Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Espagne au Siècle d’or'
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Ruiz, Soto Héctor. "Apariencia ou l’instant du dévoilement : théâtre et rituels dans l’Espagne du Siècle d’or." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL161.
Full textThe apariencia, a typically Iberian special effect, is defined in 1611 as ‘a mute representation shown by drawing a curtain in front of people, and immediately hiding it again’ (Covarrubias, Tesoro lexicográfico). In other words, it is a performance of unveiling, used mostly in theatre, but also in liturgy – where it displays relics and sacred images – and in royal ceremonies – both in public pageant and inside the royal chapel. Apariencia also innervates private collections of paintings, where some masterpieces or cultural images are shown by pulling a curtain and closing it soon thereafter. A topic coming from the Naturalis Historia by Pliny the Elder gives a model of interpretation: the victory of Parrhasios against Apelles is the result of the illusionism of a painted curtain, that everyone would want to unveil. In his definitions of apariencia and cortina (curtain), Covarrubias describes this visual device, and he mentions spectacular unveilings both in theatre and in the royal chapel. He also reveals that the common language associates the unveiling with something that produces wonder. The theatrical apariencias, which sometimes imitate ritual, also open to the fields of painting, royal ritual and liturgy. Therefore, a concept emerges : the apariencia becomes a visual effect used to unveil something striking for a few moments, in the fields of theatre, painting, royal ritual and liturgy. This PhD dissertation deals with these spheres, and it combines history of the theatre and cultural history in order to understand the emotional and symbolic connotations of this act of unveiling in the early modern Iberian peninsula
Cam, Jeanne-Marie. "Recherches sur le thème de la vie retirée du monde dans la poésie morale du Siècle d’or espagnol." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20037.
Full textMan struggling with his own century has always been driven by the desire to stay away from his fellow men and to flourish without the company of his contemporaries. In Spain, such a desire specifically crystallized during the 16th and 17th centuries just as an economic, moral and religious crisis was shaking the foundations of a Spanish society criticized for its clientelism and iniquity. The manifestation of this disillusionment gave birth to a stream of moral poetry, a philosophical poetry inherited from stoicism and federated by the antithetical platitudes of menosprecio de corte y alabanza de aldea (« scorn of court life and praise of village life »). The series of texts generated by this dialectic of life in seclusion, which is too often confined to the horatian beatus ille, discloses through a corpus of seventy-two texts the perpetual process of rewriting and the freedoms of poetic and philosophical treatment. The study on the types of formulation, the themes and common assumptions, and also on the stylistic devices and prosody carried out within each composition and in the diachronic relation between the study itself and the corpus tends to emphasize the argumentative depth of the series of texts and the combination of its variations
Pech, Sarah. "Être domestique à Madrid au Siècle d’Or : servir et vivre dans la Villa y Corte (1561-1700)." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040210.
Full textThe present research deals with the work and life conditions of servants in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Madrid. All the aspects of their daily lives, both material (wages, possessions, lodgings) and personal (marital status, social life and networks, family relations) are tackled in this work. The in-depth study of this social category is the synthesis of a wealth of information provided by the parish censuses of the time, but also from solicitors’ and hospitals’ official documents and registers, treatises on housekeeping, textbooks for priests, and various other narratives of celebrations and miscellaneous events. What is also under scrutiny in this research is how servants and their relations with their masters were then considered and represented by Spanish society. What is even more of interest is the gap between the negative picture that the average man had of the allegedly dangerous criados as a social group and the facts registered in the judicial documents of the period under study
Guyot, Adrian. "L'influence de Machiavel dans la littérature politique du Siècle d'or espagnol." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. https://doi-org.acces-distant.bnu.fr/10.48611/isbn.978-2-406-14968-2.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the crucial and radical influence of Niccolò Machiavelli’s works on Golden Age Spanish political thought (from Charles V to Charles II). Based on an extensive corpus of more than 150 political and historical treatises of the era, this dissertation explores in detail the various trends at work in the political thinking of the first Spanish modernity, with particular attention for the extremely dynamic, paradoxical and protean way which Machiavelli was treated by the thinkers of the Hispanic world during the Renaissance and the Baroque. Of course, it appears at first sight that the ideas developed by Machiavelli in the Prince (published in 1532) and in the Discourses on Livy (published in 1531) regarding the prevalence in politics of efficiency over morality were met with hostility in the very Catholic Spain of the Habsburgs. Machiavelli’s works were placed on the Spanish Index in 1583, and became the object of a thunderous and often outrageous anti-Machiavellianism. Indeed, Machiavelli is often used as a conceptual scapegoat, accused of all the evils of the time, in particular religious freedom and the Wars of Religion. Nevertheless, a substantial group of Spanish writers were actually engaged in a much more ambiguous relationship with Machiavelli than it might appear initially. Spain and Machiavelli initially went through what might be called a honeymoon period, culminating with the Spanish edition of the Discourses on Livy in 1552 and 1555 by Juan Lorenzo Otevanti. The Discourses on Livy, as well as a reworking of the Art of War (the Tratado de re militari, published by Diego de Salazar in 1536), enjoyed considerable success among a readership glad to find in its pages helpful ways to think about questions relevant to an expanding State. But after the Index of 1583, Machiavelli became the target of an intense barrage of criticism, even though his writings never stopped exercising a deep fascination on many Spanish writers, who tried to, openly or tacitly, discuss and evaluate his ideas. On questions such as the use of simulation and dissimulation, liberality and parsimony, cruelty and mercy, the value of the given word, or the political advantages of religion, Machiavelli became a major interlocutor, who both challenged and encouraged Spanish thinkers to define their own conception of reason of State. Finally, Machiavelli is an author whose ideas were extensively plagiarized, reused and adapted by a considerable amount of Spanish writers, who yet kept on professing their anti-Machiavellianism, a phenomenon which has led me to the conclusion that there existed a Spanish Machiavellianism
Djondo, Amélie. "Femmes de pouvoir et pouvoir des femmes dans le théâtre du Siècle d’Or : le personnage de la reine transgressive et criminelle." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100116/document.
Full textThe object of this thesis is to examine the character of the transgressive queen on theSpanish stage of the Golden Age, from a corpus of eight comedias published between 1609 and1653 by well-known dramatists (Virués, Tirso de Molina, Guillén de Castro, Rojas Zorrilla,Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca). The introduction helps to lay the foundations of a thoughtprocess which aims to bring out specific types of queens, inherited figures from a mythological,biblical or historical tradition. Two criteria contributed to selecting the corpus and shaping aplan - the female character’s relationship with power and her ties to violence which inevitablylead her to commit one or more crimes. The chapters in the first part of the study take intoaccount the historical, social and ideological representations of the Queen in line with thegender studies, and analyse examples of sovereigns that are both disturbing and unsettling andyet fascinating. Our key reference is the Queen-King – an excessive character subverting thegender and authority standards and whose role will be exceptional for actresses at the time. Thesecond part looks into the Queen-King access to power, her reign and her tyrannical outbursts.The analysis mainly pertains to the tools of scenography, of distortion but also of rhetoric. Thelast part deals with the psychological, criminal and judicial perspectives of violence, committedby the queens. We claim that some of the deviances occasionally border on madness orirreversible pathologies which find an exceptional outcome on stage, worthy of theseoutstanding women
Jimenez, Françoise. "L’Espagne en crise à travers les Avisos attribués à José de Pellicer (1639-1644)et les lettres de Jerónimo de Barrionuevo (1654-1658) : conflits,délits et autres violences." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030198.
Full textIn the middle of the seventeenth century, Spain undergoes a deep political and economic crisis. It becomes difficult to survive and Spain has to sign the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. This heavy crisis that the Spanish monarchy undergoes is described by two different information sources from the mid-seventeenth century : the Avisos attributed to Pellicer (1639-1658) and the Barrionuevo letters (1654-1658). The first source gives a daily account of the Catalan and Portuguese rebellions whereas the second source points out Spain’s "misfortune" due to its very bad economic situation : there are many enemies, the army lacks men and means, the civil servants are corrupt and the Nobles are no longer representative of their rank, the Clergy lacks vocation and everybody from the lowest to the highest social background is involved in all sorts of moral, political, financial and legal crimes etc. These two long-term but of short interval sources have other advantages. The news is given twice a week, forcing the author to inform the readers regularly which avoids summarizing all the information. Moreover, the Pellicer Avisos seem to be written and read by a large number of people (the publication is planned) and the use of the first person "I" is very limited whereas the Barrinuevo letters are addressed to a correspondent who knows that he is read by a small circle of people. Tracking down information and transmitting it is risky : the news is mostly reliable, but most of it comes from rumours. The Pellicer informants are more reliable and trustworthy whereas the Barrionuevo ones are composed of people from the Palace as well as any and everybody. Finally, the state of mind and interest points vary from one author to another. Both information sources show similarities but also many differences and limits and these characteristics is what makes them so full of interest
Pitel, Anne-Hélène. "Prose et poésie dans l'oeuvre de fiction de Lope de Vega : de La Arcadia (1598) à La Dorotea (1632)." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030138.
Full textThe discursive union of prose and poetry within a same text is called prosimetrum. Lope de Vega continually resorts to this hybrid form in order to write his works of fiction, which consist of different genres: two pastoral novels, La Arcadia and Pastores de Belén, one adventure story, El Peregrino en su Patria, the Novelas a Marcia Leonarda, and the unclassifiable works Acción en Prosa La Dorotea (1632). In order to shed a new light on these works, the present study considers this combination while preserving the coherence and the integrity of the work as a whole. Although we classify and analyse the versified material both formally and thematically, we shall emphasise the prose-poetry-prose transitions in order to establish a typology of the ways the author inserts the verses. Despite the apparent hermetism which isolates the two genres as far as typography is concerned, the two discourses interact. They do so on two levels: on the one hand, at the level of the plot thanks to the effect of poetry on prose, and on the other hand at the level of the story. The debate about prose and poetry finds an answer in the exploitation of their oppositions and their similarities for narrative purposes. The mechanisms of discursive hybridisation thus revealed, their diverse implications and the recurrence of this esthetic choice by the author are then put into perspective. The balance between the form and his creative personality emphasises the way the Fénix uses the prosimetrum for personal reasons, either to serve the narcissism of his writing or to compose his literary legacy, around the promotion of the canto llano and the principle of the varietas
Gallégo, Josée. "Le mythe des Argonautes dans le théâtre du Siècle d'or espagnol." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA041.
Full textThe story of Jason is a most ancient myth and survives in various forms. A more widespread interpretation relates the myth of the fleece to a method of washing gold from streams. More often, the Golden Fleece represents royal power, the spring-hero or a book on alchemy. According to Apollonius of Rhodes, a flying golden ram rescued Phrixus and Helle as their stepmother wantedto kill them. Phrixus safely reached Colchis where he sacrificed the ram and gave its skin to Aetes. Meanwhile, Pelias had usurped the throne of Eson and as his son reclaimed it, sent him to fetch the Golden Fleece. Jason assembled a remarkable group of heroes on board the Argo. At Colchis, the witch Medea helped Jason to complete the mortal tasks. Upon returning, she plotted the death of Jason's uncle, so both took refuge with their children in Corinth. There, the hero betrayed her as he fell in love with Creusa. The witch got rid of this rival, burnt the palace and slaughtered their chidren.In 1430, the Duke of Burgundy founded the Order of the Golden Fleece. As a shield, a sheepskin was suspended from a jeweled collar of firesteel linked by flints. But the choice of Jason caused controversy, so Bishop of Chalon linked it to the fleece of Gideon. As part of the Burgundian inheritance, the Order was a welcomed instrument to the ambitious Habsburgs to strengthen the bonds and Charles V added as a motto « Plus Oultre ».Performances of the Spanish Golden Age Theater were used to develop the ideology of the Catholic Monarchy. When Lope de Vega published el “Arte nuevo”, he introduced the tradition of the « Mirror for Prince » giving opportunity to express one's point of view, despite the censure
Rouached, Philippe. "Poésie et combat politique dans l’œuvre du comte de Villamediana." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040240/document.
Full textThis thesis recounts the story and the circumstances of the manuscript transmission of the political satires in verse attributed to the count of Villamediana and proposes a philological reflexion on the way of editing this work.It presents a critical anthology composed of ninety four poems written in the reign of Philip III and the beginning in the reign of Philip IV against the Valido and his factions,accompanied by a critical apparatus which contains textual variants and many notes relying on unpublished historical sources. This critical anthology offers a historical study of the ideological content of the satires, showing their role on public opinion. It is also a literary study of their poetics focusing more specifically on the epigram seen as the support of different varieties of conceptos, exploring the sources of this work - mainly the Latin satire and the Spanish poetry of the fifteenth century – and placing the political satire back in the work of Villamediana
Daguerre, Blandine. "Passage et écriture de l’entre-deux dans El Pasajero de Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU1025/document.
Full textThe purpose of this PhD thesis is to study the in-betweenness concept in Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa's El Pasajero in all its forms and will first deal with the thorny issue raised by the generic identity of the work. The first part of this study aims to define the different influences pervading the text. Besides being Italian-inspired, the text is deeply rooted in the Hispanic folk substrate, which thus testifies to the prevalence of the in-betweenness concept in Figueroa's prose. Indeed, the concept emerges as soon as one reads the paratext, for the full title of the work, El Pasajero, advertencias utilísimas a la vida humana, has to be construed as an invitation to indulge in extensive transtextual practices, as confirmed by the words of the character who presides over interaction. The porous frontiers between reality and fiction tend to transform the text into a laboratory where literary forms are experimented on and a place of exchanges leading to new literary patterns, which are the focus of attention in the second part of the study. The treatment of space and time and characterization all contribute to underlining the key role played by the in-betweenness concept in the genesis of Figueroa's work. The latter keeps wavering between literary tradition and innovation. Finally, the last part of the study shows that beyond the colourful patchwork, in-betweenness gives consistency and homogeneity to Figueroa's text by becoming a structuring principle, like the discourse on merit inscribed in the work. In other words, in Figueroa's work, in-betweenness is the cornerstone of a writing strategy based on different slippage mechanisms that account for the profoundly hybrid nature of El Pasajero
Garcia, Marie-Hélène. "La culture des ingénieurs militaires en Espagne au Siècle des Lumières (XVIIIème siècle-début du XIXème siècle)." Bordeaux 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR30054.
Full textThis thesis, which comes within the research focusing on the Spanish elites of the 18th century, attempts to show the part played by the military engineers in the scientific and cultural revival of the century. After introducing the historical framework in which these men lived, as a new dynasty came to power in Spain, the text highlights the way this army corps was governed while setting forth its social profile. This study endeavours to emphasise the culture of these men in relation with the scientific and intellectual evolution of their country, as well as their academic education as the first step in their cultural background. Then, it is from a precise analysis of the book collections to be found in property surveys that we can derive what kind of books theses men read. The importance of books- analysed from a formal point of view as well as in their content - allows to perceive how this army corps was different from other enlightened elites and what extent the European Enlightenment was to have an influence upon it. The analysis of the languages in which the books found in collections were edited, but also the books published by the military engineers themselves, help to complete the study of their culture and to show their role not only in the military but also in the cultural field - to the advantage of Spain. Finally, the culture of everyday life (clothing, professional objects, pictures) permits to place these men in the society of their time in a more accurate way
Conde, Ana. "La répression de la sorcellerie par le tribunal inquisitorial de Cuenca (fin du XVe siècle - XVIIIe siècle)." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040202.
Full textDeeply-rooted into the construction and affirmation of power, far from being marginal, the history of repression of witchcraft by the inquisitorial court of Cuenca enlights the influence of the Church over society and its relations with Monarchy. Marked out by the available sources (i. E. The dates of the first and last trials started by this court), the historical period analyzed in this study runs from the end of the XVth century to the XVIIIth century. Our study examines the evolution of repression of two witchcraft standards : first, the repression of a recent witchcraft — brujería, or the demonology witchcraft — and second, a more traditional and ancient witchcraft, which tries to find magical explanations to life, death, and here below misfortune
Gomez, françois. "Le tribunal du Saint-Office de Saragosse (1561-1700) : Essai d'étude quantitative." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON30027.
Full textThe study by the holy office court of zaragoza over the long period of 1561-1700 brings to light certain remarkable characteristics in this inquisitional district. The first characteristic was the significant activity of this court. We have in fact found 5131 cases, unevenly spread over this period : the large majority of wich were judged before 1610, date of the expulsion of the moors. This minority group provided the court with ideal victims, as the + moorih heresy ; was essentially the main reason behind the zaragozan inquisition during the second half of the xvi century. To this quantitative aspect can be added the qualitative factor, as the court was also one of the most repressive of the peninsula (5% burnt alive, 17% suspects tortured), a severity shown particulary towards the moors, protestants and those who committed other + unnatural ; crimes. On the other hand, fewer women suffered the at the hands of the inquisitors here than elsewhere but this shows more a sense of ambiguity than of any particular mercifuiness. The second characteristic of the aragonese inquisition was the range of crimes judged. Added to the + great ; cause of falth that fell naturaly in the jurisdiction of the spanish holy office were those of peripheral offences : -bordeline crimes, in the litteral sense, namely, protestentism and smuggling of the horses. The high number of these cases can be explained by the long pyrenese frontier. -bordeline crimes, in the figurative sense, that is, less heretical ones or + abominable ; sins. This very severely punished behaviour did not fall within the competence of the inquisitional crown court of castille. The third very uncommon and interesting characteristic concerns the huge importance that opposition to the holy office gained here. Several rebellions in which moors were not necessarily involved prove this fact. But a notorious affair, due mainly to the involvement of a well known figure antonio perez- kept the zaragozan inquisition very occupied at the beginning of 1590, and saw the filled with an impressive number of political opponents
Tabai, Imen. "La solidarité morisque à l'épreuve du Saint-Office : les procès de Gil Pérez et d'Alonso Cornejo (Valence, 1580-1585)." Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30027.
Full textAfter the revolution of Moriscos of the old Grenade kingdom and their deportation in Castille (1568-1571) it remained in the Iberian Peninsula, only two areas where traditional Islam had been able to be maintained thanks to a strong density of settlement mudéjare and with an intact Community organization -the aljamas-: Aragon and especially the kingdom of Valence. It is in this last area that the most serious attempts of sedition and resistance to the Christian capacities were witnessed after 1580. It is unfortunately difficult to study its genesis, its organization and its dimensions, as the legend merged with reality and as the anti-morisco propaganda having provided misleading information based on the denunciation of the alleged secessionists’ conspiracies warped by the moriscos- viewed as a fifth column of the Spanish society, consolidated by the assistance of the Ottoman authority. To distinguish myth (supported by collective fears) from authentic Morisco dissidence, we had recourse to the inquisition archives, essential actor in this process. The revolution of the years 1580-1585, or the “Pérez” case, as its name suggests, will enable us as a matter of fact to study simultaneously the rupture between old and new Christians and the limitations of the solidarity within the aljamas, whose principal actors were the morisco élites, within the very framework of the duchy of Segorbe, for which documentation abounds. At the same time, we are led to shed the light on the role, at the very least disconcerting, played by the agents of the Holy Office like by the morisco élite tempted with integration
Seregni, Alessandro. "L' antiaméricanisme en Espagne, 1939-2004." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0044.
Full textThe anti-Americanism grew, developed and widened littIe by little, thanks to the incessant repetition and partial reworking (a kind of rumination) of old and new negatives images and clichés some of which are still existing -about the United States, and aIl that comes from, or represents, this country. This study analyzes the development and the role of anti-Americanism in Spain, especially during the first period of Franco's regime (years 1939-1953), the transition to democracy (1976-1986) and the first presidency of George W. Bush and the war in Irak (2000-2004). The first chapter examine the reasons, the nature and the meaning of this phenomenon
Cánovas, Anny. "La sorcière, la sainte et l'illuminée : les pouvoirs féminins en Espagne à travers les procès (1529-1655)." Toulouse 2, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00334500.
Full textOver the Golden Age the witch, the saint and the enlightened take us back to different cultural religious and political portrayals. But being called a witch, a saint or an enlightened is also the results of trials in favour or against women. Their powers depended on the consideration society and the Church granted them in their dealing with the supernatural. The characteristics which are used to define the different types may change according to the various jurisdictions. The way women were considered good or evil during the trials determined their day to day behaviour and their interactions with others. The object of this thesis is to make a comparative analysis between those three illustrations based on case studies. Its aim is to determine the criteria which made a feminine behaviour be judged negatively or positively according to the people involved in the trials: legal authorities, witnesses and the defendants. Thus the first part of the study endeavours to highlight the official characteristics that predetermined and acknowledged each feminine type. In the second part the argument based on the women's trials under study will open the debate on the so called conclusive points that conditioned the criteria for each type. Throughout this part we will pay close attention to the way women connected to the supernatural were perceived in their location and social environment. The thoughts emerging from this second part will then allow us to extend the fields of research onto the comparison between the various speakers taking part in the trials. We need to find out whether significant points can be observed regarding what made a woman guilty or revered
Guereña, Jean-Louis. "Pour une histoire de l'éducation populaire en Espagne (1840-1920)." Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA1011.
Full textQuatrefages, René. "L'organisation militaire de l'Espagne (1492-1592)." Paris 4, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA040055.
Full textThe art of war has been defined in the modern age by the preeminence of infantry. This military revolution started in Switzerland and collapsed in France, was success at the end of the Reconquista (1492), the catholic kings were conscious of the inability of their military means in order to sustain their foreign policy. Then, they in hardly ten years (1493-1503), these experts built in Spain an entirely new system of men's management and of military administration for the service of the state. Gonzalo of Cordoba, well named the Great captain, tried successfully in Italy the exceptional security inside the kingdom of Spain, and the imperial option chosen by the Hapsburgs lead to an irregular growth in the military structure peninsular forces became obsoletes, to a degree of internal demilitarization revealed only by the Morisco revolt of 1569; on the other side, the external intervention forces were the model for the Tercio (1536), the master of the field of war in Europe for…
Molero, Valérie. "Les pratiques magiques en Espagne et leur répression par le Saint-Office à la fin de l'ancien régime (1700-1820)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX10085.
Full textCastañer, Muñoz Esteban. "Les halles métalliques en Espagne au XIXème siècle." Bordeaux 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR30019.
Full textOur report is based on an inventory of 148 buildings or projets in different spanish regions and towns ranged between the years 1840 and the begining of the 1930's. It's beendivided into three parts. The first one deals with the historical and urban aspects : the significance of the markets in the changing and growth of the towns in the nineteenth centuty ; its links to the town hall power ; its relation to the traditional commercial costoms and to the new economic and communication structures ; its geographical setting and the evolution of the building methods ; the identity of their autors. The second part deals with the definition of types : theoretical and practical inspiration sources ; the architectural program imperatives, the concept of space ; the evolution of the plan settlement. The third part approaches the style subject : the formal languages evolution between neoclassic and modern movement goping throug the diversity of the eclectic culture, art nouveau movement and the new "historicismus" of the beginig of our century. The annexes collect significant passages from the new projets memories. The album presents the graphic documents related to listed buildimgs and projects as well as to images quoted as illustration or parellel
Dolset, Henri. "Frontière et pouvoir en Catalogne médiévale : l'aristocratie dans l'ouest du comté de Barcelone (début du Xe-milieu du XIIe siècle)." Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20080.
Full textThe emphasis of phenomena is an essential feature of frontier's element. The frontier has reinforced the long term feudalization of Catalonia since the Xth century, and has given it, about 1040, a violent and acute feudal mutation. The controlled colonization, whose official aim was the development and safety of the marches - made more necessary because of the degradation of the relationships with muslims from 1090 - opened into a very dense castles network's implantation, with an incastellamento used by the aristocracy to seize the power and to subject the peasants. A genuine social frontier double this new territorial frontier, showing that this element furthers above all the social ascent of the more privileged people, at the cost of deep transformations for them : the widening of the warlike class with the integration of knights, the general diffusion of feudal and vassal relationships in the lap of itself, and the fragmentation of Sippen into multiple topolineages
Caporossi, Olivier. "Les justices royales et la criminalité madrilène sous le règne de Philippe IV, 1621-1665 : unité et multiplicité de la juridiction royale à la cour d'Espagne." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20086.
Full textThe objective of this work was to understand how a jurisdiction was built at the Habsburg's court thanks to the reading of documents of judicial practice and theology, of sources which are still unknown (the trials by the junta of the Bureau or "porcones") or barely used (for example, the petitions for pardon on Good Friday). Next comes an analysis of the jurisdictional multiplicity of the court, which insists on the roles of the junta of the Bureau, the Council of Castile, the alcades of the court and the corregidor, and the ecclesiastic, military and diplomatic jurisdictions in Madrid. This accumulation of jurisdictions grew during Philip IV's reign and created competing criminal proceedings. The second part of this work is based on concrete cases which confront the different tribunals of the court and on the clarification of the criminal proceeding. The third part insists more particularly on the place and the role of the police, which led to a growing conflict between the jurisdictions. The law being progressively made public and the actions of the organs of social and judicial negociations -i. E. The appeals, the different juntas, the role of the Chamber of Castile in the King's mercy- are finally examined
Bouaziz, Rachida. "Le pur et l'impur : aspects du hammam dans l'Espagne du XI-XVIe siècles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX10015.
Full textMartinez, François. "La permanence morisque en Espagne après 1609 (discours et réalités)." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON30038.
Full textThe morisco's permanence remains even today an unresolved question. The difficulties regarding the sources make any definitive affirmation on the subject very difficult. Nevertheless the permanence was in fact real. However, the interest at issue is not to only to find out the proportions of moriscos that remained in spain after the expulsion. To define the conditions that allowed this permamence must remain a priority in the mind of historian. Who were they, how many and where were they, and how were they able to escape from being exiled? these interrogations are indeed primordial, but it is also important to examine the structural aspects concerning the permanence. Our study of the discourses and the representations has cleared up the structures that had determined the expulsion and the permanence of the moriscos. Through the analysis of these discursive mechanisms, we were able to enlighten the ideological aspects of the problem. The discursive structures presented in our work emphasize the contradictions of the morisco's problem in general and more particularly to that period. Among the figures that prefigurated all the approachs to the moriscos, let us quote the vision of oneness, multiplication, duplicity, and god's punishment. However, at the same time other representations from other practices grafted onto these elements, for example the conceptual oppositions like general/specific and spiritual/temporal and even the judicial notions of suspicion, guilt, confession and proof. As a result of our study of the different categories exempted from the expulsion, we were able to estimate how much these discursive structures conditioned the permanence. The latter had delimited the outlines of an admissible morisco. The women, the children, the slaves and the "good christians" saw themselves assigned to a specific place in christian society: that of the submissive moriscos over whom still implicitly hung the weight of their origins
Cuevas, de la Cruz Matilde. "Las mujeres prostitutas en el Madrid del siglo XIX : control, espacios y formas de vida." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR2009.
Full textThis investigation is about the process of institutionalization of the prostitution rules system and its application at a local level, studying the different controversies it produced between doctors, hygienists, local autorities, etc. It also explores the real incidence and the consequences for theses women under theses rules, regarding the attitudes toward them, difference of opportunities, impossibility to free themselves of the stigma that marked them for the rest of their lives. It explores the origin and places of meretriciousness, as well ; and the answers given to the prostitutes' situation by some charity religious institutions in Madrid. This thesis faces three topics : 1- It has been investigated the process of stigmatization by which certain social groups marked some behaviours and some women defining them as acts of prostitution or prostitutes. Also the socioeconomic conditions of the young women designed as such, has been investigated. 2- Three subjects have been studied : firstly, the world of meretriciousness and of the main characters around the prostitutes : Madams, police, clients, colleagues, authorities, nuns, prostitutors, etc. Secondly, places where they moved and started their contacts : brothel,street, taverns, café, etc. Finally the sexual market situation in Madrid in Nineteenh century (clients' characteristics) and the evolution in sexual customs. 2- "Regretting" prostitutes' lives has been investigated in the "rehabilitation" houses created by some female religious congregations
Vergniolle-Delalle, Michelle. "Art et politique. Stratégies de l'opposition dans la peinture et la gravure espagnoles entre 1939 et 1975." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010568.
Full textLecerf, Florence. "La vie quotidienne des morisques entre 1502 et 1570 selon les protocoles notariés des archives de Grenade." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN1630.
Full textYusta, Rodrigo Mercédès. "La resistencia armada contra el régimen de Franco en Aragon (1940-1952)." Paris 8, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA082027.
Full textBuisine-Soubeyroux, Marie-Hélène. "Alphabetisation, éducation et société à Logroño au temps d'Espartero (1833-1875)." Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR2042.
Full textThe purpose of our thesis is to propose a social history of education in 19th century in Spain. We analyse the start and development of primary and secondary educational system in the city of Logrono from 1833 to 1875. We put it in relation with the social structure strongly influenced by the rise of a new "middle-classe" establishment. The monographic approach allows us to define the local reality. Our work is based on the use of primary sources (such as notary deeds, pools from various educational institutions, documents extracted from the 1860 census). It also follows the social micro history approach as defined by Christophe Charle. The plan is in three parts: the first one is dedicated to the analysis of the process of literacy of Logrono population; the other two parts aim to highlight the growth, the functioning and the social role played by the primary and secondary institutions. The firsts result we achieved is to underline that Logrono is quite ahead for the literacy rate compared to the rest of the country
Boeglin, Michel. "L'inquisition au temps de la Contre-Réforme : le tribunal du Saint-Office de Séville (1560-1700)." Montpellier 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON30043.
Full textGuilleré, Christian. "Gérone au XIVe siècle." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010513.
Full textThe study is concerned with the city and its countryside between 1285 and 1410. As the key of the kingdom and the bishop's town, Gerona had important assets in Catalonia. The conditions of the city's development were related to a period of peace in the principat, to overseas expansion and to the many economic and political privileges endowed by the count king. Geronins became acquainted with political life and took advantage of heavy taxes paid by Jews and peasants. Around 1360, the urban development and economic growth of the city, as well as a more active improvement of the country, could be estimated. The period that followed was an agitated one, plague-stricken and menaced by the great companies. Yet, the consequences were not as bad as the dark legend of the principat reflected. Immigration was still strong. Political structure allowed the formation of an open patrician government where notabilities sat next to merchants, lawyers and doctors. Marriage strategies studies from ecclesiastical permissions highlight the complexity of alliance systems between the main lineages whose fame went back to the 13th century
Crémoux, Françoise. "Pèlerinages et miracles à Guadalupe (Extrémadure) au XVIe siècle." Paris 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA030106.
Full textThe collection of virgin maria's miracles of the monastery of guadalupe (extremadura) represents an unexploited bu very interesting corpus. A systematic analysis of the documents wich concern the sixteenth century made possible the reconstitution of pilgrim's religious life. The cult of "santa maria de guadalupe" appears, in this collection, as a very particular one. It possesses a universal dimension, and has several miraculous specializations. But it reveals too constant characteristics of sixteenth century's popular religion. One of these characteristics is the evolution of pilgrimage and the end of medieval roaming. On the other hand, the relation with miraculous facts conduces to an increase of miracle's relates. The cult reveals also a clear difference between the devotion of popular and privileged classes. Finally, it shows, in spite of the influence of counter-reformation's ideas, the popular religion's great requirement of marvellous elements
Carette, Alice. "La représentation de la frontière de Grenade dans les chroniques royales particulières castillanes des XIVè et XVè siècles." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSF0043.
Full textThe frontier between Castile and Granada, from the birth of the last peninsular muslim kingdom (1246) to the fall of its capital city (1492), is the scene of a perpetual - but non-permanent- war between both states. Indeed, although the castilian monarchy’s duty is to complete the iberian peninsula’s Reconquest, the conflict is regularly interrupted, for diverse reasons, by the signing of truces. In 1482, the catholic monarchs, Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, decide to bring it to an end. This dissertation examines the castilian particular royal chronicles of the XIV and XV centuries, vehicles par excellence for the monarchical ideology, and the representation, in language and discourse, of the space then simply referred as la frontera. The study shows that territory, apprehended by the texts through the prism of the military experience, as the center of Castile’s foreign and domestic policy, and as the foundations of the monarchy’s legitimacy
Baby, Sophie. "Violence et politique dans la transition démocratique espagnole 1975-1982." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA016612.
Full textLangé, Christine. "Pouvoir royal, pouvoir foral. La capitainerie générale et le pleito du capitaine de guerre en Aragon, XVIe-XVIIe siècles." Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20083.
Full textIn the 16th century, the territorial-type general captain institution became permanent in the aragon kingdom, bearing four characteristics : permanent office, fixed territorial jurisdiction, union with the viceroy in one same person, and limitation of its competence, particularly concerning military jurisdiction, to "time, persons and matters of war", by a fuero entitled about the captain of war. The general captain, previously main co-ordinator of local military forces, became at the end of that century, chief of the royal garrisons settled at the pyrenean frontier and in zaragoza. The political interest of that office for viceroys and kings was such that the general captain was generally considered as not having to observe the kingdom's fueros although he had to respect the fuero about the captain of war. He was then able to do things that the viceroy couldn't legally do. The political use of the general captaincy by the monarchy mainly resulted in the prohibition of trade between aragon and france and the seizure of goods owned by frenchmen resideing in the kingdom. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, this motivated an opposition (pleito) to the general captain's military jurisdiction, trade bans and goods seizures, by the authorities of the kingdom (justicia of aragon, deputies, cities) that requested the respect of the fuero about the captain of war. The study of this opposition enables us to measure the respective powers of the royalty and the fueros. The evolution of the pleito, illustrating the relationship between the king and his kingdom, shows that the transition from radically different positions to a mutual collaboration never excluded an aragonese particularism resulting in the impossibility to forbid trade with france and leading to the rising role of the governor as compared to that of the viceroy - general captain
Montemayor, Julian. "Tolède entre fortune et déclin (1530-1640)." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20008.
Full textBénavidès, Christine. "Les femmes délinquantes à Madrid au XVIIIe siècle." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX10006.
Full textSablonnière, Catherine. "De l'image de la modernite scientifique aux debats d'idees dans l'espagne isabeline (1833-1868)." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030156.
Full textGéal, Pierre. "Recherches sur la naissance des musées d'art en Espagne de Charles III à Isabelle II." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040261.
Full textThe first part of this study proposes a picture of the artistic collections just before the creation of art galleries in Spain and analyses the formation of the notion of patrimony in the age of enlightenment. In the second part, the various stages of the institutional history of museums are examined: first, the tentative museum policy of the French occupying power, during the independence war, then the creation of the royal Prado museum in 1819. The liberal experience of 1820-23, when museums were linked with religious reform, seems to foreshadow the policy implemented in 1835-1840, which led to the formation of provincial museums, without creating a consistent network, however. The third part discusses the real functioning of museums: the techniques of display and the policies of opening hours reveal the role of museums in the evolution of the look and the construction of a culture
Bonnaffoux, Denise. "Les images de l'Espagne en France au tournant du siècle : 1898-1905." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOL002.
Full textStudying the images of Spain in France at the time of the turning point 1898-1905 reveals the subjective features of the image. We tried hard to determine if Gaston Bachelard's expression : "what we can imagine commands what can perceive" could be applied to this work, and if the French people of the revolving century- frightened by the industrial progress and looking for moore authenticity - were keeping on looking towards Spain in the same way as their ancestors did, recalled by Hoffmann in his 1961 book : romantic spain. The image of Spainin France from 1800 to 1850 after a presentation of the sources (newspapers, accounts of travellers, autobiographic books, diplomatic reports, artistic accounts) the firs part of teh book (in wich themes of Carmen and Don Quichotte are standing out) links the subject to the period studied by Hofmann the Spanish American conflict and the Dreyfus affair, in a very "end ot the century" atmosphere, let the images of Spain the French people make, draw up then in that year 1898. A new spain emerging - with modernism and tradition combined - at the time of the exposition universelle of 1900 and notably through the works of Spanish painters who travelled to Paris, shows the place the country takes in the imaginary through of the French people at he time of the revolving century
Gilbert, Françoise. "La figure de l'Antéchrist dans l'Espagne du siècle d'or." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20081.
Full textThe figure of the antichrist in spain in the middle ages is most often used to designate groups or individuals who constitute a threat to the christian world or to a particular community. At the beginning of the modern era, the geographical interiorization of the political threat - both religious and socio-economic - represented for spain by the "conversos" and the "moriscos" and by the internal enemy to the christian world (false christians, false pope. . . ) finds a corresponding geographical interiorization of the eschatological context. The rejected figure of the antichrist takes shape in spain as a precondition of national and religous cohesion. On another level, the interiorizong movement of faith proper to the modern era is accompanied by an interiorization of the eschatological context. The process of salvation no longer operates exclusively on the level of social acts within a public state, but also on the level of private personal acts of faith. In the writings of protestants the figure of a pope-antichrist appears through whom the totality of catholic dogmas and practices is violently attacked. In the face of these protestant attacks, and also the arguments of the "moriscos", the council of trento adopts a new position which sets out to detach the theological figure from all historical implications. The result is the emergence of the figure of the antichrist restored to its status as pure theological concept whose essential function in the process of salvation is no longer considered as imminent
Perez, Béatrice. "L'Inquisition et les judéoconvers en Basse Andalousie occidentale : les contours d'une histoire politique et sociale à la fin du XVe siècle." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040176.
Full textAt the end of the 15th century, the arrival of the administrators of the Inquisition destabilized local municipal life in Andalusia. At that time, Western Lower Andalusia, a border country, lived in an unusual political marginality and, in Seville, the factions which divided the city imposed the development of a history obeying its own rules. .
Fernandez, Bernard. "Un tribunal atypique : le saint office basco-castillan, 1538-1700." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20076.
Full textThe spanish inquisition disposed of many law courts. One of these has attracted our attention, with specific particularities, and perhaps unrivalled ones : "the logrono tribunal". But it seems to us that it is a too much restrictive term, so we have renamed it the "basco castillan tribunal". The study brings owerall the "relaciones de causas" whitch we receiwed from 1538 - 1700, for more than 5 300 "proces". This search is based on various offences which were pursued by the inquisition, essentialy from the different communities judget by this court. In fact, the sociologie investigation, of the inquisitorial staff must be required
Priotti, Jean-Philippe. "Bilbao et le commerce européen au XVIe siècle." Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20032.
Full textPIERRE CHAUNU'S WORK SEVILLE ET L'ATLANTIQUE, PUBLISHED IN THE YEARS 1955-1960, LED TO A LARGE BODY OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE IN WHICH SEVILLE IS PRESENTED AS THE ONLY IMPORTANT TRADE CENTRE IN THE SPANISH KINGDOMS. THE IMPACT OF THESE STUDIES ON THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY IS SUCH THAT SCHOLARS HAVE PAID RELATIVELY LITTLE ATTENTION TO BASQUE TRADE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. THE FIRST CHAPTER IS DEDICATED TO THE ORIGINS OF PORT ECONOMIC RISE AND TO THE ANALYSIS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. THE HISTORY OF TRADE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BILBAO AND EUROPE, AN ATTEMPT TO QUANTIFY BILBAO'S PORT ACTIVITIES, CONSTITUTE THE FIRST PART. IN FACT, UNTIL THE YEARS 1560-1570 BILBAO PLAYED A ROLE AS IMPORTANT AS SEVILLE FOR SPANISH TRADE. THE SECOND PART DEALS WITH TRADE ACTORS. BASQUE PEOPLE ARE NOT ONLY TUNED INTO SHIPPING AS IT USUALLY HAS BEEN SAID. THEY SETTLED IN AMERICA AND IN THE MAIN EUROPEAN TRADE CENTRES. THEY ACTED LIKE REAL BUSINESSMEN IN RELATION WITH THEIR PARENTS LIVING IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY OR IN ANDALUSY. COOPERATING WITH THE BURGOS MERCHANTS, THEY WERE ONE OF THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN TRADE ENVIRONMENT. THE THIRD PART ANALYSES TRADE AND FINANCIAL MECHANISMS. BANKING AND FINANCIAL LINKS THAT BASQUE PEOPLE HAD WITH STATE, NOBILITY AND PEOPLE FROM THE HINTERLAND ARE THE POINT. THE BASQUE COUNTRY'S TRADE, SHIPPING AND INDUSTRIAL DYNAMISM, THE strengthENESS AND FLEXIBILITY OF BASQUE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK, SUMMURISE, AS WELL THE BASQUE CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN SPAIN, AS THEIR PARTICIPATION INTO THE WORLD ECONOMIC DOMINATION OF EUROPE IN ITS INITIAL STEP
Caselli, Elisa. "Antijudaïsme, pouvoir politique et administration de la justice : Juifs, chrétiens et convertis dans l'espace juridictionnel de la Chancilleria de Valladolid (XVe - XVIe siècles)." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0104.
Full textThrough the study of judicial records that involved Jews, among themselves or against Christians, we aim to analyze the nexus that all established with the available legal resources. Our fundamental concern is centered on the relations of power and thus when interpreting the data we shall place a very special emphasis on the political polycentrism and the consequent superposition of juridical regulations and agents with the capacity to administer justice. Based on these premises, we shall try to offer a different vision of the relations that Jews, Christians and Converts had in the jurisdiction of the Chancellery of Valladolid between approximately 1475 and 1525. Ln the first place, we shall consider the political and judicial framework in which the lawsuits under consideration took place; this environment is marked by the strong presence of Christian anti-Judaism, the result of the inherence between religion and nonnative production, an essential characteristic of the period under consideration. The analysis continues in focusing on the practice of the administration of justice, studying how, when, in what manner the norms were applied and what the margin of elasticity was, if it did indeed exist, and to the extent that it is possible, we shall offer an explanation of the reasons why this dynamic occurred. Likewise we shall examine the judicial Iawsuits that were underway when the expulsion of the Jewish community was announced and what happened to the litigants that converted, thus changing their judicial status in these new circumstances. The lawsuits that took place subsequently, that is, when many Jews that had been exiled, returned baptized, will also be analyzed
Albis, Cécile d'. "Les fêtes civico-religieuses à Grenade XVIe-XVIIe siècles." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0116.
Full textThis work approaches through the study of the urban celebrations the big stakes which shaped the difficult incorporation of Granada in Castile in 1492, till the end of XVII th century. By following the birth and the evolution of these celebrations and by confronting them with the contemporary historic context, social splits and the fundamental role of festivity in the making and the negotiation of power could be identified. We also notice leveling terms and recurring arguments there, ceaselessly rearranged according to the context, which establish together a system which we called the myth of Granada. This narrative that thwarts the attempts of composition and rationalization is constituted by a hard core the essential terms of which are the conquest on one hand, martyrdom and autochthony of the other. It is clearly observable at every level of the celebrations: stage setting, processional hierarchies, spiritual patronages, spectacles, liturgical, literary and iconographic forms, etc
Galland, Seguela Martine. "Les ingénieurs militaires espagnols de 1710 à 1803 : étude prosopographique et sociale d'un corps d'élite." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0021.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to recreate the XVIIIth century spanish military engineers'social and professional life, thanks to a prosopographic study. Based on Verboom's proposals, the engineers' corps was created under the new reigning dynasty of the Bourbons. It appears both as the mainspring and as the model of the Army's reformist policy: it is considered as a model because of its scientific and technical skill-based recruitment and as the mainspring of the country's military and economic recovery; The corps' displayed versatility makes it essential, not only for the country's defense policy, but also for the monarchistic centralization and the policy of enlightened despotism. The prosopographic study has allowed a profound view of the engineer in his professional and private environment. Despite a certain consistency in the corps' foreign recruitment, the spanish identity criteria of nobility and training in the military academies, as chosen by the authorities, asserts the will to establish a national scientific elite military corps. The numerous interventions by these men lead them to be the propagators of a neoclassical military and civil architecture. They also spread scientific knowledge and created the notion of national territory. These men become integrated into the society of their time due to arranged marriages and built-up networks of contacts, as well as the impact of their work on society. The social and geographical exogamy are two originalities in the military world. Even though the family continuity still exists, the function's patrimonialization turns out to be weakened compared to other corps. The networks of contatcs are created within the professional, military and scientifics circles. The engineer's standard of living is, more often than not, similar to that of the middle class. The works carried out by this corpsand its social profile, with the regular presence of scientific libraries, mathematical instruments, mpas and plans in estate treasure inventories, lead us to define the military engineer as a skilled and versatile technician, who has a good command of science and emerges as the XVIIIth century monarchistic power's faithful servant
Croizat-Viallet, Jean. "Recherches sur l'introduction de la science moderne en espagne a la fin du dix-septieme siecle. Medecine et sciences de la nature, la querelle des novatores (1679-1700)." Paris 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA030056.
Full textInstitution - the regia sociedad de madicina de sevilla - whose works and spirit were a foretaste of certain themes of enlightenment philosophy
Martin, Vianney. "Le patriotisme en Espagne de 1931 à 2004." Lille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL30004.
Full textAt the very heart of modern Spain's fundamental debates, patriotism appears to be a particularly complex issue. Indeed, to what extent can the different kinds of patriotism that exist in Spain actually be regarded as "Spanish"? Are national and regional patriotisms necessarily rival feelings or can they be complementary ? From the troubled times of the Second republic to the 2004 Madrid terrorist attacks, the constant evolution of the patriotic phenomenon can be observed through statistics, myths and symbols, together with many and various means of expression. Directly linked to the "sense of belonging" and the existence of "affective hierarchies", "patriotism in Spain" is quite revealing of the deep nature of a country that is marked by its recent past and the contradictory aspirations of its components and still expects its "patriotic transition"
Regueillet, Anne-Gaëlle. "La sexualité en Espagne pendant le premier franquisme (1939-1950)." Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR2021.
Full textThe most widespread theory defines the first Francoism (1939-1950) as a phase of "sexual repression" imposed by Church, during which the speech on the sex, and more precisely the teaching speech, would have completely disappeared, not to re-appear between the democracy in 1975. The first Francoism would have been one period of rupture, in particular compared to the second Republic (1931-1936), and there would have been a "pro-Franco specificity" in the manner of conceiving sexuality. According to the medical speeches and moralist pro-Franco, only procreative sexual activity practised within the canonical marriage was tolerated and said "normal", and the Franco régime imposed to sexually educate the population (children, teenagers, and adults) in this direction. From the point of view of daily realities, the premarital sexual practices were common, in spite of certain medical and social "risks". The Spanish company of the first years of Francoism was before a whole traditional company, the relation between the sexes being governed by "double morals" and inherence between sexual instinct and instinct of reproduction