Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Estimations des émissions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 28 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Estimations des émissions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Largeron, Chloé. "Représentation des tourbières des hautes latitudes nord dans un modèle de surface : développement d’un schéma hydrologique et estimations des émissions de méthane." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU045/document.
Full textPeatlands are widely present in northern latitudes and especiallyin permafrost regions. They contain a high carbon stock and are one ofthe greatest natural sources of methane. Their representation in a climate model is crucial to improve the one of the carbon cycle. Moreover, the contribution of methanepeatland emissions remains uncertain.Methane emissions from peatlands strongly depend on the climate and are influenced primarily by temperature and soil moisture. Meanwhile, climate change is particularlysevere at these latitudes and leads to thawing permafrost with increasing the active layer depth. This large carbon reservoir may be partially mobilized and emitted asCO2 or CH4, depending on hydrological conditions at the surface.The aim of this PhD thesis is to represent northern peatlands in the ORCHIDEE land surface model. This development is carried out in the version of the model that incorporatesprocesses in high latitudes such as the soil freezing. Peatlands are represented by a specific hydrological scheme which improves the exchange of energy and water. The difficulty isbased on the representation of local peatlands processes across a global climate model. Some biological properties were also considered to represent bettervegetation of these environments. To do so, peatlands are integrated as a new type ofvegetation and represented by a fraction of a grid, based on observations. Thehydrological behaviour and the impact of this integration are estimated at the boreal scale as well asregionally. This development then allows estimate changes in the hydrology of peatlands due to global warming. Studying the changes in hydrology of peatlands by the end of th 21st century will improve the prediction of future changes in their CH4 emissions.This development work was then applied to determine the evolution of methane emissions. Peatlands are one of the largest natural sources of methane and control more than 70% interannual variability of atmospheric concentration of CH4. Methane emissions result from various physical and biological processes such as methanogenesis and the methanotrophy. To represent these processes, a flux density model, integratedin ORCHIDEE, was adapted for peatlands to estimate their methane emissions. The evolution of these emissions is studied between the early 20th and late 21st centuries under different climate scenarios
Liu, Yunsong. "Characterizing methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through mobile platforms from local to national scale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ021.
Full textMethane and carbon dioxide are the most abundant human-induced greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Their increasing atmospheric concentration is the main driver of climate change. Therefore, it is critical to monitor the evolution of their sources and sinks. Accurate characterization and quantification of their territorial emissions from different sectors are required in order to determine and manage efficient mitigation actions and policies. The main goal of this Ph.D. is to improve the characterization of CH4 and CO2 sectoral emissions from local to national scale through the development of mobile observation strategies including platforms such as car, drone and aircraft.This study consists of three parts. The first part aims at verifying a national CH4 inventory with a replicable method. I focus on surveying and quantifying significant methane emitters that represent 28% of national (Cyprus) methane emissions. These are essentially landfills and cattle farm areas. The approach is based on car-based mobile measurements and Gaussian plume dispersion modelling. The calculated methane emissions from landfills and enteric fermentation of cattle were about 160% and 40% larger, respectively, than the bottom-up sectoral estimates used in the national inventory. These mobile surveys show that an ensemble of in situ measurements targeting representative methane emission hotspots with consistent temporal and spatial coverage can largely improve national bottom-up emission inventories.The second part focuses on methods to quantify CH4 emissions for the oil and gas industry. It compares ten state-of-the-art commercial methane quantification systems through a series of controlled release experiments at an inert compressor station. The controlled releases covered a range of situations including various leak rates and wind conditions. The results indicated that ‘source-level' systems (close to single leak) generally underestimate emissions, while ‘site-level' systems (integrating emissions for the site) relying on atmospheric dispersion slightly overestimate emission rates. The analysis of this part highlights that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have the potential to bridge the gap between ground-based and airborne observations but are strongly wind sensitive.The last part focused on the development of UAV GHG measurements. I have developed and validated a novel portable UAV-CO2 sensor system that is lightweight but remains sufficiently precise. Through a careful sensor characterization, correction and calibration procedure, we reach an in-flight precision of ± 2 ppm (1σ) at 1 Hz and ± 1 ppm (1σ) at 1 min. This system is relatively inexpensive and easy to reproduce, and has the potential to perform a wide range of field applications, such as urban and point source emissions monitoring.In short, this Ph.D. makes a step forward for future reconciliation of GHG emission estimates based on various observation systems and different approaches, and seeks methods that are easily duplicated and applicable to other regions and emission sectors. While mobile approaches presented here clearly represent important monitoring options, significant challenges remain in current capacity to estimate routinely anthropogenic GHG emission trajectories with sufficient precision and at large scale
Bay, Xavier. "Estimation non paramétrique de projections en tomographie par émission de photons simples." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10096.
Full textAllam, Nadine. "Estimation des émissions surfaciques du biogaz dans une installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0187/document.
Full textLandfill sites produce biogas by degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Biogas mainly composed of CH4 and CO2 represents a major environmental challenge. This study propose a method to estimate biogas surface emissions in landfill sites using atmospheric dispersion modeling of a tracer gas, in this case, methane. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 and VOC concentrations have been followed on the studied landfill site (Séché Environnement) for several weather conditions. Measurement results show low atmospheric VOC and CH4 concentrations on the studied landfill site which validates low emissions of these compounds. Detected VOC are emitted by different sources, excluding the landfill site. The contribution of these sources on VOC concentrations is more important than that of the landfill site and no VOC could be identified as tracer of biogas emitted by landfill site. However, CH4 is emitted by the landfill site, its principal source. Two methods are proposed to estimate methane surface emissions using a Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS. Gaussian model is validated by comparison of the temporal dynamics and atmospheric concentrations of methane measured on the site and those modeled. The first method is based on an inverse approach and the second one is a statistical regression approach. CH4 emissions are estimated for the exposure period of the laser diode to the site emissions and for 4 weather scenarios identified by a hierarchical classification. Results validate the influence of meteorological parameters, especially the stability of the atmosphere, on the atmospheric dispersion and methane surface emissions
Jouvie, Camille. "Estimation de la fonction d'entrée en tomographie par émission de positons dynamique : application au fluorodesoxyglucose." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966453.
Full textJouvie, Camille. "Estimation de la fonction d’entrée en tomographie par émission de positons dynamique : application au fluorodesoxyglucose." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112303/document.
Full textPositron Emission Tomography (PET) is a method of functional imaging, used in particular for drug development and tumor imaging. In PET, the estimation of the arterial plasmatic activity concentration of the non-metabolized compound (the "input function") is necessary for the extraction of the pharmacokinetic parameters. These parameters enable the quantification of the compound dynamics in the tissues. This PhD thesis contributes to the study of the input function by the development of a minimally invasive method to estimate the input function. This method uses the PET image and a few blood samples. In this work, the example of the FDG tracer is chosen. The proposed method relies on compartmental modeling: it deconvoluates the three-compartment-model. The originality of the method consists in using a large number of regions of interest (ROIs), a large number of sets of three ROIs, and an iterative process. To validate the method, simulations of PET images of increasing complexity have been performed, from a simple image simulated with an analytic simulator to a complex image simulated with a Monte-Carlo simulator. After simulation of the acquisition, reconstruction and corrections, the images were segmented (through segmentation of an IRM image and registration between PET and IRM images) and corrected for partial volume effect by a variant of Rousset’s method, to obtain the kinetics in the ROIs, which are the input data of the estimation method. The evaluation of the method on simulated and real data is presented, as well as a study of the method robustness to different error sources, for example in the segmentation, in the registration or in the activity of the used blood samples
Le, Floch Martine. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et estimation des émissions particulaires métalliques de l'usine d'incinération d'ordures ménagères de Toulon dans l'air ambiant." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30018.
Full textThe aims of this study are the physico-chemical characterisation, the apportionment and the following of particulate heavy metals from MSWI emissions. Various methods (in situ data treatment, unmixing models and codes, UNMIX or CMB, sequential extractions and extented X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) agree in the following: - identification of the MSWI source in two profiles (Zn - Ca et Ba - Cu - Fe - Zn - Pb - Ca); - estimation of its contribution of up to 25% of the total sources contribution; - showing the seasonal variability in term of profile and contribution; - suggest the potential of emitted elements to enter the food chain; This EXAFS first approach on atmospheric particulate matter shows that zinc and lead are in an atomic environment with calcium, silicium and aluminum. In spite of disputable conclusions, isotopic lead ratios define a "MSWI" end-member and confirm that the town-center of Toulon is outside the MSWI plume influence
Lopez, Morgan. "Estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à différentes échelles en France à l'aide d'observations de haute précision." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777476.
Full textPrud'homme, Julie. "Estimation et analyse spatiales des émissions de polluants de transports individualisés : évaluation des performances environnementales d'un Transport à la Demande." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00992326.
Full textLopez, Morgan. "Estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à différentes échelles en France à l’aide d’observations de haute précision." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112284/document.
Full textThe aim of my PhD is to use high precision measurements to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions at different scales in France, from local to regional. These measurements are made in the framework of the French greenhouse gases network operated by the RAMCES team. Three stations in France are equipped with gas chromatography measurement systems located at Gif-sur-Yvette, Trainou (Orléans forest) and on the summit of Puy-de-Dôme. They were optimized to measure continuously with high precision the main greenhouse gases: CO2 , CH4 , N2O and SF6. In July 2010, I have installed the gas chromatograph at Puy-de-Dôme and I present here the analysis of the past two years. I used an approach with measurements of greenhouse gases and related trace gases to constrain the emissions of greenhouse gases at different scales. At a regional scale, I used the 222Rn as an air mass tracer to quantify the monthly N2O fluxes at Gif-sur-Yvette and Trainou. Annual N2O emissions, derived from the atmospheric approach at Gif-sur-Yvette and Trainou are 0.34/0.51 and 0.52 g(N2O) m−2 a−1 , respectively. I found a clear seasonal cycle of N2O emissions with larger values in spring and summer, demonstrating the large contribution of agricultural emissions from fertilized soils. A correlation between annual N2O fluxes and annual precipitations was observed at Gif-sur-Yvette. At a local scale, I used carbon isotopes to estimate the fossil fuel CO2 contribution. Measurements were performed during a campaign in winter 2010 in Paris. Atmospheric 14 CO2 measurements showed that 77 % of total CO2 emissions are anthropogenic with a significant contribution of biospheric fluxes (23 %). Additionally, 13CO2 analysis showed that natural gas and fuel combustion amounted to 70 % and 30 %, respectively, of fossil fuel emissions
Prieur, Vincent. "Modélisation du cycle terrestre de l'azote et estimation des émissions de N2O à l'échelle de la France et de l'Europe." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066269.
Full textThe growing demand in agricultural surfaces and the intensification of agricultural practices, consequences of an increase in world population and of changes in consumption modes associated to the development of emerging countries on the one hand and on the development of agrofuels on the other hand, represents an increasing pressure for the ecosystems and an important source of greenhouse gases (GHG) which must be taken into account in the framework of climate change studies. The agriculture represents 10 to 12% of global GHG emissions and in particular 60% of the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) which possesses a radiating power 310 times higher than the one of CO2 at a 100 years horizon. This thesis provides an estimation of the emissions of N2O from crop lands at the scale of Europe using the global land surface and vegetation dynamics model O-CN. This model originally developed to estimate carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere allows to study the emissions of nitrogen gases thanks to the recent addition of a modelling of nitrogen cycle in the biosphere and of the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen in soils. Sensitivity tests of estimated N2O emissions to internal parameters of the model and to environmental factors have been performed. Application of the model to experimental sites and comparisons to observations allows to evaluate emissions simulations. The results obtained are put into perspective through comparison at the scale of France with estimations from the agro-environmental CERS-EGC model and at the scale of Europe with GEIA, EDGAR 3. 2 et IER databases
Michou, Martine. "Modélisation du dépôt sec et des émissions d'espèces chimiques d'intérêt pour la qualité de l'air et pour la composition de la troposphère." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30170.
Full textBoudet, Céline. "Exposition du citadin aux particules fines en suspension : estimation de la part attribuable aux émissions automobiles : contribution à l'évaluation du risque sanitaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18003.
Full textWittig, Sophie. "Estimating methane sources and sinks in the Arctic using atmospheric data assimilation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ002.
Full textThe Arctic is an especially critical region with regard to global climate change. With temperatures in high northern latitudes increasing around three times faster than the global average, changes in environmental characteristics such as declining sea ice extend or thawing permafrost soils are proceeding rapidly. As a consequence, positive climatic feedbacks are triggered in this region, whereby the Arctic warming is accelerated even further. One important impact is the high risk of increased methane (CH4) emissions. CH4 is a potent greenhouse gas whose global average concentration in the atmosphere has increased by about 160 % since pre-industrial times, a trend that is also reflected in the Arctic. Currently, various CH4 sources, both natural and anthropogenic, are contributing to CH4 emissions from the Arctic region. Anthropogenic emissions are predominantly caused by the extraction and distribution of fossil fuels by the Arctic nations. The dominant natural source of CH4 are high northern latitude wetlands; however, other freshwater systems, wildfire events, geological fluxes and oceanic emissions of different origins also contribute to the Arctic CH4 budget. Furthermore, the thawing and destabilization of terrestrial and sub-sea permafrost will potentially increase CH4 emissions in the near future, for instance by the exposure of degradable soil organic matter. However, assessing the amount of CH4 emissions in the Arctic and their contribution to the global budget still remains challenging. This is on the one hand due to the difficulties in carrying out accurate measurements in such remote areas. Besides, high variations in the spatial distribution of methane sources and a poor understanding of the effects of ongoing changes in carbon decomposition, vegetation and hydrology also complicate the assessment. Therefore, the aim of this work is to reduce uncertainties on current bottom-up estimates of CH4 emissions as well as soil oxidation by implementing an inverse modeling approach in order to better quantify CH4 sources and sinks for the most recent years (2008 to 2019). More precisely, the objective is to detect occurring trends in the CH4 emissions and potential changes in seasonal emission patterns as well as to analyze the capability of the current stationary observation network in the Arctic to constrain the different CH4 sectors and to detect possible future trends caused by a potential “methane bomb”. The implementation of the inversion included hereby footprint simulations obtained with the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART, various emission estimates from inventories and land surface models as well as data of atmospheric CH4 concentrations from 42 surface observation sites in the Arctic nations. The results of the inversion showed that the majority of the CH4 sources currently present in high northern latitudes are poorly constrained by the existing observation network. Therefore, conclusions on trends and changes in the seasonal cycle could not be obtained for the corresponding CH4 sectors. Only CH4 fluxes from wetlands are adequately constrained, predominantly in North America. Within the period under study, wetland emissions show a slight negative trend in North America and a slight positive trend in East Eurasia. Overall, the estimated CH4 emissions are lower compared to the bottom-up estimates but higher than similar results from global inversions. The insufficient constraint by the observation network is also shown by a hypothetical scenario simulating future increases in CH4 emissions. Thereby, the applied trends are not only incorrectly detected in the regions they are assigned to, but elevated CH4 emissions are also attributed to areas where no trend is given by the scenario. A hypothetical expanded observation network of stationary sites show hereby only minor improvements
Thanwerdas, Joël. "Estimation des émissions et puits de méthane par inversion atmosphérique multi-contraintes du transport et de la chimie atmosphérique à l’aide d’un ensemble d’observations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ015.
Full textAtmospheric methane mole fractions have been multiplied by 2.6 since the beginning of the industrial era. This increase greatly amplified the impact of methane on global warming, ecosystems and human health. Understanding the biogeochemical cycle of methane and quantifying its sources and sinks from the global to the national scale is crucial to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of policies to mitigate methane emissions. Atmospheric inversion methods allow to estimate methane sources and sinks by combining information from observations of atmospheric methane mole fractions and a priori knowledge of its sources and sinks through chemistry-transport modeling. Furthermore, using the additional information provided by observations of methane isotopic signals (in 13C:12C and in D:H) can help to better differentiate between the multiple emission categories and reduce uncertainties in their estimates compared to assimilating methane mole fractions alone. The aim of this PhD was to investigate the evolution of the methane cycle over the last 20 years by integrating new functionalities to the CIF-LMDz-SACS inversion system used at LSCE. First, the LMDz-SACS chemistry-transport model was enriched to include the methane sink by chlorine which has a large influence on the isotopic fractionation of atmospheric methane. The influence of chlorine concentrations on methane mole fractions and its 13C:12C isotopic signal was rigorously quantified and found to be important for the representation of methane isotopic signals. Second, the CIF-LMDz-SACS inversion system was enhanced and the sensitivity of the system to some configuration parameters was analyzed. Finally, the new system was used to explain the increase in atmospheric methane mole fractions since 2007, after they stabilized between 1999 and 2006. Taking into account the large uncertainties in source isotopic signatures, our results suggest that this increase was caused by increases in emissions from 1) fossil fuels and 2) agriculture and waste. By contrast, if the source isotopic signatures are considered perfectly known, the distribution of total emissions among the different emission categories is radically changed and our results suggest this time that the increase in methane mole fractions after 2007 was caused by increases in emissions from 1) fossil fuels, 2) agriculture and waste and 3) wetlands. This work suggests that reducing uncertainties in source isotopic signatures and increasing the number of available isotopic observations would allow the isotopic constraint to express its full potential to better separate different sources of methane on a regional scale
Nechad, Hanane. "Evaluation de l'endommagement et de la rupture de matériaux hétérogènes par ultrasons et émission acoustique : estimation de la durée de vie restante." Lyon, INSA, 2004. https://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0040/these.pdf.
Full textBehaviour in creep and identification of the damage mechanisms of composite materials as glass/polyester unidirectional, with cross ply and SMC (sheet moulding compound), are studied in situ by acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasounds. The analysis of the signals of AE made it possible for certain materials to identify the damage mechanisms. The follow-up of the mechanical properties in creep through the longitudinal ultrasonic velocity is measured in situ. The loss of stiffness determined from ultrasonic velocity measurements observed and its good correlation with the AE testify to the capacity of the two methods to follow the damage and consolidate the idea of a global solution for health control of materials. In addition, we observed during primary creep a relaxation in power law (Andrade’s law) for the strain rate and AE rate (Omori’s law). Tertiary creep as for it, is characterized by a singularity in power law of the strain rates and AE culminating with the total rupture of materials. Interesting correlations were observed between some characteristics of the primary creep and tertiary regime, in particular between the time of rupture tc and the transition time of primary, secondary and tertiary creep tm. This significant result shows the bonds between the two modes and makes it possible to consider a means of prediction of the rupture. These experimental results are supported by a model derived from the democratic model of fibres called DFBM (Democratic fibre bundle model) in which the material is represented by a series of elements constituted of a spring assembled in parallel with a nonlinear shock absorber of viscosity of Eyring type. This model permits to explain the correlation between tc and tm and makes it possible to find again relaxation with andrade law in primary creep and the singularity of power law in tertiary creep with critical exponents of the same order as those observed in experiments
Dequiedt, Benjamin. "Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA021.
Full textIn this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions
Marec, Anne. "Contrôle de santé des matériaux hétérogènes par émission acoustique et acoustique non linéaire : discrimination des mécanismes d’endommagement et estimation de la durée de vie restante." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1012.pdf.
Full textLocal damage in glass/epoxy and glass/polyester composite materials is investigated with the analysis of the signals of acoustic emission (AE). Unsupervised pattern recognition analyses (fuzzy c-means clustering) associated with a principal component analysis are the tools used for the classification of the monitored AE events. A cluster analysis of AE data is achieved and the resulting clusters are correlated to the damage mechanisms of the material under investigation. The proposed method also shows the time evolution of different damage mechanisms till the global failure. Thus the most critical damage mechanisms are identified. After being validated on model samples composed of unidirectional composites, this method is applied to actual composites such as cross-ply composites, sheet molding compound (SMC) and polymer concretes damaged with tensile, creep and three-point bending tests. Furthermore, AE signals generated by heterogeneous materials are not stationary. Thus, continuous and discrete wavelet transforms are applied on typical damage mechanisms AE signals such as matrix cracking, debonding, fiber failure. Time-scale descriptors are defined from these wavelets and are introduced in the classification process. They provide a better discrimination of damage mechanisms than some time-based descriptors for more complex composite materials. Finally, gradually damaged SMC composite materials are experimented with nonlinear slow dynamics tests. Nonlinear slow dynamics have been found to be very sensitive to damage evolution. Clustering of AE signals enables to understand the contribution of the different damage mechanisms to the evolution of the nonlinear behavior of damaged SMC
Kayser, Bill. "Estimation des incertitudes de modélisation du bruit des éoliennes." Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA1035.
Full textThere is a major societal challenge to study the emission and propagation of noise emitted by wind turbines, and in particular to quantify the uncertainty in the estimation of sound levels. Although these sound levels are relatively low compared to those generated by other acoustic sources in the environment (e.g. land transport), noise pollution from wind turbines is often highlighted as a potential nuisance. Thus, this thesis work aims to quantify the spatial and frequency dependence of the uncertainties encountered in environmental acoustics, and in particular concerning wind turbine noise. To do so, a coupling is made between an acoustic emission model allowing to take into account the acoustic specificities of wind turbines (spectrum and directivity), and an acoustic propagation model allowing to take into account the effects of the atmosphere (thermal and aerodynamic vertical profiles) and the ground effects (absorption and roughness) on acoustic propagation. A sensitivity analysis is then carried out to determine the environmental parameters that have the greatest influence on the dispersion of sound levels. Following the development of a metamodel, an uncertainty analysis is carried out to estimate the total variability of the sound levels. Finally the method is applied to some examples of situations characteristic of the wind turbine noise
Perrin, Aurélie. "Evaluation environnementale des systèmes agricoles urbains en Afrique de l'Ouest : Implications de la diversité des pratiques et de la variabilité des émissions d'azote dans l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie de la tomate au Bénin." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0080/document.
Full textUrban agriculture provides opportunities to reduce poverty and ensure food safety for cities inhabitants in West Africa. The general objective of this thesis is producing representative inventories and a robust environmental assessment for those production systems using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Our case study was the tomato production in urban gardens in Benin. Our state of the art identified the integration of the diversity of systems and the variability of field emissions as two major challenges for the LCA of vegetable products. We therefore developed a typology-based protocol to collect cropping systems data that includes their diversity and an approach combining a nitrogen budget and the use of a biophysical model to estimate nitrogen field emissions. We created inventories for 6 cropping system types and one weighted mean representative for the urban tomato growers in Benin. The analysis of the agronomical performances of these systems highlighted the important yield variability and the variable and often excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. The investigation of nitrogen fluxes variability at plot and crop cycle scales led to the identification of 4 major influencing factors: water use, nitrogen input, soil pH and field capacity. Using favorable and unfavorable scenarios for nitrogen emissions for each of these 4 factors, we demonstrated that the LCA results were sensitive to their variations. The implementation of LCA using those contrasted data showed that one hectare of tomato production in Benin was more impacting than European vegetable productions. The benefits from the favorable climate for producing out-of-season tomatoes were hampered by the low efficiency of irrigations systems, the frequent use of insecticides and large nitrogen emissions. Measured data and new knowledge on these systems are needed to validate and refine our conclusions
Boudet, Antoine. "Lancer de photons multi-passes et écrasement de photons pour le rendu optronique." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2636/.
Full textMuch research have been done on global illumination simulation. Firstly used in the visible spectrum domain, today, simulation is more and more applied to infrared rendering. The union of these two domains is called optronic. The main problem of the current global illumination methods comes from the complexity of the light scattering phenomena, as well for surfaces as for participating media. These methods offer satisfactory results for simple scenes, but performances crash when complexity raises. In the first part of this thesis, we expose the necessity to take scattering phenomena into account for optronic simulation. In the second part, we pose the equations that unify all global illumination methods, i. E. The rendering equation and the volume radiative tranfer equation. The state of the art presented in the third part shows that the Photon Mapping method is, at this moment, the one that offers the better compromise between performance and quality. Nevertheless, the quality of the results obtained with this method depends on the number of photons that can be stocked, and then on the available memory. In the fourth part, we propose an evolution of the method, called Multipass Photon Mapping, which permits to get rid of this memory dependency, and hence, to achieve a great accuracy without using a costly harware configuration. Another problem inherent to Photon Mapping, is the enormous rendering time needed for participating media rendering. In the fifth and last part of this thesis, we propose a method, called Volume Photon Splatting, which takes advantage of density estimation to efficiently reconstruct volume radiance from the photon map. Our idea is to separate the computation of emission, absorption and out-scattering from the computation of in-scattering. Then we use a dual approach of density estimation to optimize this last part as it is the most computational expensive. Our method extends Photon Splatting, which optimizes the computation time of Photon Mapping for surface rendering, to participating media, and then considerably reduce participating media rendering times. Even though our method is faster than Photon Mapping for equal quality, we also propose a GPU based optimization of our algorithm
Ylonen, Markku. "Cavitation erosion monitoring by acoustic emission Cavitation Bubble Collapse Monitoring by Acoustic Emission in Laboratory Testing Cavitation Erosion Resistance Assessment and Comparison of Three Francis Turbine Runner Materials Estimation of Cavitation Pit Distributions by Acoustic Emission . Shedding Frequency in Erosion Evolution Tracking." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02613873.
Full textCavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles either in a static liquid or in a liquid flow due to a drop in static pressure. When these bubbles collapse, as a result of pressure recovery, they may damage adjacent surfaces. These events are major causes of damage and nuisance in hydro machines. Modern hydro turbines are often used to regulate power grids; therefore, they may be operated out of their designed range. The flow-related optimal operation is different from the economic optimal usage. Detecting and characterizing cavitation and assessing damage during operation can be difficult or even impossible. Acoustic emission (AE) measurements provide a way to measure cavitation without access to the flow, but interpreting the data is challenging. This thesis presents insights in the ways of treating the AE data both in characterizing individual pits created by cavitation impacts and in tracking the evolution of cavitation erosion. Additionally, the erosion rates of three turbine materials were compared, and the main reasons behind the differing erosion rates of two martensitic turbine steels were discovered. The same high-speed cavitation tunnel was used in all cavitation experiments. This thesis firstly presents a method for enveloping an AE waveform signal and for counting the peak voltage values. The resulting cumulative distributions were compared to those of cavitation pit diameters, and from this comparison, a connection was proposed between AE peak voltage value and pit diameter. The second result was the connection between cavitation cloud shedding frequency and erosion evolution. The process of demodulating high frequency AE signals effectively promotes the low frequency shedding. The shedding frequency increased with accumulating material loss, and it was concluded that this increase is due to geometry effects, namely surface roughness. In addition to the two proposed methods, it was found that the decisive factors in the differing erosion rates of the martensitic stainless steels are the prior austenite grain size, packet and block sizes and the retained austenite fraction. This thesis provides guidelines directly applicable, such as the martensitic steel classifying, and methods that require further development, if one wishes to utilize them in hydro machine cavitation monitoring instead of laboratory measurements in a cavitation tunnel. The main outcome is that AE is a potential way to monitor cavitation, with the important benefit of not requiring any access to the flow
Engel, Céline. "Optimisation des performances du système optique et estimation de la polarisation instrumentale de l'expérience embarquée sous ballon stratosphérique PILOT." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821057.
Full textEngel, Céline. "Optimisation des performances du système optique et estimation de la polarisation instrumentale de l'expérience embarquée sous ballon stratosphérique PILOT." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1891/.
Full textThe PILOT experiment will measure the polarized emission of interstellar dust grains, in the submillimeter range, at 240 and 550 µm. The scientific instrument will be on-board a stratospheric platform. A field of view of 0. 8°×1° and a resolution of about one arc minute are needed to reach the scientific objectives. For this purpose, the use of an extended focal plane, a large diameter primary mirror and a re-imaging system is needed. For the off axis telescope, we must respect a combination of shape and angle between the primary and secondary mirror, in order to optimize the image quality and to minimize the instrumental polarization. The aim of my thesis work was the evaluation of the performances of this optical system and the prediction of their variations in flight conditions. All the optical elements, except the primary mirror will be cooled to 3 K. The variations of the primary mirror characteristics with the environment must be well known in order to obtain optimal performances during the flight. For the evaluation of these characteristics, I used tridimensional measurements, submillimeter characterization and modelling of the deformations in various environmental conditions. The method used for the primary mirror was applied to the lenses of the reimaging system too. The actual modelling of the optical system includes these results and show that the optical performances are nominal. Using this realistic modelling, an optimization of the positionning of each optical element was done for the integration of the instrument. The polarization degree of the dust grain emission is expected to be only a few percent. For the interpretation of the instrument signal, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the instrumental polarization. Using modelling with Zemax software, I have determined the Stokes parameters for several positions of the optical axis of the half waveplate, different orientations of the incident polarization state and for a set of positions in the field of view. During the ground tests of the integrated instrument, I will verify and optimize these parameters
El, yazidi Abdelhadi. "Estimation des flux de CO2 et de CH4 en France en utilisant les concentrations atmosphériques du réseau ICOS et les techniques d'assimilation de données." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV067.
Full textSince the industrial revolution, the economic and the demographic growths have increased exponentially,leading to an enhancement of the fossil fuels combustion, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Consumingthese source of energy amplifies the greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane(CH4), whose accumulation in the atmosphere lead to the increase of the greenhouse effect. According tothe 5th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is extremely likely(95-100% of certainty) that the observed increase in the greenhouse effect is related to the increase of theanthropogenic emissions. However, the estimations of the GHG budget at the regional and the nationalscales remains highly uncertain. The aim of this thesis is to improve the estimation of the CO2 and CH4fluxes in France, using data assimilation techniques and atmospheric measurements provided by theIntegrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network.The first phase focuses on analyzing the measured CO2, CH4, and CO (Carbon monoxide) atmosphericconcentrations provided by surface monitoring stations. This study is concerned with the problem ofidentifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in the GHG time series.Three methods are implemented on continuous measurements of four contrasted atmospheric sites. The aimof this analysis is to evaluate the performance of the used methods for the correctly detect the contaminateddata. This work allows us to select the most reliable method that was proposed to perform daily spikedetection in the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Centre Quality Control (ATC-QC) software.Secondly, we simulate the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using the chemistry transport modelCHIMERE in a domain centered over France for the year 2014. The objective of this study is to evaluate thesensitivity of simulated concentrations using different input data (sensitivity to the meteorological transportand sensitivity to the surface fluxes). This work led to the quantification of both the transport and surfacefluxes errors based on the combination of different simulations. Thus, the most reliable combination of thebest input data was selected for the flux inversion study.Lastly, the measured CO2 and CH4 concentrations are used by the PYMAI inversion system (Berchet et al.,2013 and 2015) in order to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in France. The Inversion is performed for onemonth in winter (January) and one month in summer (July), using the transport model CHIMERE. Theinversion results have provided very interesting results for the regional estimation of the CO2 and CH4surface fluxes in France with an uncertainty reduction that may attain 35% of the national totals
Vié, Théophile. "On the effect of coatings and pre-corrosion on the fatigue behaviour of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy samples monitored with Acoustic Emission (AE) : Towards lifetime estimation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0092.
Full textThe aim of this thesis work is to identify and quantify the impact of different coatings and corrosive environments on the fatigue behaviour of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy parts by monitoring damage using acoustic emission. Monotonic tensile and cyclic tensile/tensile fatigue tests Rσ=0.1 in the limited endurance range were carried out on specimens coated with several types of coating and subjected to different types of corrosion processes. The coatings studied are composed of combinations of three distinct protective layers: An aluminium oxide conversion layer obtained by a sulphuric anodisation process and two polymeric layers of epoxy paints, a primer and a topcoat. Various pre-corrosion scenarios were set up in order to study the impact of ageing induced by an aggressive environment on the different coating layers, as well as substrate corrosion on the damage mechanisms of our materials. The combined effect of corrosion of the substrate and ageing of the coatings is studied by means of galvano static coupling of a specimen immersed in a corrosive NaCl solution (pH 4, 30 g/L) with a local defect in the coatings. The effect of a corrosion defect alone was studied by the local application of an acidic HCl solution (pH 0.1) to a defect in the coating. Finally, the effect of ageing alone was obtained by immersing test specimens with no apparent coating defects in a NaCl solution (30 g/L). The damage mechanisms and dynamics of our materials are studied via an overall study of the AE response during mechanical testing. Analysis of the AE results enabled us to identify different acoustic signatures relating to specific damage mechanisms. These were determined by microstructural analysis based on optical microscope and SEM observations. For all the types of materials tested (different coatings and pre-corrosion protocols), damage indicators based on the AE data are studied with the aim of determining characteristic damage times that provide information on the remaining useful life before specimen failure (Remaining Useful Lifetime, RUL). The characteristic times defined are linked to the initiation of cracks in the aluminium substrate and to the propagation of the main fatigue crack. The various sources of AE and the characteristic damage times can be used as a basis for implementing the model in order to estimate the time to failure of our materials under cyclic loading
El, yazidi Abdelhadi. "Estimation des flux de CO2 et de CH4 en France en utilisant les concentrations atmosphériques du réseau ICOS et les techniques d'assimilation de données." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV067/document.
Full textSince the industrial revolution, the economic and the demographic growths have increased exponentially,leading to an enhancement of the fossil fuels combustion, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Consumingthese source of energy amplifies the greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane(CH4), whose accumulation in the atmosphere lead to the increase of the greenhouse effect. According tothe 5th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is extremely likely(95-100% of certainty) that the observed increase in the greenhouse effect is related to the increase of theanthropogenic emissions. However, the estimations of the GHG budget at the regional and the nationalscales remains highly uncertain. The aim of this thesis is to improve the estimation of the CO2 and CH4fluxes in France, using data assimilation techniques and atmospheric measurements provided by theIntegrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network.The first phase focuses on analyzing the measured CO2, CH4, and CO (Carbon monoxide) atmosphericconcentrations provided by surface monitoring stations. This study is concerned with the problem ofidentifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in the GHG time series.Three methods are implemented on continuous measurements of four contrasted atmospheric sites. The aimof this analysis is to evaluate the performance of the used methods for the correctly detect the contaminateddata. This work allows us to select the most reliable method that was proposed to perform daily spikedetection in the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Centre Quality Control (ATC-QC) software.Secondly, we simulate the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using the chemistry transport modelCHIMERE in a domain centered over France for the year 2014. The objective of this study is to evaluate thesensitivity of simulated concentrations using different input data (sensitivity to the meteorological transportand sensitivity to the surface fluxes). This work led to the quantification of both the transport and surfacefluxes errors based on the combination of different simulations. Thus, the most reliable combination of thebest input data was selected for the flux inversion study.Lastly, the measured CO2 and CH4 concentrations are used by the PYMAI inversion system (Berchet et al.,2013 and 2015) in order to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in France. The Inversion is performed for onemonth in winter (January) and one month in summer (July), using the transport model CHIMERE. Theinversion results have provided very interesting results for the regional estimation of the CO2 and CH4surface fluxes in France with an uncertainty reduction that may attain 35% of the national totals
Simon, Antoine. "Optimisation énergétique de chaînes de traction hybrides essence et Diesel sous contrainte de polluants : Étude et validation expérimentale." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2010.
Full textPowertrain hybridization is a solution that has been adopted in order to conform to future standards for emissions regulations. The supervisory strategy of the hybrid powertrain divides the power emitted between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine. In past studies, this strategy has typically responded to an optimization problem with the objective of reducing consumption. However, in addition to this, it is now necessary to take pollutant emissions into account as well. The after-treatment system, placed in the exhaust of the engine, is able to reduce pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. It is efficient from a certain temperature threshold, and the temperature of the system is dependent on the heat brought by the exhaust gas of the engine. The first part of this dissertation is aimed at modelling the energy consumption and pollutant emissions of the hybrid powertrain. The efficiency model of the after-treatment system is adapted for use in two different contexts. The zero-dimensional model conforms to the constraints of the optimal control calculation. The one-dimensional model associated with a state estimator can be embedded in a vehicle and calculated in real time. From this work, the second part of this dissertation deduces supervisory strategies from the optimal control theory. On the one hand, Bellman’s principle is used to calculate the optimal control of a Diesel hybrid vehicle using different supervisory criteria, each having more or less information about the after-treatment system efficiency over NOX emissions. On the other hand, a strategy from Pontryagin’s minimum principle, embedded in a gasoline hybrid vehicle, running in real time and calibrated with two parameters, is proposed. The whole of this work is validated experimentally on an engine test bed and shows a significant reduction in pollutant emissions for a slight fuel consumption penalty