a qualidade de vida, a produção dos recursos pesqueiros e a sustentabilidade das pescarias da região sul do Espírito Santo. Para resolução desses conflitos são sugeridas ações de pesquisa, ensino e extensão voltadas à realização de coletas sistemáticas de dados, o monitoramento e fiscalização das atividades pesqueiras e das práticas de degradação ambiental, bem como a valorização da cultura e tradições daqueles que estão envolvidos direta e indiretamente com essa profissão. Os dados mostram a importância do apoio governamental, institucional, empresarial e da sociedade civil para manutenção e garantia da sustentabilidade dos ambientes explorados, dos recursos e das pescarias. Dessa forma, estudos integrados sobre a pesca tornam-se necessários para subsidiar a formulação de propostas concretas, como também para a co-gestão das atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas em determinadas regiões geográficas.
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Taylor, Anne, and n/a. "Zinc, copper and cadmium accumulation, detoxification and storage in the gastropod molluscs Austrocochlea constricta and Bembicium auratum and an assessment of their potential as biomonitors of trace metal pollution in estuarine environments." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.124205.
Full textAbstract:
Zinc, copper and cadmium accumulation was measured in two herbivorous gastropod
molluscs Austrocochlea constricta and Bembicium auratum from Lake Macquarie NSW an
area with a history of trace metal pollution.
The investigation consisted of three main parts. The first part examined the influence of
organism mass and location within the Lake on whole body tissue metal concentrations.
This part of the study also compared the distributions of tissue metal concentrations of
populations from Lake Macquarie, a known polluted environment, with those of
populations from Jervis Bay NSW, an unpolluted environment, to establish whether either
species is a net accumulator of zinc copper or cadmium. The second part of the
investigation examined a range of factors which may influence whole body metal
concentrations. One location in Lake Macquarie was sampled monthly from August 1995
to July 1996. The factors examined were temporal variation, gender, breeding cycle, and
tissue distribution. The final part of the investigation examined the detoxification and
storage of excess metals in the gastropods from Lake Macquarie. The mechanisms studied
were metallothioneins and granules.
The tissue metal concentrations of both species were found to be independent of mass.
Location within Lake Macquarie did not significantly influence tissue metal concentrations.
Variation between individuals was the most significant contribution to overall variation,
resulting in a positive skewing of sample trace metal distributions. B. auratum populations
from Lake Macquarie had significantly higher copper and cadmium tissue concentrations
and A. constricta populations had significantly higher zinc, copper and cadmium tissue
concentrations than the populations from Jervis Bay. This suggests that regulation of these
metals is not occurring. A. constricta may therefore be considered a net accumulator of
zinc, copper and cadmium and B. auratum of copper and cadmium.
Tissue metal concentrations did not vary significantly over time. It is suggested that the
organisms are in equilibrium with their environment. B. auratum has higher natural
equilibrium concentrations than A. constricta particularly for copper and cadmium,
suggesting different routes of exposure, uptake or accumulation for the two species.
Gender and breeding cycle did not significantly influence tissue metal concentrations.
Most of the variability in total copper and cadmium concentrations of both species was
explained by variability in gonad tissue metal concentration, while variability in the gonad
and somatic tissues zinc concentration explained about an equal amount of the variability
in total zinc concentration.
A. constricta and B. auratum were both found to induce a cadmium binding protein which
has some features in common with metallothionein. A protein of around 10 000 Da which
binds approximately 60% of the soluble cadmium was isolated using gel filtration. This
protein was further separated into two isoforms using anion exchange. The first isoform
eluted at the same time as MT I and the second at the same time as MT II rabbit liver
standard. Large cells containing granular material which stained positive for calcium were
observed interspersed among the connective tissue immediately behind the columnar
epithelial cells lining the gut wall in both species under a light microscope. Calcium
positive granular particles were also observed within the columnar epithelial cells of B.
auratum.
These species have been shown to be net accumulators of the trace metals investigated,
with the exception of zinc in B. auratum. It has also been established that organism mass,
gender and reproductive state, the partitioning of metals between tissues, and temporal
effects are not confounding factors for the purposes of comparing trace metal
concentrations between populations. They should therefore be effective biomonitors of the
trace metals investigated, with the exception of zinc in B. auratum.
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GarciÌa-Ortega, Susana. "The environmental behaviour and toxicological effect of propetamphos in an estuarine environment." Thesis, Bangor University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273671.
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Van, Niekerk Lara. "A framework for regional estuarine management : a South African case study." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1659.
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Friederichs, Yasmin Lima. "O sistema fluvio-estuarino da Baía de Sepetiba preservado na estratigrafia rasa da plataforma continental interna adjacente (RJ)." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4307.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA análise de dados de reflexão sísmica monocanal boomer (Hz ~ 700-4,000; penetração ~ 70 ms) adquiridos na plataforma continental interna-média (até ~ 50-60 m de profundidade) ao largo do sistema estuarino baía de Sepetiba, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, revelou a ocorrência de uma sucessão sedimentar preservada 15-20 m, sismicamente interpretada como representando ambientes fluvio-estuarinos para marinhos rasos. Estas séries são sotopostas à inconformidade regional mais superior reconhecida na escala de plataforma, chamada superfície S3. Esta superfície é erodida por numerosas incisões fluviais, que sugerem processos erosivos associados à prolongada exposição subaérea da plataforma continental durante o estágio isotópico marinho 2 (MIS 2), globalmente datada em ~ 20 ka A.P.. A preservação de tais unidades de corte e preenchimento estuarinho presumíveis Pleistoceno Superior-Holoceno na plataforma interna-média (até ~ 30 km da costa) evidencia pela primeira vez na área a existência de um paleo sistema fluvial bastante desenvolvido e processos dominantes de denudação na bacia hidrográfica a montante que atualmente alimenta a baía de Sepetiba. Bem como que, uma série de elementos arquiteturais sísmicos dentro desta sucessão estuarina, como canais de maré retrogradantes, registram a evolução do paleo sistema estuarino de um sistema aberto à um sistema parcialmente protegido durante a transgressão Holocênica. A formação e erosão de uma sucessão de ilhas barreira isoladas e canais de maré durante a transgressão persistiu até o desenvolvimento de uma superfície estratigráfica superior na área, interpretada como a superfície de máxima inundação (MFS) no registro estratigráfico. A ilha barreira atual (restinga da Marambaia) prograda sobre a MFS como uma feição deposição regressiva, apontando para uma idade mais jovem do que cerca de ~ 5 ka A. P., idade da transgressão máxima na área, de acordo com a literatura disponível.
The analysis of boomer monochannel seismic reflection data (~700-4.000 Hz; ~70 ms penetration) acquired on the inner-mid shelf (up to ~50-60 m depth) offshore Sepetiba bay estuarine system, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, revealed the occurrence of a 15-20 m preserved sedimentary succession, seismically interpreted as representing fluvio-estuarine to shallow marine environments. These series overly the most upper regional unconformity recognized at shelf scale, named surface S3. This surface is eroded by numerous fluvial incisions, which suggest erosive processes associated to prolonged subaerial exposure of the continental shelf during marine isotopic stage 2 (MIS2), globally dated at ~20 ky B.P.. Preservation of such presumable Upper Pleistocene-Holocene cut-and-fill estuarine units on the inner-mid shelf (up to ~30km away from the coast) evidence for the first time in the area the existence of a rather developed paleo river system and dominant denudation processes in the upstream catchment basin that presently nourishes Sepetiba bay. As well as that, a series of seismic architectural elements within this estuarine succession, such as retrogressive tidal channels, record the evolution of the paleo estuarine system from an open to a partially-protected system during the Holocene transgression. The formation and erosion of a succession of isolated barrier islands and tidal channels during transgression persisted until the development of an upper stratigraphic surface in the area, interpreted as the maximum flooding surface (MFS) in the stratigraphic record. The present day barrier island (restinga da Marambaia) progrades over the MFS as a regressive depositional feature, pointing to an age younger than about ~5 ky B. P., dating of the maximum transgression in the area, according to the available literature.
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Ramachandran, Shahunthala Devi. "Toxicity associated with sediments from Malaysian estuarine environment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23170.pdf.
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Cowie, Meredith. "Environmental flows, health and importance of macrophytes in the estuaries of water management area 11." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7930.
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Estuaries require sufficient quantity, quality and appropriate timing of freshwater inflow, referred to as environmental flow requirements, to ensure adequate health and functioning. In South Africa the environmental flow requirements of estuaries is determined using Resource Directed Measures (RDM). The present health and importance of an estuary must be considered when determining the ecological flow required to maintain an estuary in its desired state. An Estuarine Health Index that quantifies changes in abiotic and biotic components from natural conditions to present day is used. Health of biotic components is assessed according to changes in species richness, abundance and community composition. There has, however, been debate regarding the calculation of these attributes. In particular, for macrophytes, the inclusion of all habitat within the Estuarine Functional Zone (i.e. 5 m topographical contour) would affect the health and changes over time determined in past assessments. This is due to different areas being included as different areas would be included The aim of this study was to test the validity and suggest improvements to South Africa’s RDM macrophyte health score determination. The health of macrophytes were assessed at varying levels of intensity from desktop studies to thorough field studies. Rapid field studies provided a visual estimate of macrophyte health; while the intermediate and comprehensive assessments quantified change by mapping the distribution of macrophyte habitats from aerial photographs. These approaches were applied to the 64 estuaries within the Mvoti-Mzimkulu Water Management Area (WMA 11), situated in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) on the subtropical east coast. Historically, these estuaries have supported restricted macrophyte habitats. Consequently, estuaries that presently or historically supported range limited habitats such as mangroves and swamp forest are considered important. Submerged macrophytes are scarce in KZN estuaries due to siltation and low turbidity and thus estuaries supporting this macrophyte habitat are also important. Based on available literature important estuaries were highlighted and selected for field studies. Transects spanning from the estuary water channel to the boundary of the EFZ provided a generalised distribution of KZN vegetation along an elevation gradient. The transition from estuarine to terrestrial vegetation can be used to improve the current EFZ boundaries, as estuarine area has been found to occur outside of the 5 m contour in some estuaries. Results from the desktop assessment indicated that most of the estuaries are moderately modified. There was a 50 % similarity in the macrophyte health scores determined by the desktop assessment to the 2011 National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA). Field studies mostly confirmed the desktop assessment aside from seven estuaries that had different scores. There has been a significant loss of macrophyte habitat with 100% loss of certain habitats from 9 of the 22 estuaries for which there were field assessments. Submerged macrophytes were not found at any of the estuaries that were assessed in the field. Black mangroves, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam., were rediscovered at Ngane Estuary, however the few individuals could not be considered a ‘mappable’ community (i.e. <0.5 ha). Mtamvuna and Mkomazi estuaries both supported small stands of mangroves that, compared to data from 2006, appeared healthy. Macrophyte habitats and surrounding coastal forest matched the species composition described in the Vegetation Map of South Africa. The freshwater mangrove or Powder puff tree, Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Roxb, was not abundant in the estuaries. It was only found at four (Damba, Fafa, Little Amanzimtoti and Mvoti) of the estuaries that were assessed in the field. Important estuaries, from a botanical perspective, included some of the larger estuaries such as Mgeni, Durban Bay and Sipingo. Smaller, healthier estuaries that presently support mangrove and swamp forest habitat were also identified as important from a botanical perspective. Macrophyte habitats have mainly been lost due to non-flow related pressures. Sugarcane cultivation occurred within the floodplain of 25% of the estuaries. Nutrient enrichment was evident for 12.5% of the estuaries and reed encroachment was evident for 27% of estuaries for which there were field assessments. Development, aside from the N2 road bridges, was evident for 40% of the estuaries assessed in the field. Invasive plant species, including aquatic invasive plants, were present in all estuaries assessed in the field. The extent of invasive plant species was related to the degree of disturbance and surrounding land use pressures. The Mkomazi and Mvoti estuaries that were assessed at a comprehensive level, as they have earmarked for further water abstraction, had the poorest macrophyte health scores. The macrophyte health of these estuaries was much lower than previously determined by the NBA. The decline in health was attributed to the removal of macrophyte habitat for sugarcane cultivation and development as well as displacement by invasive plant species. The areas covered by the macrophyte habitats also differed from the NBA highlighting the importance of updated mapping and ground truthing. Largely differing macrophyte health scores were produced when attributes were calculated using different combinations of macrophyte habitats. Results indicate that only macrophyte habitats and no other floodplain vegetation should be included when calculating abundance. All macrophyte habitats, physical habitats and floodplain should be incorporated when calculating community composition. The minimum of these attributes is used as the overall macrophyte health score as a precautionary approach is followed. Scoring of health is subjective and the only benchmark for determining the most appropriate method is comparion with previous RDM studies. This study illustrates the need for a standardised RDM scoring method that is presented in a manner that ensures the same results irregardless of the speciliast conducting the study. The updated estuary health and importance scores for WMA 11 are necessary to inform management, particularly as few of the estuaries receive formal protection. In conclusion, this study contributed to the limited knowledge of the estuaries of WMA 11 and assisted in determining appropriate methods for assessing the health and importance of estuary macrophytes.
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Souza, Carina Siqueira de. "Biodegradação de efluentes sanitários no estuário do Rio Poxim em Aracaju/SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2009. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4289.
Full textAbstract:
Cities are usually associated to development and environmental impacts caused by urban settlements. The increase in population density also means growth in waste generated, mainly due to municipal sewage. In the case of Aracaju city, data indicate that only 31.8% of household waste are collected and the remainding is discarded in natura in drainage channels and in estuaries. In this environment, organic matter undergoes biodegradation in conditions quite different from those as freshwater medium, especially with regard to osmotic pressure, which varies under the influence of tides (salinity). This study aimed to study the biodegradation of municipal sewage in estuarine environment in the laboratory scale, to assess the environmental impact associated with the disposal of effluents in this medium. The salinities tested were: 1, 2 and 3.5%, the concentrations of organic matter (expressed in terms of BOD) were 150, 200 and 250 mg/L, using real water (water collected in the estuary. The control parameters measured during the experiments were the concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature and the parameters analyzed in the samples were total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), according to Clesceri et al. (1998). The results showed that the microorganisms used are classified as halophilous. The kinetic coefficients indicate that, for salinities around 2%, the growth rate is maximum, and the substrate rate consumption, but these values are low compared to the freshwater matrix coefficients. The speed of growth decreases with the increase of concentration substrate, confirming that the kinetics is a Monod type. To conclude, the salt concentration affects significantly the microbial growth and the substrate, even in the situations where the microorganisms are adapted to the environmental conditions the natural reconstruction process of an estuary is slow, if ceased pollution sources. Therefore,
there is a great necessity to develop public policies for environmental sanitation in Aracaju city (SE).As cidades normalmente estão associadas a desenvolvimento e a impactos ambientais, ocasionados pelos aglomerados urbanos. O aumento da densidade demográfica implica também no crescimento dos resíduos gerados, principalmente os efluentes sanitários. No caso da cidade de Aracaju, dados indicam que apenas 31,8% dos efluentes domésticos são coletados e o restante é descartado in natura em canais e deságuam nos estuários. Nesse ambiente, a matéria orgânica sofre biodegradação em condições bem diferentes das de um meio doce, sobretudo no tocante à pressão osmótica, que varia sob o efeito das marés (salinidade). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biodegradação de efluentes sanitários em meio estuarino, em escala de laboratório, para avaliar o impacto ambiental associado ao descarte de efluentes em tal atributo. As salinidades testadas foram: 1, 2 e 3,5%; as concentrações de matéria orgânica (expressas em termos da DBO) foram 150, 200 e 250 mg/L, em matrizes com água real (água coletada no próprio estuário). Os parâmetros de controle medidos ao longo dos experimentos foram a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, pH e temperatura, e as análises realizadas nas amostras foram sólidos suspensos totais e Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), segundo metodologia estabelecida por Clesceri et al. (1998). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os microrganismos utilizados são classificados como halófilos. Os coeficientes cinéticos indicam que, para salinidades de 2%, a velocidade de crescimento é máxima, assim como a taxa de consumo do substrato, mas são valores baixos comparados aos coeficientes obtidos em experimentos em matrizes com água doce. A velocidade de crescimento aumenta até determinada concentração de substrato, a partir da qual a velocidade específica de crescimento fica constante, confirmando que a cinética é do tipo Monod. Concluiu-se então que a concentração de sal afeta significativamente o crescimento microbiano e o consumo do substrato. Mesmo no ambiente em que os microrganismos estejam adaptados às condições do meio, o processo de recuperação natural de um estuário é lento, caso sejam cessadas as fontes de poluição. Portanto, há necessidade de se elaborar políticas públicas voltadas para o saneamento ambiental no Município de Aracaju/SE.
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Prodduturu, Prabhakar. "Study of particulate carbohydrates in the estuarine environment." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291957.
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Coelho, Helena Isabel Soares Dinis. "Microphytobenthos vs Hydrobia: trophic coupling in estuarine environment." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3632.
Full textAbstract:
Doutoramento em BiologiaOs estuários são ambientes complexos, biologicamente diversos e muito importantes no que respeita à produtividade primária. As zonas intertidais destes ecossistemas são ocupadas por organismos que possuem uma elevada capacidade de sobrevivência e adaptação face às variadas e rápidas alterações nos factores ambientais (tais como temperatura, salinidade, conteúdo hídrico, etc.). As cadeias tróficas com origem no ecossistema estuarino bentónico são essencialmente herbívoras, regulando o fluxo de energia desde o fundo sedimentar e através do ecossistema. Nas áreas estuarinas intertidais a produção primária é essencialmente suportada pelo microfitobentos (MPB). Estas comunidades de microalgas bênticas constituem uma importante fonte de matéria orgânica e são por si só a principal fonte alimentar para as populações de Hydrobia. Neste contexto, a interacção MPB - Hydrobia é um modelo-chave na investigação da cadeia trófica estuarina de origem bentónica, actuando como um importante canal de transporte de energia para os níveis tróficos superiores, especialmente se considerarmos que Hydrobia é uma importante presa para peixes, aves e caranguejos. O presente estudo tem por objectivos gerais: i) a investigação do controlo ambiental (particularmente da luz e do teor em água do sedimento) e endógeno na migração vertical do MPB e ii) a identificação e potencial utilização de marcadores tróficos (pigmentos e ácidos gordos) úteis à investigação da interacção MPB – Hydrobia em laboratório e em condições naturais, considerando a existência de uma elevada plasticidade trófica por parte da Hydrobia e a elevada densidade populacional que estes organismos podem apresentar. A primeira fase de investigação resultou na comparação do papel dos estímulos ambientais e do controlo endógeno nos padrões de comportamento migratório vertical do microfitobentos, demonstrando a existência de um controlo essencialmente endógeno na formação e desintegração do biofilme superficial. A regulação e manutenção da biomassa à superfície do sedimento são claramente controladas pela variação dos factores ambientais, em especial da luz, cuja presença é essencial à formação total do biofilme microalgal à superfície do sedimento intertidal. Foi proposta uma nova abordagem metodológica com vista à estimativa nãodestrutiva do teor de água de sedimentos intertidais vasosos , possibilitando o estudo da influência da acção do vento no conteúdo hídrico dos sedimentos e o consequente impacto da dessecação na comunidade microfitobêntica. Observou-se que a dessecação provoca efeitos limitantes não só na biomassa superficial mas também na actividade fotossintética dos biofilmes microfitobênticos, conduzindo à diminuição da produtividade primária. No que respeita à dinâmica trófica da interacção MPB - Hydrobia foi estabelecido o uso do pigmento feoforbide a, quantificado nas partículas fecais da fauna, como marcador trófico que permite estimar a quantidade de biomassa de microalgas (clorofila a) incorporada pelos organismos animais.Para tal foi investigada e comprovada a existência de uma relação significativa entre a concentração de feopigmentos excretados e a concentração de clorofila a ingerida. Estes estudos foram desenvolvidos numa primeira fase à escala diária, considerando os efeitos dos ciclos sazonais, dia-noite e maré, e depois com a validação em condições naturais, numa escala mensal. A taxa de ingestão média de indivíduos de H. ulvae varia ao longo do dia, com o máximo em torno dos períodos diurnos de maré baixa, o que pode estar relacionado com a disponibilidade de MPB. As taxas de ingestão (TI) de H. ulvae variam ainda em função da estação do ano (TI verão > TI primavera) e em função da densidade de indivíduos (> densidade, < ingestão). Verificou-se um efeito negativo na concentração de clorofila disponível após herbívoria independentemente da densidade de indivíduos. Finalmente, a comparação dos perfis de ácidos gordos de H. ulvae provenientes de diferentes habitats com os perfis de potenciais fontes alimentares permitiu demonstrar que os ácidos gordos são ferramentas úteis na identificação do habitat ocupado por estes organismos. No entanto, apesar da ocupação de diferentes habitats e da integração de múltiplas fontes de produção primária na sua dieta foram sempre observados significativos níveis de ácidos gordos específicos de microalgas (em particular diatomáceas), reforçando o papel importante das comunidades de microalgas bênticas na dieta das populações de H. ulvae.
Estuaries are biologically diverse and form complex environments, which play an important role on the global primary productivity of aquatic environments. Intertidal areas of estuaries are inhabited by organisms with a strikingly capability to survive and to be adapted to frequent and fast changes in several environmental factors (such as temperature, salinity, water content, etc.). Grazing food chains are common in intertidal mudflats regulating the flow of nutrients and energy from the bottom throughout the estuarine ecosystem. Within intertidal estuarine areas the primary production was predominantly supported by microphytobenthos (MPB). These benthic microalgae assemblages are an important source of organic matter and are a main food source for Hydrobia populations. The MPB - Hydrobia interaction is a key model for the estuarine grazing food chain, acting as a significantly channel of energy to higher trophic levels, since Hydrobia is an important prey item for fish, birds and crabs. The present work addressed: i) the environmental (namely light and sediment water content) and the endogenous control of the vertical migration by microphytobenthos, and ii) the identification and the potential use of trophic markers (pigments and fatty acids) to establish this relationship under laboratory and natural conditions, considering that H. ulvae showed significant trophic plasticity and that mud snails could reach extremely high densities. The role of exogenous cues and endogenous control of the patterns of vertical migratory behavior of intertidal MPB biofilms were compared, showing that the formation and disintegration of the biofilm is endogenously-controlled. The regulation and maintenance of the microalgal biomass at the sediment surface is dependent on the variation of environmental factors, namely light, which is essential for the full formation of the MPB biofilm. A new methodological approach was proposed to estimate the water content of muddy intertidal sediments, enabling the study of the influence of wind on the hydric level of the sediment and the consequent impact of desiccation on the MPB biomass. This investigation showed that desiccation might be responsible to cause important limiting effects on biomass and photosynthetic activity of intertidal MPB biofilms, reducing the primary productivity. Regarding the trophic dynamics of the interaction MPB - Hydrobia, it was established the use of the pigment pheophorbide a, present on Hydrobia ulvae faecal pellets, as a trophic marker to estimate the amount of microalgal biomass incorporated, as chlorophyll a, by benthic macrofauna. A significant relationship between egested pheopigments and ingested chlorophyll a was investigated and validated. These studies were firstly developed on a daily scale, considering the effects of seasonal, tidal and day-night cycles, followed by a validation under natural conditions, on a monthly scale. The mean ingestion rate of H. ulvae individuals varied along the day, with the maximum around the diurnal low tide periods, which may be related with MPB availability. H. ulvae mean ingestion rate (IR) also varies seasonally (IR summer > IR spring) and depending on mud snails density (> density, < ingestion). There was a negative effect on chlorophyll concentration available after grazing, independently of H. ulvae density. Finally, the comparison of fatty acid profiles of mud snails from different habitats with the ones from potential food sources allowed identifying fatty acids as a useful tool to indicate H. ulvae habitat. Although the occupation of different habitats and the integration of multiple primary food sources on mud snails diet, significant inputs of fatty acids specific of microalgae (namely diatoms) were always found, which reinforce the important role of MPB on the diet of H. ulvae populations.
FCT; FSE - SFRH/BD/23720/2005
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Zach, Lorna S. "Environmental risk analysis : an application of proposed methods to frequent, small oil spills in the estuarine environment." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7523.
Full textAbstract:
Accidental spillage of chemicals by the process industries can pose both immediate and long-term threats to the natural environment. Long-term damage from frequent, low-level releases is difficult to predict and may not be evident until the damage is done. This thesis reviews techniques for environmental risk evaluation and proposes a number of improvements. These improvements include:
• Definition of an endpoint in the natural environment around which to evaluate risk;
• Estimation of risk from the cumulative stresses assaulting the endpoint;
• Using a specially established maximum acceptable concentration for the endpoint,
• rather than using an acute toxicity based on a fractional kill;
• (III Using a probabilistic analysis rather than a deterministic analysis, thus avoiding the
• use of an average or a worst-case scenario;
• Including a sensitivity and an uncertainty analysis.
Aspects of the improved environmental risk method are demonstrated in a case study.
The case study considered in this thesis evaluates the potential long-term effects to an important shellfish bed in a harbour near an oil refinery. Modelling is the analytical tool used. It is a relatively inexpensive method, compared with ongoing field-sampling and laboratory analysis, to identify specific chemicals, industrial operations, and sites which might require further testing and investigation.
The case study in this thesis focuses on an estimation of the annual volume of hydrocarbons spilled at the refinery wharf and also on the estimation of BTEX exposure from these spills. A large fraction of automotive petrol is composed of
BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene) and this was selected as the contaminant. Benzene is present in concentrations of order 5% w/w and the combined mono-aromatics, BTEX, amount to 45% w/w in New Zealand motor fuel (premium grade, 96 octane).
The exposure concentration was estimated from refinery wharf off-loading spills in
Whangarei Harbour, New Zealand to a nearby shellfish bed, the Mair Bank, at the mouth of the tidal estuary. The shellfish bed is not only a fishing resource, but also lends stability to the coastline where the petroleum refinery stands. BTEX is a significant contaminant to evaluate in regard to shellfish bed health because molluscs are generally more sensitive to light fuel or refined oils than crude oils.
The probable annual volume of all hydrocarbons spilled, as well as the probable exposure concentration over one operational year from small-scale, oil-spills were estimated from reconstructed historical frequency data and calculations of environmental transport. The frequency of harbour spills over 24 years was used from Northland Regional Council records. Unfortunately, only those spills estimated to be over one cubic meter in size were recorded and spills under one cubic meter were of most concern in this study. Therefore, in order to estimate the total number of spills per year, including those spills under one cubic meter, additional data were required.
Detailed spills data collected over five years from marine terminals were obtained from the California State Lands Commission. Using these data, two methods of data reconstruction were used. In general, the shape of the Californian spill-size distribution was maintained, although a frequency proportionality factor was used since spills were more frequent at this refinery wharf. In addition, there were large spills at the refinery wharf (4 in 24 years), so the tail of the distribution needed to be lengthened and thickened. The result was that the mean spill size at the refinery wharf was estimated at 0.166 and 2.55 cubic meters for each of the two reconstruction methods. The average number of spills per year in loading and unloading operations predicted by these methods were 112 and 98.
The exposure model combined and integrated the contaminant-transport rate processes. The significant rate processes affecting the exposure of BTEX or aromatic fraction of automotive petrol to the shellfish were evaporation, advection-induced dispersion, buoyancy-induced dispersion, and spill break-up or entrainment. Other transport processes were comparatively minor for the time frame of concern. The significant contaminant-transport rate processes were then combined with the dynamics of the natural environment to result in an exposure to the shellfish bed as a function of time. These dynamics included periodic tidal flow, temperature, and wind speed which fluctuated with the time of year.
The modelled exposures over time were compared with published sub-lethal, sensitive life-stage and adult lethal marine toxicity criteria. The exposure concentration range of interest in this study was the sub-lethal range which affected reproduction and growth.
Not only is the exposure concentration important, but also the frequency of exposure must be considered when evaluating shellfish health. Bivalves, in general, compared to fish and crustacea, have a very low level of activity of enzymes capable of metabolising organic contaminants, such as aromatic hydrocarbons and, once exposed, the time taken to rid tissue of the contaminant is critical.
Monte Carlo simulation results of spillage at the refinery wharf showed that depending on the spill-size distribution used, the annual volume may range from 15 to 283 cubic meters. The lower range of this spillage volume compared well, proportionately, with
Port Tauranga's published total of annual successful prosecutions for oil spillage.
Monte Carlo simulation results of Mair Bank shellfish exposure to BTEX for one year are available for several scenarios of input spill-size distribution and spill frequency.
These results indicate sub-lethal exposures greater than 10 pm BTEX at average intervals of 9 to 27 days and average exposure concentrations of 5000 to 19,500 ppb, respectively. This exposure frequency may not provide enough time between exposures for the shellfish to adequately recover. While a few excursions exceed the adult lethal toxic level, it is difficult to make fatality predictions for tidal creatures which have the ability to close up for long periods of time. What is of concern is that the exposures are closer together than the ability of the creatures to eliminate the toxins from their tissues.
The output of the Monte Carlo simulation was sensitive to the input probability distributions, as well as the number of transfer events in a year, and the evaporation rate. Small spills under 1 cubic meter were almost as damaging to the shellfish in terms of sublethal exposure as the large ones, 20 to 70 cubic meters. Because the evaporation rate was significant in this analysis of mono-aromatic compounds, the volatile aromatics in the smaller spills (less than about 0.060 cubic meters) would often evaporate completely, depending on the spill size and the time it took for the slick to get to the shellfish bed. Therefore, the greater the proportion of spills under 0.100 cubic meters, the smaller the exposure and the exposure frequency.
Because extensive chemical analyses or biological monitoring can be so expensive and because a natural community may appear healthy even when it is sick, the proposed methodology is a comparatively inexpensive way to check the need for further analysis.
The results of this analysis are the first step to determine the long-term risk to a nonhuman population. The next step is to refine population and growth models to include the effect of sub-lethal contaminants. Given the presently available distribution of spillage size and frequency, damage to the long-term health and population of this shellfish bed is possible. Further, more detailed analysis and monitoring are recommended.
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Quinn, Niall. "Forecasting of ocean state in a complex estuarine environment : the Solent-Southampton Water Estuarine System." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359671/.
Full textAbstract:
Coastal flooding is a natural hazard causing devastation to many regions throughout the world, induced by the coincidence of high spring tides, large storm surges and waves. To reduce the risk posed by coastal inundation, warning systems have been developed to enable preparations to an expected threat. Although current operational predictions provide invaluable warnings, uncertainty in model formulations and input datasets, can lead to errors in forecasts. In order to provide coastal managers with the best possible information with which to make decisions, recent research has begun to focus on the movement from deterministic to probabilistic forecasting, which aims to explicitly account for uncertainty in the system. This research described the implementation of a regional tide-surge-wave model for the Solent-Southampton Water estuarine system, a region that is likely to experience increased risk of coastal flooding in the coming century. The accuracy of the model predictions were examined relative to in-situ measurements and those obtained from independent systems. Using the model, sources of error were examined and their effects upon the model predictions quantified, with particular reference made to the spatial variability throughout the region. In light of recent research, a probabilistic modelling approach, utilising a Monte Carlo technique used to provide a forecast capable of representing the uncertainty in the system, within a suitable time-frame for real-time flood forecasting that included an hourly Kalman filter data assimilation update. The findings presented in this thesis will be of interest to coastal modellers working in complex estuarine environments where the influences of tide-surge-wave interactions upon model predictions are uncertain. Furthermore, the application of a computationally efficient model, presented here, will provide a useful comparison with traditional physically-based systems to those wishing to quantify uncertainty in regions where computational resources are low
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Osborne, Kate Amy. "Environmental controls on bacteriohopanepolyol signatures in estuarine sediments." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3214.
Full textAbstract:
To date, research on the fate of methane in marine settings has mainly focused on anaerobic microbial processes. An alternative fate for methane is aerobic methane oxidation (AMO) by methanotrophic bacteria which takes place in aerobic surface sediments and the overlying water column. Tracing methanotroph activity in past environments can be achieved via analysis of a distinctive suite of biomarkers called bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs). BHPs are membrane lipids produced by many prokaryotes comprising a pentacyclic triterpenoid structure with an extended polyfunctionalised side chain. Although, there is much debate about the role of BHPs, studies suggest they regulate cell membrane fluidity, however, the factors controlling their expression are poorly constrained. They have a wide range of structural variation which varies between bacterial phyla and species. The major BHPs produced by methanotrophs are collectively known as the 35-aminoBHPs, most commonly including 35-aminobacteriohopane-32,33,34-triol (aminotriol), 35-aminobacteriohopane-31,32,33,34-tetrol (aminotetrol) and 35-aminobacteriohopane-30,31,32,33,34-pentol (aminopentol), with aminopentol seen as a diagnostic marker for Type I methanotrophs from the phylum Gammaproteobacteria. The changes in methanotroph community composition in estuarine sediments under a range of environmental perturbations and the effect this had on BHP composition, namely the 35-aminoBHPs, was assessed. Aerobic microcosms inoculated with River Tyne (UK) estuarine sediment with a 5% methane amended headspace (unless otherwise stated), were subjected to a range of environmental perturbations; methane concentration (0.1-5%), temperature (4-60°C), pH (4-9) and salinity (1-150 g/L NaCl). Methane oxidation rates were monitored and methanotroph diversity was determined by targeting the particulate methane monooxygenase gene (pmoA). Methane oxidation was observed between 4 and 50°C, at all tested pH values and up to salinities of 70 g/L; however, methanotroph community composition varied with temperature, pH and salinity and these changes were reflected in the 35-aminoBHP signatures quantified by LC-MS analysis. For example, aminopentol was not enriched at pH 9 when the unusual Type I Methylomicrobium spp. were dominant, whilst the maximal production of C-3 methylated aminopentol was witnessed at 50°C when a Methylocaldum sp. was enriched. The hpnR gene, required for the methylation of BHPs at the C-3 position, was also identified in sediments at the aforementioned temperature. Novel iv compounds, identified after the analysis of six previously untested Type I marine methanotrophs within this study, were also found in microcosm sediments in varying abundances. The effect that of growth stage on 35-aminoBHP abundance was determined by analysing aerobic microcosms inoculated with River Tyne estuarine sediment over a 28 day period at times before and after methane oxidation. It revealed the continued production of aminopentol at mesophilic temperatures after methane oxidation was complete. This may have implications for the interpretation of the sedimentary record where aminopentol witnessed in marine settings may not represent periods of significant methane oxidation but rather a response to methane limiting conditions. Anaerobic producers of BHPs were investigated and the preservation and/or degradation of individual compounds was assessed in long-term studies. Microcosms inoculated with anoxic River Tyne estuarine sediment were subjected to sulphate-reducing and methanogenic conditions over a period of 706 and 665 days respectively. Changes in BHP composition over time were quantified by LC-MS with compounds including bacteriohopane-32,33,34,35-tetrol (BHT) and adenosylhopane found to be more resistant to degradation over the course of the study compared to bacteriohopane-32,33,34,35-tetrol cyclitol ether (BHT cyclitol ether). This indicates that some compounds are more resistant to degradation over time compared with others.
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Starr, Sean Michael. "Microbial methane oxidation in the marine and estuarine environment." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313378.
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Wheeler, Joseph H. "Design for education and environment: Jacksonville Estuarine Research Center." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53450.
Full textAbstract:
The relatively recent success of the aquarium as a tourist destination has promoted a National interest in marine life. In the past twenty years cities have built aquariums that draw millions annually to various locations, justifying financial maintenance of delicate underwater life systems and increasing local tourism. Some successful aquariums such as the Monterey and Boston city aquariums have not only effectively drawn large numbers of visitors, but also have gained architectural recognition with award winning designs, therefore adding a new dimension to the recent trend in museum design. Still, with the emphasis on tourism, an issue that has yet to be addressed is the function of the aquarium as resource center of marine life.
This proposal for the Jacksonville city aquarium endeavors to address the function of the aquarium as an institute for research and education, while utilizing the unique marine ecology setting to promote awareness of local underwater ecosystems. In this way, educational research and wildlife awareness set a new standard for aquarium design. Tourism can simultaneously emphasize inner-city urban development and promote the wealth of its existing ecology. This educational focus, in conjunction with the three states of marine habitat, establishes the basis for the aquarium design. By integrating the building design into the existing fabric of the city and focusing the research on the local rivers and habitats, the aquarium design will achieve the integrity needed to support this ambitious venture.Master of Architecture
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Stoddard, Daniel Mark. "Evaluation of sediment trap efficiency in an estuarine environment." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403559.
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Ríos, Gutiérrez Ana de los. "Evaluación integrada de vertidos urbanos, industriales y portuarios a estuarios y zonas costeras mediante análisis químicos y medidas de efectos biológicos (una propuesta para la Directiva Marco del Agua). Assessment of urban, industrial and harbour discharges into estuarine and marine environments using integrated chemical analyses and biological effect measurements (a proposal for the Water Framework Directive)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/381259.
Full textAbstract:
El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es determinar la utilidad de los biomarcadores en la evaluación del estado de masas de agua costeras y de transición afectadas por vertidos dentro del ámbito de la Directiva Marco del Agua. Para ello, se realizaron trasplantes con mejillones en zonas afectadas por diferentes fuentes (difusas y puntuales) y tipos de contaminación (urbana, industrial y portuaria). Se cuantificaron concentraciones de contaminantes en muestras de agua, sedimentos y mejillones. Así mismo, se recogieron mejillones para el análisis de una batería de biomarcadores de efecto y de exposición. Además, se estudió la estructura de la comunidad de invertebrados bentónicos en algunos lugares de estudio. Los biomarcadores indicaron que los mejillones estuvieron expuestos a metales, disruptores endocrinos estrogénicos, compuestos genotóxicos y contaminantes orgánicos en algunos sitios de estudio. Además, los resultados sobre biomarcadores mostraron correlaciones significativas con las concentraciones de contaminantes en el agua y con las comunidades bentónicas. Por lo tanto, el análisis de biomarcadores se propone como un estadio intermedio en la evaluación de los estados químico y ecológico exigidos por la Directiva Marco del Agua.The general objective of this PhD thesis is to determine the usefulness of the biomarker approach as a complementary tool for the assessment of the effects of a broad range of discharges for the evaluation of the status of coastal and transitional water bodies within the scope of the Water Framework Directive. For this purpose, mussels were transplanted to areas affected by different types of diffuse and point source discharges. Chemical analyses of contaminants were performed in water, sediments and mussel samples. A battery of effect and exposure biomarkers were also performed on mussels. Besides, the structure of the community of benthic invertebrates was analysed in certain study sites. Results on biomarkers indicated that mussels were exposed to metals, estrogenic endocrine disruptors, genotoxic compounds and organic pollutants in some study sites. Besides, results on biomarkers showed significant correlations with concentrations of contaminants in water and with results on benthic communities. Thus, the analysis of biomarkers is proposed as a link between chemical and ecological statuses demanded by Water Framework Directive.
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Reeves, Alison Dawn. "The distribution and behaviour of lignin in the estuarine environment." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237510.
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Murdock, Christopher Paul. "A study of '2'1'0Pb in the atmosphere and estuarine sedimentary environment." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310584.
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Johnson, Jeremiah. "Transport mechanisms of decapod larvae to the nearshore and estuarine environment." Thesis, Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1998, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10085.
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Gallagher, Kathryn. "Occurrence, fate and effects of polychlorinated terphenyls in an estuarine environment." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616654.
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Aroclor 5432, a mixture of polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT), was detected in sediment and several biological compartments including: saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), American oysters (Crassostrea virginica), red-jointed fiddler crabs (Uca minax), wharf crabs (Sesarma reticulatum) and mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) collected from Tabbs Creek. This tidal creek is located in the southern Chesapeake Bay region. Species from several phyla were selected in order to examine PCT accumulation in physiologically and ecologically different organisms. In general, PCT concentrations in sediment and biota decreased with distance downstream from the PCT outfall. The organism with the highest mean concentration (18,300 &\mu&g/kg dry weight) was the native oyster, a benthic filter feeder. A second study examined the dose-response effects of PCT mixtures on levels of hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and associated EROD activity in the mummichog, relative to a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture Aroclor 1254. Fish were injected intraperitoneally with PCT formulations Aroclor 5432, Aroclor 5460, or the PCB magnitude as that caused by equivalent doses of the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254. Treatment with Aroclor 5460 did not result in significant induction. This work represents the first report of hepatic CYP1A induction caused by Aroclor 5432 in teleosts and, similar to work in mammalian systems, suggests that the effects of this mixture may be mediated through Ah receptor binding. PCT mixtures contain small amounts of PCB. Therefore, PCB may have contributed to the induction observed following Aroclor 5432 injection. The planar PCB congener 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl was identified in Aroclor 5432 by GC-MS operating in negative chemical ionization mode. Environmental induction was observed in mummichogs collected from Tabbs Creek. This study revealed CYP1A induction at the two most contaminated sites along the PCT gradient. Fish at the upper creek site exhibited inhibition of EROD activity. Definitive environmental induction by PCT could not be established due to the presence of other inducing pollutants in the creek.
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Sutherland, John David Wightman. "'Hidden' arsenic in estuarine systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326789.
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LIMA, Albenize Neves de. "Condições ambientais do estuário do Rio Formoso (Tamandaré/Pernambuco/Brasil): biomassa fitoplanctônica e hidrologia." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17883.
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O rio Formoso tem 12km de extensão e nasce na porção noroeste do município de mesmo nome, no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. O estuário do rio Formoso apresenta relevante importância ecológica devido à presença de manguezais, prados de fanerógamas e área recifal. Está inserido em duas Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA): a APA de Guadalupe e a APA Costa dos Corais e ao longo do seu percurso recebe efluentes domésticos, resíduos provenientes da agroindústria açucareira e atividade de carcinicultura. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a condição ambiental da zona estuarina do rio Formoso (Tamandaré, Pernambuco, Brasil), através da distribuição da biomassa fitoplanctônica e da hidrologia. As amostras de água foram coletadas na superfície durante três meses do período chuvoso (maio/ julho/ agosto/ 2014) e três de estiagem (outubro/ novembro/ dezembro/ 2014), durante a baixa-mar e preamar de um mesmo dia, em maré de sizígia. Foi realizada também uma segunda campanha em novembro/2014 para verificação da distribuição longitudinal e vertical da salinidade. Foi observada uma influência sazonal sobre os parâmetros hidrológicos e biológicos, condicionando durante o período chuvoso menores valores de temperatura, transparência da água, salinidade e da clorofila a e maiores concentrações dos nutrientes, exceto do N-amoniacal. A profundidade apresentou o mínimo de 2,00 m e o máximo de 8,30 m. A temperatura variou de 26,00°C a 29,5 °C, a transparência de 1,00 m a 4,00 m e a salinidade de 20 a 35. Os teores de oxigênio dissolvido oscilaram de 3,36 ml L-1 a 5,84 ml L-1 e seu percentual de saturação de 69,49% a 125,82%. O material particulado em suspensão (MPS) variou de 13,2 mg L-1 a 30,4 mg L-1. Os valores de N-amoniacal variaram de não detectável a 0,02 μmol L-1, de N-nitrito de não detectável a 0,20 μmol L-1, e de N-nitrato de não detectável a 3,47 μmol L-1. Para as concentrações de P-fosfato foram registrados valores de não detectável a 0,80 μmol L-1 e o Si-silicato de 1,56 μmol L-1 a 39,22 μmol L-1. As concentrações de clorofila a oscilaram de 0,67 mg.m- a 12,64 mg m-3. A comunidade fitoplanctônica <20 μm (pico/nanofitoplâncton) apresentou uma maior contribuição, sendo responsável por até 100% da biomassa algal. O estuário caracterizou-se como homogêneo em função da forte intrusão marinha, havendo um gradiente decrescente de jusante para montante do oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade e MPS, ao contrário da clorofila a e do silicato. O ambiente caracterizou-se como mesotrófico e livre, momentaneamente, do processo de eutrofização antrópica em função da melhoria do tratamento dos efluentes domésticos.
The river Formoso is 12km long and it is born in the northwest portion of the municipality of the same name in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The estuary of river Formoso presents relevant ecological importance due to its mangroves, meadows of phanerogams and reef area. It is inserted in two environmental protection areas (APA): the APA of Guadalupe and the APA Costa dos Corais. Along its course, the estuary receives household wastewater and waste from the sugar agroindustry and shrimp farming activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the environmental condition of the estuarine zone of river Formoso (Tamandaré, Pernambuco, Brazil) through the distribution of phytoplankton biomass and hydrology. Surface water samples were collected for three months of the rainy season (May/July/August 2014) and three months of the dry season (October/November/December 2014) at low tide and high tide of the same day in the spring tide. A second campaign was also held in November 2014 to verify the longitudinal and vertical distribution of salinity. The biological and hydrological parameters were influenced by seasonal factors during the rainy season resulting in lower temperatures, water transparency, salinity and chlorophyll a and higher concentrations of nutrients, except ammoniacal-N. The minimum depth was 2.00 m and the maximum depth was 8.30 m. Temperature ranged from 26.00°C to 29.5°C, transparency ranged from 1.00 m to 4.00 m, and salinity ranged from 20 to 35. The dissolved oxygen levels varied between 3.36 ml L-1 and 5.84 ml L-1 and its percentage of saturation ranged from 69.49% to 125.82%. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) varied between 13.2 mg L-1 and 30.4 mg L-1. Ammoniacal-N varied from non-detectable to 0.02 μmol L-1, nitrite-N ranged from non-detectable to 0.20 μmol L-1, and nitrate-N ranged from non-detectable to 3.47 μmol L-1. The recorded phosphate-P concentrations varied from non-detectable to 0.80 μmol L-1 and the concentrations of silicate-Si ranged from 1.56 μmol L-1 and 39.22 μmol L-1. Chlorophyll a concentrations varied between 0.67 mg.m and 12.64 mg m-3. The phytoplankton community <20 μm (pico-/nanophytoplankton) presented a greater contribution with up to 100% of the algal biomass. The estuary was characterised as homogenous due to the strong marine intrusion. There was a descending downstream to upstream gradient of dissolved oxygen, salinity, and SPM and the contrary was observed for chlorophyll a and silicate. The environment was characterised as mesotrophic and momentarily free of the anthropogenic eutrophication process due to improved domestic effluent treatment.