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Journal articles on the topic 'Essential oils'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Manion, Chelsea R., and Rebecca M. Widder. "Essentials of essential oils." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 74, no. 9 (May 1, 2017): e153-e162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp151043.

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Abstract Purpose Information to guide clinicians in educating and advising patients using or intending to use essential oils for self-administered aromatherapy or other medicinal purposes is presented. Summary The term essential oils refers to highly concentrated, aromatic oils extracted from plants by steam distillation, hydrodiffusion, or pressure. Market reports indicate strong growth in the use of essential oils in the United States in recent decades. Therapeutic claims made in the marketing of essential oils have led the Food and Drug Administration to caution a number of suppliers. Along with rapid growth in sales of essential oils to consumers there has been an increase in the amount of published evidence regarding aromatherapy and essential oils; the annual number of relevant articles indexed using Medical Subject Headings terminology has doubled since 2004. In order to help ensure proper application and safe use of essential oils as a self-care modality, healthcare professionals can benefit from a general knowledge of the terminology and foundational concepts of medicinal use of essential oils, as well as resources to facilitate evaluations of appropriateness of use. Conclusion Because of the increasing popularity of essential oils and the prevalence of essential oil–based self-care practices targeting a wide variety of ailments in the United States, healthcare professionals must be prepared to address concerns about the agents’ safety and efficacy. Proper literature evaluation requires the ability to discern the quality of an oil, the safety of administration, and the validity of its use.

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2

Plant, Rebecca M., Lisa Dinh, Shaara Argo, and Monica Shah. "The Essentials of Essential Oils." Advances in Pediatrics 66 (August 2019): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2019.03.005.

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3

Hoffmann, Klaus H. "Essential oils." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 75, no. 7-8 (July 28, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2020-0124.

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4

Knoerr, Kellie. "ESSENTIAL OILS." Gastroenterology Nursing 41, no. 3 (2018): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sga.0000000000000360.

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5

Paine, Luther L. "ESSENTIAL OILS." Journal of the American Dental Association 138, no. 3 (March 2007): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0150.

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6

Lyon, Kenneth F. "Essential oils." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 5, no. 4 (December 1988): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875648800500404.

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7

Rahunuma, Sarwar, and Pathiyil Ravi Shankar. "Essential Oils." Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v7i2.30696.

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8

Grey, Katherine R., Solveig L. Hagen, and Erin M. Warshaw. "Essential Oils." Dermatitis 27, no. 4 (2016): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000202.

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9

Limberger, Renata P., Cláudia A. Simões-Pires, Marcos Sobral, and Amélia T. Henriques. "Essential Oils ofMarliereaSpecies." Journal of Essential Oil Research 16, no. 5 (September 2004): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698776.

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10

Lundie, S. "Fearing essential oils." International Journal of Aromatherapy 7, no. 1 (1995): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-4562(95)80019-0.

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11

Maestri, Damián M., Julio A. Zygadlo, Alicia L. Lamarque, Diana O. Labuckas, and Carlos A. Guzmán. "Effect of some essential oils on oxidative stability of peanut oil." Grasas y Aceites 47, no. 6 (December 30, 1996): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1996.v47.i6.887.

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12

Enascuta, Cristina Emanuela, Emil Stepan, Elena Emilia Oprescu, Adrian Radu, Elvira Alexandrescu, Rusandica Stoica, Doru Gabriel Epure, and Mihaela Doina Niculescu. "Microencapsulation of Essential Oils." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 7 (August 15, 2018): 1612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.7.6381.

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In this work thyme and coriander oil were encapsulated using complex coacervation microencapsulation technique.The influence of various microencapsulation parameters on encapsulation efficiency was investigated. The release characteristic of the essential oils from microcapsule was studied.

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13

El'chibekova, L. A., and G. K. Nikonov. "Essential oils origanum tyttanthum." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 22, no. 2 (March 1986): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00574756.

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14

Mele, Elisa. "Electrospinning of Essential Oils." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040908.

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The extensive and sometimes unregulated use of synthetic chemicals, such as drugs, preservatives, and pesticides, is posing big threats to global health, the environment, and food security. This has stimulated the research of new strategies to deal with bacterial infections in animals and humans and to eradicate pests. Plant extracts, particularly essential oils, have recently emerged as valid alternatives to synthetic drugs, due to their properties which include antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insecticidal activity. This review discusses the current research on the use of electrospinning to encapsulate essential oils into polymeric nanofibres and achieve controlled release of these bioactive compounds, while protecting them from degradation. The works here analysed demonstrate that the electrospinning process is an effective strategy to preserve the properties of essential oils and create bioactive membranes for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food packaging applications.

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15

LaLonde, Tiffany, Tim Bowser, and Ravi Jadeja. "Essential Oils as Antimicrobials." Madridge Journal of Food Technology 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18689/mjft-1000125.

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16

Tomczykowa, Monika, Jan Gudej, Teresa Majda, and Józef Góra. "Essential Oils ofBidens tripartitaL." Journal of Essential Oil Research 17, no. 6 (November 2005): 632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2005.9699018.

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17

Wong, K. C., Y. Sivasothy, P. L. Boey, and B. Sulaiman. "Essential Oils ofElettariopsis curtisiiBak." Journal of Essential Oil Research 22, no. 6 (November 2010): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700392.

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18

Zunino, Maria, Maria Newton, Damian Maestri, and Julio Zygadlo. "Essential Oils of ThreeBaccharisSpecies." Planta Medica 64, no. 01 (February 1998): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957378.

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19

Gunsolley, John C. "ESSENTIAL OILS: Author's response." Journal of the American Dental Association 138, no. 3 (March 2007): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0149.

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20

Leitão, G. G., D. Lopes F. de Sousa Menezes, M. A. C. Kaplan, A. A. Craveiro, and J. W. Alencar. "Essential Oils from BrazilianAristolochia." Journal of Essential Oil Research 3, no. 6 (November 1991): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1991.9697974.

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21

Zoghbi, Maria das G. B., Eloisa H. A. Andrade, Alberdan S. Santos, Milton H. L. Silva, and José Guilherme S. Maia. "Essential Oils ofSiparuna guianensisAubl." Journal of Essential Oil Research 10, no. 5 (September 1998): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1998.9700966.

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22

Scora, Rainer W., and Peter E. Scora. "Essential Oils ofPerseasubgenusPersea(Lauraceae)." Journal of Essential Oil Research 12, no. 6 (November 2000): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9712197.

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23

Ronse, Anne, Herman De Pooter, and Maurice De Proft. "Essential oils of Otacanthus." Phytochemistry 46, no. 8 (December 1997): 1365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00505-0.

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24

Do, Thi Kieu Tiên, Francis Hadji-Minaglou, Sylvain Antoniotti, and Xavier Fernandez. "Authenticity of essential oils." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 66 (March 2015): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.10.007.

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25

Butnariu, Monica, and Ioan Sarac. "Essential Oils from Plants." Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science 1, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-18-2489.

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26

Burfield, T. "Safety of essential oils." International Journal of Aromatherapy 10, no. 1-2 (2000): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-4562(00)80005-3.

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27

Antonelli, A., and C. Fabbri. "Essential oils: SPE fractionation." Chromatographia 49, no. 3-4 (February 1999): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02575273.

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28

sz. Kováts, E. "Composition of essential oils." Journal of Chromatography A 406 (October 1987): 185–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94030-5.

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29

Macoskey, Chalyce, and Dorothy J. Dunn. "Essential Oils and Gastroparesis." Holistic Nursing Practice 31, no. 6 (2017): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hnp.0000000000000237.

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30

de Groot, Anton C., and Erich Schmidt. "Essential Oils, Part I." Dermatitis 27, no. 2 (2016): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000175.

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31

de Groot, Anton C., and Erich Schmidt. "Essential Oils, Part III." Dermatitis 27, no. 4 (2016): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000193.

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32

de Groot, Anton C., and Erich Schmidt. "Essential Oils, Part IV." Dermatitis 27, no. 4 (2016): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000197.

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33

de Groot, Anton, and Erich Schmidt. "Essential Oils, Part V." Dermatitis 27, no. 6 (2016): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000218.

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34

de Groot, Anton C., and Erich Schmidt. "Essential Oils, Part VI." Dermatitis 28, no. 1 (2017): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000241.

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35

Kuropka, Gryta, Michael Neugebauer, and Karl-Werner Glombitza. "Essential Oils ofAchillea ptarmica." Planta Medica 57, no. 05 (October 1991): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960180.

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36

Mekhtieva, N. P. "Essential oils ofPimpinella pseuotragium." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 29, no. 6 (November 1993): 809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00629663.

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37

Mekhtieva, N. P. "Essential oils ofPimpinella squamosa." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 33, no. 5 (September 1997): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02254815.

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38

Evergetis, Epameinondas, and Serkos A. Haroutounian. "Essential Oils Land Footprint: A Sustainability Meta-Analysis of Essential Oils Biopesticides." Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark 27, no. 12 (December 21, 2022): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2712327.

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39

Verzera, Antonella, and Antonella Cotroneo. "On the Genuineness of Essential Oils. Part XXX. Detection of Distilled Essential Oils Added to Cold-pressed Mandarin Essential Oils." Journal of Essential Oil Research 4, no. 3 (May 1992): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698061.

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40

Tykheev, Zhargal Aleksandrovich, Elena Petrovna Dylenova, Vasiliy Vladimirovich Taraskin, Anna Sergeyevna Taraskina, and Svetlana Vasil'yevna Zhigzhitzhapova. "CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF KITAGAWIA BAICALENSIS (REDOW. EX WILLD.) PIMENOV ESSENTIAL OILS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20220411270.

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Kitagawia baicalensis (Redow. ex Willd.) Pimenov (Umbelliferae) is a perennial monocarpic plant with Siberian-Mongolian type of habitats. Decoction of flowers and roots has been used in Tibetan medicine for intoxication and as diuretic agent to treat edema. The essential oils of the aerial part of K. baicalensis growing within the territory of the Republic of Buryatia were obtained by steam distillation method. The isolated essential oils were yellow oily liquids, lighter than water, with characteristic pleasant odour. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of the components of essential oils were determined by GC/MS. 26 compounds with aromatic, mono- and sesquiterpenoid structures were identified in the composition of essential oils. The main components of the essential oils of the aerial part of the Kitagawia baicalensis from Buryatia were limonene (34.40%), β-myrcene (21.10%), γ-terpinene (12.60%), β-elemen (5.70%), sabinene (5.30%), germacren B (3.20%) and germacrene D (3.10%). Monoterpenoids (83.00%) predominated in general composition of essential oils. The content of compounds with sesquiterpenoid structure was 14.70%. The group of aromatic compounds was represented only by p-cymene (2.30%). Bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of essential oils against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans were determined in this paper. The most pronounced antibacterial effect of essential oils was found against Streptococcus pyogenes (1 : 64 dilution).

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41

Setzer, William N. "Essential Oils and Anxiolytic Aromatherapy." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 9 (September 2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400928.

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A number of essential oils are currently in use as aromatherapy agents to relieve anxiety, stress, and depression. Popular anxiolytic oils include lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), rose (Rosa damascena), orange (Citrus sinensis), bergamot (Citrus aurantium), lemon (Citrus limon), sandalwood (Santalum album), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), and rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.). This review discusses the chemical constituents and CNS effects of these aromatherapeutic essential oils, as well as recent studies on additional essential oils with anxiolytic activities.

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42

Elsebai, Mahmoud Fahmi, and Marzough Aziz Albalawi. "Essential Oils and COVID-19." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 7893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227893.

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Herbal products are a major source of herbal medicines and other medicines. Essential oils have shown various pharmacological activities, such as antiviral activity, and therefore are proposed to have potential activity against SARS-CoV-2. Due to their lipophilicity, essential oils can easily penetrate the viral membrane and cause the viral membrane to rupture. In addition, crude essential oils usually have many active constituents that can act on different parts of the virus including its cell entry, translation, transcription, and assembly. They have further beneficial pharmacological effects on the host’s respiratory system, including anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, bronchiectasis, and mucolytics. This review reported potential essential oils which could be promising drugs for COVID-19 eradication. Essential oils have many advantages because they are promising volatile antiviral molecules, making them potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, whether used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the current review is to shed light on the potential essential oils against enveloped viruses and their proposed activity against SARS-CoV-2 which is also an enveloped virus. The objectives were to present all data reflecting the promising activities of diverse essential oils against enveloped viruses and how they could contribute to the eradication of COVID disease, especially in indoor places. The data collected for the current review were obtained through the SciFinder database, Google scholar, PubMed, and Mendeley database. The data of the current review focused on the most common essential oils which are available in the pharmaceutical market and showed noticeable activities against enveloped viruses such as HSV and influenza.

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43

Asbahani, A. El, K. Miladi, E. H. Aït Addi, A. Bitar, H. Casabianca, A. El Mousadik, D. J. Hartmann, A. Jilale, F. N. R. Renaud, and A. Elaissari. "Antimicrobial Activity of Nano-Encapsulated Essential Oils: Comparison to Non-Encapsulated Essential Oils." Journal of Colloid Science and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jcsb.2015.1118.

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44

Melchior, Carolina, Lidaiane Mariáh Silva dos Santos Franciscato, Valéria Aquilino Barbosa, Milene Ribeiro da Silva, Paulo Rodrigo Stival Bittencourt, Beatriz Cervejeira Bolanho Barros, Angela Maria Picolloto, and Cristiane Mengue Feniman Moritz. "Chemical composition and thermal properties of commercial essential oils and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities." Research, Society and Development 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): e15412139694. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i1.39694.

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This study aimed to chemically characterize commercial Essentials oils and determine their thermal properties and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Essential oils extracted from leaves of Rosemary, lemongrass, cloves, orange, Tahiti lemon and thyme were studied, with chemical characterization by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, thermoanalytical characterization and antimicrobial (microdilution) and antioxidant (ferric reduction activities power - FRAP). The chemistry of the essential oils composition was consistent with literature data and justified their thermal behavior. Comparing the thermal stability between the studied essential oils results revealed the optimization of the da Tonset = 106.6to clove`s essential oils. The results of differentiated antimicrobial and antioxidant activity justified by factors that influence the biological functions of Essentials oils, such as the origin of the plant (climate conditions), forms of cultivation and harvesting of the raw material, parameters and extraction method. Thus, it emphasizes the importance of a Brazilian production of essentials to take advantage of the technological and analytical capacity of national research centers, to provide the market with traceable products with certified identity.

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45

Moanta, Anca, Luciana Alexandrescu, Andra Marinescu, Catalina Ionescu, and Madalina Dragoi. "ESSENTIAL OILS WITH BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY." Annals of the University of Craiova, Series Chemistry 27, no. 2 (December 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/auc.chem.2021.2.03.

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Essential oils from the leaves and the flowers of lavender and from lemon peel were extracted using steam distillation. These oils were separated using thin layer chromatography and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy

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46

Moanta, Anca, Luciana Alexandrescu, Andra Marinescu, Catalina Ionescu, and Madalina Dragoi. "ESSENTIAL OILS WITH BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY." Annals of the University of Craiova, Series Chemistry 27, no. 2 (December 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucchem.2021.2.03.

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Essential oils from the leaves and the flowers of lavender and from lemon peel were extracted using steam distillation. These oils were separated using thin layer chromatography and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy

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47

Biswas, Atanu, Maria do Socorro Rocha Bastos, Roselayne Ferro Furtado, Gary Kuzniar, Veera Boddu, and H. N. Cheng. "Evaluation of the Properties of Cellulose Ester Films that Incorporate Essential Oils." International Journal of Polymer Science 2020 (May 21, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4620868.

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Films made from cellulose esters are often used as bio-based food packaging materials. In this work, we studied the incorporation of nine essential oils into cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and cellulose acetate butyrate. The essential oils were derived from lime, nutmeg, eugenol, pimenta berry, rosemary, petitgrain, coffee, anise, and trans-cinnamaldehyde. In almost all cases, the addition of essential oils to cellulose ester reduced tensile strength and Young’s modulus but increased elongation at break. Thus, an essential oil acted like a plasticizer that enhanced the flexibility of the polymer. Essential oils containing limonene and pinenes (e.g., from lime and nutmeg) gave the strongest plasticizing action, whereas essentials oils containing fatty acids (e.g., from coffee) were the weakest plasticizers. The water barrier property was improved the most when essential oils were added to cellulose acetate; however, different cellulose ester/essential oil combinations showed different effects. Whereas most of the essential oils decreased the transparency of the films, eugenol, pimento berry, and anise were notable exceptions. Thus, depending on a specific application, a particular polymer/EO combination can be used to give the optimal performance.

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48

Ridouh, Imane, and Kevin V. Hackshaw. "Essential Oils and Neuropathic Pain." Plants 11, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141797.

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Neuropathic pain is one of the most prominent chronic pain syndromes, affecting almost 10% of the United States population. While there are a variety of established pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, anticonvulsants, trigger point injections, and spinal cord stimulators, many patients continue to have chronic pain or suboptimal symptom control. This has led to an increased interest in alternative solutions for neuropathic pain such as nutritional supplements and essential oils. In this review, we explore the literature on the most commonly cited essential oils, including lavender, bergamot, rosemary, nutmeg, Billy goat weed, and eucalyptus. However, the literature is limited and largely comprised of preclinical animal models and a few experimental studies, some of which were poorly designed and did not clearly isolate the effects of the essential oil treatment. Additionally, no standardized method of dosing or route of administration has been established. Further randomized control studies isolating the active components of various essential oils are needed to provide conclusive evidence on the use of essential oils for neuropathic pain. In this review, we explore the basis behind some of the essential oils of interest to patients with neuropathic pain seen in rheumatology clinics.

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49

Miguel, Maria Graça, Cláudia Cruz, Leonor Faleiro, Mariana T. F. Simões, Ana Cristina Figueiredo, José G. Barroso, and Luis G. Pedro. "Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 2 (February 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500231.

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The essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare commercial aerial parts and fruits were isolated by hydrodistillation, with different distillation times (30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h), and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antioxidant ability was estimated using four distinct methods. Antibacterial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method. Remarkable differences, and worrying from the quality and safety point of view, were detected in the essential oils. trans-Anethole (31-36%), α-pinene (14-20%) and limonene (11-13%) were the main components of the essentials oil isolated from F. vulgare dried aerial parts, whereas methyl chavicol (= estragole) (79-88%) was dominant in the fruit oils. With the DPPH method the plant oils showed better antioxidant activity than the fruits oils. With the TBARS method and at higher concentrations, fennel essential oils showed a pro-oxidant activity. None of the oils showed a hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity >50%, but they showed an ability to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase. The essential oils showed a very low antimicrobial activity. In general, the essential oils isolated during 2 h were as effective, from the biological activity point of view, as those isolated during 3 h.

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50

Adamenko, G. V., and D. A. Tsiomkina. "FEATURES OF ESSENTIAL OILS REALIZATION IN A PHARMACY." Vestnik of Vitebsk State Medical University 20, no. 5 (October 11, 2021): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2021.5.84.

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The objective of the work was to develop an algorithm for pharmaceutical consulting on the sale of essential oils. To achieve the set goal of the study, a content analysis of information array of data on aromatherapy products was carried out. The data obtained made it possible to systematize aromatic agents according to groups depending on their type and application (essential oils, base oils, cosmetic oils, massage oils, agents for baths, saunas and bathtubs). Having systematized the data of literature sources, we can draw a conclusion about such properties of essential oils as tonic, relaxing, soothing, anti-stress and others. Besides various therapeutic effects, it has been found that when using essential oils, not only individual intolerance of the constituent components can occur, but also various adverse reactions. In addition to recommendations for use, particular adverse reactions and causes of general adverse reactions, a number of general recommendations have been identified when using essential oils. Such as, essential oils should be used with caution by the elderly, children under one year of age, and pregnant women. Essential oils should not be used orally without qualified specialist advice. Essential oils shouldn’t be diluted with water. Essential oils in high concentration are irritating in case of contact with mucous membranes. People who are prone to allergic reactions should use essential oils with caution. When using essential oils, a cutaneous or olfactory test should be performed. In the immediate vicinity of the eyes, essential oils should be applied carefully, avoiding direct contact. Essential oil bottles should be tightly closed after each use, as they are volatile, and kept out of the reach of children and pets. Essential oils are not only volatile but also flammable. On the basis of the identified features, an algorithm for pharmaceutical consulting when selling essential oils has been developed.

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