Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Essais biomécaniques'
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Virgaux, Nicolas. "Modélisation par éléments finis et évaluation clinique d'un système innovant de fusion percutanée pour les pathologies rachidiennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0035.
Full textSuffering from low back pain can be disabling and may lead to a surgical intervention. The predominant surgical technique consists in bridging two vertebrae with a bony bridge. A new technique has been developed to create such a bridge with the minimal impact. The objective of our work is to determine the results of this technique with a three complementary axes approach. The first axe consists in evaluating the clinical results in a real-life setting. The second axe consists in determining the influence of parameters specific to the technique on the mechanical response of an instrumented lumbar spine by in-vitro testing. The last axe consists in a finite element model of this technique in a human spine to measure the influence of properties of the graft on the mechanical response. The three-axes approach allowed us to highlight the clinical interests of such a technique as well of its limitations. The in-vitro and numeric axes allowed us to analyze in detail the mechanical response of an instrumented spine and to determine its specificities. Clinical and scientific conclusions have been drawn based on the combination of the three axes as well as future potential evolutions of the technique. These evolutions could lead to technical innovations and future research projects. From a more general perspective, the benefits of the three-panes approach have been demonstrated for throughout understanding of the complementarity key parameters that could yield aa given clinical outcome, from a biomechanical point of view
Herzhaft-Le, Roy Juliette. "Efficacité d'un traitement ostéopathique pour les problématiques biomécaniques de succion des nouveau-nés." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11074.
Full textAbstract: Background: National and international policies recommend breastfeeding for its benefits on mothers’ and infants’ health. In Quebec, almost nine out of ten mothers initiate breastfeeding with their baby but half of these stop during the first month, due to biomechanical sucking difficulties, and this, despite increasing support from lactation consultants (LC). Osteopaths worldwide work with these babies, but there is little empirical evidence for this type of treatment. The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of an osteopathic treatment coupled with usual lactation consultations on infants’ identified as having biomechanical sucking difficulties. Methods: A single blind randomized controlled trial including 97 mother-infant dyads referred by LC. The dyads were randomized into two groups: osteopathic intervention or usual care. Four measurement times over a 10-day period (pre and post intervention) allowed for the determination of the babies’ ability to latch, the intensity of pain felt by mothers as well as any perceived side effects. Osteopathic lesions were documented in an effort to establish a profile T-tests and Chi-square tests as well as regression models were used to compare groups. Results: Babies having received the osteopathic intervention showed a clinically and statistically significant increase (p<0.001) in their ability to latch compared to the usual care group. Analyses did not show any statistically significant difference between groups with regard to the pain felt by mothers at the different measurement times. However, 3 days post intervention, the mothers in the intervention group perceived a significant decrease in their level of pain (p=0.001). A profile of osteopathic dysfunctions in these babies was generated with 84,5% of them found to have a posterior skull dysfunction. No serious or severe side effects were reported. Conclusion: Osteopathic treatment coupled with lactation consultations seem to be a promising avenue for mother-infant dyads with biomechanical sucking dysfunctions. Further research is needed to optimize osteopathic treatment in terms of targeting babies, timing and duration of interventions and also to better document and standardize areas with osteopathic lesions.
Laurent, Henry. "Approche micromécanique de l'os cortical : mesures de champs et simulation numérique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1068.
Full textThis work aims to bring new insight in the mechanical behaviour of cortical bone. The main aim is to develop a model of the mechanical behaviour of cortical tissue, using experimental results. Some mechanical tests are conducted. First, the localization of the strain during compression tests was obtained with digital image correlation. We show that the strain is heterogeneous and poorly related to local mineral content. Then, using nanoindentation measurements, we show that the heterogeneity of local Young's modulus is mainly related to the heterogeneity of mineral content. Also, some relaxation test are performed: the out of plane displacement field is monitored. We show that the relative displacement osteon/matrix is one order of magnitude more than the inter-lamellar movement. A finite element model is also developed. It takes into account the heterogeneity of mineral content and the shape of osteons. The computed strain field is compared to the experimental one, and the heterogeneity of elastic properties is identified with an inverse method. We show that the heterogeneity of elastic properties results in some specific stress concentration inside the tissue. This heterogeneity should thus be taken into account in future models, and it could contribute to rise in bone fragility with elderly due to modification in remodeling process
Hauw, Denis. "Programmer les actions sportives acrobatiques : essai d'application en milieu scolaire." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100133.
Full textIn a first part, an analysis of the program instruction concept and of his involvement in knownledge structure is produced. A prospect renovation based upon the soviet theory of activity is suggest and hold in this case theorical model of reference status. In a second part a theorico-experimental analysis of the acrobatic in sport gymnastic leads to proposed a reference for rational analysis of the acrobatic actions. It is based upon an objective analysis with biomecanical and an analysis of the operative images of the champions. This reference is realized with an algorithmic structure with the nodal operation concept. Then, an experimental analysis of pedagogical application with a specific pratice, the forward somersault, leads to study bionecanical conditions of result, and the profit-earning capacity of social genesis of this acrobatic action
Ninou, Michel. "Le genu valgum de l'adulte : approche biomécanique et essai de demembrement : à propos de 16 cas, recul de 7 à 9 ans." Saint-Etienne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STET6406.
Full textJundt, Géraldine. "Modèles d'endommagement et de rupture des matériaux biologiques." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544861.
Full textGaro, Anais. "Modélisation du corps vertébral en chargement dynamique : intégration de l'effet de l'âge." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00615426.
Full textAuperrin, Audrey. "Caractérisation tissulaire pour la détermination du comportement de l'os crânien: essais mécaniques et imagerie médicale." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454865.
Full textNeveu, Pauline. "Etude morpho-fonctionnelle et biomécanique des allures quadrupèdes des insectivores : essai de modélisation de la locomotion d'un morphotype mammalien de base." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112189.
Full textBenkhémis, Ines. "Essai de repérage du critère minimisé spontanément par le sportif : exemple du saut en longueur." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2357.
Full textThe aim of this study is to find criteria which is minimized by a long jumper at the take-off. After motion capture angular positionsand velocities at the initial and final time are used in parametric optimisation procedure with differents criteria. Energetic criteria are associated with economic goal. Sthenic criteria are associated with the musculo-skeletal concept. Results demonstrate that sthenic criteria simulate gestual with countermovement whereas energetic criteria simulate continuous gestual
Gusachenko, Ivan. "Microscopie par génération de second harmonique résolue en polarisation : développements théoriques et expérimentaux et application à l'imagerie de la microstructure du tendon pendant des essais mécaniques." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00910146.
Full textDiffo, Kaze Arnaud [Verfasser]. "Étude biomécanique comparative de cinq différents systèmes de fixation utilisés dans les cas d'ostéotomies tibiales valgisantes: Essais expérimentaux et simulations numériques incluant les forces musculaires / Arnaud Diffo Kaze." Aachen : Shaker, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118259300/34.
Full textDelille, Rémi. "Contribution à la compréhension du comportement mécanique de l'os du crâne humain sous différents moyens de conservation et de sollicitation." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00270740.
Full textDes essais ont été réalisés sur 20 SHPM (Sujet Humain Post Mortem) « frais ». Un protocole spécifique a été développé afin de prélever 19 éprouvettes par crâne. Au total, 380 échantillons ont été testés en flexion trois points. Les courbes effort/déplacement ont servi de référence pour l'identification du comportement élastique. De nombreuses relations par zones et orientations osseuses ont été obtenues.
Des essais de cyclage dans la zone élastique ont été réalisés sur 105 échantillons prélevés sur 7 SHPM congelés. L'effet de la vitesse de sollicitation a été étudié. Cette seconde campagne permet de comparer les éprouvettes en fonction de leur mode de conservation. Une corrélation a été mise en évidence et a permis d'extrapoler le module d'élasticité à l'état « frais » d'un SHPM testé congelé.
Ces deux campagnes d'essais ont permis d'aboutir à une corrélation entre le module d'élasticité équivalent et les propriétés géométriques (épaisseur et densité) d'un SHPM « frais ».
Les derniers travaux ont porté sur le développement d'un nouveau prototype de tête. Pour cela, 7 calottes, provenant de SHPM congelés, ont été testées en compression. Les propriétés élastiques du prototype sont issues des campagnes expérimentales précédentes et présentent une distinction entre chaque zone. Ce prototype a été validé par des essais statiques et dynamiques en compression dans différentes zones osseuses.
Bakumobatane, Mokassa. "Contribution à l'étude de l'os spongieux de l'épiphyse proximale du tibia: sa distribution trabéculaire, ses caractéristiques biophysiques, biochimiques et biomécaniques :essai de compréhension de l'étiologie sous-chondrale de la gonarthrose." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213082.
Full textDallard, Jérémy. "Modélisation du doigt dans un contexte de manipulation fine : une approche éléments finis et expérimentale." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1060/document.
Full textA fingertip model enabling realistic contact simulations would be an attractive feature in the virtual reality field and could help the design process of new products. Furthermore, such a tool would allow investigating fundamental research questions associated with prehension (assessment of the efficiency of a grasp, choice of a grasping strategy,…).Existent fingertip models exhibit various material properties and geometries but none of them stand out in the prediction of the mechanical behavior of the fingertip.The main topic of this PhD work is to propose general guidelines for the development of fingertip models dedicated to fine manipulation tasks. First a hyperslastic behavior law is identified, being both as simple as possible and enough complex to reproduce the non-linear behavior of the soft tissue. Then, a geometrical study permits to determine a set of geometric markers enabling the development of an idealized geometrical model. Finally, an MRI innovative experimental campaign of fingertip loading tests is performed (on 8 subjects) to expand the existent experimental database and validate the modeling assumptions made concerning the behavior law and the geometrical approach
Mo, Fuhao. "Towards lower limbs new injury criteria for pedestrian safety based on realistic impact conditions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4104.
Full textPedestrian safety is a worldwide concern, which needs to be investigated by both vehicle manufacturers and researchers to approach innovative solutions. In car-Pedestrian accidents, lower limbs have been demonstrated to be the most frequently injured body region of the pedestrian. Given the biomechanical features of lower limbs, how the existing injury criteria could be improved to aid the development of a pedestrian friendly car? The current study aims to promote significant improvements in the injury criteria of lower limbs for pedestrian safety combining experimental tests and numerical simulations. A finite element lower limb model (LLMS model) was used and improved to investigate the mechanical responses of lower limbs in the loading conditions reflecting the car-Pedestrian impact. A particular attention was paid on the model ability of predicting separately the injuries of long bones and knee joints to develop the corresponding injury criteria. With regard to the tibia structure and its loading condition in pedestrian accidents, we proposed a quadratic curve of bending moments to tibia locations as its injury tolerance. Given dominant injury mechanisms of the ligaments, the knee injury criterion was established as a function of combined joint kinematics including lateral bending and lateral shearing. Moreover, these criteria are relevant with the previous and current experimental test results. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed criteria was evaluated by a parametric study of the realistic car-Pedestrian impact conditions
Bry, Régis. "Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité des propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical diaphysaire d'un os porteur (fémur) et non-porteur (humérus)." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0022/document.
Full textWith the aim of enriching the virtual modelisation of human beings and understanding better the biomechanics of some parts of the skeleton, this work proposes a comparative analysis of histological and mechanical attributes of two functionally opposed appendicular bones: femur and humerus. The campaign has been done with samples coming from four embalmed PMHS (post mortem human subjects) of the male gender. A 3D geometric study started the experiment. It was followed by an histomorphometric analysis of 153 pictures carried out on the anteromedial face of the diaphyseal cortex at four levels of height and three levels of depth. Mechanical tests were then done on 28 specimens of non frozen cortical bone coming from the same anatomic site. The experiment took place on a conventional traction machine. It consisted of traction/compression tests and cycling tests under traction in the elastic zone, at the speed of 0.05 mm/mn until yield point. A damage law has also been elaborated. These studies have shown that these two bones offer a different behaviour. The humerus bone turns out to be less resistant and stiffer than the femur. It is damaged more quickly. The mechanical values noted are related to the density and the size of active osteons and also to the characteristics of Haversian porosity. The difference of mechanical behavior noticed can be explained by the microscopic adaptation of the cortical bone tissue to the stresses undergone by the bearing and non bearing bones. The inter-individual variations observed are linked to the physiological state of this tissue
Pichon, Eric. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques du cheveu : Essais de traction et de relaxation : modèlisation : rôle de divers facteurs expérimentaux." Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA2014.
Full textCridelich, Carine caroline. "Influence of retraint systems during an automobile crash : prediction of injuries for frontal impact sled tests based on biomechanical data mining." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2009.
Full textSafety is one of the most important considerations when buying a new car. The car has to achievecrash tests defined by the legislation before being selling in a country, what drives to the developmentof safety systems such as airbags and seat belts. Additionally, ratings like EURO NCAP and US NCAPenable to provide an independent evaluation of the car safety. Frontal sled tests are thus carried outto confirm the protection level of the vehicle and the results are mainly based on injury assessmentreference values derived from physical parameters measured in dummies.This doctoral thesis presents an approach for the treatment of the input data (i.e. parameters ofthe restraint systems defined by experts) followed by a classification of frontal sled tests accordingto those parameters. The study is only based on data from the passenger side, the collected datafor the driver were not enough completed to produce satisfying results. The main objective is tocreate a model that evaluates the input parameters’ influence on the injury severity and helps theengineers having a prediction of the sled tests results according to the chosen legislation or rating.The dummy biomechanical values (outputs of the model) have been regrouped into clusters in orderto define injuries groups. The model and various algorithms have been implemented in a GraphicalUser Interface for a better practical daily use
Roothaer, Xavier. "Approche multi-échelle du comportement mécanique des os porteurs et non-porteurs : vers une personnalisation des modèles numériques EF de l'être humain." Thesis, Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UPHF0020.
Full textThe human skeleton aims at participating to the locomotor system, protecting and serving as brackets for the internal organs. To ensure the mechanical stiffness of the entire body, the cortical bone can be found in every part of the skeleton. A dynamic process occurs throughout the life and is named bone remodelling. This process adapts the cortical bone architecture and the shape of bones according to their functions. Due to its complexity, bone remodelling can defect in the elderly and weakens bones. This thesis studies the bearing and non-bearing long human bones by focusing on the humerus and femur. A survey of the state of the art, detailed in the first chapter, reveals several lacks. First, the femur is widely investigated compared to the other bones and this unbalance creates a lack of data for the other bones. Therefore, inputs for numerical human models come from deprecated and contradictory studies where the extra-individual differences impact the trends. Second, architectural studies are mainly limited to in-plane assessment whereas the vascular network is complex and needs more robust analyses. Thus, the second chapter describes an innovative method to 3D assess the cortical vascular network from tomographic data. This Python script automatically detects canals, connectivity and Bone Multicellular Units (BMUs), cradle of the bone remodelling activity. Then, 77 samples from left and right femurs and humeri of ten human cadavers are scanned and analysed using this method. As this method provides numerous novel features of the cortical architecture, tensile and indentation tests are also carried out in order to understand and exhibit the impact of the architecture on the mechanical behaviour. Hence, all the scanned samples are tested and available for statistical analysis. So as to identify global trends, humerus and femur are compared using different statistical tests. Likewise, the bias impact is also investigated. Finally, a correlation study followed by a regression study is described so as to provide polynomial functions in order to be used to predict the mechanical behaviour from an architectural study
Le, Tellier Bérenger. "Méthode d'évaluation des systèmes de retenue des enfants dans un environnement automobile." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD010.
Full textFollowing changes in Child Restraint System (CRS) regulation in July 2013, an experimental CRS evaluation campaign has been conducted. Then, it has been noticed that the situation amongst the youngest involved in side impact was particularly critical. An original methodology has been therefore developed in order to define the “best” energy absorption materials to use in child seats for head, shoulder and pelvis areas. A parametric study in which the restraint of each body segments was independently piloted has then been conducted. The aim was to minimize either regulatory criteria of Q0 and Q1 dummies, or biomechanical criteria based on Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Those recommendations have thereafter been applied to improve an existing child restraint system under side impact. First, it has been checked that resultant linear acceleration of the head and HPC criteria were below regulation limits. Second, Finite Element (FE) model of the optimized car seat has been created and validated in several dynamical steps. Third, both reference child restraint system and optimized child seat has been evaluated in side impact with Q0-6WOC hybrid model. Finally, it has been showed that technical changes helped to cut in half the biomechanical results
Cardou, Philippe. "Conception d'accéléromètres multiaxiaux avec architectures simpliciales pour l'estimation de la pose et du visseur instantané d'un corps rigide." Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00601152.
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