Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Essaim de bulles'
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Riboux, Guillaume. "Hydrodynamique d'un essaim de bulles en ascension." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000465/.
Full textDans de nombreuses applications, des bulles sont utilisées pour agiter un liquide afin de favoriser le mélange et les transferts. Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de l'hydrodynamique d'une colonne à bulles. Expérimentalement, nous avons déterminé les propriétés des fluctuations de vitesses à l'intérieur et derrière un essaim de bulles homogène en ascension pour différentes tailles de bulles et fractions volumiques [alpha] : auto-similarité en [alpha] à la puissance 0,4, spectre en nombre d'onde à la puissance -3 et échelle intégrale de longueur imposée par la force de flottabilité. Numériquement, nous avons reproduit ces propriétés par simulation des grandes échelles en modélisant les bulles par des volumes-forces. Nous avons ainsi prouvé que la dynamique est maîtrisée par les interactions des sillages
Riboux, Guillaume Risso Frédéric Legendre Dominique. "Hydrodynamique d'un essaim de bulles en ascension." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000465.
Full textSimonnet, Marie. "Étude expérimentale du mouvement de bulles en essaim : application à la simulation numérique de colonnes à bulles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_SIMONNET_M.pdf.
Full textBoth experimental and numerical studies have been performed in aIder to highlight the influence of the bubbles density on the drag law. Important results concerning the relative velocity of bubbles in a swarm have been obtained thanks to laser Doppler velocimetry and optical probe measurements in a pure water / air bubble column. Ln particular, it has been shawn that the relative velocity decreases with the local void fraction up to a critical value of 15 % and increases beyond. These evolutions result from a competition between various phenomena, such as turbulence, hindrance and wake acceleration effects. Based on these conclusions, a drag correlation was obtained and tested in a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The significance of the drag law formulation has been demonstrated, especially for the correct description of the transition between the flow regimes of a bubble column and for the accurate prediction of the liquid velocity profiles measured
Simonnet, Marie Midoux Noël. "Étude expérimentale du mouvement de bulles en essaim application à la simulation numérique de colonnes à bulles /." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy : INPL, 2005. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2005_SIMONNET_M.pdf.
Full textSantiago, Pelaez Zapata Daniel. "Beyond the Sea Surface : Exploring Ocean Wave Measurements From Multiple Perspectives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASM004.
Full textThis thesis explores ocean wave measurements from multiple perspectives, extending the analysis beyond their visual manifestation on the sea surface. Existing limitations in measurement technologies hinder a full understanding of aspects such as directional wave spectrum, wave breaking processes, and wave-induced bubble plumes. This study integrates data from various platforms, including bottom-mounted sensors, surface buoys, and satellites, addressing spatial and temporal coverage limitations. A novel wavelet-based technique for directional wave spectrum estimation is presented, showing consistent performance and advantages over conventional methods. Analysis of directional wave spreading reveals narrow distributions at the spectral peak and asymmetric broadening at lower and higher frequencies. The thesis also compares GPS buoy data with satellite-based observations from the CFOSAT/SWIM mission. The acoustic properties of ocean waves are examined through measurements of bubble plumes, revealing a relationship between wind speed, bubble plume depth, and whitecapping coverage. The role of Langmuir circulation in transporting bubble plumes is highlighted. Underwater noise and its correlation with environmental variables are investigated using a bottom-mounted hydrophone. Overall, the thesis provides a comprehensive description of ocean waves, offering valuable insights into complex air-sea interactions
Tran, Thi Bich Ngoc. "Three essays on financial instability of emerging stock markets." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G030.
Full textThis dissertation aims to study some potentially major risks in emerging stock markets after their liberalization. These risks include periodically collapsing speculative bubbles on stock prices, contagion defined as a significant increase in correlations between markets and the market destabilizing behavior of hedge funds. Appropriate empirical methodology is used, such as the robust non-cointegration test developed by Taylor and Peel (1998), the dynamic conditional correlation models (DCC-GARCH(1,1)), the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models with consecutive rolling windows, Granger non-causality tests, the impulse response functions to a shock, and the forecast error variance decomposition. This dissertation focuses in particular on markets in Asian and Latin American regions during the 1990s and 2000s. The results are the followings. Firstly, there exist speculative bubbles in most of studied markets and the equity market openness seems to be an important factor which is significantly positive related to the formation of speculative bubbles in both Asian and Latin American regions. Secondly, the evidence of contagion effects is detected during the 1994 Mexican crisis, the 1997 Asian crisis, and the 2007 US subprime crisis. The US subprime crisis is found to be the most contagious while the Mexican crisis is the least contagious and has only regional effects. Lastly, hedge funds are found to exert an impact on stock markets due to their significant contribution to the variance of stock markets' returns
Boullot, Mathieu. "Essays on asset bubbles and secular stagnation." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E007/document.
Full textThe first chapter questions the conventional intuition that a high concentration of income at the top of the distribution should promote the emergence of rational asset bubbles. I use an OLG model with financial fictions and heterogeneous agents that differ in terms of savings rate, portfolio choices and skills. I show that a high concentration at the top promotes the emergence of asset bubbles if and only if those asset bubbles are illiquid or financial markets are arbitrage-free. Instead, if asset bubbles are liquid and liquid assets pay a premium under illiquid assets, a low concentration promotes the emergence of asset bubbles. The second chapter studies the circumstances under which asset bubbles are expansionary in an OLG-New Keynesian that includes capital. I show that secular stagnation is a necessary but not sufficient condition. Indeed, asset bubbles stimulate investment, consumption and output if and only if there's a strong shortage of aggregate demand. Finally, the third paper shows that "standard" New Keynesian models make puzzling predictions when aggregate demand is chronically deficient they predict a secular boom, and seeks to understand how those models must be adjusted to analyze secular stagnation. I emphasize the crucial role of the long run elasticities of asset demand and supply with respect to the output gap in general equilibrium; and I also connect the secular boom to other puzzling predictions of the New Keynesian model
Moysan, Gwenael. "Essais sur les Crises Financières." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00969039.
Full textSimion, Stefania. "Empirical essays on youths' labour markets and education." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24742.
Full textSolcan, Mihaela. "Essays on Macroeconomic Price Adjustments." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22014.
Full textDuring the last decade, housing prices have increased dramatically in several countries around the world. For instance, housing prices in the United States, Spain, and Ireland have been marked by one of the most striking boom-bust cycles in their history. The concomitant increase in housing prices (and in some cases boom-bust episodes) across many advanced economies raises the following important questions. Was there a housing bubble across advanced countries? What are the main determinants of the housing price movements in these countries? Are the advanced countries' housing markets interrelated? The first chapter of the dissertation estimates a set of structural Bayesian VAR models for the U.S., France, Spain, and Greece that examine the relative effects of developments in the real production sector, the financial sector, and international capital flows on the housing market. A second exercise attempts to identify the presence of housing price bubble regimes by estimating a set of two state Markov-switching Bayesian VAR models. The main results for the U.S. show that foreign capital inflows, measured by the current account balance as a percentage of GDP, account for more than 30\% of the variance of the shocks hitting housing prices, while adjustable mortgage rates contribute about 38\%. In France, monetary policy has the largest explanatory power for the housing market evolutions, while in Spain and Greece, the variable mortgage rates and housing investments exert the largest influence on the housing market. All the countries experienced a bubble regime over most of the 2000s. The second chapter uses a Global VAR model estimated using quarterly data from seven countries, for the period 1987-2011, to analyze the interdependencies that exist between domestic and international factors in housing markets. We find that housing price shocks originating in the U.S. have large spillover effects on all the countries, with the largest magnitudes on Ireland. This result suggests that housing markets may be subject to contagion effects and that housing can be analyzed as a speculative asset, based on international data spanning the past two decades. Linkages in long-run real interest rates are positive and statistically significant across all the countries, although they have a limited role on the evolution of housing prices. Negative shocks to the U.S. housing prices have negative and statistically significant effects on real GDP in the U.S., Canada, and Ireland. The third chapter studies the price fluctuations of war bonds issued by the U.S Treasury in order to finance the World War I between November 1917 and December 1920. Bayesian time series techniques are used to carry out the analyses. We are focusing on the effects that the bond-purchasing program of the War Finance Corporation (WFC) had on the evolution of war bond yields. Our main results show that positive shocks to WFC purchases display a negative and statistically significant effect on all types of war bond yields. Furthermore, WFC purchases of Liberty and Victory Bonds, except the First Liberty Loan, had a statistically significant effect on the evolution of commercial paper rates. WFC purchases of the Second and Fourth Liberty Bonds had significant and positive effects on commercial paper rates, suggesting a twist in the bond yield curve
Martinez-Toledano, Toledano Clara. "Essays on the Accumulation, Distribution and Taxation of Wealth." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0074.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the accumulation, distribution and taxation of wealth, usingthe Spanish context as a laboratory. The first two chapters have a particular focuson housing. In the first chapter, we reconstruct Spain's national wealth from 1900to 2017. By combining new sources with existing accounts, we estimate the wealth of both private and government sectors and use a new asset-specific decomposition of the long-run accumulation of wealth. We find that during the 20th century, the national wealth-to-income ratio remained within a relatively narrow range–between 400 and 600%–until the housing boom of the early 2000s led to an unprecedented rise to 800% in 2007. Our results highlight the importance of land, housing capital gains and international capital flows as key elements of wealth accumulation.In the second chapter, I study the implications of housing booms and busts forwealth inequality, examining two episodes over the last four decades in Spain. Icombine fiscal data with household surveys and national accounts to reconstruct the entire wealth distribution and develop a new asset-specific decomposition of wealth accumulation to disentangle the main forces behind wealth inequality dynamics (e.g., capital gains, saving rates). I find that the top 10% wealth share drops during housing booms, but the decreasing pattern reverts during busts. Differences in capital gains across wealth groups appear to be the main drivers of the decline in wealth concentration during booms. In contrast, persistent differences in saving rates across wealth groups and portfolio reshuffling towards financial assets among top wealth holders are the main explanatory forces behind the reverting evolution during housing busts. I show that the heterogeneity in saving responses is consistent with the existence of large differences in portfolio adjustment frictions across wealth groups and that tax incentives can exacerbate this differential saving behavior. These results provide novel empirical evidence to enrich macroeconomic theories of wealth inequality over the business cycle.In the third chapter, we study the effect of annual wealth taxes on migration. Weanalyze the unique decentralization of the Spanish wealth tax system following the reintroduction of the tax in 2011. Madrid is the only region that did not reintroducethe wealth tax. Using linked administrative wealth and income tax records, weexploit the quasi-experimental variation in tax rates generated by the reform tounderstand the mobility responses of high wealth individuals and the resulting effect on wealth tax revenue and wealth inequality. Aggregating the individual data to the region-year-wealth tax filer level, we find that five years after the reform, the stock of wealthy individuals and the stock of wealth residing in the region of Madrid increased, respectively, by 11% and 12% relative to other regions prior to the reform. Using an individual choice model, we show that conditional on moving, Madrid's zero tax rate increased the probability of changing one's fiscal residence to Madrid by 24 percentage points. We show that Madrid's status as a tax haven exacerbates regional wealth inequalities and erodes the effectiveness of raising tax revenue and curving wealth concentration
Khan, Salman. "Essays on financial crises, Contagion and Intervention." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32033.
Full textThe objective of the dissertation is to study various aspects of financial crisis 2007-09. Overall there are two kinds of objectives that are pursued in this dissertation: the first objective is to decipher the linkages between different stock markets, real estate markets and oil markets in order to assess the return and volatility spillover effects. The focus in this area is on the level of integration among the markets during different periods of time including crisis. This area is investigated through developing three separate essays. The first essay tests the Russian government claim that shocks originating in foreign markets were primarily responsible for its stock market panic during September-October 2008. Using financial contagion framework, the results indicate that the Russian stock market is weakly integrated with the US and European market in turn discarding the government claim. In bivariate market comparison, the results indicate that Russian market emits high level of shocks affecting the correlation structure between Russia and foreign markets while the reverse is true in case of volatility spillover effects. It is concluded that the governments should not use the justification of foreign shocks affecting the local markets during global crisis. Akin to foregoing analysis, we look at the transmission of shock and volatility in the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) markets. Since by law REITs are required to invest a large portion of their investments in real estate, the role of REITs in spreading the subprime mortgage crisis across the globe has been assessed. The initial analysis indicates that during crisis all markets are granger causing each other. The result is in compliance with the widely held view that the stock markets behave alike during global crisis. Next the integration between USREITs and global REITs and S&P500 has been examined. The results indicate USREITs is weakly integrated with the global REITs implying low level of bidirectional shock and volatility spillover while the reverse is true in case of USREITs- S&P500. Finally the integration between S&P500 and global REITs has been explored. The results suggest weak integration between S&P500 and global REITs. The shocks are mainly transmitted from S&P500 to global REITs. Over all the study concludes that neither USREITs nor S&P500 can create a wider panic in the global REIT markets during crisis. These weak linkages points towards portfolio diversification benefits as well.Studying the crisis at the next level, we analyze short-run as well as long-run relationship between crude oil price and stock markets for Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) within a constrained structural modeling framework. Our findings indicate that BRIC stock markets to certain extent follow the efficient market hypothesis such that in case of oil importing country a positive oil price shock cause the stock market to fall and the reverse is true for an oil exporting country. Two important behaviors have been identified related to short-run interest rate and industrial production. The rise in oil prices generate inflation which is countered by increase in short-run interest rate. At the same time, industrial production tends to increase in real terms instead of decreasing in view of oil price shock (increase in oil price). The result can be attributed to hedging oil price risk with physical delivery. Once the hedge contract starts expiring after 30, 90 or 180 days the impact of oil price starts reducing the industrial production. The second objective of the dissertation is to study the government intervention specifically in the stock markets and generally in the economy. From stock market perspective, we analyze the case of Russian government repeated intervention in its national stock markets during late 2008. Using event-study methodology the findings indicate weak evidence that government intervention can in fact prevent stock market from external financial shocks. The study strongly recommends that the governments should not intervene during stock market crisis.Studying the case of general economy, a new idea has been developed and floated regarding central bank’s intervention directed to preempt an Asset Price Bubble (APB). The economic theory regarding central bank monetary policy intervention has been found to suffer from various problems in the event an APB occurs, such as, -time lag, -cannot affect bubbled sector alone as well as –irrelevance of traditional bank-lending channel. To deal with these issues the study brings forward the idea of regulatory intervention based on certain text book assumptions. The idea entails that contrary to traditional monetary policy intervention, the central bank should impose credit exposure limits for a particular sector on credit institutions. These limits should be imposed once the central bank finds out the abnormal increase in prices in a given sector of the economy. Our preliminary findings suggest that idea of regulatory intervention has the potential to preempt the APB
Lacroix, Jacynthe. "Essai du triméthylamine n-oxyde et du sodium 4-phénylbutyrate, chaperonnes à potentiel thérapeutique, dans l'épidermolyse bulleuse simplex causée par une mutation dans la kératine 14." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30600/30600.pdf.
Full textMallat, Bachar. "Etude du phénomène d’aération sur les carènes des navires océanographiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10109/document.
Full textThe oceanographic research ships of Ifremer use acoustic equipments "SONAR" to study marine resources and to characterize seabeds. Under certain environmental conditions, air entrainment is generated below the free surface due to the interaction between waves and hull and/or the interaction of the ship motions with the free surface. Air bubbles are formed and driven by the flow under the ship hull, which hinders the performance of the acoustic equipment and limits the exploitable sea conditions for acoustic prospecting. The objective of this work is to characterize the phenomenon of bubble generation around different bow models in a wave and current circulating tank. First, this PhD thesis allowed us to study the influence of the bow geometry on the phenomenon. The occurrence frequency and the dynamic of bubble clouds were analyzed in 2D around three bow models for different tested configurations. In the second stage, a detailed study of the phenomenon was carried out and allowed a 3D characterization of the bubble clouds generated and propagated around the hull. An optical probe was used to measure diameters, velocities and void fraction of bubbles generated by breaking bow waves. Finally, PIV2D2C and Stereo-PIV measurements around the different bow models allowed to correlate the hydrodynamic flow field with bubble generation. The obtained results allow to identify the zones where the interaction between the flow and the bow is pronounced and then the position of the bubbles generated and propagated. These results provide an interesting database for ship hull designers and could be used for the validation of future numerical models
Simonet, C. "CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE, CHOCS PLUVIOMETRIQUES ET SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE : ESSAIS SUR L'USAGE DE L'INFORMATION CLIMATIQUE EN ECONOMIE DU DEVELOPPEMENT." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859800.
Full textPenin, Arnaud. "Étude sous chargement dynamique biaxial d'une tôle en acier DP450 : influence sur le comportement et la formabilité." Lorient, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LORIS196.
Full textTeel sheets are subject to multi-axial and dynamic loading during automobile crashes or even stamping. However, there are few experimental techniques that are able to test the material properties for both types of loading. This study presents a new stress technique for steel sheets under biaxial and dynamical loading. The aim of the work is to compare the strain rate sensitivity of steel under uniaxial and biaxial loading. The test was conducted with different strain rates from quasi-static 10-3/s to dynamic at 103/s. The first study was to identify strain rate sensitivity under uniaxial loading so as to obtain a reference behavior. This experimental part highlighted the difficulty of studying behavior under a wide range of strain rates, thus requiring the use of various experimental techniques. Biaxial loading was obtained through an expansion test or bulge test. The bulge test was performed under quasi-static loading rate and using a digital image correlation to measure displacement and the strain field, thus enabling optimization of the test through the calculation of the stress-strain relationship. A Hopkinson apparatus was used to increase the strain rate for dynamic bulge testing. For this device, the strain rate sensitivity of the sample was studied by using an inverse approach. Finally, a punch test was used to study formability for both quasi-static and dynamic strain rates. The sample geometry was optimized to control the strain path in expansion. In the quasi-static mode, DIC ( digital image correlation) was used to detect the beginning of necking. However, in the dynamic mode, we only had the load and displacement relationship. Therefore, the beginning of necking was detected through a new method based on the decrease of load evolution due to necking as compared to the load calculated by simulation. This method is used for both quasi-static to dynamic modes and validated with the DIC results
Hemel, Audrey. "Propriétés mécaniques de membranes d’épaisseur nanométriques : construction et mise au point d’un essai de gonflement." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL060N/document.
Full textA new mechanical testing device of free standing membranes by Bulge Test has been built at Institute Jean Lamour in order to investigate the mechanical properties of thin films of nanometric thickness. The Bulge Test measures the deflection of a free standing membrane to which a differential atmospheric pressure has been applied. (The specimens are prepared from film on substrate deposits by cutting a window within the substrate by standard microelectronic techniques.) We aim of achieve tests from room temperature to ~ 900°C. The main technical difficulty met during this work was to develop a non perturbating method of measurement of the film bulge. Two different techniques were tested: point measurement and 2D interferometry using a spherical reference. The first technique, however simple, was difficult to practice, especially in the case of buckling membranes. The second method required a detailed analysis of the whole optical system (image distorsion, calculation of interferograms) leading to a simple measurement method, suitable for integration in the acquisition and command chain of the device, followed by an off line full treatment.The operating method was used on two different sets of specimens: fragile silicon nitride and silicon membranes in order to test the reproducibility of the device. Polycrystalline gold thin films were then used to study the early stage of plastic strain
Michaïe, Sandra. "Experimental study of the fundamental phenomena involved in pool boiling at low pressure." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI040/document.
Full textBoiling is an efficient heat transfer mode used in numerous thermal or energy systems. In some systems boiling takes place at low pressure. The static head of the liquid column over the wall where bubbles nucleate is then not negligible against the saturation pressure at the free surface level. The pressure and the induced subcooling degree therefore cannot be considered as homogeneous around growing bubbles, resulting in non-homogeneous thermophysical properties in the fluid. The relative influence of the forces acting on a growing bubble differs from higher pressure conditions, yielding specific bubble dynamics features. Heat transfer is consequently also affected. The effect of the pressure on pool boiling was experimentally investigated during the isolated bubbles regime taking place from a single activated nucleation site. Experiments were first conducted with water for a wide range of subatmospheric pressures. Four distinct bubble dynamics behaviors were identified through high-speed camera visualizations. An adapted image processing of the recordings enabled the measurement of several bubble dynamics characteristics. In order to generalize the concept of pool boiling at "low pressure" and to get a better understanding of the related fundamental phenomena, new experiments were performed with a second fluid, cyclohexane, chosen from original thermodynamic similarity with water boiling at pressures lower than atmospheric. The comparison of fluids’ behaviors made possible the identification of parameters governing the specific phenomena occurring during boiling at low pressure. Besides, the experimental facility was improved to provide new functionalities. The high-speed measurement of the heat flux transferred under the growing bubble, its synchronization with the high-speed videos images and the study of boiling on enhanced surfaces are in particular made possible. Results are encouraging for a better understanding of the specific behaviors of low pressure boiling and for its future implementation in practical applications
Diomande, Karamoko. "Modélisation des essais BCI (Bulk Current Injection) pour l’aide à la pré-qualification des équipements embarqués dans la bande [10 kHz - 400 MHz]." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/e5be390e-5299-4fd7-ab44-ff634d25e228/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4040.pdf.
Full textAeronautical equipments qualification is an important industrial step because of the increasing disturbance source number, power levels and due to the high level of on-board equipments complexity. The researches made in this PHD focused on the elaboration of tools allowing, using the Multiconductor Transmission Lines (MTL) method, the evaluation of conducted constraints level in the frequency bandwidth [10 kHz - 400 MHz]. The aim is to help first step of equipments qualification. So the main developed tool IMEA is used to characterize the equipments under test and the load box interfaces by automatically generating their linked impedance matrices. These works highlight the fact that it is important to take into account uncertainties on electrical and geometrical normative BCI test setup parameters characterization. We demonstrate that this characterization error is closely connected to interfaces complexity and have to be integrated in the modelling processes. The deterministic frequency modelling limitations are shown due to the size of interface under test. So, we introduce statistical modelling which is suitable for real equipment test case. This method is applied on a simple interface and real one identified to Enhanced VHF Radioaltimeter. We then compute the standard deviations according to the equipment interfaces complexity
Simonet, Catherine. "Changement climatique, chocs pluviométriques et sécurité alimentaire : essais sur l'usage de l'information climatique en économie du développement." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10392/document.
Full textAcknowledging a limited knowledge and use of climate data in development economics, this thesis proposes a new perspective on the use of both macroeconomic and microeconomic climate data. This thesis has a two-Fold objective: to deepen knowledge on climate data through the production of a new global database directly exploitable by economists, and to propose several applications of this database at different economic scales. The first part focuses on the macroeconomic aspect of the climate data. Its aim is to empower researchers with a deeper understanding of global climate data and to increase economic knowledge on the characteristics of climate change. Chapter 1 contains a climate database available monthly over the 1900-2008 period for nearly 200 countries. Based on this initial work, Chapter 2 proposes an original use of the database with the construction of a physical indicator of vulnerability to climate change, a tool which can be used as a basis for the allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. The second part of this thesis is composed of two microeconomic studies whose aim is to analyse the behaviour of agents facing a rainfall shock. In those two chapters, rainfall data is used to compensate for the lack of data on agricultural production. At the household level, Chapter 3 focuses on the implications of an episode of reduced rainfall on the nutritional status of children under five years old. It shows that rural households do not have the capacity to provide for or absorb climate shocks. At the grain market level, Chapter 4 studies the response of prices to a shock front rainfall. It reveals the presence of speculation, especially in small and poorly integrated markets
Jayyosi, Charles. "Caractérisation mécanique et microstructurale du comportement à rupture de la capsule de Glisson pour la prédiction du risque de lésions des tissus hépatiques humains." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10222/document.
Full textCustomized human body models offer a great potential to assess the injury risks in the fields of transport safety, surgery or sport. Various detail levels can then be needed, according to the targeted application. In particular, when the mechanical behavior of biological tissues needs to be accurately reproduced, numerical models have to include information about the structure of the tissue, and model the mechanisms of the response to mechanical loading. The work presented here focuses on the microstructural and mechanical characterization of the human liver capsule, in order to identify the important hypotheses that need to be included in a fibrous tissue constitutive model, based on microstructure. Thus, an experimental methodology has been developed to identify the mechanical behavior of this particular tissue, related with its microstructural organization. Uniaxial tensile tests, as well as bulge tests under a multiphoton confocal microscope have been performed, to observe the microstructure evolution during loading. Macroscopic strain has been assessed, and a method to measure local strain fields has been developed, to quantify the strain state of the fibrous network. The reorganization of the collagen fibers network has also been quantified. An analysis of the links between the measured macroscopic parameters and the microscopic phenomena is given. Therefore, the hypotheses that need to be included in constitutive models are highlighted, with particular consideration given to the affine transformation hypothesis which allows to link the fibers behavior to the global response of the tissue
Riboux, Guillaume. "Hydrodynamique d’un essaim de bulles en ascension." Phd thesis, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7572/1/riboux1.pdf.
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