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Durot, Maxime. "Elucidation du métabolisme des microorganismes par la modélisation et l'interprétation des données d'essentialités de gènes : application au métabolisme de la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EVRY0017/document.
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Le métabolisme des microorganismes est traditionnellement étudié à deux échelles: d’une part, à l’échelle locale, la description des réactions métaboliques et d’autre part, à l’échelle globale, l’étude de la physiologie de la cellule. Malgré des progrès technologiques récents facilitant les études à ces deux échelles, leur exploitation conjointe demeure complexe car le comportement physiologique de la cellule résulte de l’action coordonnée de nombreuses réactions. Les modèles mathématiques globaux du métabolisme ont toutefois récemment permis de relier ces deux échelles. Dans cette thèse, nous explorerons l’utilisation de ces modèles pour compléter la connaissance des réactions à l’aide d’une catégorie particulière de données d’échelle globale : les essentialités de gènes déterminées à partir des phénotypes de croissance de mutants de délétion. Nous nous appuierons pour cela sur la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. Après avoir présenté les développements effectués pour reconstruire un modèle global du métabolisme d’A. baylyi, nous montrerons que la confrontation entre phénotypes observés et phénotypes prédits permet de mettre en évidence des incohérences entre les deux échelles d’observations. Nous montrerons ensuite qu’une interprétation formelle de ces incohérences permet de corriger le modèle et d’améliorer la connaissance du métabolisme. Nous illustrerons ce propos en présentant les corrections que nous avons réalisées à l’aide de phénotypes de mutants d’A. baylyi. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous proposerons une méthode permettant d’automatiser la correction des incohérences causées par des erreurs d’association entre gènes et réactionsMicrobial metabolism has traditionally been investigated at two different scales: the finest involves characterizing individually each reaction occurring in the cell; the largest focuses on global cell physiology. While both scales have recently benefited from technological advances, combining them remains, however, especially complex as the global physiological behavior of a cell results from the coordinated action of a large network of reactions. Mathematical modeling approaches have yet shown recently that genome-scale metabolic models could help in linking both scales. In this thesis, we explore the use of such models to expand the knowledge of reactions with a specific type of high-level data: gene essentiality data, assessed using growth phenotypes of deletion mutants. We will use as model organism the bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1, for which a genome-wide collection of gene deletion mutants has recently been created. Following a presentation of the key steps and developments that have been required to reconstruct a global metabolic model of A. baylyi, we will show that confronting observed and predicted phenotypes highlight inconsistencies between the two scales. We will then show that a formal interpretation of these inconsistencies can guide model corrections and improvements to the knowledge of metabolism. We will illustrate this claim by presenting model corrections triggered by A. baylyi mutant phenotypes. Finally, we will introduce a method that automates the correction of inconsistencies caused by wrong associations between genes and reactions
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Dezobry, Guillaume. "Essentialité et droit communautaire de la concurrence (contribution à l’étude de la théorie des facilités essentielles)." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100139.
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L’objectif de l’étude de l’essentialité en droit communautaire de la concurrence est double. Il s’agit d’une part de clarifier la notion de facilité essentielle et d’autre part d’analyser le régime juridique qui l’accompagne. Concernant le premier point, l’étude entreprise tente tout d’abord de définir la notion d’essentialité. Elle se poursuit ensuite par l’analyse du traitement réservé aux éléments factuels afin d’établir le caractère essentiel d’une facilité. Elle envisage enfin l’opportunité de recourir à la délimitation du marché pertinent pour mettre en évidence l’essentialité d’une facilité. Concernant le second point, cette étude commence par analyser l’impact économique d’une décision prononçant l’accès à une facilité essentielle. Cela suppose d’envisager d’une part l’impact d’une telle décision en termes d’efficacité statique et d’autre part en termes d’efficacité dynamique. Ensuite, l’étude se poursuit par l’identification des conditions d’application de la théorie des facilités essentielles et de ses fondements juridiques. Enfin, l’étude envisage les considérations liées à l’organisation de l’accès des tiers à une facilité essentielle qui correspond à une mission de régulationThe study of essentiality in EC competition law has two main objectives. The first one is to shed some light on the essential facility concept and the second is to analyse the judicial regime that goes with it. As far as the first issue is concerned, the study begins with trying to define the concept of essentiality. Then, it presents how to deal with factual elements in order to establish the essentiality of a facility. Finally, the opportunity to use market definition to stress out the essential caracter of the facility concerned is discussed. As far as the second issue is concerned, this study begins with analysing the economic impact of a decision to grant access to an essential facility. Two dimensions must be taken into account : dynamic efficiency and static efficiency. Then, it is possible to identify the conditions under which the access must be granted, and the judicial basis of this theory. Finally, this study tries to point out the issues related to the organization of the access to an essential facility. Those issues are dealt with through the broader concept of regulation
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Cantaloube, Sylvain. "Architecture et essentialité des complexes de biosynthèse des acides mycoliques de la bactérie pathogène Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/808/.
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Les acides mycoliques sont des constituants majeurs de l'enveloppe mycobactérienne. La voie essentielle de biosynthèse des acides mycoliques fait intervenir deux systèmes d'élongation d'acides gras : FAS-II (plusieurs enzymes) et FAS-I (méga-enzyme qui possède tous les domaines catalytiques). Il a été montré que des enzymes de FAS-II interagissent entre elles pour former des complexes d'élongation. Ces travaux complètent l'interactome de la voie de biosynthèse en intégrant dans le réseau d'interaction de nouveaux partenaires par des techniques de double et triple hybride chez la levure et de co-immunoprécipitation. Les alignements des structures des enzymes de FAS-II sur celle de mFAS-I nous ont permis de proposer un modèle original de l'interactome de la voie de biosynthèse des acides mycoliques. Enfin, nous avons étudié les interactions homotypiques des réductases du système (MabA et InhA) et montré que l'homomultimérisation à l'interface a4a5 est essentielle à la survie des mycobactéries, faisant de cette interface une cible dans la recherche d'antituberculeuxMycolic acids are major constituents of mycobacteria envelope. The essential mycolic acids biosynthesis pathway use two fatty acids elongation systems : FAS-II (several enzymes) and FAS-I (mega-enzyme which has all the catalytic domains). It was shown that FAS-II enzymes interact with themselves to form elongation complexes. This study completes the biosynthesis pathway interactome. New partners were integrated to the interactions network thanks to yeast double and triple hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation. Structural alignments between FAS-II enzymes and mFAS-I allow us to propose an original interactome model of the mycolic acids biosynthesis pathway. Finally, we have studied homotypic interactions of the system reductases (MabA and InhA). We have shown that a4a5 interface homomultimersiation is essential for mycobacteria survival. So, this interface is a new target to find new antituberculous drugs
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Rousset, Francois. "CRISPRi screens in bacterial genomics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS373.
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La génomique chez les bactéries a connu un véritable essor au cours de la dernière décennie grâce aux progrès des méthodes de séquençage de l'ADN. De nouvelles techniques expérimentales sont nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre la fonction des gènes. La découverte des systèmes immunitaires adaptatifs CRISPR-Cas chez les bactéries a conduit au développement de nombreuses technologies pour cibler un acide nucléique de manière séquence-spécifique. En particulier, l’enzyme dCas9 peut être guidée vers une séquence d’ADN par un court ARN nommé sgRNA afin d'inhiber l'expression d'un gène de manière spécifique, un mécanisme nommé CRISPRi. La présente thèse décrit le développement d'une technique de criblage haut-débit basée sur des collections de sgRNAs synthétisées et clonées en parallèle. Nous avons d'abord montré comment cette technique peut être utilisée pour identifier les gènes essentiels chez E. coli. Nous l’avons également utilisée dans le contexte d’une infection par différents bactériophages afin d'identifier les gènes nécessaires à l’infection. Alors que la majorité des études génomiques sont basées sur des souches modèles qui ne représentent pas la diversité de l'espèce, nous avons ensuite adapté un système CRISPRi compatible avec la majorité des isolats d’E. coli ou d’espèces proches. Une collection de sgRNAs ciblant ~3300 gènes conservés d’E. coli a été créée et utilisée dans une collection d'isolats naturels afin de déterminer l’impact de la diversité génétique sur l’essentialité des gènes conservés de l'espèce. Nous avons ainsi montré comment des gènes transférés horizontalement peuvent moduler l'essentialité de gènes conservés. Ces travaux démontrent le potentiel des criblages CRISPRi haut-débit en génomique bactérienneAdvances in sequencing technologies over the past decade have significantly expanded the field of bacterial genomics. In this context, new experimental methods are still required to better understand gene function. The discovery of CRISPR-Cas systems in bacterial adaptive immunity led to the development of a variety of biotechnological tools to target DNA in a sequence-specific manner. In particular, the dCas9 protein can be guided towards a target DNA sequence by short RNAs called sgRNAs to inhibit gene expression in a mechanism called CRISPRi. The present thesis describes the development of a high-throughput screening method based on the pooled synthesis and cloning of sgRNAs libraries. We first showed that CRISPRi screens can confidently predict essential genes in E. coli. We also exploited this method during infection by different bacteriophages to determine which host genes are required for a successful infection. While most genomics studies rely on model strains which fail to represent the genetic diversity of the species, we next developed a CRISPRi platform that is compatible with most isolates from E. coli and closely-related species. A sgRNA library targeting ~3,300 persistent genes from the E. coli species was designed and implemented in a collection of natural isolates to determine the impact of genetic diversity on the essentiality of core genes. We demonstrated how horizontally-transferred genes can modulate core gene essentiality. Altogether, this work shows the potential of high-throughput CRISPRi screens in bacterial genomics
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Fulfer, Katherine Nicole. "The Concept of "Woman": Feminism after the Essentialism Critique." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/36.
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Although feminists resist accounts that define women as having certain features that are essential to their being women, feminists are also guilty of giving essentialist definitions. Because women are extremely diverse in their experiences, the essentialist critics question whether a universal (non-essentialist) account of women can be given. I argue that it is possible to formulate a valuable category of woman, despite potential essentialist challenges. Even with diversity among women, women are oppressed as women by patriarchal structures such as rape, pornography, and sexual harassment that regulate women’s sexuality and construct women as beings whose main role is to service men’s sexual needs.
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Giorgi, Federico Manuel. "Expression-based reverse engineering of plant transcriptional networks." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5676/.
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Regulation of gene transcription plays a major role in mediating cellular responses and physiological behavior in all known organisms. The finding that similar genes are often regulated in a similar manner (co-regulated or "co-expressed") has directed several "guilt-by-association" approaches in order to reverse-engineer the cellular transcriptional networks using gene expression data as a compass. This kind of studies has been considerably assisted in the recent years by the development of high-throughput transcript measurement platforms, specifically gene microarrays and next-generation sequencing.
In this thesis, I describe several approaches for improving the extraction and interpretation of the information contained in microarray based gene expression data, through four steps: (1) microarray platform design, (2) microarray data normalization, (3) gene network reverse engineering based on expression data and (4) experimental validation of expression-based guilt-by-association inferences. In the first part test case is shown aimed at the generation of a microarray for Thellungiella salsuginea, a salt and drought resistant close relative to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana; the transcripts of this organism are generated on the combination of publicly available ESTs and newly generated ad-hoc next-generation sequencing data. Since the design of a microarray platform requires the availability of highly reliable and non-redundant transcript models, these issues are addressed consecutively, proposing several different technical solutions. In the second part I describe how inter-array correlation artifacts are generated by the common microarray normalization methods RMA and GCRMA, together with the technical and mathematical characteristics underlying the problem. A solution is proposed in the form of a novel normalization method, called tRMA. The third part of the thesis deals with the field of expression-based gene network reverse engineering. It is shown how different centrality measures in reverse engineered gene networks can be used to distinguish specific classes of genes, in particular essential genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, and how the use of conditional correlation can add a layer of understanding over the information flow processes underlying transcript regulation. Furthermore, several network reverse engineering approaches are compared, with a particular focus on the LASSO, a linear regression derivative rarely applied before in global gene network reconstruction, despite its theoretical advantages in robustness and interpretability over more standard methods. The performance of LASSO is assessed through several in silico analyses dealing with the reliability of the inferred gene networks. In the final part, LASSO and other reverse engineering methods are used to experimentally identify novel genes involved in two independent scenarios: the seed coat mucilage pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana and the hypoxic tuber development in Solanum tuberosum. In both cases an interesting method complementarity is shown, which strongly suggests a general use of hybrid approaches for transcript expression-based inferences.
In conclusion, this work has helped to improve our understanding of gene transcription regulation through a better interpretation of high-throughput expression data. Part of the network reverse engineering methods described in this thesis have been included in a tool (CorTo) for gene network reverse engineering and annotated visualization from custom transcription datasets.Die Regulation der Gentranskription spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Steuerung des physiologischen Verhaltens in allen Organismen. Dass ähnliche Gene oft in gleicher Weise reguliert werden (koreguliert oder koexpimiert), hat zu diversen „guilt-by-association“-Ansätzen zur Rekonstruktion von zellulären Transkriptionsnetzwerken geführt, die Genexpressionsdaten zur Orientierung nutzen. Studien dieser Art wurden in den letzten Jahren durch die Entwicklung von Hochdurchsatzmessungen von Transkriptmengen mittels Mikroarrays und ‚Next Generation‘ Sequenziertechniken stark gefördert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Extraktion und Interpretation von Mikroarray-basierten Genexpressionsdaten in vier Schritten beschrieben: (1) Mikroarray-Sonden-Design, (2) Mikroarray Datennormalisierung, (3) Rekonstruktion von Gennetzwerken unter Verwendung von Expressionsdaten und (4) experimentelle Überprüfung von expressionsbasierten „guilt-by-association“ Schlussfolgerungen. Im ersten Teil wird ein Beispiel zur Erstellung eines Mikroarrays für Thelungiella salsuginea gezeigt, einem salz- und trockenresistenten Verwandten von Arabidopsis thaliana. Zur Rekonstruktion der Transkripte wurden sowohl öffentliche ESTs (‚expressed sequence tags‘) als auch neu erzeugte ‚Next Generation‘ Sequenzierdaten genutzt. Da das Design von Mikroarrays speziesspezifische, nicht-redundante Transkriptmodelle erfordert, werden diese Aufgaben nacheinander abgearbeitet und verschiedene technische Lösungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Im zweiten Teil wird beschrieben, wie übliche Mikroarray-Normalisierungsverfahren wie RMA und GCRMA zu Korrelationsartefakten führen können. Technische sowie mathematische Hintergründe werden erläutert und zur Lösung des Problems wird mit tRMA eine neue Normalisierungsmethode vorgestellt. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich der expressionsbasierten Rekonstruktion von Gennetzwerken. Es wird demonstriert, wie dabei verschiedene „Zentralitäten“ bei zur Unterscheidung von spezifischen Genklassen, hier beispielhaft essentielle Gene von Arabidopsis thaliana, genutzt werden können und wie die Verwendung von konditioneller Korrelation tieferes Verständnis des der Transkriptionsregulation zugrundeliegenden Informationsflusses ermöglicht. Weiterhin werden Ansätze zur Netzwerkrekonstruktion verglichen. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der LASSO Technik, einer Art linearer Regression, die trotz ihren theoretischen Vorteilen in Robustheit und Interpretierbarkeit gegenüber Standardmethoden bisher selten zur Rekonstruktion von globalen Gennetzwerken genutzt wurde. Die Leistungsfähigkeit von LASSO wird durch in silico Analysen der Zuverlässigkeit der erstellten Gennetzwerke gemessen. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurden LASSO und andere Rekonstruktionsmethoden genutzt um experimentell neue Gene der folgenden zwei Szenarien zu identifizieren: im Samenschleim von Arabidopsis thaliana und während der Knollenentwicklung von Solanum tuberosum unter Sauerstoffmangel. In beiden Fällen wird eine interessante Methodenkomplementarität gezeigt, nach welcher eine Mischung mehrerer Ansätze zu empfehlen ist um Schlüsse aufgrund von Transkriptexpression zu ziehen. Zusammenfassend zielt diese Arbeit darauf ab, das Verständnis der Regulation von Gentranskriptionsnetzwerken durch bessere Interpretation von Hochdurchsatzexpressionsdaten zu verbessern. Ein Teil der in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Methoden wurden im Programm CorTo zur Gennetzwerkrekonstruktion und annotierten Visualisierung von benutzerdefinierten Transkriptionsdaten verarbeitet.
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Banks, Jonathan Edward. "Antirealist essentialism." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7264/.
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This project is an investigation into the prospects for an antirealist theory of essence. Essentialism is the claim that at least some things have some of their properties essentially. Essentialist discourse includes claims such as “Socrates is essentially human”, and “Socrates is accidentally bearded”. Historically, there are two ways of interpreting essentialist discourse. I call these positions ‘modal essentialism’ and ‘neo-Aristotelian essentialism’. According to modal essentialism, for Socrates to be essentially human is for it to be necessary that he be a human if he exists, and for Socrates to accidentally have a beard is for it to be contingent that Socrates has a beard if he exists. According to neo-Aristotelian essentialism, objects have definitions in something like the way words do. For Socrates to be essentially human but accidentally bearded is for it to be part of the definition of Socrates that he is human, but not part of that definition that he is bearded. I argue that both are susceptible to antirealist interpretation. This thesis sets about showing that this is the case. In Chapters One and Two I investigate neo-conventionalist theories of modality, in the hope of using such a position to develop an antirealist modal essentialism. In Chapter Three I discuss the debate between modal and neo-Aristotelian essentialism and conclude that it is by no means settled. In Chapter Four I develop an antirealist neo-Aristotelian essentialism based on the mechanism of one of the neo-conventionalist accounts of modality. In Chapter Five I argue that this account is in a better position to give an essentialist theory of necessity than its realist counterparts. I conclude that, regardless of whether one is a modal or neo-Aristotelian essentialist, antirealist essentialism is a viable theory of essence that is worthy of consideration in contemporary debate.
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Durot, Maxime. "Elucidation du métabolisme des microorganismes par la modélisation et l'interprétation des données d'essentialité de gènes. Application au métabolisme de la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1." Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425212.
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Deux échelles d'observations sont traditionnellement utilisées pour étudier le métabolisme des microorganismes: d'une part, à l'échelle locale, la caractérisation individuelle des réactions ayant lieu dans la cellule et d'autre part, à l'échelle globale, l'étude de la physiologie de la cellule. Ces deux échelles ont bénéficié de progrès technologiques récents : l'analyse des génomes séquencés permet d'identifier une large fraction des enzymes catalysant les réactions ; la physiologie des microorganismes peut être étudiée à haut débit pour de nombreux environnements et perturbations génétiques. Cependant, l'exploitation conjointe de ces deux échelles demeure complexe car le comportement physiologique global de la cellule résulte de l'action coordonnée de nombreuses réactions. Les approches de modélisation mathématique ont toutefois récemment permis de relier ces deux échelles à l'aide de modèles globaux du métabolisme. Dans cette thèse, nous explorerons l'utilisation de ces modèles pour compléter la connaissance des réactions à l'aide d'une catégorie particulière de données d'échelle globale : les essentialités de gènes déterminées en observant les phénotypes de croissance de mutants de délétion. Nous nous appuierons pour cela sur la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 pour laquelle une collection complète de mutants de délétion a été récemment constituée au Genoscope.
Après avoir présenté les étapes clés et les développements que nous avons effectués pour reconstruire un modèle global du métabolisme d'A. baylyi, nous montrerons que la confrontation entre phénotypes observés et phénotypes prédits permet de mettre en évidence des incohérences entre les deux échelles d'observations. Nous montrerons ensuite qu'une interprétation formelle de ces incohérences permet de corriger le modèle et d'améliorer la connaissance du métabolisme. Nous illustrerons ce propos en présentant les corrections que nous avons réalisées à l'aide des phénotypes de mutants d'A. baylyi. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous proposerons une méthode permettant d'automatiser la correction des incohérences causées par des erreurs d'association entre gènes et réactions.
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Djukic, George. "Essentialism : Paradise lost /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd626.pdf.
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Shields, Mona Roxana. "Peter Lamarque's aesthetic essentialism." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75648/.
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This thesis argues that the aesthetic character of some conceptual works of art can be determined by the possession of essential aesthetic properties. By discussing Peter Lamarque’s account of individual aesthetic essentialism one can suggest that conceptual works can be aesthetically investigated. Chapter I introduces the concept of the aesthetic and discusses Frank Sibley’s account of aesthetic concepts. Chapter II analyses in detail Sibley’s two fold relational character of aesthetic properties. Chapter III introduces Lamarque’s concept of aesthetic properties and it also insists on a distinction between artistic and aesthetic properties. Chapter IV introduces a general account of essentialism and then discusses Lamarque’s new object theory. Chapter V investigates Lamarque’s weaker version of individual aesthetic essentialism and analyses the distinction between essential and inessential aesthetic properties. Finally, Chapter VI considers the aesthetics of conceptual art and argues that some conceptual pieces have essential aesthetic properties. The philosophical discussions are supported by appeal to many different works of art, from traditional works to contemporary works. I conclude that all conceptual works have aesthetic properties but mostly there are inessential properties. My suggestion at the end of this thesis is more radical. A close analysis identified essential aesthetic properties in some conceptual works of art and this contribute to the aesthetic character and value of these works.
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Wong, Chi-wai Bonnie. "Essentiality of methionine aminopeptidase in staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31479212.
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Hall, Karen Alexandra. "Luce Irigaray, postmodern or essentialist." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20789.pdf.
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Bansal, Raman. "Hessian fly associated microbes : dynamics, transmission and essentiality." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/3891.
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Schwaneke, Robert L. "Essentiality weighting models for wholesale level inventory management." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23027.
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Logue, Jessica Wollam. "Context and anti-essentialism a thoroughgoing approach /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.
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Gordon, Alynn Elizabeth. "Egalitarian Essentialism: Practical, Theoretical, and Measurement Issues." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1466158819.
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Bacharach, Sondra Wynne. "Definitions of art : narratives, history and essentialism /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402288259281.
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Shanahan, Colin P. "Essentialist and Existentialist: Two Visions of Authenticity." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton15331374568137.
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MOTLOCH, MARTIN ADAM. "ESSENTIALISM WITHOUT POSSIBLE WORLDS: OBJECTS, PROPERTIES AND ESSENCES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24560@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver um essencialismo sem mundos possíveis. Alegamos que objetos ordinários são entidades complexas constituídas por entidades mais básicas como pedaços de matéria e propriedades instanciadas Os possíveis constituintes são determinados pela realidade, independentes da mente e linguagem humana, mas a constituição é convencional dependente do nosso esquema conceitual e as nossas práticas de nomeação. Consequentemente desenvolvemos uma teoria aristotélica de objetos ordinários como complexos de suas essências e da matéria que instancia essas essências. Em seguida aplicamos essa concepção de objetos para modificar a teoria da referência direta. Nessa teoria resultante, os significados de nomes próprios são as essências dos referentes desses nomes. O quadro da nossa investigação consiste numa teoria plantonista de propriedades segundo a qual as propriedades são partes integrais de uma realidade complexas sendo interconectadas com a parte concreta dessa realidade e na qual algumas propriedades podem participar em relações causais. De acordo com isso, apresentamos uma concepção atualista de modalidades na qual as modalidades ocorrem em virtude de relações de segunda ordem entre propriedades, no caso de modalidades de re em virtude de relações de segunda ordem entre essências de objetos e outras propriedades.
The aim of this study is to develop an essentialist theory without possible worlds. We claim that ordinary objects are complex entities composed of entities that are more basic like pieces of matter and instantiated properties. The possible constituents are determined by reality and mind- and language-independent, the constitution, however, is conventional dependent on our conceptual scheme and our naming practices. In consequence, we develop an Aristotelian theory of ordinary objects as complexes of their essences and the matter which instantiates these essences. We apply this conception of objects in order to modify the direct reference theory. In the resulting theory, the meanings of proper names are the essences of the bearers of the names. The theoretical frame of our investigation consists in a Platonist theory of properties according to which properties are integral parts of a complex reality connected with its concrete partand in which some properties can participate in causal relations. In accordance with this view, we present an actualist conception of modalities in which modalities obtain in virtue of second order relations between properties, in case of de re modalities in virtue of second order relations between objects essences and other properties.
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Toizer, Barbara. "Perceived Essentialism, Group Relative Deprivation, and Collective Action." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1486743133258512.
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Ganesan, Asha. "Understanding Essentialist Beliefs through the Cultural Evolutionary Framework." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20007.
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This research applied a cultural evolutionary framework in addressing two essentialist beliefs related to health and gender. The first part of the thesis focused on whether genetic essentialist cognition translates to biased transmission of genetic etiological information, using a generational learning experimental method. The second study extended this question to include individual factors (e.g., perceived vulnerability to diseases) that may influence the retention and transmission of genetic-based etiological information. Both studies showed that disorder framing affected which etiology is recollected and transmitted, with the recollections of genetic etiology demonstrating stronger sensitivity to the type of disorder, particularly those that were self-relevant. The second part of the thesis examined gender essentialist cognitions in the context of gender inequality and social influence. First, findings regarding gender essentialist cognition and social status in the long-term maintenance of gender inequality were reviewed. Then, in three studies of diverse samples, the effects of gender on whether individuals preferred to socially-learn from expert women versus men was tested. In Study 3 (when given a choice), a female expert was chosen more often but this did not translate to more social learning, unlike when the expert was a man when social learning was higher (particularly when the learners were men). In Study 4 (when assigned a model), expertise and gender cues played important roles in the social learning of women compared to men, especially when the role model was a man. In sum, the studies examined whether genetically-based essentialist beliefs are preferentially transmitted and whether social status of male and female experts influenced social learning. The findings provide novel insights into cultural transmission and social learning, which in turn has potential to impact the transmission of cultural mores of large-scale cooperative groups.
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Lopez, Tissa Rochelle. "Maturity differences in comprehending the essentiality of physical contact for contamination." Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2728.
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This study was a replication and extension of the study done by Springer and Belk (1994) in which the proximity of a contaminant (bug) to juice was manipulated and children were asked whether someone would get sick from drinking the juice. The experimenter read the child three stories about a young boy who drinks a glass of orange juice. In their study, some preschoolers, and most 7 and 8 year olds recognized the need for physical contact between the bug and the juice to make the juice harmful. The purpose was to examine the development of children's theories, about contamination. The present study included 20 3-year-olds, 20 4-year-olds and 20 5-year-olds who were given each of Springer and Belk's three stories. Half of each age group received 10 prior training experiences in answering questions with correct “No” and “Yes” responses. The results showed further evidence of the developmental progression with 3 year olds showing little understanding of the concept that physical contact is necessary for contamination, however 50% of the 4 year olds and 75% of the 5 year olds demonstrated an understanding. The anti-yes-bias training had little impact on the performance of the 3 year olds and the 5 year olds, however the trained 4 year olds performed much better than the untrained 4 year olds. The reasons children gave in response to the questioning about their yes or no answers suggested an effect of training on 4 year olds, and not on 3 and 5 year olds.
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Pickard, Matthew. "Diagnostic Overshadowing, Essentialism, and Intellectual Disability| Lay Persons' Perceptions." Thesis, University of Central Arkansas, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10615749.
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This study examined if diagnostic overshadowing occurred with lay people in regard to individuals with an intellectual disability, as well as investigating how lay people essentialize different categories. It was hypothesized that essentialistic thinking could be offered as a partial explanation for diagnostic overshadowing because certain mental health disorders would be categorized as having a strong, unchangeable biological component to them. Three hundred and thirty undergraduate general psychology students from the University of Central Arkansas completed the Essentialism Belief Scale on nine different concepts, read different case descriptions of an individual with or without an intellectual disorder, and gave their impressions of the individual as experiencing anxiety, depression, and if the person had an intellectual disability. Contrary to expectation, lay people did not demonstrate diagnostic overshadowing. Therefore, the relationship between essentialistic thinking and diagnostic overshadowing could not be confirmed and suggests that diagnostic overshadowing may occur for reasons other than essentialistic thinking. Interestingly, when essentialistic thinking was analyzed using a principal components analysis, a three-factor solution for essentialistic thinking was found, accounting for 72.22% of the variance, with the three factors appearing to demonstrate a biological, non-biological, and mental health grouping.
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Fulfer, Katherine N. "The concept of "woman" feminism after the essentialism critique /." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04202008-093433/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Christie J. Hartley, Andrew I. Cohen, committee co-chairs; Andrew Altman, committee member. Electronic text (70 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed August 1, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70).
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Mackie, P. "How things might have been : A study in Essentialism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234316.
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Dekel, Ofer. "Anti-essentialist marketing : an alternative view of consumers' 'identity'." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/antiessentialist-marketingan-alternative-view-of-consumers-identity(2ab47e24-4af1-4950-a730-2bea89be02e7).html.
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One problem with the traditional marketing segmentation view of consumer markets is that it treats social categories as an ontology, which somehow becomes independent of its own members. It assumes that the self is required to adjust to its segment. In my research, I follow writers such as Hall (1996) who claim that consumer identity is not a reflection of a fixed, natural, state of being but a process of becoming. The meaning of social economic class, Britishness, religion, masculinity and so forth, are subject to continual change. Identity then becomes a ‘cut’ or a snapshot of unfolding meanings; it is a strategic positioning of the individual, which makes meaning possible. My primary research focuses on one cultural category - second generation British South Asian. This is a group of consumers who are required to negotiate with multiple discourses – local, global, past, present, future, western, eastern, religious, national, popular culture and more - and with many social and cultural categories - British society, South Asian community, county of origin, religion, professional identity and others. The mainstream literature takes an essentialist view when analysing this group treating ethnic minority consumers as acculturating individuals who hold a hyphenated identity and who have to balance pressures from two sides of the hyphen- South Asian and BritishIn my research I take inspiration from Hall (1996) and treat ethnicity in its de-totalised, or deconstructed forms, recognising ethnicity as a concept that cannot be thought of in the ‘old way’ as representing essential, discrete differences between groups. Ethnicity and race are conceptualised here as socially constructed, relationally and culturally locatedMy data collection strategy is designed to help participants (Sample size of 13) to explore the landscape of their self by eliciting life narratives and their constituent attachments. The data were collected in two stages. The initial phase is based on the collection of 2 collages one of self-identity and one of shopping experience. The objective of this phase was to give the participants an opportunity to explore and map the different discursive influences in their lives. The second stage uses a narrative interview where the collages were used as a guide for the structure of the conversation. The findings of this research confirm a picture of self-identity as a ‘Field of Discursivity’ (Laclau and Mouffe, 1985) where self-identity can be viewed as a field in which no one discourse can fully master the others. Consequently, ‘who one is’ becomes an open question, with a shifting answer depending upon the positions available between one's own and others' discursive practices and within those practices. This understanding is the foundation of my claim that traditional marketing discussion rests on a flawed assumption which renders segmentation strategy incompatible with current market reality.
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Sveinsdóttir, Ásta Kristjana. "Siding with Euthyphro : response-dependence, essentiality, and the individuation of ordinary objects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28832.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-87).
(cont.) essentiality. I start with our practices of engaging in thought experiments about the essences of things and show how my account vindicates those practices.
The motivation for the dissertation is the desire to take a certain Kantian intuition seriously. This is the intuition that aspects of the world may be dependent in some way on, or constructed by, human thought and practices. The aim of the thesis is to offer one clear and coherent articulation of this intuition. What I offer is an account of what makes a property essential to an object that traces the source of that essentiality to our conceptual practices. This is a key component of an anti-realist essentialism. The main claim is that essentiality--the property of being an essential property of an object--is conferred by ideal representatives of us concept users. The idea that a property is conferred is familiar to us from Plato: Does the gods' love confer the property of being pious on the action or do the gods merely detect the property of being pious in the action and their love is simply a reaction to it? How is one to argue that a property is, perhaps despite first appearances, conferred? In the first chapter, I draw on the literature on response-dependence to provide a general strategy for arguing that a property is conferred. In the second chapter, I use that general strategy to argue that essentiality is conferred by ideal representatives of us concept users at the limit of enquiry into what we actual concept users are committed to in our use of concepts. It is the ideal representatives' finding it inconceivable that the object in question not have the property that confers essentiality onto a property of the object. In this way essentiality is shown to have its source in our conceptual practices, and not in a world that is independent of us. The third chapter brings out epistemological virtues of my conferralist account of
by Asta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir.
Ph.D.
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Porter, Keshia. "The Relationship Between Essentialism, Religious Beliefs, and Views of Change." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1172.
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In this study, the relationship between essentialism, religious beliefs, and views of change was investigated. Participants were given surveys containing three sets of items and a demographic questionnaire. Item sets included the Intrinsic/Extrinsic-Revised Scale of Religiosity, the Essentialist Belief Scales, and the Change Vignettes. Results indicated those with gradualist religious views were not more likely to endorse essentialist views when compared to those with conversionist views. Those who essentialized at high levels were not less likely to endorse the possibility of change in comparison to those who essentialized at lower levels. Participants with high levels of extrinsic religiosity were not more likely to demonstrate essentialist beliefs as compared to those with low levels of extrinsic religiosity. In addition, individuals did not view change as more plausible as they were determined to be more intrinsically religious. No relationship was found between religious affiliation and views of change or measures of essentialist thought. Those belonging to Fundamentalists and Liberalist denominational groups were found to be similar in regard to beliefs about change, and essentialism, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Those classified as Others were significantly different from Fundamentalist and Liberalists, excluding ratings of the importance of good deeds.
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Heyes, Cressida J. "'Back to the rough ground!' : Wittgenstein, essentialism, and feminist methods." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36981.pdf.
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Gould, Wren. "Implicit essentialism : genetic concepts are implicitly associated with fate concepts." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42870.
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Genetic essentialism is the tendency for people to think in more essentialist ways upon encountering genetic concepts. The current studies assessed whether genetic essentialist biases would also be evident at the automatic level. In two studies, using different versions of the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), we found that participants were faster to categorize when genes and fate were linked, compared to when these two concepts were kept separate and opposing. In addition to the wealth of past findings of genetic essentialism with explicit and deliberative measures, these biases appear to be also evident with implicit measures.
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Campbell, Niamh Frances. "Sacred weather : atmospheric essentialism in the fiction of John McGahern." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sacred-weather(f7dff6df-0f26-4c11-9c13-4f4a4dd10d1c).html.
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Is there such a thing as essential Irishness, something which can be encountered, on the one hand, as affect, and standardised on the other by political economy? A considerable number of artists, writers, theorists, critics, and citizens think so – even if they do not always phrase it in this way – and ‘Sacred Weather’ takes this possibility seriously. It also presents this possibility literally, in the sense of proposing an objective correlation for national feeling in national Stimmung, configured here as what Gayatri Spivak has called a ‘strategic essentialism’ in the rhetorical economy of postcolonial nationalism. All ideological edifices, including nationalism, require a measure of affection to appeal to the would-be national subject: such a reliance on enjoyment leaves this edifice vulnerable to both the excessive play of enjoyment as a force which evades stable signification, and, paradoxically, to the ossification of affectionate identification as kitsch. Atmospheric essentialism is imagined literally as meteorology and metonymically as that which presents in cultural production as ‘ambient poetics’; Stimmung as affective and enjoyable encounter. Jouissance, or pure enjoyment, is the site of the decoupling of affect and ideology, and I am interested in exploiting this moment of decomposition, wherein the undertow of affection licensing an ideological position develops in excess of it. This theoretical position is outlined in Chapter One. With this project, I propose to make a persuasive intervention in Irish literary and cultural studies by analysing the work of the novelist John McGahern (1934-2006) as it reacts with this libidinal investment in aesthetic Irishness. Subsequent chapters stage experimentally ambient and psycho-analytic readings of McGahern’s work to this end.
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Spinelli, Nicola. "Husserlian essentialism revisited : a study of essence, necessity and predication." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79543/.
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Husserlian Essentialism is the view, maintained byEdmundHusserl throughout his career, that necessary truths obtain because essentialist truths obtain. In this thesis I have two goals. First, to reconstruct and flesh out Husserlian Essentialism and its connections with surrounding areas of Husserl's philosophy in full detail – something which has not been done yet. Second, to assess the theoretical solidity of the view. As regards the second point, after having presented Husserlian Essentialism in the first two chapters, I raise a serious problem for it in Chapter 3. In the remainder of the thesis I endeavour to solve the problem. In order to do so, I propose to amend both Husserl's theory of essence and his theory of predication. The bulk of the emendation consists in working out an account of essence and an account of predication that do not presuppose, or in any way imply, the claims that: 1) for a universal to be in the essence of an object, either the object or one of its parts must instantiate the universal; 2) for a universal to be truly predicated of an object, either the object or one of its parts must instantiate the universal. These claims, notice, apart from being what gets Husserl in trouble, are well entrenched not only in Husserl's, but in most theories of essence and predication (at least in those that feature universals). It is thus interesting to see what an alternative option may be – even regardless of the Husserlian setting in which I work it out.
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Kimpton-Nye, Samuel. "In defence of a scientific essentialist account of natural law." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/in-defence-of-a-scientific-essentialist-account-of-natural-law(5069383a-d093-4e05-bc38-2b7742690735).html.
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Some argue that the laws of nature are metaphysically necessary (e.g. Ellis, 2001, 2002 and Bird 2007). By endowing the laws with metaphysical necessity it is hoped that a scientific essentialist metaphysic will succeed where neo-Humean contingentist accounts of natural law failed by, for example, explaining lawful counterfactual support. I argue that the most robust account of the metaphysical necessity of the laws requires that i) kind membership is born essentially and ii) that alien kinds are impossible. Without i) and ii), a scientific essentialist account of laws risks succumbing to many of the same criticisms leveled at the neo-Humean account. I argue that the scientific essentialist can maintain i) and ii) in a principled manner, consistent with their motivations and in line with the strictures of philosophical naturalism. The conjunction of scientific essentialism and ii) implies that all possible worlds are identical with respect to their laws. This result is a positive because it dispels the mystery of metaphysical possibility by assimilating the epistemology of modality to familiar scientific epistemology.
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Sattler, Wolfgang. "Essentialism in Aristotle, Kripke and Fine : differences in explanatory purposes." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15633.
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In this dissertation I compare the different forms of essentialism that we find in Aristotle, Saul Kripke and Kit Fine. I argue that there is a clear difference in explanatory purpose between Aristotle's essentialism on the one side and Kripke's and Fine's essentialism on the other, while the last two have closely connected explanatory purposes. Aristotle's essentialism is mainly concerned with questions of substance, in particular in what sense essences are substances. In contrast, Kripke's ‘modal essentialism' and Fine's ‘definitional essentialism', as I dub them, are both primarily concerned with questions of modality, in particular where metaphysical necessity has its place or source. Both associate metaphysical necessity closely with essence, though in different ways. While Fine claims (implicitly) that his essentialism is broadly Aristotelian in spirit, I argue that there are substantial differences between them, in particular with respect to their conceptions of real definition and related notions. And it is exactly the difference in explanatory purpose between fine's and Aristotle's essentialism that explains these substantial differences. I show how closely Fine's and Kripke's essentialism are connected, despite clear differences with respect to their conceptions of essential properties; and further where and why Aristotle's essentialism differs from Kripke's and Fine's essentialism with respect to the kinds of properties that count as essential (apart from differences in that respect between Kripke and Fine). I further argue for a systematic (though imperfect) correspondence between the kinds of properties of individuals considered to be essential in Kripke and Fine, and certain kinds of causal relations in the broad Aristotelian sense. I conclude that there is good reason to hold, that Aristotle's essentialism has basically a different subject matter than Kripke's and Fine's essentialism, contrary to a widespread assumption. And I identify several issues for future research to complete my comparison.
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De, Toffoli Silvia [Verfasser], and Sullivan [Akademischer Betreuer] John. "Degrees of Essentiality for Secants of Knots / Silvia De Toffoli. Betreuer: Sullivan John." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036263096/34.
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Ross, Allison. "Making sense of ʺessenceʺ : a critical examination of the adequacy of the modern philosophical conception of ʺessenceʺ." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002850.
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The idea that some sub-set of the properties of an object captures what it is to be that thing i.e. that it has an essence which is there to be discovered and about which we can be mistaken - is a commonsense assumption that we use all the time. However, philosophers of this century have regarded the realism about essence with skepticism, arguing that we impose essences on things by the way we define our concepts as opposed to discovering them. Essences are supposedly characteristics of our concepts rather than of objects in the world. This was the orthodox view until a group of philosophers of language developed the theory of direct reference. They claimed that proper names and certain other words refer non-connotatively which entails that the real properties of objects are crucial to the establishment of the reference of such terms. It can be shown that the properties involved in reference determination must be all and only the necessary properties of those objects. This discovery has been taken to mark the rehabilitation of the notion of essence, with an object’s essence being taken to be that set of properties which it must have in all possible worlds in which it exists. I will argue that the theory of direct reference is correct up to the point at which it assimilates the necessary properties of objects to their essences. I will show that the set of an object’s necessary properties cannot fulfill the role reserved for the concept of essence in metaphysical hypotheses concerning the nature of objects. I will go on to show that a sub-set of a thing’s necessary properties can fulfill this role and I will suggest that we identify the members of this sub-set by testing their ability to furnish the kinds of explanations we expect from essences. I will demonstrate how this can be done using the Aristotelian idea that the notion of essence is required in order to explain how it is that objects can persist through change.
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Grouev, Ivaylo. "Beyond essentialism Bulgarian inclusive nationalism: The case of the Turkish minority." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29218.
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In the following pages I try to present my interpretation of the enigma behind the successful co-existence between the two largest ethnic groups in Bulgaria---the Bulgarian majority and the Turkish minority---by offering a new theoretical rationalization of this atypical phenomenon in the context of the Balkans. My hypothesis is that the Bulgarian national project was defined as a manifestation of a political attachment. With this element as the common denominator/anchor, which resulted in the supremacy of common citizenship over ethnic and religious loyalties, I argue that the Bulgarian national vision clearly contradicted other South-eastern European nationalisms known to emphasize a populations cultural heritage and its ethnic continuity. I argue that in the case of Bulgaria we are dealing with a political, civic, inclusive nationalism. Using L. Greenfeld's situational constraint theory I assess those critical variables/factors of the Bulgarian nation-building process, which, I argue, enabled the emergence of a political and inclusive national project. This path contrasted other Balkan states, where this process emphasized ethnicity and religion, rather than citizenship, as major criteria for establishing a persons membership in the national "imagined community." Hence the Bulgarian liberation movement was atypical in terms of the pattern of regional nation building where the subordination of citizenship rights to the principle of statehood was generally the norm. Yet, while this may be attributed in part to the absence of certain conditions (religious or ethnic fervour, for example), Bulgaria's national project seems to have been the result of a conscious adoption of political universalism.
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Hudson, Michelle L. "Beyond Self: Strategic Essentialism in Ana Mendieta's "La Maja de Yerba"." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/art_design_theses/72.
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Artist Ana Mendieta frequently conjoined the female body with nature to express her search for personal identity and support for feminist topics. Her last intended and least scholarly examined work, La Maja de Yerba (Grass Goddess), continues specific visual and thematic elements of her previous Silueta Series (Silhouette) yet also presents an aesthetically unique creation. Despite its incompletion as a result of her premature death, the preserved maquette directly stipulates a female form to be planted in grass on the Bard College campus grounds. This alignment of women and nature garners criticism for its reliance on universalism and categorizations of women’s experiences; however, Mendieta’s use of essentialism in public art contributes to circulating feminist discourse to a wider audience. This paper considers the artistic influences, thematic concepts, and employment of strategic essentialism in Mendieta’s La Maja de Yerba.
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Farnetti, Tobia. "The blur of modernity : essentialism, affect and everyday life in Tokyo." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10054898/.
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This thesis explores the constitutive role that cultural essentialism plays in the everyday life of Japanese urban modernity. Starting from the ethnographic observation that essentialised ideas of “Japan” and “the Japanese” are not only fruit of an orientalising anthropological gaze but also a prime indigenous concern, I aim to place my analysis as a “third way” between those ethnographies that employ essentialism as method and those who handle it as an object of critique. The experiment is to re-frame essentialism as the ethnographic object under scrutiny - as a living and breathing presence in the lives of people in Tokyo The main argument guiding the thesis is that looking at essentialised social categories one does find its essentialised version – e.g. family structure understood as timeless and constitutively Japanese – but also, together with it, what is understood as its negative – e.g. a fluid changing family structure moving with history, migration to the urban centres, Westernisation and the life of the city. One does find strong binaries – e.g. old and new, Japanese and foreign, traditional and modern – and yet it is not through one of its extremes that essentialised social forms are lived and understood, but in between them. While this may appear paradoxical, in the thesis I show that it is through a dynamic of “blurring” of the terms of the opposition - in the ephemeral moments (sometimes transfixed in stone) when the two terms overlap and become undistinguishable - that the engagement with these forms is most strongly felt. This blurring carries a strong affective and aesthetic charge and can thus be in turn essentialised as something constitutively “Japanese”. Based on two years of fieldwork in eastern Tokyo the thesis aims to understand this indigenous logic in its own right, seeking to find it in different fragments of metropolitan life.
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Sonnenschein, Nikolaus [Verfasser]. "A network characterization of metabolix flux predictions, medium-dependant essentiality and metabolic inconsistency / Nikolaus Sonnenschein." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1035211742/34.
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Ahmad, Fahmida. "Modelling heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancer in mice to uncover and target signaling essentiality." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0225.
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Le cancer du sein triple négatif (TNBC) est un sous-type de cancer du sein très agressif et hétérogénène qui ne bénéficie actuellement d'aucun traitement efficace. Le but de mon projet de Thèse était d'explorer les mécanismes qui conduisent au TNBC pour concevoir de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques.Dans notre équipe, nous avons généré un modèle de souris unique (souris MMTV-R26Met) dans lesquelles le récepteur tyrosine kinase MET est faiblement augmenté. Elles développent spontanément et exclusivement des TNBC. Ce modèle récapitule la formation de métastases pulmonaires, la résistance aux agents chimiothérapeutiques classiques et à un ensemble de thérapies moléculaires ciblées combinées.Une analyse protéomique des tumeurs MMTV-R26Met combinée à une approche de type "machine learning" ont montré que le modèle MMTV-R26Met récapitule largement l'hétérogénéité du TNBC observée chez les patients TNBC.Nous avons identifié deux nouvelles combinaisons d'agents très délétères pour les lignées cellulaires dérivées de tumeurs MMTV-R26Met et un panel de cellules TNBC humaines. La première cible le facteur anti-apoptotique BCL-XL et CDK1/2 (régulateurs du cycle cellulaire). La deuxième, validée in vivo, agit sur BCL-XL et WEE1 (régulateur du cycle cellulaire et épigénétique). Mécanistiquement, nous montrons que le ciblage combiné de WEE1 et de BCL-XL induit des dommages à l'ADN, une entrée prématurée en mitose, une catastrophe mitotique et l'apoptose.Nos travaux peuvent être très pertinents pour leur transposition potentielle à la clinique, compte tenu également des études prometteuses de monothérapie avec les inhibiteurs de BCL-XL et WEE1 dans les essais cliniques de phase IITriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive, heterogeneous breast cancer subtype, and has currently no effective treatment. The aim of my PhD project was to understand the mechanisms triggering TNBC and to develop new therapeutic approaches.In our lab, we have generated a unique mouse model (MMTV-R26Met mice) in which a subtle increase in the expression levels of the wild-type MET receptor tyrosine kinase leads to spontaneous, exclusive TNBC formation. This model recapitulates formation of lung metastasis, resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents and to a set of combined targeted molecular therapies.Proteomic profiling of MMTV-R26Met tumors and machine learning approach showed that the MMTV-R26Met model largely recapitulates TNBC heterogeneity observed in TNBC patients. We identified two new drug combinations highly deleterious for the MMTV-R26Met tumor-derived cell lines, and a panel of human TNBC cells. The first drug combination targets the anti-apoptotic factor BCL-XL and CDK1/2 (cell cycle regulators). The second drug combination, validated by in vivo studies, is based on a combinatorial targeting of BCL-XL and of WEE1 (cell cycle and epigenetic regulator). Mechanistically, we show that combined inhibition of WEE1 and BCL-XL leads to DNA damage, premature entry into mitosis, resulting in mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis.Our findings may be highly relevant for their potential translation to the clinic, also in view of promising studies of monotherapy with BCL-XL and WEE1 inhibitors in phase II clinical trials
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Deng, Duen-Min. "A theory of essence : an Aristotelian notion reconstructed." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607781.
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Tonkin, Cameron C. "'We must learn to': the institutional essence of learning as an anthropocentric praxis following Heidegger." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1899.
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This thesis begins from the belief that it is currently essential for us to relearn the essence of learning. To commence this task, this thesis works with the assumption that the essence of learning lies in the way learning can be ontological, changing the essence of what is, and instituting a new ‘what is’. This thesis is thus an attempt to take account of the radical constructivism that is the unavoidable anthropocentrism of such essential learning. The philosophical teachings of Martin Heidegger are brought to bear on this question concerning learning. This thesis suggests that on the one hand, the way in which Heidegger teaches, teaches us that learning is a process of instituting, a formative projection of necessities that metaleptically installs what is essential; on the other hand, what is thereby learned with and from Heidegger clarifies that this process of learning is a reflexively finitudinal praxis, a thingly effort that must be performed anew every time and can never be taken-as-finished. This means that the ‘freedom’ to change the essence of ‘what is’ by learning is never merely available to us because essential learning involves making-necessary in a sustained manner over-and-against what currently has been learnt-as-necessary, that is, ‘what presently is’. This thesis therefore learns that learning is an avowed act of willing, but one which cannot and must not be represented as a technical economy under the control of a humanist subject. The latter misrepresentations can in fact be understood as manifestations of the current withdrawal of essential learning. In the end, to try to capture what is being learned in this thesis, the process of essential learning is called ‘design’ as understood in relation to the current concern for sustainability
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Blass, JoEllen. "Effects of an Essentialism Manipulation on the Neural Processing of Racial Minorities." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639580.
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Racial minorities are increasingly growing in the United States and the racial category “multiracial” is one of the fastest growing racial minorities. Racial essentialism is the belief that race has an underlying property and is innate and biological. Many people with essentialist beliefs do not normally categorize individuals with a multiracial background as multiracial. The current study assessed how an essentialism manipulation affects the neural processing of minority race targets by White participants. Participants completed a categorization task and passive task looking at ambiguous and monoracial faces while connect to EEG. For the passive task, results revealed gradient by race by condition interactions for the N170, P2, and N4 components as well as race by gradient interactions for the P1, N2, P3, N3, and LPP components. Additionally, the category chosen for the target affected neural processing in the N3 component for the categorization condition. These findings demonstrate the need for continued research of the perception of multiracial individuals and continued attempts to reduce attentional bias.
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Davis, Kathryn Marie. "Multicultural Psychosocial Education and the Malleability of the Epistemic Essentialist Entitativity Processes." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3668.
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Cognitive epistemic systems are reasoning structures that promote an individual's categorization of group members through processes known as cognitive epistemic essentialist entitativity (EEE). The propensity of these processes to become stagnant is known to lead to stereotyping and prejudiced behaviors when individuals are presented with ambiguous information about outgroup members. Educational materials about the contributions, cultural patterns, and social customs of ethnic and cultural groups can reduce stereotyping and prejudiced behaviors. However, whether being presented this material through multicultural psychosocial education in a formal setting is an effective strategy to influence the malleability of EEE processes has not been addressed as a means to shift xenophobic and prejudice discourse. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to determine whether malleability of EEE processes resulted from the presentation of multicultural psychosocial educational material in a college classroom. The epistemic need for closure theory, intergroup contact theory, and essentialist theory of race provided the framework for the study. The Essentialist Entitativity Scale was used to compare the malleability of EEE processes of 67 college students who completed an 8-week course based on multicultural psychosocial educational material and 67 college students who did not. An ANCOVA analysis of pre- and posttest data revealed that students who received the culturally rich educational material reported significantly greater malleability of EEE processes than those who did not. Findings may be used to inform educators, educational leaders, and social activists about the malleability of EEE processes, and may provide a strategy to reduce racism, stereotyping, xenophobia, and prejudice.
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Dhiensa, Jatinder. "Using an essentiality & proficiency approach to improve the web browsing experience of visually impaired users." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6579.
Full textAbstract:
Increased volumes of content exacerbate the Web accessibility issues faced by people with visual impairments. Essentiality & Proficiency is presented as one method of easing access to information in Websites by addressing the volume of content coupled with how it is presented. This research develops the concept of Essentiality for Web authors. A preliminary survey was conducted to understand the accessibility issues faced by people with visual impairments. Structured interviews were conducted with twelve participants and a further 26 participants responded to online questionnaires. In total there were 38 participants (both sexes), aged 18 to 54 years. 68% had visual impairments, three had motor issues, one had a hearing impairment and two had cognitive impairments. The findings show that the overload of information on a page was the most prominent difficulty experienced when using the Web. The findings from the preliminary survey fed into an empirical study. Four participants aged 21 to 54 years (both sexes) from the preliminary survey were presented with a technology demonstrator to check the feasibility of Essentiality & Proficiency in the real environment. It was found that participants were able to identify and appreciate the reduced volume of information. This initiated the iterative development of the prototype tool. Microformatting is used in the development of the Essentiality & Proficiency prototype tool to allow the reformulated Web pages to remain standards compliant. There is a formative evaluation of the prototype tool using an experimental design methodology. A convenience sample of nine participants (both sexes) with a range of visual impairments, aged 18 to 52 performed tasks on a computer under three essentiality conditions. With an alpha level .05, the evaluation of the Essentiality & Proficiency tool has been shown to offer some improvement in accessing information.
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Murray, T. M. "Thinking straight about being gay : natural law theory and the new homosexual essentialism." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579521.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis traces the historical demoralization of homosexual activity as it developed in Christian naturalist ethics from the beginnings of Christianity until modem times. The focus of the thesis is not an exhaustive study of all variants of Christian prohibitionist attitudes towards homosexual activity. Rather I am looking at the role of natural law ethical reasoning and how this philosophical approach to ethics has evolved alongside our changing understanding of biological aspects of human sexual behaviour. In chapter one my aim is to historicise 'nature' to demonstrate that a variety of anthropological archetypes have held sway at various times in the history of Western thought, each with different answers to the question of how human nature relates to the rest of the natural world and the causal laws that govern it. I wish to suggest that there is a long standing controversy over whether a human ethical ideal can rest upon a biological understanding of our nature, or whether moral ideals must rest upon voluntary aspects of behaviour. Misrepresentations of the relationship between the natural and the normative have resulted in ethical confusion. The purpose of this thesis is to dismantle several misinterpretations of this relationship that have been deployed in Christian discourse, both past and present, to stigmatise or demoralise homosexual behaviour. In Chapter two I move out from a general historicization of human nature to a specific instance of how the relationship between the natural and the 'good' was misrepresented within Christian teaching. I argue that St. Paul, in his letter to the Romans, Chapter 1, established a particularly pernicious precedent, as he was not merely arguing from ignorance of homosexual orientation, but establishing a form of naturalism that actively promoted it. In spite of this, Paul's reasoning did not prevent the Roman Catholic Church from adapting its doctrine in 1975 to new empirical research in sexology and psychology. While Persona Humana tentatively accepted the distinction between homosexuality as transitory behaviour and homosexuality as definitive of the person, it pathologized the homosexual's innate sexual orientation in the same stroke, calling it "incurable" and "intrinsically disordered". The church's reasoning was that non- procreative sexual activity represents a misuse of the sexual faculty and act. Following revisionist Catholic theologians Curran, Fuchs, McCormick, et. al., this thesis argues that Christian sexual ethics, especially in Catholic doctrine, have given disproportionate emphasis to involuntary biological functions in the moral assessment of sexual conduct. Chapter four presents a range of arguments to demonstrate that the 'new natural law' approach to Christian sexual ethics (advanced by Grisez, Finis and their followers) not only fails to overcome the problems that beset the traditional version of natural law, but adds several more of its own. Both represent attempts to ground positive law or normative ethics in a reified theological naturalism. As research methods improved, a new 'gay science' emerged in the nineteen nineties, strengthening the case for homosexual essentialism. Geneticists even suggested the possibility of a so-called 'gay gene'. This set the Christian prohibitionist's assertions that homosexual orientation is an 'objective disorder' in tension with traditional understandings of 'health' as acting in accordance with one's given nature (unless there are good other-regarding reasons not to). It seemed the new 'gay science' of the late twentieth century threatened to destabilize the Christian demoralization of homosexual activity. The 'preceptive' natural law ethic that had become established in Church doctrine exhorted Christians to 'read the language of the body in truth'. With the genetic code being metaphorically described as 'the book of life' and with scientists implying that homosexuality might be found hidden in one of its chapters, the preceptive model appeared to fail on its own terms. I contend that Christian ethicists needed, but failed, to explain why homosexuality is 'disordered' in terms extrinsic to the homosexual person (ie. in terms of the 'harmful' behaviour to which it leads). I stress that failure to do so makes the moral case against homosexual activity so weak as to be redundant in modem liberal democracies. The recent convergence of reproductive technology and genetic research makes the demand to decide the role that biology ought to play within a proper understanding of the human subject ever more urgent. Constructionists cannot deny that there has been ample discussion, even if misguided or fantastical, about whether gay identity can be 'mapped' onto a set of genetic or biological markers. In chapter five, this thesis presents an unprecedented survey of Christian bioethical responses to this possibility, showing how Christian ethical thinking evolved and transformed alongside the new 'gay science' by emphasizing how biotechnology might facilitate human interventions into creation in order to 'restore' it to 'its full glory'. I maintain that this tacit reversal of the 'preceptive' natural law approach has not been openly acknowledged, nor critically assessed. The authors I examine not only suggest, implicitly or explicitly, that homosexuality represents the kind of pathology that would be an acceptable target for reprogenetic modification, but they also play influential roles in shaping public policy on these issues, in both the United States and the UK. I emphasise how Christian conservatives have laid the discursive groundwork for a eugenic age. In chapters five and six I demonstrate how they anticipate a future in which they will have at their disposal a means of avoiding the dilemma between the desire to promote their own theological versions of public morality and the dominant liberal injunction to protect the sovereignty and liberty of the individual. The final chapter shifts to a discussion of 'liberal eugenics'. In the past, liberals worried about the intrusion of the state into the private lives of individuals. Today, I am suggesting that they may have to worry about the opposite: personal reproductive decisions made in the privacy of a consultant's office could have an irreversible impact on public life and future generations. 'Liberal eugenics' leaves eugenic decisions to the market, driven by the demands of consumers and regulated only by the discretion of parents. This thesis builds upon and expands existing arguments against liberal eugenics (eg. Habermas, Sandel, Fukuyama). It also goes beyond the existing critics by stressing how 'liberal eugenics' diverge from Mill's classic liberal values in several respects, and urges that a principled line can and should be drawn between beneficial therapeutic and illegitimate eugenic uses of biotechnology. I conclude that homosexuality falls on the illegitimate eugenic side of that line, as do any biological targets perceived to influence the behavioural patterns of the subject/patient. Like Pauline soteriology, a eugenics aimed at correcting or improving human behaviour from without threatens to demolish the modem concept of human beings as autonomous agents, possessing both biological urges and the ability to learn, choose and take responsibility for their actions. I stress that the attenuation of our collective belief in human beings' autonomy and responsibility poses a threat to the human rights that are their logical corollary.
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O'Reilly, Michelle. "'Disabling essentialism' : accountability in family therapy : issues of disability, complaints and child abuse." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/22288.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis reports a discursive investigation of family therapy talk Using discourse and conversation analysis, family therapy data was transcribed and analysed in order to examine participants' concerns in such a context. Video taped data was used in order that non-verbal communication could be captured. Fundamental issues of disability, accountability and therapy ran through the sessions and participants' constructions and versions of these are considered. Following full consideration of methodological and ethical issues two specific themes are examined: complaints and child abuse. In all four analytical chapters a reported concern for the parents was the presence of professional bodies, with many specific references to social services. In the analysis of the therapy data a number of empirical observations were made from the data (i) In the first section of the thesis I demonstrate how this professional attention is constructed and narrated by the clients examining the ways in which complaints are constructed by the parents. I examine the felicity conditions in place to construct it as a complaint. Secondly I address the ways in which these complaints are received by the therapist in a way that orients to their unhelpful nature within the remit of therapy. (ii) The second analytical aspect of the thesis deals with the reported reasons for the professionals' presence by examining issues of reported risk from, and reported instances of child abuse. It is shown that therapy is the normative business of providing an arena for clients to discuss their troubles, and produces difficulty when this is deviated from. The thesis shows how issues of accountability are managed in therapy and demonstrates how parents manage stake and accountability when child abuse is reported. The analyses from this thesis are of particular interest for both discursive research and disability research as it adds to the growing literature on discourse and therapy and considers the critical approaches that have been forming in disability research. The analysis presented in this thesis demonstrates the benefits of using qualitative techniques with delicate data and contributes to our understanding of arguments surrounding issues like child abuse.
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Johnston, Spencer C. "Essentialism, nominalism, and modality : the modal theories of Robert Kilwardby & John Buridan." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7820.
Full textAbstract:
In the last 30 years there has been growing interest in and a greater appreciation of the unique contributions that medieval authors have made to the history of logic. In this thesis, we compare and contrast the modal logics of Robert Kilwardby and John Buridan and explore how their two conceptions of modality relate to and differ from modern notions of modal logic. We develop formal reconstructions of both authors' logics, making use of a number of different formal techniques. In the case of Robert Kilwardby we show that using his distinction between per se and per accidens modalities, he is able to provide a consistent interpretation of the apodictic fragment of Aristotle's modal syllogism and that, by generalising this distinction to hypothetical construction, he can develop an account of connexive logic. In the case of John Buridan we show that his modal logic is a natural extension of the usual Kripke-style possible worlds semantics, and that this modal logic can be shown to be sound and complete relative to a proof-theoretic formalisation of Buridan's treatment of the expository syllogism.
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Persaud, Mellissa. "The construction of an essentialist 'mixed-race identity' in the Anglophone Caribbean novel." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367517.
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