Journal articles: 'Establishment of trees'

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Roger Harris, J. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LANDSCAPE TREES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 504 (October 1999): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.504.7.

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Earp, Morgan, Daniell Toth, Polly Phipps, and Charlotte Oslund. "Assessing Nonresponse in a Longitudinal Establishment Survey Using Regression Trees." Journal of Official Statistics 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2018-0021.

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Abstract This article introduces and discusses a method for conducting an analysis of nonresponse for a longitudinal establishment survey using regression trees. The methodology consists of three parts: analysis during the frame refinement and enrollment phases, common in longitudinal surveys; analysis of the effect of time on response rates during data collection; and analysis of the potential for nonresponse bias. For all three analyses, regression tree models are used to identify establishment characteristics and subgroups of establishments that represent vulnerabilities during the data collection process. This information could be used to direct additional resources to collecting data from identified establishments in order to improve the response rate.

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Obreza, T. A. "Program Fertilization for Establishment of Orange Trees." Journal of Production Agriculture 6, no. 4 (October 1993): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0546.

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Hutchings, T. R. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TREES ON CONTAMINATED LAND." Arboricultural Journal 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2002.9747350.

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Gilman, Edward F., and Richard C. Beeson. "Production Method Affects Tree Establishment in the Landscape." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.2.81.

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Abstract Trunk growth rates one year after transplanting 5 cm (2 in) caliper laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia Michx.) from above-ground plastic containers, from in-ground fabric containers or from the field (B&B) matched or exceeded growth rates before transplanting. Growth rates for all three treatments were similar seven months after transplanting. Shoots on field-grown trees grew more in the first year after transplanting than those from fabric or plastic containers. Roots removed at the time of digging were completely replaced on field and fabric container trees six months after transplanting. One year after transplanting, roots occupied the same soil volume as just prior to transplanting. Trees from plastic containers regenerated roots slower than B&B trees or those from fabric containers. When irrigation frequency was reduced 14 weeks after transplanting (WAT), trees from plastic containers were water stressed more (had more negative xylem potential) than B&B or fabric container trees. Growth rates of East Palatka holly (Ilex × attenuata Ashe. ‘East Palatka’) responded similarly to laurel oak; however hollies took longer to establish roots into landscape soil and took longer for the trunk growth rate to match that on trees prior to transplanting.

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Watson, W. Todd. "Influence of Tree Size on Transplant Establishment and Growth." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0118.

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Studies have demonstrated that the size of transplanted trees has a measurable impact on establishment rates in the landscape. Larger trees require a longer period of time than smaller trees to produce a root system comparable in spatial distribution to similar sized non-transplanted trees. This lag in redevelopment of root system architecture results in reduced growth that increases with transplant size. Research has demonstrated that smaller transplanted trees become established more quickly and ultimately result in larger trees in the landscape in a few years. Additional studies dispute these findings. This paper provides a review of current research on the effect of tree size on transplant establishment.

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Tetsumura, Takuya, Hisajiro Yukinaga, and Ryutaro Tao. "Early Field Performance of Micropropagated Japanese Persimmon Trees." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 751–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.751.

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Growth of micropropagated Japanese persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Nishimurawase) during the initial 3 years after field establishment was compared with that of grafted trees on seedling stocks. Judging from the mean length of annual shoots per tree and the yearly increases in height, trunk diameter, and top and root dry mass, the grafted trees on seedling stocks grew poorly during the first and second growing seasons, while micropropagated trees, raised in an outdoor nursery, developed poorly only during the first growing season. In contrast, micropropagated trees raised in pots fared well soon after field establishment. These trees had more fine than middle and large roots; in contrast, grafted trees on seedling stocks had one large taproot, which died back to some extent after field establishment, with few fine roots.

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Scott, Michael L., Jonathan M. Friedman, and Gregor T. Auble. "Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees." Geomorphology 14, no. 4 (January 1996): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555x(95)00046-8.

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Kelly, C. K., and A. Purvis. "Seed size and establishment conditions in tropical trees." Oecologia 94, no. 3 (June 1993): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317109.

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Glenn, D. M., and W. V. Welker. "Sod Competition in Peach Production: II. Establishment Beneath Mature Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (July 1996): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.670.

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Planting sod beneath peach trees (Prunus persica) to control excessive vegetative growth was evaluated from 1987 to 1993 in three field studies. Peach trees were established and maintained in 2.5-m-wide vegetation-free strips for 3 years, and then sod was planted beneath the trees and maintained for 5 to 7 years. Reducing the vegetation-free area beneath established peach trees to a 30- or 60-cm-wide herbicide strip with three grass species (Festuca arundinacae, Festuca rubra, Poa trivialis), reduced total pruning weight/tree in 5 of 16 study-years and weight of canopy suckers in 6 of 7 study-years, while increasing light penetration into the canopy. Fruit yield was reduced by planting sod beneath peach trees in 5 of 18 study-years; however, yield efficiency of total fruit and large fruit (kg yield/cm2 trunk area) were not reduced in one study and in only 1 year in the other two studies. Planting sod beneath peach trees increased available soil water content in all years, and yield efficiency based on evapotranspiration (kg yield/cm soil water use plus precipitation) was the same or greater for trees with sod compared to the 2.5-m-wide herbicide strip. Planting sod beneath peach trees has the potential to increase light penetration into the canopy and may be appropriate for high-density peach production systems where small, efficient trees are needed.

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11

Richardson-Calfee, Lisa E., and J. Roger Harris. "A Review of the Effects of Transplant Timing on Landscape Establishment of Field-grown Deciduous Trees in Temperate Climates." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0132.

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Prudent landscape professionals can enhance chances for successful establishment by timing tree transplant operations to coincide with ideal seasonal conditions. However, transplant timing is usually determined by economic factors, resulting in trees being transplanted at times that are unfavorable for their survival and growth. Knowledge of the effects of season of transplanting on the establishment of landscape trees can help assure the highest probability of success, especially since special post-transplant management may be required if trees are transplanted at unfavorable times. This manuscript reviews past and current research on the effects of transplant timing on landscape establishment of deciduous shade trees. Specific results are summarized from several key studies.

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12

Little, Ronda L., David L. Peterson, and Loveday L. Conquest. "Regeneration of subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa) following fire: effects of climate and other factors." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 934–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-123.

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Subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) regeneration following fire was studied at two locations that burned in 1902 northeast of Mount Rainier, Washington. Tree establishment dates were compared with local climatic records using multiple and logistic regression to identify potential relationships between seasonal climate and annual tree establishment. The influence of microsite features on forest regeneration was also explored. Little regeneration occurred in the first 30 years after the fires, and most trees established in the 1950s, 1977, 1983, and 1989. The dominance of trees <50 cm tall at both sites indicates that trees are continuing to establish on these burns. Establishment is positively correlated with warm, dry springs with low snow accumulation, and cool, wet summers with some variation in significant monthly climate between sites. Tree establishment following fire is greater near other trees and woody debris than other microsite features; however, the microsites available and used for tree establisment may change over time as snags fall and trees establish. More than 50% of the recently established trees (<50 cm tall) are located near larger trees and shrubs, and few (<10%) trees are growing in exposed mineral soil. Older trees (≥50 cm tall) are frequently observed near woody debris. The response of subalpine fir regeneration to changes in climate will depend on the magnitude and seasonality of changes in weather, especially during spring. Tree establishment may be enhanced if there is less snow accumulation and a longer growing season. However, warmer, drier summers could result in additional moisture stress to seedlings, especially at sites with high solar radiation (south and west aspects) and well-drained soils.

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13

Zimmerman, Richard H. "Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures." HortScience 26, no. 11 (November 1991): 1364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.11.1364.

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Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.

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McDonald, Garry V., and Michael A. Arnold. "597 Tree Establishment and Soil Surface Covers." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 550A—550. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.550a.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of a variety of commonly used soil surface covers on the establishment of Cercis canadensis L. var. texensis (Wats.) Rose. `Alba'. Containerized 23.3-L trees were planted into 1.1 × 1.5-m plots separated by metal landscape edging in 20-cm-deep raised beds constructed of exterior treated landscape timbers. Eight soil surface treatments were imposed with five replicates each. Controls included bare soil with no cover. The remaining seven treatments consisted of 8-cm depth of pine bark mulch, Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai on 30-cm centers mulched with 8 cm of pine bark, solid sodded Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, 8 cm of decorative gravel, 3 cm of recycled paper mulch, brick pavers underline with 5 cm of coarse builders sand (brick-on-sand), and seasonal color mulched with 8 cm of pine bark. The color rotation for summer, fall / winter, and spring is Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Viola × wittrockiana Gams., and Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr., respectively. Preliminary data indicates that mulching with pine bark resulted in similar or slightly increased trunk diameter growth over that of bare soil. Brick-on-sand and the recycled paper mulch had smaller increases in trunk diameter than the other treatments. Mid-day leaf water potentials of most treatments were similar to bare soil, but the mid-day water potentials of trees mulched with recycled paper were among the most negative. All treatments except brick-on-sand trees recovered as well or better than trees in the bare soil by the next morning. Poor predawn water potential recovery of brick-on-sand trees may be due to the elevated temperatures observed in their root zone. Bare soil, recycled paper mulch, and the annual treatments had the most negative soil moisture tensions on average. The bare soil may be due to increased evaporative loose over mulched soils. The large biomass of vinca as the season progressed may account for the more negative readings in the annual seasonal color plots.

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15

Harris, J. Roger, and Edward F. Gilman. "Production Method Affects Growth and Post-transplant Establishment of `East Palatka' Holly." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 2 (March 1993): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.2.194.

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Growth and physiological responses before and after transplanting to a simulated landscape were studied for `East Palatka' holly (Ilex ×attenuata Ashe `East Palatka') grown in plastic containers (PC), in the ground in fabric containers (FC), or in the ground conventionally. At the end of a 15-month production period, trees grown in PC had more shoot dry weight and leaf area than trees grown in FC, and they had thinner trunks than field-grown trees. Root balls on harvested field-grown trees contained 55% and those grown in FC 65% of total-tree root surface area. Trees transplanted from FC had the lowest predawn leaf xylem potential and required more frequent post-transplant irrigation than trees grown in PC or in the ground. Carbon assimilation rate and stomata1 conductance in the first week after transplanting were highest for trees planted from PC. Dry weight of regenerated roots was similar for all production methods 4 months after transplanting from the nursery, but trees grown in PC had SO% more regenerated root length, and the roots extended further into the back-fill soil.

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Myster, Randall W. "Post-Agricultural Invasion, Establishment, and Growth of Neotropical Trees." Botanical Review 70, no. 4 (October 2004): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2004)070[0381:pieago]2.0.co;2.

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Netshiluvhi, Thiambi R. "Demand, propagation and seedling establishment of selected medicinal trees." South African Journal of Botany 65, no. 5-6 (December 1999): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)31020-6.

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Nagamatsu, Dai, Kenji Seiwa, and Akiko Sakai. "Seedling establishment of deciduous trees in various topographic positions." Journal of Vegetation Science 13, no. 1 (February 2002): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02021.x.

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Hussain, Ghulam, Mohammad Sadiq, Yahya A. Nabulsi, and Otto J. Helweg. "Effect of saline water on establishment of windbreak trees." Agricultural Water Management 25, no. 1 (February 1994): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(94)90051-5.

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20

Richardson-Calfee, Lisa E., J. Roger Harris, Robert H. Jones, and Jody K. Fanelli. "Patterns of Root Production and Mortality during Transplant Establishment of Landscape-sized Sugar Maple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 3 (May 2010): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.3.203.

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Root system regeneration after transplanting of large trees is key to successful establishment, yet the influences of different production systems and transplant timing on root growth remain poorly understood. Patterns of new root production and mortality were therefore measured for 1 year after transplanting landscape-sized Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple). Trees were transplanted into root observation chambers (rhizotrons) from two production systems, balled-and-burlapped (B&B) and pot-in-pot (PIP), in November, December, March, April, and July and compared with non-transplanted trees. Although root production stopped in midwinter in all transplants and non-transplanted field-grown trees, slight wintertime root production was observed in non-transplanted PIP trees. Root mortality occurred year-round in all treatments with highest mortality in winter in the transplanted trees and spring and summer in the non-transplanted trees. Non-transplanted PIP trees had significantly greater standing root length, annual production, and mortality than non-transplanted field and transplanted PIP trees. For B&B trees, greatest standing length, production, and mortality occurred in the April transplant treatment. Production and mortality were roughly equal for non-transplanted trees, but production dominated early dynamics of transplanted trees. Overall, increases in root length occurred in all treatments, but the magnitude and timing of root activity were influenced by both production system and timing of transplant.

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Kjelgren, R., and L. A. Rupp. "Shelters Improve Tree Establishment under Herbaceous Competition." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 895A—895. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.895a.

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We investigated how shelters and competing herbaceous vegetation affected tree growth and water relations during establishment. A bunch-type forage grass was concurrently seeded around 1-year-old bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) and gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) planted in a silt loam field soil. During the second year following planting, irrigation was withheld, and midday water potential was measured twice to determine differences in water stress. At the end of the season, we measured total survival, elongative growth, and leaf area, as well as root growth of trees without competition. In the presence of competing vegetation, trees in shelters were less water stressed by –1.0 MPa than those without shelters. All maples without shelters and with competition died, and oak survival was 28%. Survival of both species in shelters was 86%. All trees without competing vegetation survived, but shelters affected maples differently than oaks. Maples without shelters had multiple stems that resulted in less shoot elongation and coarse roots but higher leaf area than those in shelters, and there were no differences in midday water potential. By contrast leaf area, elongation, and root growth of oaks in shelters were not different from those without shelters, but water potential was less negative. Tree shelters mitigated the effects of competition during establishment, but overall growth in shelters varied with species as oaks did not grow as well as maples.

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Parish, R., J. A. Antos, and M. J. Fortin. "Stand development in an old-growth subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 9 (September 15, 1999): 1347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-080.

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The dynamics of an old-growth Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) - subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forest were investigated using stand-history reconstruction. Age and size structures, tree location, and radial increment patterns were used to link establishment and growth to disturbances. The spatial distribution of trees was used to infer patterns of establishment and mortality. The forest originated in the 1650s, probably after fire. Initial establishment took almost 80 years, after which fir continued to recruit effectively, but spruce did not. The tree-ring record showed no evidence of widespread disturbance during the first 200 years, but from about 1855 to 1900 a major period of canopy mortality caused by bark beetles released suppressed trees and provided opportunities for establishment and rapid growth of seedlings of both species. Most current canopy trees established or released during this period of disturbance; thus, many canopy trees are fairly young in this old-growth forest and canopy turnover is high. A short period of disturbance (1927-1932) caused by the balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus Swaine) resulted in release of suppressed trees but did not promote seedling establishment. At the time of study (1994), the stand was undergoing another minor disturbance caused by this insect. Bark beetles appear to be of fundamental importance in controlling the dynamics of spruce-fir forests during the long intervals that often occur between fires in cool, wet climates.

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GIUSTINA, CAROLINA DELLA, ROBERTA APARECIDA CARNEVALLI, MARCELO RIBEIRO ROMANO, DIEGO BARBOSA ALVES ANTONIO, and CAMILA ECKSTEIN. "GROWTH OF DIFFERENT FRUIT TREE SPECIES IN SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS DURING THE ESTABLISHMENT PHASE." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 4 (December 2017): 1040–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n425rc.

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ABSTRACT The benefits of integrating agricultural components into silvopastoral systems are widely known, but the limited knowledge about ecological processes in the establishment phase impedes the use of this technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between fruit tree species and the sward layer under canopies of trees in the establishment phase of silvopastoral systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment was implemented in October 2013, with an evaluation period from January to July 2015. The systems were composed of eight fruit trees intercropped with Tifton 85 grass. A completely randomized block design was adopted, with two replications per area per treatment. We evaluated the agronomic performance of the fruit trees, the categories of the light environment, and the plant accumulation under the canopies. The acerola fruit trees of the variety Roxinha had higher Leaf area index (LAI) and Light interception (LI) values, showing a denser canopy with small porosity and the lowest light quality available to the plants beneath the canopy (lower red/far-red ratio), thereby decreasing plant accumulation under trees. The guava fruit trees showed higher growth rates than the other fruit trees, but lower LAI and LI values and a higher red/far-red ratio, allowing higher plant growth under the canopy. Cajá trees showed a similar behavior; however, this species is deciduous, which limits its potential use in integrated systems. Banana and coconut trees were highly dependent on irrigation during the dry season. The remaining species showed an adequate growth and potential to control plant species growth under their canopies.

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24

Gordon, John C. "Poplars: Trees of the people, trees of the future." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77217-2.

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Poplars and willows have been and are important in human history and affairs but they have not garnered the attention and respect their many positive attributes deserve. They can be even more important in the future as human population pressures increase the need for wood, watershed and riparian rehabilitation and protection, environmental monitoring and improvement, carbon sequestration, phytoremediation and basic biological understanding. Whether, and to what degree, poplars and willows achieve their potential will depend on coordinated action that includes systematic collection of biological materials, establishment of an environmental monitoring network based on poplars and willows, creation of a "poplars, willows and water" task force to assess watershed and riparian rehabilitation tasks, enhanced genome research and an advanced, ecosystem-based regulatory framework for poplar and willow systems based on altered genomes. These must be presented in an ecosystem framework with their risks and benefits clearly described. Key words: poplars, willows, utilization, technology, environment

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25

Kjelgren, Roger, and Mike Foutch. "GROWTH OF KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE SEEDLINGS IN PROTECTIVE SHELTERS DURING FIELD ESTABLISHMENT." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 569e—569. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.569e.

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Growth and water relations of seedlings grown in protective tree shelters were investigated during establishment in a field nursery. Shelters, 1.2 m high, were placed over 0.5 m Kentucky coffee tree seedlings following spring transplanting in a field experiment. Predawn leaf water potential (ψ) and stomatal conductance (gs) were monitored periodically through the season and growth was measured in late summer. In a second experiment diurnal microclimate, and seedling water relations and use, in the shelters were studied under controlled conditions. In the shelters, leaf and air temperature, humidity, and gs exceeded non-sheltered levels while solar radiation was 70% lower. Despite greater gs, normalized water use was 40% lower in the sheltered trees. While midday gs was similarly high in the field-grown trees, no differences in predawn ψ were detected through the season. Sheltered trees in the field had four times more shoot growth but 40% less caliper growth. Sheltered trees had leaf thickness lower than control trees, and together with the growth and radiation pattern, indicated that they were shade acclimated. Shelters can improve height growth and reduce water loss during establishment, but may not allow sufficient trunk development or taper for upright support

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Branco, Manuela, Pedro Nunes, Alain Roques, Maria Rosário Fernandes, Christophe Orazio, and Hervé Jactel. "Urban trees facilitate the establishment of non-native forest insects." NeoBiota 52 (November 11, 2019): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.52.36358.

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Cities, due to the presence of ports and airports and the high diversity of trees in streets, parks, and gardens, may play an important role for the introduction of invasive forest pests. We hypothesize that areas of urban forest facilitate the establishment of non-native forest pests. Based on scientific literature and a pan-European database on non-native species feeding on woody plants, we analysed where the first detections occurred in European countries. We collected site data for 137 first detections in Europe and 508 first European country-specific records. We also estimated the percentage of tree cover and suitable habitat (green areas with trees) in buffers around detection points. The large majority of first records (89% for first record in Europe and 88% for first records in a European country) were found in cities or suburban areas. Only 7% of the cases were in forests far from cities. The probability of occurrence decreased sharply with distance from the city. The probability to be detected in urban areas was higher for sap feeders, gall makers, and seed or fruit feeders (>90%) than for bark and wood borers (81%). Detection sites in cities were highly diverse, including public parks, street trees, university campus, arboreta, zoos, and botanical gardens. The average proportion of suitable habitat was less than 10% in urban areas where the species were detected. Further, more than 72% of the cases occurred in sites with less than 20% of tree cover. Hotspots of first detection were identified along the coastal regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and near industrial areas of central Europe. We conclude that urban trees are main facilitators for the establishment of non-native forest pests, and that cities should thus be intensely surveyed. Moreover, as urban areas are highly populated, the involvement of citizens is highly recommended.

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Allona, I., A. Ramos, C. Ibáñez, A. Contreras, R. Casado, and C. Aragoncillo. "Molecular control of winter dormancy establishment in trees: a review." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 6, S1 (February 1, 2008): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/200806s1-389.

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28

Ashby, W. C., M. R. Norland, and D. A. Kost. "Establishment of Trees in Herbaceous Cover on Graded Lenzburg Minesoil." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1988, no. 2 (1988): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr88020048.

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29

Roman, Lara A., Lindsey A. Walker, Catherine M. Martineau, David J. Muffly, Susan A. MacQueen, and Winnie Harris. "Stewardship matters: Case studies in establishment success of urban trees." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14, no. 4 (2015): 1174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.11.001.

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30

Larson, Merlyn M., David A. Kost, and John P. Vimmerstedt. "Establishment of trees on minesoils during drought and wet years." International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment 9, no. 3 (January 1995): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09208119508964728.

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31

Paprštein, F., J. Sedlák, and V. Holubec. "On-farm orchards of fruit trees." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, Special Issue (March 31, 2010): S65—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2669-cjgpb.

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Four on-farm plantations (KRNAP Vrchlabí, the Orchard of Reconciliation in Neratov, Podyjí National Park, and Šumava National Park) were successfully established in a traditional form, with large orchard trees on seedling rootstocks. Certain accessions (cultivars) for on-farm conservation in the given locality were selected, according to the incidence and presentation of genotypes in these particular areas. This information was obtained by localization of fruit trees <I>in situ </I>and the determination of certain cultivars. Nursery stock production for onfarm plantations is described. Because of the longevity of the plantation, seedling rootstocks were used for the production of planting materials for the on-farm plantations. Techniques of on-farm plantation establishment and orchard management are stated within the paper. Four established on-farm plantations have ensured the long-term preservation of landraces in their original areas.

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Zhou, Jie, Zhi Peng Li, and Qiang Huo. "Trees Transplanting Machine Mechanical Model Establishment and Shovel Blade Finite Element Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.234.

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Trees or small saplings are often required to be transplanted to other places due to the modern city construction, environmental transformation, forestation, etc. To use human resources to transplant results in high labor intensity, low efficiency, and high cost. In order to satisfy the requirement of the market, a kind of trees transplanting machine with simple structure and high efficiency has been applied to dig holes, place seedlings and transplant[1]. A machine of high-automation is desirable in order to meet the demand for mechanical transplantation of the afforestation seedling. The depth and ball diameter of soil are determined according to the diameter at breast height of the trees. Statistics show that tree transplant with the machine, the survival rate of forestation is 95% or above. Compared with the traditional afforestation technology the application of the machine shortens seeding period of 2-3 years, increases the rate of trees growth to 57.7%, and improves economic efficiency to 98% [2]. Because the shovel blade is the main working part of a trees transplanting machine, its design greatly affect the quality of the work conducted by the machine. In order to enhance the quality of the shovel blade design, this research established the mechanics model of the tree transplanting machine and carried out the finite element analysis of the shovel blade to predict its maximum working pressure.

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Schlesinger, Richard C., and Jerome W. Van Sambeek. "Ground Cover Management Can Revitalize Black Walnut Trees." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/3.2.49.

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Abstract Many black walnut plantations have been successfully established in recent years, but not all have continued to grow well after establishment. In one 10-year-old plantation in southern Illinois, elimination of the fescue sod understory by annual cultivation for 5 years produced trees that were 69% larger in diameter at age 15 than those in untreated areas. In a second plantation, 17 years old at the time of treatment, elimination of the fescue by either cultivation or the establishment of hairy vetch resulted in a 250% increase in diameter growth over the next 3 years. For many slow-growing black walnut plantings, some form of understory vegetation management will be required to meet the goals of short-rotation forestry. North. J. Appl. For. 3:49-51, June 1986.

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Pigott, J. Patrick, Grant P. Palmer, Alan L. Yen, Arn D. Tolsma, Geoff W. Brown, Matt S. Gibson, and John R. Wright. "Establishment of the Box-Ironbark Ecological Thinning Trial in north central Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122, no. 2 (2010): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs10020.

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An ecological thinning trial was established in 2003 in north-central Victoria as part of the development of an ecological management strategy to support the newly created Box-Ironbark Parks and Reserves System. The objective of the trial was to restore diversity of habitat structure to declining Box-Ironbark forests and woodlands. Three ecological thinning techniques were designed around several principles: reducing total basal-area of trees and retaining levels of patchiness whilst retaining large trees. Thinning treatments were implemented in 30 ha plots at four conservation reserves south of Bendigo, Victoria. A range of ecosystem components were monitored before and after thinning. A woody-debris removal treatment was also set-up at a 1 ha scale within thinning treatments. Prior to thinning, plots were dominated by high numbers of coppice regenerated trees with few of the trees sampled considered large, resulting in low numbers of tree hollows and low loadings of coarse woody debris. It is anticipated that the establishment of the ecological thinning trial (Phase I), is the beginning of long-term monitoring, as effects of thinning on key habitat values may not be apparent for up to 50 years or more. The vision for restoration of Box-Ironbark forests and woodlands is one of a mosaic landscape with a greater diversity of habitat types including open areas and greater numbers of larger, hollow-bearing trees. This paper summarises the experimental design and the techniques adopted in Phase I of this project during 2003-2008.

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Kjelgren, Roger. "Growth and Water Relations of Kentucky Coffee Tree in Protective Shelters during Establishment." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.777.

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Growth and water relations of Kentucky coffee tree [Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch] whips in translucent tubelike shelters were investigated. In a container study, 1.2-m-high shelters were placed over whips following transplanting, then diurnal microclimate, water relations, and water use were measured. Shelter air temperature and vapor pressure were substantially higher, and solar radiation was 70% lower, than ambient conditions. Sheltered trees responded with nearly three-times higher stomatrd conductance than nonsheltered trees. However, due to substantially lower boundary layer conductance created by the shelter, normalized water use was 40910 lower. In a second experiment, same-sized shelters were placed on whips following spring transplanting in the field. Predawn and midday leaf water potentials and midday stomatal conductance (g,) were monitored periodically through the season, and growth was measured in late summer. Midday gs was also much higher in field-grown trees with shelters than in those without. Sheltered trees in the field had four times greater terminal shoot elongation but 40% less stem diameter growth. Attenuated radiation in the shelters and lower specific leaf area of sheltered trees indicated shade acclimation. Shelters can improve height and reduce water loss during establishment in a field nursery, but they do not allow for sufficient trunk growth.

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Harris, J. Roger, Patricia Knight, and Jody Fanelli. "Fall Transplanting Improves Establishment of Balled and Burlapped Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.)." HortScience 31, no. 7 (December 1996): 1143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1143.

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The effect of fall vs. spring transplanting was tested on landscape-sized Chionanthus virginicus L. at a research farm in Blacksburg, Va. Two fall transplanting dates (11 Nov. and 1 Dec. 1994) were selected so that soil temperatures were decreasing and near 10 °C for the earlier fall date (11 Nov.) and decreasing and near 5 °C for the later fall transplanting date (1 Dec.). The spring date (14 Mar. 1995) was selected so that soil temperatures were increasing and near 5 °C. All trees were transplanted with rootballs of native soil wrapped in burlap (B&B). Fringe tree was clearly tolerant of fall transplanting. Trees transplanted on 11 Nov. had a larger leaf area 1 month after bud set the next summer and had wider canopies and more dry mass of new roots at leaf drop than trees transplanted on the other dates. Trees transplanted on 14 Mar. had less total leaf area, leaf dry mass, and lower maximum root extension into the backfill soil than trees transplanted on 11 Nov. or 1 Dec. No root growth occurred beyond the original rootball until about early July (1 month after bud set) in any treatment, suggesting that first season posttransplant irrigation regimes need to focus on rootballs, not surrounding soil areas.

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Griffin, Jason J., William R. Reid, and Dale Bremer. "(82) Turf Species Affect Establishment and Growth of Cercis canadensis and Carya illinoiensis." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1041B—1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1041b.

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Successful establishment and growth of newly planted trees in the landscape is dependent on many factors. Weed pressure and water conservation are typically achieved with either organic mulches or chemical herbicides applied over the root ball of the newly planted tree. In the landscape, eliminating turfgrass from the root zone of trees may be more complicated than resource competition. Studies have shown that tall fescue (Festucaarundinaceae Schreb.) has allelopathic properties on pecan trees [Caryaillinoiensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Well-manicured tall fescue turf in the landscape may have negative effects on the establishment and growth of landscape trees as well. A study was designed to examine the effects of popular turfgrasses on the growth of newly planted pecan and redbud (Cerciscanadensis L.). Results demonstrate that the presence of turfgrass over the root zone of trees negatively impacts tree growth. Through two growing seasons, every growth parameter measured on redbuds (caliper, height, shoot growth, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, and leaf weight) was significantly reduced by the presence of turf. However, the warm season bermudagrass [Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.] was less inhibitied than the cool season grasses. The affects of turfgrass on pecan growth was less significant; however, caliper, leaf area, and root dry weight were significantly reduced when grown with turf.

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Bryan, Donita L., Michael A. Arnold, Astrid Volder, W. Todd Watson, Leonardo Lombardini, John J. Sloan, Luis A. Valdez-Aguilar, and Andrew D. Cartmill. "Planting Depth During Container Production and Landscape Establishment Affects Growth of Ulmus parvifolia." HortScience 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.1.54.

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Planting depth during container production may influence plant growth, establishment, and subsequent landscape value. A lack of knowledge about the effects of common transplanting practices may lead to suboptimal performance of planted landscape trees. Planting depth, i.e., location of the root collar relative to soil grade, is of particular concern for posttransplant tree growth both when transplanted to larger containers during production and after transplanting into the landscape. It is unknown whether negative effects of poor planting practices are compounded during the production phases and affect subsequent landscape establishment. This study investigated effects of planting depth during two successive phases of container production (10.8 L and 36.6 L) and eventual landscape establishment using lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). Tree growth was greater when planted at grade during the initial container (10.8 L) production phase and was reduced when planted 5 cm below grade. In the second container production phase (36.6 L), trees planted above grade had reduced growth compared with trees planted at grade or below grade. For landscape establishment, transplanting at grade to slightly below or above grade produced trees with greater height on average when compared with planting below grade or substantially above grade, whereas there was no effect on trunk diameter. Correlations between initial growth and final growth in the field suggested that substantial deviations of the original root to shoot transition from at-grade planting was more of a factor in initial establishment of lacebark elm than the up-canning practices associated with planting depth during container production.

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Kjelgren, Roger, David T. Montague, and Larry A. Rupp. "Establishment in Treeshelters II: Effect of Shelter Color on Gas Exchange and Hardiness." HortScience 32, no. 7 (December 1997): 1284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1284.

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We investigated the microclimate, gas exchange, and growth of field-grown Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh) trees nonsheltered, and in brown and white shelters. Shelter microclimate—air temperature (Ta), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and radiation—and tree leaf area, growth in diameter, stomatal conductance (gs), and photosynthesis were measured during the first growing season after bare-root transplanting. Bark temperatures in midwinter were also measured. Treeshelter microclimate was greenhouse-like compared to ambient conditions, as shortwave radiation was lower, and midday Ta and relative humidity were higher. Although trees in shelters had greater shoot elongation and higher gs than trees grown without shelters, photosynthesis was not different. White shelters allowed 25% more shortwave radiation penetration and increased Ta by 2 to 4 °C and VPD by 0.5-1 kPa over brown shelters. However, tree growth and gas exchange generally were not affected by shelter color. Winter injury was increased for trees in shelters and varied with species and shelter color. Both species exhibited shoot dieback in shelters the spring following a winter where bark temperatures varied 40 to 50 °C diurnally. More new growth died on maple, particularly in white shelters where several trees were killed. These data suggest that supraoptimal summer and winter temperatures may reduce vigor and interfere with cold tolerance of some species grown in shelters.

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40

Hummel, Rita L., and Charles R. Johnson. "Influence of Pruning at Transplant Time on Growth and Establishment of Liquidambar styraciflua L., Sweet Gum." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-4.3.83.

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Pruning of container-grown sweet gum trees by heading 20, 30, and 50% of the top at transplant time produced no significant positive influence on growth and establishment when compared to nonpruned trees. Total growth of plants pruned 30 and 50% was restricted. Heading impaired the natural excurrent (conical) form of sweet gum. However the lost leader of some trees was replaced by a clearly dominant, upright lateral branch. Results of fall and spring transplanting were similar. Supplemental irrigation during prolonged dry periods produced significantly larger, more desirable landscape trees.

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McCraw, B. D., and Becky Carroll. "Effect of Irrigation and Berm on Growth of Peach Trees during Establishment." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 600b—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.600b.

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Long-term success in peach production requires the best possible site, but the ideal site is difficult to find. Risk of crop loss to spring freeze dictates that trees be on high ground. As a result, the best site available may have less than optimum soil. Effects of irrigation on peach tree growth are well documented. Raised beds have been used in other crops to insure adequate water drainage away from roots of crop plants. Results from larger beds or berms in combination with irrigation on peaches have been reported in Ohio, but little information is available for the southeast production region. In this study, berms on a Teller Fine Sandy Loam soil were constructed with a road grader in Oct. 1993. The berms were 55.8 cm high, 61 cm wide at the top, and sloped ≈30° to a base width of 4.3 m. `Flameprince'/Lovell trees were planted in Mar. 1994, 6.1 m between rows and 5.5 m between trees in rows. The experiment was a split-plot design with four replications and three trees per treatment replication. Treatments consisted of no irrigation, 40% or 80% pan evaporation (PE) replacement in combination with berm or flat planting surface. Irrigation was supplied by means of emitters which applied 3.7 L per hour. Two emitters per tree were located in the row 45.7 cm either side of the tree trunk. During the first 4 years there was no significant difference between 40% and 80% PE irrigation treatments. Likewise, no significant interactions occurred. Tree trunk caliper, canopy area, and height were greater in irrigated plots and the same or greater from trees in flat plots in all cases.

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Hyytiäinen, Kari, Sakari Ilomäki, Annikki Mäkelä, and Kaarlo Kinnunen. "Economic analysis of stand establishment for Scots pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-023.

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Experimental data, a process-based forest growth model, and stand-level economic optimization were combined to investigate financial returns from investments for establishing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in southern Finland. Four regeneration methods (planting, sowing, and natural regeneration with 25 or 100 seed trees·ha1) and three intensities of soil preparation (unprepared, conventional harrowing, intensive harrowing) are compared. At a 1% interest rate, artificial regeneration by planting or sowing and high investment in soil preparation yielded the highest net present values. Natural regeneration involves low material and labor costs and becomes the optimal regeneration method at a 3% interest rate. Sowing and natural regeneration yielded equally good economic outcomes at a 5% interest rate. Owing to overlapping rotation periods, natural regeneration with a high number of seed trees yielded a long-run timber supply comparable to that obtained with artificial regeneration. However, constraints limiting density and retention time for seed trees involve additional costs with natural regeneration. Optimal thinning aimed at artificial regeneration may provide an attractive option for converting the stand to natural regeneration.

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Douglas, G. B., T. N. Barry, N. A. Faulknor, P. D. Kemp, A. G. Foote, P. N. Cameron, and D. W. Pitta. "Willow coppice and browse blocks: establishment and management." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2984.

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Tree willow (Salix matsudana x alba) clone 'Tangoio' has potential as supplementary feed for livestock in summer/autumn drought. A trial was conducted in Hawke's Bay to determine the effect of planting stock (1.1 m stakes, 2 m poles) and cutting height (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m) on edible (leaf + stem < 5 mm diameter) and total tree biomass in 2002 and 2003. Tangoio was also established progressively in high density (4,000-6,900 stems/ha) browse fodder blocks in Wairarapa using 0.75 m stakes, and the trees were browsed with sheep in summer 2003, when the blocks were aged 1-3 years. Total tree yield in all trials ranged from 0.12 to 2.29 t DM/ha/ yr, of which 30-50% was edible. Trees cut to 0.5 m above ground often yielded more (P < 0.05) than those cut at 0.25 m. Tangoio established well in the browse blocks but its biomass was < 20% of that of the understorey pasture. Best management techniques for coppice and browse blocks are recommended. Keywords: willow; supplementary feed; soil conservation; defoliation; tree-pasture systems

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Robinson, Terence L., Alison M. DeMarree, and Stephen A. Hoying. "Economic Comparison of Five High-density Apple Planting Systems." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1128A—1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1128a.

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We performed an economic analysis of five orchard production systems [Slender Pyramid/M.26 (840 trees/ha), Vertical Axis/M.9 (1538 trees/ha), Slender Axis/M.9 (2244 trees/ha), Tall Spindle/M.9 (3312 trees/ha), and Super Spindle (5382 trees/ha)] using composite yield and labor usage data from several replicated research plots in New York state. Other costs and fruit returns were averages from a group of commercial fruit farms in New York state. The systems varied in costs of establishment from a low of $18,431/ha for the Slender Pyramid system to high of $47,524/ha for the Super Spindle system. The large differences in establishment costs were largely related to tree density. All of the systems had a positive internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) after 20 years. They ranged from a low of 7.5% IRR for the Slender Pyramid system to a high of 11.1% IRR for the Slender Axis system. Profitability, as measured by NPV, was curvilinearly related to tree density with intermediate densities giving greater profitability than the highest densities. The optimum density was 2600 trees/ha when NPV was calculated per hectare, but only 2200 trees/ha when NPV was calculated per $10,000 invested. The earliest break-even year was 10 for the Slender Axis and Tall Spindle systems. The latest break-even year was 13 for the Slender Pyramid. An estimate of the number of hectares required to produce a $100,000 annual profit to the business was 222 for the slender pyramid system and 84–104 ha of the three best systems (Super Spindle, Tall Spindle, and Slender Axis). The analysis revealed that efforts to control establishment costs of land, trees and support system can substantially increase lifetime profits.

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Muñoz-Concha, D., and C. Baltierra. "IN VITRO ESTABLISHMENT OF TISSUES FROM SELECTED TREES OF GOMORTEGA KEULE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1083 (May 2015): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1083.5.

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Roman, Lara A., John J. Battles, and Joe R. McBride. "Determinants of establishment survival for residential trees in Sacramento County, CA." Landscape and Urban Planning 129 (September 2014): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.05.004.

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47

HARMER, R. "Natural regeneration of broadleaved trees in Britain: III. Germination and establishment." Forestry 68, no. 1 (1995): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/68.1.1-b.

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48

Francis, Robert A. "Size and position matter: riparian plant establishment from fluvially deposited trees." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, no. 8 (2007): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1557.

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Jones, R. H., A. H. Chappelka, and D. H. West. "Use of Plastic Shelters for Low-Cost Establishment of Street Trees." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/20.2.85.

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Abstract One-year-old seedlings of 11 commonly used urban shade tree species were protected with plastic shelters to determine effects on survival and growth. Additional seedlings were planted in the cities of Auburn and Opelika, Alabama, to determine seedling performance in actual urban settings and to estimate incidence of vandalism in five urban settings. Shelters increased survival in four species and height growth in seven. Diameter growth responses were mixed. During the first 13 months after planting, only 3% of the seedlings in the cities were damaged by people. However, 20% of the shelters were vandalized at least once. Vandalism rates for shelters were greatest (37-44%) in neighborhoods of privately and publicly owned homes; intermediate (20%) in recreational parks, and lowest (4-6%) in undeveloped or industrial park areas. Installation of each tree with its shelter cost $2.78 (excluding labor) and required 20-25 minutes of labor. Tree shelters show promise as a low-cost alternative to more expensive planting methods, especially in undeveloped portions of cities. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):85-89.

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Dalling, J. W., Stephen P. Hubbell, and Katia Silvera. "Seed dispersal, seedling establishment and gap partitioning among tropical pioneer trees." Journal of Ecology 86, no. 4 (August 1998): 674–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00298.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Establishment of trees'

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