Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Estimation de propriétés d'objets'
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Syllebranque, Cédric. "Estimation de propriétés mécaniques d'objets complexes à partir de séquences d'images." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10175/document.
Full textMany computer-driven simulations are able to reproduce three dimensional object's physical behaviours. Phenomenons related to many different domains like "classical" mechanic (cloth simulation for example), fluids mechanic (fires or smoke for example) or photometry (photo-realistic 3d scenes visualisation for example) can be recreated virtually. However, those algorithms usually need a lot of parameters. Their tuning is often complex and not realistic. To use those algorithms in surgical simulations or for bridge stability computations, it is essential to have the right parameters. Unfortunately, it is hard (sometimes impossible), even for a domain expert, to find the right values for those parameters to produce the desired effect, and especially for complex real objects like an eye or a liver for example. Indeed, even if we had a very powerfull simulator, the adequacy with the real world is far to be obvious, and in the best case we always need to grope in order to obtain the wanted result, and it can sometimes take hours. This PhD aim to find these parameters directly from real videos, in order to reproduce in virtual reality the "real" objects behaviours in the most faithful possible way. To achieve this, we propose a low cost hardware and software solution by designing a new force capture device and an inverse estimation algorithm based on some error metrics
Chareyre, Maxime. "Apprentissage non-supervisé pour la découverte de propriétés d'objets par découplage entre interaction et interprétation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0122.
Full textRobots are increasingly used to achieve tasks in controlled environments. However, their use in open environments is still fraught with difficulties. Robotic agents are likely to encounter objects whose behaviour and function they are unaware of. In some cases, it must interact with these elements to carry out its mission by collecting or moving them, but without knowledge of their dynamic properties it is not possible to implement an effective strategy for resolving the mission.In this thesis, we present a method for teaching an autonomous robot a physical interaction strategy with unknown objects, without any a priori knowledge, the aim being to extract information about as many of the object's physical properties as possible from the interactions observed by its sensors. Existing methods for characterising objects through physical interactions do not fully satisfy these criteria. Indeed, the interactions established only provide an implicit representation of the object's dynamics, requiring supervision to identify their properties. Furthermore, the proposed solution is based on unrealistic scenarios without an agent. Our approach differs from the state of the art by proposing a generic method for learning interaction that is independent of the object and its properties, and can therefore be decoupled from the prediction phase. In particular, this leads to a completely unsupervised global pipeline.In the first phase, we propose to learn an interaction strategy with the object via an unsupervised reinforcement learning method, using an intrinsic motivation signal based on the idea of maximising variations in a state vector of the object. The aim is to obtain a set of interactions containing information that is highly correlated with the object's physical properties. This method has been tested on a simulated robot interacting by pushing and has enabled properties such as the object's mass, shape and friction to be accurately identified.In a second phase, we make the assumption that the true physical properties define a latent space that explains the object's behaviours and that this space can be identified from observations collected through the agent's interactions. We set up a self-supervised prediction task in which we adapt a state-of-the-art architecture to create this latent space. Our simulations confirm that combining the behavioural model with this architecture leads to the emergence of a representation of the object's properties whose principal components are shown to be strongly correlated with the object's physical properties.Once the properties of the objects have been extracted, the agent can use them to improve its efficiency in tasks involving these objects. We conclude this study by highlighting the performance gains achieved by the agent through training via reinforcement learning on a simplified object repositioning task where the properties are perfectly known.All the work carried out in simulation confirms the effectiveness of an innovative method aimed at autonomously discovering the physical properties of an object through the physical interactions of a robot. The prospects for extending this work involve transferring it to a real robot in a cluttered environment
Mercier, Bruno. "Reconstruction et analyse automatiques pour le rééclairage d'objets basés-image." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145124.
Full textJeamet, Emeric. "Études structurales et propriétés de reconnaissance d'objets auto-assemblés." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1024/document.
Full textSince the 1990s, dynamic combinatorial chemistry has allowed the discovery and preparation of new synthetic receptors from simple building blocks under thermodynamic control. In this context, we have recently described a new family of dynamic para cyclophanes, the so-called dyn[n]arenes. These macrocycles, made from functionalized 1,4-bisthiophenolic building blocks, could be obtained on a gram scale from a simple purification procedure, and without any chromatography. Their synthetic accessibility allows us to study the driving forces behind their self-assembly, as well as their molecular recognition properties towards ionic guest molecules. Experimental and computational experiments were also conducted to reveal the subtle physical phenomena that are responsible for the remarkable selectivity and affinity observed between a poly-anionic dyn[4]arene and a series of a,?-alkyl-diamines. During these previous studies, we rediscovered a simple synthetic route towards a family of molecules that is unexploited so far: the dithiocins. The functionalization of these molecular objects has been explored in order to generate versatile platforms for biological applications
Le, Guével Ronan. "Processus multistables : Propriétés locales et estimation." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00531545.
Full textJean, Sonia. "Reconnaissance d'objets astronomiques HI par déconvolution et par estimation de densité." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25615.pdf.
Full textGourgeot, Florian. "Etude comparative des propriétés physico-chimiques d'astéroïdes, de satellites glacés et d'objets transneptuniens." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2013. https://hal.science/tel-02095156.
Full textAsteroids, satellites and transneptunian objects are three populations of bodies which present dynamical, physical and chemical properties extremely varied. The present thesis is dedicated to the physical-chemical analysis of the surface of asteroids, icy moons and transneptunian objects from ground based observations. An essential part of the thesis is devoted to the data analysis with the use of pipelines reduction or specially developed routines. In the process of my research, a spectrum of the near-Earth asteroid (175706) 1996 FG3 was obtained. A part of the work is devoted to the analysis of the icy satellites, the jovian moons Europa and Ganymede, both targets of the JUICE space mission, selected by ESA in 2012. A full mapping was made for the Europa’s surface in order to localize precisely the hydrated regions of the moon. A large part of the work was dedicated to the data analysis of the Uranus’ satellite Miranda. This study shows that water ice is crystalline in the major part of its surface including regions unobserved by Voyager 2. New results were obtained for three transneptunian objects (TNO), including two dwarf planets. Finally, a study of the dwarf planet Haumea was carried out in order to compare its different regions, including that of the Dark Red Spot (DRSThe astrometric positions of the two Haumea’s satellites (Hi’iaka and Namaka) were measured as well. A series of laboratory experiments (Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble) was accomplished on methanol ice using a cryostat with a setting liquid deposition in a cell. This work enabled to obtain new absorbance spectra in the near infrared by varying the temperature. These results permit new detailed reflectance models for solar system objects containing methanol
Savalle, Pierre-André. "Interactions entre rang et parcimonie en estimation pénalisée, et détection d'objets structurés." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0051/document.
Full textThis thesis is organized in two independent parts. The first part focused on convex matrix estimation problems, where both rank and sparsity are taken into account simultaneously. In the context of graphs with community structures, a common assumption is that the underlying adjacency matrices are block-diagonal in an appropriate basis. However, these types of graphs are usually far from complete, and their adjacency representations are thus also inherently sparse. This suggests that combining the sparse hypothesis and the low rank hypothesis may allow to more accurately model such objects. To this end, we propose and analyze a convex penalty to promote both low rank and high sparsity at the same time. Although the low rank hypothesis allows to reduce over-fitting by decreasing the modeling capacity of a matrix model, the opposite may be desirable when enough data is available. We study such an example in the context of localized multiple kernel learning, which extends multiple kernel learning by allowing each of the kernels to select different support vectors. In this framework, multiple kernel learning corresponds to a rank one estimator, while higher-rank estimators have been observed to increase generalization performance. We propose a novel family of large-margin methods for this problem that, unlike previous methods, are both convex and theoretically grounded. The second part of the thesis is about detection of objects or signals which exhibit combinatorial structures, and we present two such problems. First, we consider detection in the statistical hypothesis testing sense, in models where anomalous signals correspond to correlated values at different sensors. In most existing work, detection procedures are provided with a full sample of all the sensors. However, the experimenter may have the capacity to make targeted measurements in an on-line and adaptive manner, and we investigate such adaptive sensing procedures. Finally, we consider the task of identifying and localizing objects in images. This is an important problem in computer vision, where hand-crafted features are usually used. Following recent successes in learning ad-hoc representations for similar problems, we integrate the method of deformable part models with high-dimensional features from convolutional neural networks, and shows that this significantly decreases the error rates of existing part-based models
Sanson, Francois. "Estimation du risque humain lié à la retombée d'objets spatiaux sur Terre." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX035.
Full textRecent regulations impose the re-entry of human-made end-of-life space object with a rigorous assessment of the risk for human assets. The risk evaluation requires sequences of complex numerical simulations accounting for the multi-physics phenomena occurring during the reentry of a space object, e.g., fluid-structure interactions and heat transfer. Further, these simulations are inaccurate because they rely on overly simplified models and partial knowledge of the reentry conditions.In this thesis, we propose novel uncertainty quantification techniques to deal with some of the uncertainties characterizing the problem and apply them to predict the risk for human assets due to the reentry of a space object.First, we construct a system of solvers to predict both the controlled or uncontrolled reentry of space objects. Compared to the existing reentry software, our system naturally accommodates the uncertainty in the object breakup predictions. Moreover, the constitutive solvers are interfaced and coupled within a framework that allows a single user to perform parallel runs of the full system.Second, we present two original methods to propagate the uncertainties in reentry predictions using the system of solvers. First, we construct a surrogate model approximating the directed systems of solvers, using a system of Gaussian Processes (SoGP). We build this probabilistic surrogate by approximating each solver (or a group of solvers) of the directed system by a Gaussian Process (GP). We show that the predictive variance of the SoGP is composed of individual contributions from each GP.We use this decomposition of the variance decomposition to develop active learning strategies based on training datasets which are enriched parsimoniously to improve the prediction of the least reliable GP only. We assessed the performance of the SoGP on several analytical and industrial cases. The SoGP coupled with active learning strategies yielded systematically significant improvements.The second method aims at predicting the survivability of space objects. During a space reentry event, the object can break up and generate fragments. Some fragments disintegrate in the atmosphere while others survive to the ground. Assessing the survivability of a fragment implies determining whether it reaches the ground or not and if it does, the impact location and the risk associated. We propose an original formulation of the survivability assessment problem to efficiently estimate the risk. The proposed method involves the composition of a classifier (demise prediction) with a Gaussian Process (impact location prediction).Dedicated active learning strategies are designed to balance the prediction errors of the classifier and GP and allocate training samples adequately.Finally, we apply the methods developed in the thesis to the prediction of the controlled reentry of a rocket upper-stage. The problem involves a large number of uncertainties (38), including the initial orbit properties, the deorbiting conditions, the upper stage material characteristics, the atmosphere model parameters, and the fragment material uncertainties. Moreover, we use a probabilistic breakup model for the object breakup to account for the model uncertainties. With our methods, we estimate at a reasonable computational cost the statistics of the conditions at breakup, the survival probability of the fragments, the casualty area, and the human risk. Global sensitivity analyses of the breakup conditions and casualty area provide a ranking of the most critical uncertainties. This study demonstrates the capability of our surrogate simulator to produce a robust measure of on-ground risk for a realistic reentry scenario
Charlot, Stéphane. "Contrainte sur la formation des galaxies déduites des propriétés spectrophotométriques d'objets a distances cosmologiques." Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA077038.
Full textWe use simple theoretical ideas to interpret spectrophotometric observations of candidate galaxies at high redshift as constraints on their formation and on the star formation activity at early epochs. We show that the small dust content of the damped Lyman-alpha systems, in the foreground of distant quasars, introduces large uncertainties in the relation between their star formation rates and their Lyman-alpha emission. The damped Lyman-alpha systems, despite their apparent lack of Lyman-alpha emission, could be galactic-type disks undergoing active star bursts. We also show that the red spectra of the high-redshift radio galaxies do not require old ages to be fitted, but could be produced by stellar populations that have formed recently on timescales comparable to or shorter than a free-fall time. Such young ages are consistent with the other properties observed in these sources. Hence, the high-redshift radio galaxies do not rule out scenarios of late galaxy formation. To then predict the appearance of evolving galaxies, we build a model of stellar population synthesis by using an updated stellar input physics and an important technical improvement over existing models. This model reproduces well the spectrophotometric properties, from the ultraviolet to the near infrared, of nearby stellar populations in a wide range of ages and star formation histories. The appearance of model galaxies forming according to various scenarios differs substantially from earlier predictions
Nier, Vincent Philippe. "Estimation statistique des propriétés physiques de monocouches cellulaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066233/document.
Full textEpithelial cells are known to form cohesive monolayers, a form of tissue organization encountered in the lung, the kidney or the skin. From in vitro experiments, we have characterized the mechanical properties of cell monolayers. We have studied the closure of circular wounds over a nonadhesive substrate. Comparing different models, we have shown how closure is possible thanks to a contractile acto-myosin cable and to fluctuations of the tissue tension. Traction Force Microscopy (TFM) allows to measure the forces that cells exert on their substrate. Starting from this measurement and using the force balance equations, we have solved this underdetermined problem by Bayesian inversion and obtained the internal stress field of the tissue. Applying this method on single images (BISM: Bayesian Inversion Stress Microscopy), and adapting it with a Kalman filter for movies (KISM: Kalman Inversion Stress Microscopy) we have inferred the stress tensor of cell monolayers, without making any hypothesis on the tissue rheology. Finally, we have estimated the stresses directly from the substrate displacements, without computing the traction forces and thus reducing the number of matrix inversions (BISMu: Bayesian Inversion Stress Microscopy from substrate displacements)
Bouteloup, Rémi. "Estimation de propriétés d'intérêt pour les électrolytes liquides." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4016/document.
Full textLiquid electrolytes, composed of a salt dissolved in a solvent, are used in the composition of batteries and are the subject of numerous studies to improve their performance and safety. Of all the essential properties of an electrolyte, the most important is its ionic conductivity, which influences the battery's performance. For a given salt, the conductivity itself is mainly determined by the physico-chemical properties of the solvent such as its dielectric constant or its viscosity. The objective of this study is to develop models to estimate properties of interest of liquid electrolytes, in order to offer time savings to chemists, who will be able to eliminate inadequate compositions from the point of view of such or such property. The first part of this study presents a method to estimate the conductivity of an electrolyte, consisting of a LiPF6 salt in a solvent mixture. This method is based on new equations, to estimate the parameters of the Casteel-Amis equation, based on the physico-chemical properties of the solvent mixture, including the dielectric constant. The second part also presents a method to estimate the dielectric constant of a pure solvent, based on its chemical structure. This method is based on new additive models that estimate the parameters of the Kirkwood-Fröhlich equation. Two of these models estimate the density and refractive index of a liquid compound at room temperature. All the models developed can be used via a user interface
Larvor, Yannick. "Notions de méréogéométrie : description qualitative de propriétés géométriques du mouvement et de la forme d'objets tridimensionnels." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30131.
Full textSamson, Vincent. "Approche régularisée pour la détection d'objets ponctuels dans une séquence d'images." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112295.
Full textWe address the issue of point target detection in image sequences. Our application deals with optical images of cloud scenes for remote surveillance but this problem is also relevant to other domains such as astronomical or biomedical imaging. Among the different techniques in the literature, clutter removal algorithms identify point objects as pixel anomalies with respect to the background correlated structure. Thus, we propose to solve this problem in a regularized framework by taking into account some a priori information on the two components of the data, cluttered background and isolated point targets. Our goal is to separate them by inverting the observation model. The single frame estimate of the background is defined as the minimizer of a global penalized criterion involving two robust terms. The enhanced target image is the residual output and can be interpreted in a Bayesian framework as the MAP solution. For the sake of computational burden, the criterion is chosen convex and searched by a gradient-type algorithm. We propose an extension of this approach to the simultaneous processing of several frames. It takes into account the apparent translational motion of the background and leads to multiframe estimates of background and targets. Simulation results on realistic images show that the single frame solution overcomes spatial matched filter and in the spatio-temporal case, our method gives improved performance for detecting slow moving objects compared to linear prediction filters. Then, we develop high-resolution models to cape with undersampling, in particular the aliasing of the background. Detection of point objects with random subpixel location is also tackled through the comparison of empirical performances of refined detection statistics
Godin, Alexandre. "Estimation sur des bases orthogonales des propriétés thermiques de matériaux hétérogènes à propriétés constantes par morceaux." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821884.
Full textLiebelt, Jörg. "Détection de classes d'objets et estimation de leurs poses à partir de modèles 3D synthétiques." Grenoble, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00553343.
Full textThis dissertation aims at extending object class detection and pose estimation tasks on single 2D images by a 3D model-based approach. The work describes learning, detection and estimation steps adapted to the use of synthetically rendered data with known 3D geometry. Most existing approaches recognize object classes for a particular viewpoint or combine classifiers for a few discrete views. By using existing CAD models and rendering techniques from the domain of computer graphics which are parameterized to reproduce some variations commonly found in real images, we propose instead to build 3D representations of object classes which allow to handle viewpoint changes and intra-class variability. These 3D representations are derived in two different ways : either as an unsupervised filtering process of pose and class discriminant local features on purely synthetic training data, or as a part model which discriminatively learns the object class appearance from an annotated database of real images and builds a generative representation of 3D geometry from a database of synthetic CAD models. During detection, we introduce a 3D voting scheme which reinforces geometric coherence by means of a robust pose estimation, and we propose an alternative probabilistic pose estimation method which evaluates the likelihood of groups of 2D part detections with respect to a full 3D geometry. Both detection methods yield approximate 3D bounding boxes in addition to 2D localizations ; these initializations are subsequently improved by a registration scheme aligning arbitrary 3D models to optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images in order to disambiguate and prune 2D detections and to handle occlusions. The work is evaluated on several standard benchmark datasets and it is shown to achieve state-of-the-art performance for 2D detection in addition to providing 3D pose estimations from single images
Michels, Yves. "Reconstruction tomographique d'objets déformables pour la cryo-microscopie électronique à particules isolées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD031/document.
Full textSingle particle cryo-electron microscopy is a technique that allows to estimate the 3D structure of biological complex. The construction of the 3D volume is performed by computerized tomography applied on a set of projection images from transmission electron microscope. Existing tomographic reconstructionalgorithms allow us to visualize molecular structure with a resolution around one angstrom. However the resolution is degraded when the molecules are deformable. This thesis contributes to the development of signal processing method in order to take into account the deformation information of the observed object for the ab initio tomographic reconstruction. The main contributions of this thesis are the estimation of projection parameters based on non-linear dimensionreduction, the false edges detection in neighborhood graphs to improve noise robustness of dimension reduction methods, and tomographic reconstruction based on a parametric model of the volume
Allamy, Lalla Aïcha. "Estimation robuste des coefficients d'un processus autorégressif spatial : propriétés asymptotiques." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10189.
Full textBechelany, Mirna. "Élaboration d'objets massifs céramiques de type nanocomposite par la voie "polymère précéramique"." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10298.
Full textIn the present work, a chemical approach called the « Polymer Derived Ceramics » route, has been applied to prepare monolithic ceramic nanocomposites of the type nc-MN/a-Si3N4 with nc, nanocrystals, M, Transition Metal (Ti, Zr, Hf) and a being amorphous. After a literature review in the first chapter, we have designed preceramic polymers of the type polymetallosilazanes to provide after pyrolysis nanocomposites in form of powders in the second chapter. Each step of the process has been studied using characterization tools such as molecular weight measurements, solid-state NMR, and infrared spectroscopy. The structure of the polymers has been proposed. The pyrolysis has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and the final materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and TEM to confirm the nature of the nanocomposites. In a third chapter, polymers have been tested with regard to warm-pressing as shaping process to form green compacts which have been treated under ammonia then nitrogen at high temperatures to produce the desired ceramic nanocomposites (e.g. amorphous silicon nitride matrix) with specified properties (e.g. decorative properties) in form of monolith. Structural, mechanical and decorative properties have been finally studied. In the fourth chapter, we presented preliminary results on i) the use of Spark Plasma Sintering technique on the powders prepared in chapter 2 to optimize the quality of the solid objects ii) the introduction of two types of transition metals in the same polymetallosilazane leading to a new type of nanocomposite according to the process described in chapters 2 and 3 and iii) the elaboration of these nanocomposites through a cost-effective “two-step” process by dispersing transition metal nanoparticles within polycarbosilazanes
Rejeb, Sfar Asma. "Classification fine d'objets : identification d'espèces végétales." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENST0046/document.
Full textWe introduce models for fine-grained categorization, focusing on determining botanical species from leaf images. Images with both uniform and cluttered background are considered and several identification scenarios are presented, including different levels of human participation. Both feature extraction and classification algorithms are investigated. We first leverage domain knowledge from botany to build a hierarchical representation of leaves based on IdKeys, which encode invariable characteristics, and refer to geometric properties (i.e., landmarks) and groups of species (e.g., taxonomic categories). The main idea is to sequentially refine the object description and thus narrow down the set of candidates during the identification task. We also introduce vantage feature frames as a more generic object representation and a mechanism for focusing attention around several vantage points (where to look) and learning dedicated features (what to compute). Based on an underlying coarse-to-fine hierarchy, categorization then proceeds from coarse-grained to fine-grained using local classifiers which are based on likelihood ratios. Motivated by applications, we also introduce on a new approach and performance criterion: report a subset of species whose expected size is minimized subject to containing the true species with high probability. The approach is model-based and outputs a confidence set in analogy with confidence intervals in classical statistics. All methods are illustrated on multiple leaf datasets with comparisons to existing methods
Allili, Mohand Saïd. "Segmentation d'images et suivi d'objets en vidéos approches par estimation, sélection de caractéristiques et contours actifs." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5118.
Full textStahr, Robert. "Estimation des propriétés de réflexion de lumière en vision par ordinateur." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5486.
Full textHuynh, Quoc Vu. "Estimation des propriétés poromécaniques effectives des argilites : apport des méthodes d'homogénéisation." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL089N/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the analysis of the anisotropic effects in the determination of the poroelastic properties of the porous rocks. After a bibliographical study, the influence of the form and distribution in orientation of the pores on the anisotropy of the rocks were studied. The homogenization scheme in this thesis is that of Mori-Tanaka. The estimate of the effective coefficients poroelastic of heterogeneous materials of type rocks-like composites characterized by a transverse isotropic matrix containing solid mineral inclusions of roughly spherical form was carried out in using the analytical solution of a spherical inclusion isolated in an infinite transverse isotropic matrix. Thereafter, we are interested in the taking into account of spheroidal inclusions of which orientation does not coincid with the orthogonal axis of revolution of the matrix. We propose a numerical approach of integration based on the Green function. Numerical integrate on the unit sphere is carried out using a method of Gauss of which the precision is discussed. The developed numerical tool is applied to a porous rock by considering a homogenization scheme in two stages and various functions of distribution of orientation. Respective influences of pore space anisotropy and matrix anisotropy are clearly distinguished and analyzed
Pitteri, Giorgia. "3D Object Pose Estimation in Industrial Context." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0202.
Full text3D object detection and pose estimation are of primary importance for tasks such as robotic manipulation, augmented reality and they have been the focus of intense research in recent years. Methods relying on depth data acquired by depth cameras are robust. Unfortunately, active depth sensors are power hungry or sometimes it is not possible to use them. It is therefore often desirable to rely on color images. When training machine learning algorithms that aim at estimate object's 6D poses from images, many challenges arise, especially in industrial context that requires handling objects with symmetries and generalizing to unseen objects, i.e. objects never seen by the networks during training.In this thesis, we first analyse the link between the symmetries of a 3D object and its appearance in images. Our analysis explains why symmetrical objects can be a challenge when training machine learning algorithms to predict their 6D pose from images. We then propose an efficient and simple solution that relies on the normalization of the pose rotation. This approach is general and can be used with any 6D pose estimation algorithm.Then, we address the second main challenge: the generalization to unseen objects. Many recent methods for 6D pose estimation are robust and accurate but their success can be attributed to supervised Machine Learning approaches. For each new object, these methods have to be retrained on many different images of this object, which are not always available. Even if domain transfer methods allow for training such methods with synthetic images instead of real ones-at least to some extent-such training sessions take time, and it is highly desirable to avoid them in practice.We propose two methods to handle this problem. The first method relies only on the objects’ geometries and focuses on objects with prominent corners, which covers a large number of industrial objects. We first learn to detect object corners of various shapes in images and also to predict their 3D poses, by using training images of a small set of objects. To detect a new object in a given image, we first identify its corners from its CAD model; we also detect the corners visible in the image and predict their 3D poses. We then introduce a RANSAC-like algorithm that robustly and efficiently detects and estimates the object’s 3D pose by matching its corners on the CAD model with their detected counterparts in the image.The second method overcomes the limitations of the first one as it does not require objects to have specific corners and the offline selection of the corners on the CAD model. It combines Deep Learning and 3D geometry and relies on an embedding of the local 3D geometry to match the CAD models to the input images. For points at the surface of objects, this embedding can be computed directly from the CAD model; for image locations, we learn to predict it from the image itself. This establishes correspondences between 3D points on the CAD model and 2D locations of the input images. However, many of these correspondences are ambiguous as many points may have similar local geometries. We also show that we can use Mask-RCNN in a class-agnostic way to detect the new objects without retraining and thus drastically limit the number of possible correspondences. We can then robustly estimate a 3D pose from these discriminative correspondences using a RANSAC-like algorithm
Maldonado, Miguel. "Advances in estimation and control for flotation columns." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21919.
Full textSchwartz, Delphine. "Application des techniques d'optimisation à la caractérisation de matériaux ou d'objets par des techniques de contrôle non destructif." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS060.
Full textGava, Jérôme. "Etude des propriétés des neutrinos dans les contextes astrophysique et cosmologique." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112102.
Full textThe neutrino oscillation phenomenon was discovered in 1998 by the Super-Kamiokande experiment, 11 years after the first observation of neutrinos from a supernova (SN 1987 A). Thus, this field has enormously developed over the last ten years. The subject of this thesis is to study, in the astrophysical and cosmological contexts, two unknown neutrino properties: the CP violation and the third mixing angle of the MNSP matrix. We have shown analytically, for the first time, the conditions under which there can be effects of the CP phase on the neutrino fluxes in the star and the electron fraction, which is a key observable of the r-process. The numerical calculations, including matter coupling and the non-linear neutrino-neutrino interaction, have shown effects of several percents in the star and smaller effects in an observatory. Then we have studied the consequences of the third mixing angle value on the antineutrino flux in a supernova with a state-of-the-art numerical simulation, including the neutrino-neutrino interaction and a dynamical density matter profile with shock-waves. A characteristic signature of the hierarchy and the angle has been identified in the positron signal associated to the inverse-beta process, in an observatory on Earth. Finally, in the cosmological context, we have studied the impact of the CP violating phase on the electron neutrino chemical potential shortly before primordial nucleosynthesis. In addition to an analytical derivation which provides the conditions for CP effects, we show the impact of the phase on the primordial helium fraction
Salomond, Jean-Bernard. "Propriétés fréquentistes des méthodes Bayésiennes semi-paramétriques et non paramétriques." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090034/document.
Full textResearch on Bayesian nonparametric methods has received a growing interest for the past twenty years, especially since the development of powerful simulation algorithms which makes the implementation of complex Bayesian methods possible. From that point it is necessary to understand from a theoretical point of view the behaviour of Bayesian nonparametric methods. This thesis presents various contributions to the study of frequentist properties of Bayesian nonparametric procedures. Although studying these methods from an asymptotic angle may seems restrictive, it allows to grasp the operation of the Bayesian machinery in extremely complex models. Furthermore, this approach is particularly useful to detect the characteristics of the prior that are strongly influential in the inference. Many general results have been proposed in the literature in this setting, however the more complex and realistic the models the further they get from the usual assumptions. Thus many models that are of great interest in practice are not covered by the general theory. If the study of a model that does not fall under the general theory has an interest on its owns, it also allows for a better understanding of the behaviour of Bayesian nonparametric methods in a general setting
Mouline, Zineb. "Auto-assemblage d'objets dendritiques nanostructurés pour la fabrication de membranes et systèmes adaptatifs." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENCM0007.
Full textThe main objective of this work is the exploration of emergent properties that accompany the self-assembly process from multivalent molecular or macromolecular entities. The appropriate functionalization of self-assembled nano-objects is a real challenge given the numerous applications for which these systems can respond. Thus, research was performed in order to emphasize the different contributions of dynamic and reversible interactions, in the "bottom-up" construction of adaptive systems and membranes. At first, we explored the effect of multivalency on the low energy biomolecular interaction between a lectin and its ligand. Then, the incorporation of dynamic building blocks in a polyetherimines polymer matrix was performed in order to explore their influence on the transport of gases, namely CO2. Finally, we have taken advantage of the self-organization at the mesoscopic scale of ABA type triblock copolymers, in the development of membranes with adjustable pore size. Based on the strength of interactions involved in the construction of the material (supramolecular and/or covalent), it has been shown that the properties of the membranes vary as a function of different stimuli: pressure, pH and UV, leading to an "adaptive" ultrafiltration membrane
Pagé, Vincent. "Développement et caractérisation de méthodes statistiques de détection et de localisation d'objets dans des images fortement bruitées." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30051.
Full textThe object of this thesis is to caracterise and improve the existing methods for locating and detecting objects of known shapes and unknown greylevel distribution in noisy images. We use parametric image models that are different from the classic gaussian additive noise and more adapted to realistic situations. From these models, we determine some detection algorithms based on the Generalised Likelihood Test (GLRT) that optimize the probability of detection for a given fase alarm ratio. These algorithms use a test window to scan the image. We analyse the influence of the size of this test window as a compromise between the quality of estimation of the parameters of the model and the robustness to the inhomogeneities of the background. We then generalise this approach to the case of unknown size, by estimating the size of the target
Lemaire, Jacques. "Étude de propriétés asymptotiques en classification." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4379.
Full textBerger, Sylvain. "Contribution à la caractéristique des milieux poreux par des méthodes acoustiques : estimation des paramètres physiques." Le Mans, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA1019.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to contribute to the characterization of the acoustic behaviour of porous materials saturated by a fluid. The first section is theoretical. It presents the different models which describe the propagation of acoustic waves in porous media, namely : the equivalent fluid model for rigid skeleton, and the Biot theory for porous material with an elastic frame. The fluid-structure interactions that occur between the different phases of the material are taken into account by the Johnson-Allard model. The propagation equations are written in the domains of frequency and time. The second section is experimental. It confronts theory and experiment. First, the air-saturated porous media is looked at. In the high frequency domain, the acoustic parameters porosity and tortuosity, are determined from the measurements of reflected waves at different incidence angles. In the low frequency domain, the resistivity is estimated from the measurements of transmitted waves through porous samples situated in waveguide. Then, liquid-saturated porous materials are considered in the high frequency domain. The Biot theory predicts the existence of two compressional waves and one shear wave. In this case, mechanical parameters are added to the acoustic parameters. To study the sensitivity of each physical parameter, numerical simulations of transmitted waves in time domain are run by varying Biot parameters. Due to the high number of unknown factors, the characterization of the material is impossible if based solely on the measurement of the transmitted waves in normal incidence. However, by reducing the number of these unknown factors, some parameters such as porosity, tortuosity, viscous characteristic length and Young modulus, can be determined by inversion on the transmitted temporal signals. These results can subsequently be used to characterize the human bone
Castillo, Ismaël. "Estimation semi-paramétrique à l'ordre 2 et applications." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112049.
Full textBalestrat, Maxime. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'objets massifs nanocomposites base carbure de silicium comme absorbeurs solaires." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0102.
Full textA common industrial challenge to improve the efficiency of the solar-to-electricity conversion for concentrating solar power (CSP) is to operate at high temperatures (around 1000°C). Research and development efforts on over recent years have therefore focused on the materials that compose the solar absorber which plays the key role in the overall CSP system performance. Silicon carbide (SiC) exhibits a chemical inertness, a high temperature oxidation resistance and a robustness compatible with the operating conditions of further CSP systems. In this work, Polymer derived nanocomposites ceramics TiCxN(1-x)/Si(B)C et TiCxN(1-x)/SiC(N) (with 0<1) have been developed to be use as solar absorber. A complete characterization from the polymer to the final material is done using techniques as Solid-state NMR, FTIR, TGA, XRD, Raman SEM and TEM. The bulk shaping process was also investigated. Hot pressing at the polymeric state and Flash Sintering on amorphous PDCs powders has been done
Jeong, Jena. "Estimation de la fiabilité de la résistance mécanique du cristal soumis à un choc thermique." Metz, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003METZ019S.
Full textCarminati, Lionel. "Détection et suivi d'objets dans les scènes animées : application à la vidéo surveillance." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13190.
Full textDidi, Sultana. "Quelques propriétés asymptotiques en estimation non paramétrique de fonctionnelles de processus stationnaires en temps continu." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066191/document.
Full textThe work of this thesis focuses upon some nonparametric estimation problems. More precisely, considering kernel estimators of the density, the regression and the conditional mode functions associated to a stationary continuous-time process, we aim at establishing some asymptotic properties while taking a sufficiently general dependency framework for the data as to be easily used in practice. The present manuscript includes four parts. The first one gives the state of the art related to the field of our concern and identifies well our contribution as compared to the existing results in the literature. In the second part, we focus on the kernel density estimation. In a rather general dependency setting, where we use a martingale difference device and a technique based on a sequence of projections on -fields, we establish the almost sure pointwise and uniform consistencies with rates of our estimate. In the third part, similar asymptotic properties are established for the kernel estimator of the regression function. Here and below, the processes are assumed to be ergodic In the same spirit, we study in the fourth part, the kernel estimate of conditional mode function for which we establish consistency properties with rates of convergence. The proposed estimator may be viewed as an alternative in the prediction issues to the usual regression function
Klaver, Anne. "Estimation des propriétés optiques des poussières désertiques d'origines saharienne et sahélienne, à proximité de leurs zones sources d'émission, à partir de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077179.
Full textBy absorption and scattering of the solar and terrestrial radiations, mineral dust has a direct radiative effect. At the global scale, this direct radiative effet is currently estimated between -0. 56 and + 0. 1 W m⁻², which doesn't allow to say if the mineral dust cools or warms the Earth/Atmosphere System. The estimation of this effect still remains uncertain because of the limited knowledge concerning the optical properties of mineral dust (scattering and absorption) which are linked with their physico-chemical properties. My work is incorporated within the issues of the reduction of these uncertainties. It involved the study of the physico-chemical (mineralogical composition, size and shape) and optical (scattering, absorption and extinction coefficients, single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter) properties of thé minéral dust coming from western Africa, observed in the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program at Banizoumbou (Niger) station in winter and summer 2006. With an optical model, these observations have been used in order to perform closure studies of the optical properties. I tried to determine if it is possible to estimate the optical properties of the mineral dust based on the knowledge of their physico-chemical properties. I showed a good representation of the scattering and absorption coefficients by calculation (calculation/measurement discrepancy < 13 %). However, efforts have to be performed concerning the estimation of the absorption coefficient and single scattering albedo (calculation/measurement discrepancy up to 291 %)
Ania, Briseño Ignacio de Jesús. "Bases d'objets : une infrastructure de représentation de connaissances pour la gestion de données en CAO." Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326591.
Full textLemaitre, Cedric. "DEFINITION ET ETUDE DES PERFORMANCES D'UN DETECTEUR DE STRUCTURES CURVILINEAIRES. APPLICATION A LA STEREOSCOPIE ET LA DETECTION D'OBJETS FILAIRES." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00603569.
Full textCombe, Corine. "Estimation de la sélectivité en nanofiltration à partir des propriétés du matériau membranaire : Modèles de transport." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30201.
Full textCordeiro, Cavalcanti Fabiano. "Caractérisation thermique de produits de l'état liquide à l'état solide." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0006/these.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to propose a new experimental set-up that allows the thermal characterization of an industrial product (water, paraffin and n-hexadecane) undergoing phase change, i. E. Solidification/fusion. The considered properties are the thermal conductivities and heat capacities in the liquid and solid states, the phase change temperature and the latent heat. These properties are identified simultaneously by using Levenberg-Marquardt's method. Transient measurements of temperature at the extremities of the sample are used to solve the parameter estimation problem. A sensitivity coefficient analysis is realized and we use this study to present the optimal methodology of identification
Gautier, Pascal. "Gels anisotropes à matrice nématique : étude des propriétés et des stsructures." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20050.
Full textPlana, Vincent. "Caractérisation par méthode inverse et modélisation des propriétés thermophysiques orthotropes des matériaux composites." École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ESAE0004.
Full textLozano, Sylvain. "Estimation des propriétés écotoxicologiques de substances chimiques par méthodes in silico : définition de modèles globaux ou spécifiques." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN4070.
Full textFrom the adoption, in June 2007, of the new European Union control system called REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals), the industrials are imposed to detail the risk assessment associated to each chemical produced or imported in the European Union. Our laboratory has developed for many years in silico methods to predict ecotoxicity of chemicals, directly from their chemical structure. Such methods are called quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). In line with the REACH legislation, these methods were carried out in order to create QSAR models predicting the toxicity towards three aquatic species: algae, daphnids and fish. We developed two kinds of models: (1) global models which made abstraction of the chemical family or the mode of action (MOA) associated to the chemicals; (2) specific QSAR models associated to particular MOA. Finally, these models were applied for the estimation of the risk phrases associated to chemical compounds
Ahidar-Coutrix, Adil. "Surfaces quantile : propriétés, convergences et applications." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30047/document.
Full textThe main issue of the thesis is the development of spatial generalizations on $\R^d$ of the usual real quantile. Facing the usual fact that $\R^d$ is not naturally ordered, our idea is to simply admit subjectivity and thus to define a local viewpoint rather than a global one, anchored at some point of reference $O$ and arbitrary shape $\phi$ with the motivation of crossing information gathered by changing viewpoint $O$, shape $\phi$ and $\alpha$-th order of quantile. In Chapter 2, we study the spatial quantile points seen from an observer $O$ in a direction $u \in \Sd$ of level $\alpha$ through the class of the half-spaces orthogonal to the direction $u$. This choice implies that the convergence theorems do not depend on the choice of $O$. Under minimal regularity assumptions, the set of all quantile points seen from $O$ is a closed surface. Under minimal assumptions, we establish for the associated empirical quantile surfaces the convergence theorems uniformly on the quantile level and the observation direction with the asymptotic speed and non-asymptotic bounds of approximation. Mainly, we establish the ULLN, the ULIL, the UCLT, the uniform strong invariance principle and finally the Bahadur-Kiefer type embedding, with the approximation speed rate. In Chapter 3, all the results of the previous chapter are extended to the case where the shapes $ \phi $ are taken in a class more general (functions, surfaces, geodesic projections, etc) than orthogonal projections (half-spaces). In this general setting, the results depend strongly on the choice of $ O $. It is this dependence which permit to draw statistical interpretations: modes detection, mass localization, etc. In Chapter 4, some methodological consequences in inferential statistics are drawn. First we introduce a new concept of directional depth fields called altitude fields. In a second application is defined a new distances between probability distributions, based on the comparison of two collections of quantile surfaces, which are indexes of the type Gini-Lorrentz. The convergence with speed of the empirical quantile measures for these distances, can build different tests with control of their level and their power. A third use of the quantile surfaces is for the case where $ \alpha = 1/2$. Finally, we give a version of our theorems in the case where auxiliary information is available on one or more coordinates of the random variable. By assuming known the probability of the elements of a finite partition, the asymptotic variance of the limiting process decreases and the simulations with few points clearly shows the reframe of the estimated surfaces to the real ones
Mellizo, Suarez Claudia Andrea. "Estimation du module réversible des matériaux granulaires de chaussées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27405/27405.pdf.
Full textTu, Xiao-Wei. "Détection et estimation des objets mobiles dans une séquence d'images." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPD063.
Full textGerber, Fanny. "Estimation du contenu en eau de la végétation par télédétection hyperspectrale dans le infrarouge." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0006.
Full textDe, Brémond D'Ars Jean. "Estimation des propriétés rhéologiques des magmas par l'étude des instabilités gravitaires : Pétrologie du complexe plutonique lite de Guernesey." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619374.
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