Journal articles on the topic 'Estimation de la norme minimale'
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Lerat, Pierre. "Compétence rédactionnelle et compétence technique. À propos de subrogation." Meta 40, no. 2 (September 30, 2002): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003476ar.
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Résumé Les écrits administratifs, juridiques et commerciaux ordinaires posent des problèmes de connaissances linguistiques et techniques à la fois. Les instruments existants privilégient soit les contenus soit la norme linguistique, rarement les « jeux de langage » en tant que tels. L'exemple du droit de tous les jours incite à expliciter en priorité une expertise minimale terminologique (conceptuelle), rédactionnelle (linguistique) et traductionnelle (au niveau de l'énoncé). Le cas de la subrogation illustre le besoin, les difficultés et les exigences du travail à réaliser.
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Bernatchez, Stéphane. "Les rapports entre le droit administratif et les droits et libertés : la révision judiciaire ou le contrôle constitutionnel ?" McGill Law Journal 55, no. 3 (February 10, 2011): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000627ar.
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L’auteur propose de revisiter l’arrêt Roncarelli c. Duplessis pour répondre à la question suivante : dans l’hypothèse où le droit administratif et le droit constitutionnel sont susceptibles de fournir la solution à un litige, celui-ci doit-il être résolu en ayant recours au critère de l’atteinte minimale tiré du test de l’arrêt R. c. Oakes, propre au droit constitutionnel, ou aux règles de la révision judiciaire du droit administratif? Comme elle encourage l’autoreproduction normative, la logique de l’accommodement raisonnable respecte davantage le mouvement initié par l’arrêt Roncarelli. L’auteur s’intéresse d’abord au mouvement de procéduralisation réflexive des dispositifs de gouvernance démocratique amorcé par l’arrêt Roncarelli. L’auteur examine le raisonnement des juges dissidentes Deschamps et Abella dans l’arrêt Multani c. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys, rendu par la Cour suprême du Canada en 2006, précisant que c’est leur approche, celle de l’accommodement raisonnable, qui prévaut depuis. S’appuyant ensuite sur l’analyse de divers auteurs, il suggère que la démarche de l’accommodement raisonnable est plus appropriée puisqu’elle invite les parties à construire la signification et la portée de la norme qui doit les régir, leur permettant ainsi d’identifier des solutions qui encouragent davantage le vivre-ensemble.
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Henripin, Jacques. "Les Québécois dont la langue est flottante et la mobilité linguistique." Articles 14, no. 1 (October 24, 2008): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600558ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Les mesures de la mobilité linguistique entre l’anglais et le français, au Québec, sont sujettes à caution, à cause de la façon dont les personnes recensées ont déclaré leur langue maternelle ou leur langue au foyer, et aussi à cause du mode de traitement de ces informations par Statistique Canada. Il en résulte des aspects parfois étonnants de la mobilité linguistique. Certains de ces résultats sont analysés et une estimation minimale de la mobilité linguistique est présentée. L’auteur croit qu’on devrait mettre de coté les « flottants linguistiques » dans les analyses.
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Rodier, François. "Estimation asymptotique de la distance minimale du dual des codes BCH et polynômes de Dickson." Discrete Mathematics 149, no. 1-3 (February 1996): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(94)00320-i.
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Guerouate, Fatima, Ahmed Meziane, Josep Vidal, and Driss Aboutajdine. "Estimation robuste du canal non stationnaire en mode fdd de la norme utra." Annales Des Télécommunications 57, no. 11-12 (November 2002): 1171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02999458.
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Yazenin, Alexander V., and Ilia S. Soldatenko. "Model of a minimal risk portfolio under hybrid uncertainty." Control and Cybernetics 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/candc-2021-0016.
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Abstract The article is devoted to the development and study of a model of a minimal risk portfolio under conditions of hybrid uncertainty of possibilistic-probabilistic type. In this model, the interaction of fuzzy parameters is described by both the strongest and the weakest triangular norms. The formula for variance of a portfolio is given that allows for estimating its risk. Models of acceptable portfolios are based on the principle of expected possibility or on the basis of fulfilling the restriction on the possibility/necessity and probability of the level of portfolio return that is acceptable to an investor. Equivalent deterministic analogues of the models are constructed and their solution methods are developed. Theorems describing a set of investment opportunities are proven. The obtained results are demonstrated on a model example.
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Chen, Tao, and Guibin Zhang. "Mineral Exploration Potential Estimation Using 3D Inversion: A Comparison of Three Different Norms." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 2537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112537.
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Gravity data have been frequently used in researching the subsurface to map the 3D geometry of the density structure, which is considered the basis for further interpretations, such as the estimation of exploration potential in mineral exploration. The gravity inversion, practically employed to map the density structure, can be achieved by different methods. The method based on Tikhonov regularization is the most commonly used among them. Usually, the subsurface is discretized into a set of cells or voxels. To recover a stable and reliable solution, constraints are introduced into the Tikhonov regularization. One constrained inversion introduces a quadratic penalty (L2 norm) into the inversion, which imposes smooth features on the recovered model. Another gravity inversion, known as sparse inversion, imposes compactness and sharp boundaries on the recovered density structure. Specifically, the L1 norm and L0 norm are favored for such a purpose. This work evaluates the merits of the gravity data inversion in cooperation with different model norms and their applicability in exploration potential estimation. Because these norms promote different features in the recovered models, the reconstructed 3D density structure reveals different geometric features of the ore deposit. We use two types of synthetic data for evaluating the performances of the inversion with different norms. Numerical results demonstrate that L0 norm-based inversion provides high-resolution recovered models and offers reliable estimates of exploration potential with minimal deviation from theoretical mass compared to inversions equipped with the other two norms. Finally, we use the gravity data collected over the iron ore deposit at the Dida mining area in Jilin province (Northeast China) for the application. It is estimated that the exploration potential of the iron ore deposits is about 3.2 million tons.
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Del Missier, Giovanni. "Le mutilazioni genitali femminili." Medicina e Morale 49, no. 6 (December 31, 2000): 1097–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2000.774.
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L’articolo intende approfondire la tematica delle mutilazioni genitali femminili (MGF) per esprimere un fondato giudizio morale su queste pratiche e offrire delle linee di riferimento per la promozione di comportamenti sociali giusti e responsabili, nel pieno rispetto della dignità personale delle donne coinvolte.
L’autore offre un quadro generale del fenomeno, emergente anche in Italia, individuando le testimonianze storiografiche delle MGF, le diverse tipologie di intervento, le conseguenze psico-fisiche che esse comportano per le donne che vi si sottopongono, la distribuzione geografica e quantitativa dei soggetti coinvolti. Vengono esaminate le motivazioni tradizionalmente addotte a giustificazione di queste pratiche e le teorie esplicative moderne fornite dalle scienze umane che hanno tentato di interpretare in vario modo le mutilazioni sessuali, con particolare attenzione alla riflessione ispirata ai diritti umani. Successivamente, vengono considerati criticamente i paradigmi etici più utilizzati in letteratura per schierarsi a favore o contro la legittimità delle MGF. I limiti rilevati inducono l’autore ad inquadrare il discorso in una più ampia cornice di tipo antropologico personalista e a percorrere una via di soluzione equidistante dal culturicentrismo e dal relativismo culturale.
Sulla base del significato della corporeità si sostiene la grave illiceità delle pratiche mutilatorie, analizzando nel dettaglio le responsabilità dei diversi attori sociali che vi si possono trovare coinvolti. Sulla scorta di alcune argomentazioni derivate per analogia dai Teologi Dottori della tradizione cattolica viene individuato, inoltre, un criterio minimale di riferimento per avviare un dialogo interculturale non direttivo né paternalistico, ma rispettoso e fermo che conduca le etnie, presenti nella società italiana, a superare queste pratiche trasformandole in una nuova ritualità non cruenta, senza compromettere il patrimonio di valori che esse vorrebbero salvaguardare e trasmettere. L’esposizione si conclude con una serie di indicazioni volte a guidare la progettazione di interventi sociali finalizzati a modificare le tradizioni dannose per la salute, secondo una strategia ispirata non solo all’efficacia, ma soprattutto al rispetto della dignità umana e delle diversità culturali, con particolare riguardo ai problemi delle donne, delle famiglie, delle comunità di riferimento, degli operatori socio-sanitari e alla questione dell’introduzione di norme penali specifiche anti-MGF.
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DESMOULIN, B., P. ECOLAN, and M. BONNEAU. "Estimation de la composition tissulaire des carcasses de porcs : récapitulatif de diverses méthodes utilisables en expérimentation." INRAE Productions Animales 1, no. 1 (February 11, 1988): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1988.1.1.4435.
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La mesure directe de la composition tissulaire des carcasses, par dissection anatomique complète, est longue et coûteuse. On se contente donc en général d’estimer les teneurs en muscles et en gras à partir de mesures indirectes : épaisseurs de gras ou de muscles, poids des pièces de découpe, résultats de dissections partielles et/ou simplifiées. A partir des données mesurées sur deux échantillons de carcasses porcines, nous avons élaboré quatre scénarios de mesures, de complexité et de coût croissant. Ils permettent d’estimer avec une précision croissante les poids et proportions de muscles et de gras dans la demi carcasse ainsi que le pourcentage de muscles dans la carcasse entière, correspondant à la norme européenne à la base du classement commercial des carcasses porcines. En fonction de ses objectifs et de l’enveloppe financière dont il dispose, l’expérimentateur peut choisir l’une ou l’autre des méthodes proposées. Les équations des 2 scénarios les plus simples sont bien adaptées aux carcasses dont les teneurs en muscles sont aux alentours de 50 %, mais devront être réévaluées pour s’adapter aux types génétiques produisant des carcasses au-delà de 52-53 % de muscles. Les 2 scénarios les plus complexes ont par contre un domaine de validité plus large.
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Suman, Amit, and Tapan Mukerji. "Sensitivity study of rock-physics parameters for modeling time-lapse seismic response of Norne field." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): D511—D523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0045.1.
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Time-lapse seismic modeling is an important step in joint inversion of time-lapse seismic and production data of a field. Rock-physics analysis is the basis for modeling the time-lapse seismic data. However, joint inversion of both types of data for estimation of reservoir parameters is highly nonlinear and complex with uncertainties at each step of the process. So it is essential, before proceeding with large-scale history matching, to investigate sensitive rock-physics parameters in modeling the time-lapse seismic response of a field. We used the data set of the Norne field to investigate sensitive parameters in time-lapse seismic modeling. We first investigated sensitive parameters in the Gassmann’s equation. The investigated parameters include mineral properties, water salinity, pore pressure, and gas-oil ratio. Next, we investigated parameter sensitivity for time-lapse seismic modeling of the Norne field. The investigated rock-physics parameters are clay content, cement fraction, average number of contact grains per sand, pore pressure, and fluid mixing. We observed that the average number of contact grains per sand had the most impact on time-lapse seismic modeling of the Norne field. The clay content was the most sensitive parameter in fluid substitution for calculating seismic velocities of the Norne field. Salinity and pore pressure had minimal impact on fluid substitution for this case. This sensitivity analysis helps to select important parameters for time-lapse (4D) seismic history matching, which is an important aspect of joint inversion of production and time-lapse seismic modeling of a field.
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Lix, L. M., J. P. Kuwornu, K. Kroeker, G. Kephart, K. C. Sikdar, M. Smith, and H. Quan. "Estimation de l'exhaustivité des données de facturation des médecins pour la détermination des cas de diabète au moyen des données sur les médicaments d'ordonnance." Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada 36, no. 3 (March 2016): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.36.3.02f.
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Introduction Les changements dans les politiques de remboursement des médecins peuvent faire obstacle à la collecte des données administratives de facturation des médecins, ce qui pourrait mener à des estimations biaisées de la prévalence et de l’incidence des maladies. L’ampleur de cette perte potentielle de données demeure cependant largement inconnue. Notre étude vise à estimer l’exhaustivité de la couverture des cas de maladie pour le Manitoba par les médecins rémunérés à l’acte (RA) et par les médecins non rémunérés à l’acte (NRA). Méthods Les donnés administratives du Manitoba ont servi à créer une cohorte dont les membres (20 ans et plus) devaient avoir pris un nouveau médicament pour le diabète entre le 1er avril 2007 et le 31 mars 2009. Ces membres ont été classés par mode de paiement du médecin prescripteur (c’est-à-dire rémunérés à l’acte ou non rémunérés à l’acte), puis selon s’ils avaient ou non reçu de diagnostic de diabète d’après les données de facturation des médecins et des dossiers d’hôpitaux. On a utilisé des analyses statistiques w2 pour tester les différences de caractéristiques entre les deux groupes. Résultats La cohorte se composait de 12 394 individus, dont 86,4 % avaient reçu une ordonnance de médicament pour le diabète d’un médecin RA. Au total, 1 172 médecins (81,8 % RA) ont prescrit ce type de médicaments pour la cohorte. Les membres de la cohorte ayant reçu une ordonnance d’un médecin RA étaient plus âgés et plus susceptibles de résider dans la région sanitaire de Winnipeg que ceux qui avaient reçu une ordonnance d’un médecin NRA. Un plus grand pourcentage de cas traités par des médecins NRA n’avait pas reçu de diagnostic de diabète (18,7 %, contre 14,9 % pour les médecins RA). Conclusion Les résultats suggèrent une perte minimale de données de facturation des médecins associée aux politiques de rémunération au Manitoba. Cette méthode d’évaluation de l’exhaustivité des données pourrait être appliquée à d’autres maladies chroniques et à d’autres secteurs de compétence.
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Bandyopadhyay, Amit. "Modification of Cooper’s 12-min Run Test to Predict Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Indian Cricketers." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 9, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs2029.
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Cooper’s 12-minute run test (CRT) for prediction of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) has not yet been explored in Indian sportspersons. Present investigation was conducted to evaluate the applicability of CRT in Indian cricketers. 75 male and 45 female cricket players were randomly recruited from reputed cricket academies of Kolkata, India and were randomly assigned into the study group (male = 45, female = 25) and confirmatory group (male = 30, female = 20). Incremental cycle ergometer exercise was used for direct estimation of VO2max by expired gas analysis and the indirect prediction of VO2max (PVO2max) was performed by CRT method. The current protocol of CRT was found to be inapplicable in both the genders of Cricketers due to a significant difference between PVO2max and VO2max and a large limit of agreement between PVO2max and VO2max in the study groups. A significant correlation (r = 0.76 in males and r = 0.79 in females, p<0.001) was depicted between VO2max and distance covered in CRT. Regression equations were computed based on the significant correlation. The application of these equations in the confirmatory groups revealed an insignificant difference between PVO2max and VO2max and narrow limits of agreement. Standard errors of the estimate of the regression norms were also minimal. Therefore, modified equations are recommended for CRT application for valid and precise evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness in terms of VO2max in male and female Indian cricketers.
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Coulibaly, Adama, Mohamed Doumbouya, Komissiri Dagnogo, Atchoumtcho Sara Coulibaly, Ouattara Salifou Gboko, Godi Marius Henri Biego, and Nafan Diarrassouba. "Évaluation de la qualité des noix de cajou (Anacardium occidentale L.) produites dans le département de Korhogo en Côte d’Ivoire." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 8, 2021): 1030–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i3.15.
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La qualité des noix brutes de cajou est un facteur déterminant dans la fixation de leurs prix d’achat et de vente. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la qualité des noix de cajou afin de contribuer à l’amélioration des traitements post-récoltes desdites noix et la revalorisation des revenus des planteurs. Sur 208 échantillons du département de Korhogo, les paramètres de qualité ont été déterminés selon la norme ivoirienne PNI 4595. La valeur minimale des taux d’humidité moyens est 5,6±1,4% tandis que la valeur maximale est 5,8±1,8% avec une moyenne globale de 5,7±1,8%. Les grainages moyens sont 182±13 noix/kg, 179±13 noix/kg, 180±15 noix/kg, 179±12 noix/kg et 181±12 noix/kg respectivement pour les zones 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 et 5 avec une valeur moyenne de 180±13 noix/kg. Concernant les taux de défauts moyens, ils varient entre 11,96±4,59% et 13,90±5,65% avec pour moyenne générale 13,10±5,08%. Les valeurs de l’out-turn oscillent entre un minimum de 44,87±3,65 lbs et un maximum de 45,90±2,62 lbs avec une moyenne globale de 45,42±2,78 lbs. Les proportions de noix de bonne qualité sont 54%, 66%, 64%, 64% et 69% respectivement pour les zones 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 et 5 avec une proportion globale de 64%. La qualité des noix de cajou produites dans le département de Korhogo, est moyennement bonne.
English title: Assessment of the quality of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidental L.) produced in the division of korhogo in Côte d’Ivoire
The quality of raw cashews is a determining factor in setting their buying and selling prices. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of cashew nuts in order to contribute to the improvement of post-harvest treatments of said nuts and the revaluation of the income of the growers. On 208 samples, from the division of Korhogo, the quality parameters were determined according to the Ivorian standard PNI 4595. The minimum value of the average moisture contents is 5.6±1.4% while the maximum value is 5.8±1.8% with 5.7±1.8% as the overall average of the division of Korhogo. The average grainings are 182±13 nuts/kg, 179±13 nuts/kg, 180±15 nuts/kg, 179±12 nuts/kg and 181±12 nuts/kg respectively for zones 1; 2; 3; 4 and 5 with an average value of 180±13 nuts/kg. Concerning the average defect rates, they vary between 11.96±4.59% and 13.90±5.65% with the general average being 13.10±5.08%. The out-turn values fluctuate between a minimum (44.87±3.65 lbs) and a maximum (45.90±2.62 lbs). The average of this parameter in the division of Korhogo is 45.42±2.78 lbs. The proportions of good quality nuts are 54%, 66%, 64%, 64% and 69% respectively for areas 1; 2; 3; 4 and 5 with an overall proportion of 64%. The quality of the cashew nuts produced in the Korhogo division is moderately good.
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Ahmat, Adam, Jean Jacques Salvador Millogo, Mourtala Mahaman Abdou Illou, Titus Maritza, Francis Bamogo, Sunny C. Okoroafor, Jennifer Nyoni, and James Avoka Asamani. "Workloads and activity standards for integrated health service delivery: insights from 12 countries in the WHO African region." BMJ Global Health 7, Suppl 1 (May 2022): e008456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008456.
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Over the past decade, many African countries have made progress not only in recruiting more health workers but also in rationalising their distribution and establishing evidence-based staffing norms and standards. Still, staffing of health facilities remains inadequate, unrelated to needs and the actual workloads of health facilities. Several countries in Africa applied the workload indicators of staffing need (WISN) method to address these issues. The WISN method is a facility and cadre-oriented human resource planning and management tool that enables health managers to determine the appropriate number of health workers required to deliver quality health services based on workload. In this paper, we synthesised and presented the workload components and activity standards of the health service activities for general medical practitioners, nurses and midwives in primary healthcare settings based on WISN studies conducted in 12 African countries. The workload components and activity standards were synthesised based on the time taken for each health service activity, with the minimum and maximum unit of time and the mean and median of the number of observations established. For general medical practitioners, minimal variations in the country estimations for discharging patients, referrals and emergency management presented large variations in recorded admissions, minor operations and ward rounds. The variations in service standards for nurses were minimal for 8 of 11 activities while the time spent on counselling, patient referral activities, review consultation varied greatly. For the midwives, the mean values and the median values for 10 of 14 activities were similar for the countries with wide variations observed for admission for pregnant mothers, monitoring of labour, family planning (insertion), postnatal care, normal delivery and immediate postnatal care. We also shared experiences in workload component and activity standard setting processes and considerations for practice. The findings of this synthesis are helpful to countries in defining health service activities and service standards for general medical practitioners, nurses and midwives in the primary level of care, which is relevant in essential service package delivery towards improved access to quality health services.
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Kolokolov, Yury, and Anna Monovskaya. "Guess-Work and Reasonings on Centennial Evolution of Surface Air Temperature in Russia. Part IV: Towards Economic Estimations of Climate-Related Damages from the Bifurcation Analysis Viewpoint." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 26, no. 12 (November 2016): 1630033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127416300330.
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The paper completes the cycle of the research devoted to the development of the experimental bifurcation analysis (not computer simulations) in order to answer the following questions: whether qualitative changes occur in the dynamics of local climate systems in a centennial timescale?; how to analyze such qualitative changes with daily resolution for local and regional space-scales?; how to establish one-to-one daily correspondence between the dynamics evolution and economic consequences for productions? To answer the questions, the unconventional conceptual model to describe the local climate dynamics was proposed and verified in the previous parts. That model (HDS-model) originates from the hysteresis regulator with double synchronization and has a variable structure due to competition between the amplitude quantization and the time quantization. The main advantage of the HDS-model is connected with the possibility to describe “internally” (on the basis of the self-regulation) the specific causal effects observed in the dynamics of local climate systems instead of “external” description of three states of the hysteresis behavior of climate systems (upper, lower and transient states). As a result, the evolution of the local climate dynamics is based on the bifurcation diagrams built by processing the data of meteorological observations, where the strange effects of the essential interannual daily variability of annual temperature variation are taken into account and explained. It opens the novel possibilities to analyze the local climate dynamics taking into account the observed resultant of all internal and external influences on each local climate system. In particular, the paper presents the viewpoint on how to estimate economic damages caused by climate-related hazards through the bifurcation analysis. That viewpoint includes the following ideas: practically each local climate system is characterized by its own time pattern of the natural qualitative changes in temperature dynamics over a century, so, any unified time window to determine the local climatic norms seems to be questionable; the temperature limits determined for climate-related technological hazards should be reasoned by the conditions of artificial human activity, but not by the climatic norms; the damages caused by such hazards can be approximately estimated in relation to the average annual profit of each production. Now, it becomes possible to estimate the minimal and maximal numbers of the specified hazards per year in order, first of all, to avoid unforeseen latent damages. Also, it becomes possible to make some useful relative estimation concerning damage and profit. We believe that the results presented in the cycle illustrate great practical competence of the current advances in the experimental bifurcation analysis. In particular, the developed QHS-analysis provides the novel prospects towards both how to adapt production to climatic changes and how to compensate negative technological impacts on environment.
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Carvalho, Catarina Pedro, and Jorge Andrés Betancour. "Quality characterization of Andean blackberry fruits (Rubus glaucus Benth.) in different maturity stages in Antioquia." Agronomía Colombiana 33, no. 1 (June 9, 2015): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n1.47132.
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<p>Product quality and safety are two essential characteristics for the fruit market, making it necessary to normalize and standardize processes in order to improve their commercialization. In this study, the quality of two Andean blackberry cultivars grown in two regions of Antioquia (Envigado and Guarne), Colombia, from different maturity stages as defined by the Norma Tecnica Colombiana 7146 (NTC Spanish) was characterized. The parameters that were found suitable for the fruit quality characterization were: weight, total solid soluble content (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index (MI), color index (CI) and firmness (F). The equatorial diameter (ED) maintained its importance relative to the standard and the market, along with the juice yield (JY). The quotient a*/b* presented the best correlation with the visual color scale as defined in the standard. The TSS ranges defined in NTC 4106 were not verified in this studied for fruits grown in the agro-climatic conditions of Antioquia. Linear regression models are a useful tool for making quick and easy comparisons and estimations of the quality parameters. As a general recommendation, we propose the following minimal requirements for harvesting Andean blackberries in the Antioquia region of Colombia for the domestic fresh market: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">></span> class I, CI <span style="text-decoration: underline;">></span> 3, MI (citric acid) ≥ 2.5, JY ≥ 35%, size (diameter and/or weight) established by the market or NTC; for the export market: class supreme, 2 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><</span> CI < 3, MI (citric acid) ≥ 1.5, JY ≥ 35%, F <span style="text-decoration: underline;">></span> 0,6 N, size (weight and/or diameter) established by the importer; and for the processing industry: class II, CI <span style="text-decoration: underline;">></span> 3, ºBrix <span style="text-decoration: underline;">></span> 6, JY <span style="text-decoration: underline;">></span> 40%.</p>
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GAYE, DEMBA. "Poussières désertiques et types de temps indicateurs du changement climatique." NAAJ, 2019, 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46711/naaj.2019.1.1.5.
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Les poussières désertiques constituent depuis plusieurs décennies de véritables types de temps caractéristiques des régions arides et semi-arides. Le nord du Sahel sénégalais en a connu au courant du dernier demi-siècle (1965-2014) une fréquence importante avec des épisodes dégradant fortement la qualité de l’air. L’analyse des valeurs de concentrations en particules fines (PM10), obtenues aux différentes stations de la région, révèle que, comparativement aux normes définies par l’OMS et à la norme sénégalaise sur la qualité de l’air, plus de 80% et 60 à 70% d’épisodes de poussière y dégradent fortement la qualité de l’air. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que ces événements de pollutions lithométéoriques affectent véritablement la visibilité horizontale dans cette partie sahélienne du Sénégal. L’application du test de Pearson aux données de concentration en PM10 et de visibilité minimale lors des événements de poussières désertiques indique une très forte corrélation (r égale à 0.9 pour la station de Saint-Louis, à 0.93 pour la station de Podor et à 0.92 pour la station de Matam) entre les deux paramètres. L’enquête de vulnérabilité révèle que le secteur du transport routier et les activités de commerce sont à leur tour fréquemment affectés lors des jours à mauvaise visibilité horizontale induite par la présence de lithométéores. Ce qui a, dès lors, de véritables conséquences socio-économiques pour cette partie du Sahel sénégalais.
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Batte, Anthony, Michelle C. Starr, Andrew L. Schwaderer, Robert O. Opoka, Ruth Namazzi, Erika S. Phelps Nishiguchi, John M. Ssenkusu, Chandy C. John, and Andrea L. Conroy. "Methods to estimate baseline creatinine and define acute kidney injury in lean Ugandan children with severe malaria: a prospective cohort study." BMC Nephrology 21, no. 1 (September 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02076-1.
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Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly recognized as a consequential clinical complication in children with severe malaria. However, approaches to estimate baseline creatinine (bSCr) are not standardized in this unique patient population. Prior to wide-spread utilization, bSCr estimation methods need to be evaluated in many populations, particularly in children from low-income countries. Methods We evaluated six methods to estimate bSCr in Ugandan children aged 6 months to 12 years of age in two cohorts of children with severe malaria (n = 1078) and healthy community children (n = 289). Using isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)-traceable creatinine measures from community children, we evaluated the bias, accuracy and precision of estimating bSCr using height-dependent and height-independent estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) equations to back-calculate bSCr or estimating bSCr directly using published or population-specific norms. Results We compared methods to estimate bSCr in healthy community children against the IDMS-traceable SCr measure. The Pottel-age based equation, assuming a normal GFR of 120 mL/min per 1.73m2, was the more accurate method with minimal bias when compared to the Schwartz height-based equation. Using the different bSCr estimates, we demonstrated the prevalence of KDIGO-defined AKI in children with severe malaria ranged from 15.6–43.4%. The lowest estimate was derived using population upper levels of normal and the highest estimate was derived using the mean GFR of the community children (137 mL/min per 1.73m2) to back-calculate the bSCr. Irrespective of approach, AKI was strongly associated with mortality with a step-wise increase in mortality across AKI stages (p < 0.0001 for all). AKI defined using the Pottel-age based equation to estimate bSCr showed the strongest relationship with mortality with a risk ratio of 5.13 (95% CI 3.03–8.68) adjusting for child age and sex. Conclusions We recommend using height-independent age-based approaches to estimate bSCr in hospitalized children in sub-Saharan Africa due to challenges in accurate height measurements and undernutrition which may impact bSCr estimates. In this population the Pottel-age based GFR estimating equation obtained comparable bSCr estimates to population-based estimates in healthy children.
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Bac, Catherine, and Samia Benallah. "Glissement de la norme de contributivité au régime général d’assurance-vieillesse : une estimation des effets potentiels sur le niveau des pensions." Économie et Institutions, no. 24 (April 15, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ei.5749.
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Marko, Ryan, Julia Hajjar, Vanessa Nzeribe, Michelle Pittman, Vincent Deslandes, Nadia Sant, Juthaporn Cowan, et al. "Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin in Adult Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia or Pneumonia." Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 74, no. 4 (September 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v74i4.3195.
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Background: Vancomycin remains widely used for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections; however, treatment failure rates up to 50% have been reported. At the authors’ institution, monitoring of trough concentration is the standard of care for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin. New guidelines support use of the ratio of 24-hour area under the concentration–time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC24/MIC) as the pharmacodynamic index most likely to predict outcomes in patients with MRSA-associated infections.Objectives: To determine the discordance rate between trough levels and AUC24/MIC values and how treatment failure and nephrotoxicity outcomes compare between those achieving and not achieving their pharmacodynamic targets. Methods: This retrospective cohort study involved patients with MRSA bacteremia or pneumonia admitted to the study hospital between March 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018, and treated with vancomycin. Data for trough concentrations were collected, and minimum concentrations (Cmin) were extrapolated. The AUC24/MIC values were determined using validated population pharmacokinetic models. The Cmin and AUC24/MIC values were characterized as below, within, or above pharmacodynamic targets (15–20 mg/L and 400–600, respectively). Discordance was defined as any instance where a patient’s paired Cmin and AUC24/MIC values fell in different ranges (i.e., below, within, or above) relative to the target ranges. Predictors of treatment failure and nephrotoxicity were determined using logistic regression. Results: A total of 128 patients were included in the analyses. Of these, 73 (57%) received an initial vancomycin dose less than 15 mg/kg. The discordance rate between Cmin and AUC24/MIC values was 21% (27/128). Rates of treatment failure and nephrotoxicity were 34% (43/128) and 18% (23/128), respectively. No clinical variables were found to predict discordance. Logistic regression identified initiation of vancomycin after a positive culture result (odds ratio [OR] 4.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36–14.3) and achievement of target AUC24/MIC after 4 days (OR 3.48, 95% CI 1.39–8.70) as modifiable predictors of treatment failure. Conclusions: The relationship between vancomycin monitoring and outcome is likely confounded by inadequate empiric or initial dosing. Before any modification of practice with respect to vancomycin monitoring, empiric vancomycin dosing should be optimized. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : La vancomycine reste largement utilisée contre les infections dues au Staphylococcus aureus méthicillinorésistant (SAMR); cependant, on rapporte des taux d’échec de traitement allant jusqu’à 50 %. Dans l’institution où travaillent les auteurs, la surveillance de la concentration minimale constitue la norme de soins du suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique de la vancomycine. De nouvelles lignes directrices soutiennent l’utilisation du ratio de 24 h de l’aire sous la courbe de concentration-temps à concentration minimale inhibitrice (AUC24/MIC) en tant qu’indice pharmacodynamique, vraisemblablement pour prédire certains résultats concernant les patients présentant des infections associées au SAMR. Objectifs : Déterminer le taux de discordance entre la concentration minimale et les valeurs de l’AUC24/MIC et la manière dont les échecs de traitement et les résultats de néphrotoxicité se comparent entre les personnes atteignant leurs cibles pharmacodynamiques et celles qui ne l’atteignent pas. Méthodes : Cette étude de cohorte rétrospective impliquait des patients atteints d’une bactériémie au SAMR ou d’une pneumonie au SAMR, admis à l’hôpital où se déroulait l’étude entre le 1er mars 2014 et le 31 décembre 2018 et traités à l’aide de vancomycine. Les données relatives aux concentrations minimales ont été recueillies, et les concentrations minimales (Cmin) extrapolées. Les valeurs de l’AUC24/MIC ont été déterminées à l’aide de modèles de population pharmacocinétiques validés. La caractérisation des valeurs de la Cmin et des valeurs de l’AUC24/MIC se décrit comme suit : « en dessous », « à l’intérieur » ou « au-dessus » des cibles pharmacodynamiques (respectivement 15-20 mg/L et 400-600). La discordance était définie comme une situation où les valeurs associées de la Cmin et de l’AUC24/MIC tombaient dans des plages différentes (c.-à-d., en dessous, à l’intérieur ou au-dessus) par rapport aux plages cibles. Une régression logistique a permis de déterminer les prédicteurs d’échecs de traitement et de néphrotoxicité. Résultats : Au total, 128 patients ont été inclus dans les analyses. De ceux-ci, 73 (57 %) ont reçu une dose initiale de vancomycine de moins de 15 mg/kg. Le taux de discordance entre les valeurs de la Cmin et de l’AUC24/MIC était de 21 % (27/128). Les taux d’échec de traitement et de néphrotoxicité se montaient respectivement à 34 % (43/128) et 18 % (23/128). Aucune variable clinique n’a pu prédire la discordance. La régression logistique a permis de déterminer le début de l’administration de la vancomycine après un résultat de culture positif (rapport de cotes [RC] 4,41, 95 % intervalle de confiance [IC] 1,36–14,3) et l’atteinte de la cible de l’AUC24/MIC après quatre jours (RC 3,48, 95 % IC 1,39-8,70) en tant que prédicteurs modifiables de l’échec du traitement. Conclusions : Il existe probablement une confusion relative à la relation entre la surveillance de la vancomycine et le résultat à cause d’un dosage empirique ou initial inadéquat. Avant de modifier la pratique relative à la surveillance de la vancomycine, le pharmacien doit optimiser son dosage empirique.
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Callahan, Christine E., Melissa K. Kossman, Jason P. Mihalik, Stephen W. Marshall, Paula Gildner, Zachary Y. Kerr Kerr, Kenneth L. Cameron, Megan N. Houston, Martin Mrazik, and Johna K. Register-Mihalik. "Association between Sensation-Seeking Behaviors and Concussion-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and Care-Seeking Behaviors among Collegiate Student-Athletes." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, November 8, 2021, 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2022.33.
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There are limited data connecting personality and behavioral tendencies and traits related to concussion care-seeking/disclosure behaviors and minimal research exists surrounding the relationship between risky behaviors, sensation-seeking, and concussion-related outcomes. This study examined the association between sensation-seeking and a student-athlete’s concussion-related knowledge, attitudes, perceived social norms, and concussion care-seeking/disclosure behaviors (intention to disclose concussion symptoms, perceived control over symptom disclosure, self-removal from play due to concussion symptoms, continued play with concussion symptoms, and disclosure of all concussions at the time of injury). The current study utilized a retrospective cohort of collegiate student-athletes at a single National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution. Separate multivariable linear regression models estimating mean differences (MD) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) estimated the association between sensation-seeking and concussion knowledge, concussion attitudes, and perceived social norms. Separate multivariable binomial regression models estimating adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95%CI estimated the association between sensation-seeking and intention to disclose concussion symptoms, perceived control over symptom disclosure, self-removal from play due to concussion symptoms, continued play with concussion symptoms, and disclosure of all concussions at the time of injury. All models were adjusted for sex, sport participation, and concussion history. Higher sensation-seeking was significantly associated with less favorable concussion attitudes (adjusted MD = -1.93; 95%CI = -3.04,-0.83), less favorable perceived social norms surrounding concussion (adjusted MD = -1.39; 95%CI = -2.06,-0.72), and continuing to play while experiencing concussion symptoms (adjusted PR = 1.50; 95%CI = 1.10, 2.06). Student-athletes with increased sensation-seeking could be at risk for failing to disclose a concussion, decreasing athlete safety and resulting in less optimal care post-injury. Results will inform future theory-based concussion education programs which consider behavioral tendencies and traits as well as sport culture to promote concussion care-seeking/disclosure and individualized interventions based on risky behavior engagement.
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Tsakani, Lebese R., Mashudu Davhana- Maselesele, and Larry C. Obi. "Teenagers’ experiences of sexual health dialogue in the rural villages of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." Health SA Gesondheid 16, no. 1 (February 23, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v16i1.502.
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Dialogue with teenagers about sexual health is of global concern, as it is found mostly to be minimal, if not absent. This limitation is influenced by the cultural values, beliefs and norms of teenagers. To a great extent, culture influences which and how sexual health issues can be discussed between teenagers and adults. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe teenagers’ experiences of sexual health dialogue in the rural areas of the Vhembe district in Limpopo province, South Africa. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research approach was used. Data were collected by means of in-depth, individual interviews and focus-group discussions. A purposive sampling method was used to select the 57 participating teenagers, based on criteria that were set. The findings of the study indicated that there was minimal dialogue between adults and teenagers about sexual health. Most teenagers reported that they learned about issues related to sexual health from friends, the media, initiation schools and relatives who, most often, were aunts. It was also noted with concern that the teenagers always equated sexual health to the act of intercourse and that no attention was paid to other aspects of sexual health. Recommendations to improve the current situation were made.OpsommingDialoog met tienerjariges rakende seksuele gesondheid is ’n wêreldwye probleem omdat daar gevind is dat dit meestal minimaal is of glad nie plaasvind nie. Hierdie beperking word beïnvloed deur die tienerjariges se kulturele waardes, oortuigings en norme. Kultuur beïnvloed in ’n groot mate watter seksuele gesondheidsake tussen tienerjariges en volwassenes bespreek kan word, en hoe dit gedoen kan word. Die doel van hierdie studie was om tienerjariges se ondervindings van seksuele gesondheidsdialoog in die landelike gebiede van die Vhembedistrik in die Limpopo-provinsie van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek en te bespreek. ’n Kwalitatiewe,ondersoekende, beskrywende en kontekstuele navorsingsbenadering is gevolg.Data is versamel deur middel van grondige individuele onderhoude en fokusgroep-besprekings.’n Doelbewuste steekproefmetode is gebruik om die 57 deelnemende tienerjariges op grond van bepaalde kriteria te selekteer.Die bevindings van die studie het aangedui dat daar minimale dialoog oor seksuele gesondheid tussen tienerjariges en volwassenes is. Die meeste tienerjariges het gerapporteer dat hulle by vriende, die media, inisiasieskole en familielede, meestal ’n tante, van seksuele gesondheid geleer het. Daar is met kommer opgemerk dat tienerjariges seksuele gesondheid aan die daad van omgang gelykstel en dat geen aandag aan ander aspekte van seksuele gesondheid geskenk is nie. Aanbevelings ter verbetering van die situasie is gemaak.