Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Espaces-ressources'
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Dugenie, Pascal. "Espaces Collaboratifs Ubiquitaires sur une infrastructure à ressources distribuées." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00203542.
Full textBonilla, Cortes Jairo. "Espaces et ressources maritimes : la politique de la Colombie." Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT4015.
Full textThe study of columbian maritime policy is focussed on two points. The first point corresponds to columbian policy on maritime areas, the second to the columbian policy on marine resources. The columbian policy on maritime areas is considered from the historical establishment of the territorial sovereignty of columbia considering administrative and juridicial contributions made by the spanish colonies. Columbian maritime policy is developed in the context of measures taken by latin american conferences and maritime law. Columbia columbia determines the expansion of the maritime areas according to the tenth law of 1978. Called the law of the sea. The second point of study of columbian maritime policy corresponds to a policy on maritime resources. This policy is developed in the context of measures taken by latin american states columbia develops a national maritime policy across the developement plan of maritime sciences and technologies. This plan is formulated and developed into two stages. The first stage corresponds to the period 1980-1990, the second corresponds to 1990-2000, columbia develops a maritime policy across participation in international policy, looking to conserve marine resources and fighting against marine pollution. The columbian state signs and ratifies veral treaties
Dugénie, Pascal. "Espaces collaboratifs ubiquitaires sur une infrastructure à ressources distribuées." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20119.
Full textThe reflexions lead around the idea of collective (or collaborative) intelligence suggest, that those emerge within a system in interaction of which technical, social and semiotic factors are strongly imbricated (Pierre Levy, 1994). In order to leverage this challenge, this thesis propose to mix two innovative concepts. Firstly, the collaborative ubiquituous space is used to catalyse the interactions between groups of agents and services. Secondly, an infrastructure with distributed resources is used to dynamically coordinate the resources and the security according to quality of service criteria. A collaborative ubiquituous space integrates artificial processes to achieve massive computation (simulations, data mining, etc. ) and multimodal interfaces including shared visualisation for interactions between humans. In terms of infrastructure, this thesis explains why the Web does not respond suitably to the problem of collective intelligence and why we looked at Grid. In particular, a singular property of Grid is the stateful service that allows to coordinate distributed ressources in a dynamic and secured manner. To show it, instead of developping an analytical model, we have chosen a systemic model. The architecture model Agora proposes to use Grid to deploy collaborative ubiquituous spaces. Validated by a empirical method, this model has been evaluated iteratively based on returns from expérimentations with communities of users. According to the progress of our investigations, a Grid architecture coupled concepts linked to multi-agents systems show caracteristics required for scalability with a rationnal use of resources, while offering garanties of sécurity and high availibility
Lebois, Valérie. "Les ressources des espaces intermédiaires : Analyse socio-spatiale dans l'habitat collectif contemporain parisien." Paris 8, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA083286.
Full textSocio-space analysis in the Parisian contemporary collective habitat Intermediate spaces in our research are analyzed starting from the halls, porches, course, gardens, staircases, corridors, stages of the Parisian contemporary residential buildings. On the basis of investigation of ground, we seek to seize the potential which represent these spaces located between housing and the street for the whole of the actors who take part in their configuration. Our investigation relates as much to logics to work in the manufacture of these spaces as on perceptions and the practices which are registered there and, in their turn, determine them. We wonder mainly about the ambiguity of the statute which characterizes these spaces with the articulation of deprived and of the public. Which room for maneuver this share of indetermination does it give the architects, with the owners building, the managers of social housing and the inhabitants? How do they interpret it according to their competence, their interests, of their representation of the urban company and stakes which they confer on the dense city? We seek to show how these confrontations from point of view are translated in the development of the architectural devices like in their modes of appropriation. Thanks to the method of the courses with accompanying notes, we wish to identify the properties that the inhabitants allot in their daily crossings to the architectural qualities implemented. We are also interested in “extraordinary” forms of occupation more as the festival. This one gives to see a time of exploration of the places and bonds who appears privileged to us to question the concept of space resource
Sene, Idrissa. "Le réglement des différends relatifs à l'appropriation des espaces et des ressources maritimes." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010294.
Full textThis thesis deals with the settlement of international disputes relating to the appropriation of marin areas and resources. Thus, are treated on the one hand the problem of the existence of compulsory procedures for the settlement of this kind of disputes, and on the other hand the problem of the determination of applicalbe rule. The main scopes of this thesis are : a)- concerning the appropriation of marin areas (territorial sea, contiguous zone exclusive economique zone, continental shelf). - disputes relating to the delimitation of marin areas between to the delimitation of marin areas between states with adjacent or opposite coasts. - disputes relating to the fixation of the outer limits of marin areas under national jurisdiction. B)- concerning the appropriation of the marin resources. - disputes relating to the deep seabed hard mineral resources:. The problem of overlapping claims on minesite areas,. The problem of disputes relating to the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed mineral resources : - disputes relatin to fishery resources
Bon, Emmanuel. "Le drame des communaux : appropriation publique, privée, commune ou accès libre aux espaces-ressources naturels indiens ?" Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100157.
Full textIn addition to the 143 millions hectares of cultivated lande, 90 millions hectares of wastelands, pastures and forest - i. E. 30 % of the Indian territory - are de facto hold as common property resources (CPRs). The magnitude of CPRs atteste for thé résilience of longestablished management systems and customary institutions in India. However, thé régulation and control of appropriation rights of natural resources remains contested domains. Beyond thé vain debate between rationality of homo economicus versus irrationality of thé world peasantry, actual situation is a more or less open access to most uncultivated land and renewable resources that is prejudicial to both thé citizen, thé State and nature itself. Main objective is to address theoretical and practical issues related to thé management of renewable resources. Does common property resources a universal cause of environmental tragedy or a pragmatic solution to thé overexploitation of renewable resources in developing countries?
Loireau, Maud. "Espaces, ressources, usages : spatialisation des interactions dynamiques entre les systèmes sociaux et les systèmes écologiques au Sahel nigérien." Montpellier 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON30058.
Full textGervier, Eric. "Étude sur la notion d'équité et ses implications dans le partage des ressources et des espaces en droit international." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010314.
Full textEquity is one of those higher notions whose objective is to give effect to an ideal of justice. To this end, it assumes a close relationship with values such as morality, as well as principles transcending positive norms such as those of natural law, in order to give a human touch to the general corpus of written rules. As a result, equity may sometimes be seen as an extra-legal notion emaning from a set of ethical rules (equity extra legem), while at other times it may be understood as an instinct, intuition, inherent in human nature, whose purpose is to interpret the systematic and formal demands of the law (equity infra legem). But in every case, its influence can only be felt in relation to the law, in its connection with the law, in helping to develop or bend an abstract principle and correct or mitigate the strictness of its application, as appropriate. Focused on international practice, these complexions of equity are apparent in areas such as the allocation of common human resources, as well as in the area of boundary disputes. The former inspires the development of norms in a way that suggests a content which is in keeping with the aspirations of common social justice. The latter combines all its skills in composing, completing or supplanting an insufficient, inappropriate or injust normative context, or more simply in adapting it to real life situations, if it turns out to be too general, albeit judicious
Salinas, Rojas Andrea. "Dynamiques territoriales dans la gestion des ressources forestières des espaces protégés du Mexique : le cas du Nevado de Toluca." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3051.
Full textThis research concerns the Nevado de Toluca (Mexico), a protected area where the goal of forest conservation, while being hardly reached, calls into questions the livelihoods of rural populations. Territorial dynamics which ensue from these tensions are examined. The question concerns essentially the confrontation between the forest preservation such as it is carried by the public authorities on one hand, and on the other hand, the vital needs for the agricultural populations affected by the followed policies. The main hypothesis is that policies of forest preservation do not reach the expected results because there is no global vision exceeding the sectorial approaches of institutions in presence, and especially because the opinion of the farmers is not enough taken into account, due to lack of a thorough knowledge of the rural societies. To restore this knowledge, the research method consisted mainly, besides the mobilized documentation, of numerous interviews with the inhabitants of several localities of Nevado, with the various institutional actors and with the forest experts who participate in the preservation of this protected space. Using the TXM software, these interviews were analysed employing a quali-quantitative analysis on the “textometric” type. Among the main obtained results, we shall hold in particular the fact that the local populations have very contrasted social representations of their environment while having a full consciousness of the ecological challenges. They feel the limitations of use, in particular some wood of fire, as a social injustice. However, socio-spatial configurations and original territorial dynamics exist, and depend on the geographical context, in particular the phenomena of spatial and social proximity. The social cohesion of the groups is important and will be all the stronger as his members share the same cultural values, including religious ones. We also notice that the distance of the city produces paradoxically endogenous dynamics of organization which may also be a basis for an integrated protection policy in spite of the constraints of everyday life. All in all, this thesis suggests a reflection around arbitration between the forest preservation and the socioeconomic impacts on the rural poorest population groups. She invites to think of the justice environmental as of the fruit of the social innovation
Raffin, Coralie. "Bases biologiques et écologiques de la conservation du milieu marin en mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2020.
Full textThis study allows an approach to management and protection of the marine environment of the Iroise Sea which is based on biological and ecological knowledge gained for the whole area. This work forms part of the national and international concern for biodiversity conservation by the acquisition and synthesis of scientific knowledge and their restitution with the other interested parties of conservation management. The biological richness of this marine area is attested by the presence of flagship-species, but the benthic environment has remained largely ignored. This study provides data which complete knowledge on the sedimentology of the Iroise's bottoms and allows the specification of the sedimentary cover and its space and seasonal variability. A broad range of sediment types is represented, with a basic importance of cobbles and gravels and the organization of the sediments in superimposed layers, inducing a high habitat complexity ; moreover, space variability masks seasonal variability. Following this, the study of the benthic fauna of the soft sediment bottoms allows the definition of the habitats and communities of the marine environment of Iroise, with six main units of communities of species, each comprising several facets, of which some have great ecological and patrimonial values. The importance of the frontal zone and its influence on the benthic communities are highlighted. An analyse of the use of space and resources in the Iroise Sea is outlined, as well as an assessment concerning the biodiversity and the current state of international reflections on marine protected areas. The final synthesis identifies the interests of the habitats and communities of Iroise and the potential anthropogenic threats in the short and medium term. The priorities and solutions for the conservation of this marine environment are discussed and a multiple-use zoning plan is proposed within the context of the future National Marine Park of the Iroise Sea
Charbonneau, Marion. "Gestion des ressources et peuplement des espaces pastoraux au défi de la modernité : le cas des pasteurs de la puna péruvienne." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457546.
Full textReounodji, Frédéric. "Espaces, sociétés rurales et pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles dans le sud-ouest du Tchad : vers une intégration agriculture-élevage." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010516.
Full textPeng, Hongxia. "Les enjeux de gestion des espaces numériques interstitiels à thématiques professionnelles : introduction à une approche systémique. Recherche exploratoire menée sur les espaces numériques spécialisés dans la gestion des ressources humaines de la fonction publique territoriale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020036.
Full textProfessional digital social networks, defined as interstitial professional digital spaces (IPDS) in this research, arouse, because of their emergent and ambivalent characteristics, empirical and academic questions. From an exploratory study conducted with an inductive and qualitative approach about the IPDS specified in the human resources management of the French public territorial sector, this research suggests, firstly, a systemic conceptualization in analysis of the IPDS’s functionaries, and second, an analysis of its management functionalities in the development of new HRM practices in this sector. Based on the autopoietic system theory of Niklas Luhmann (1928-1998), this research proposes a theoretical framework for analysis whereas the IPDS is a system with self-maintenance and a self-renewal process through communications between individuals who are both contributors and consumers, assembled by digital tools in interstitial spaces. The results stemming from the observation data show that, for HR professionals, IPDS are above all complementary professional tool with different features which can be illustrated as a public garden for broadening the mind, a window for observation, a mirror for self-examination, and a transmission belt for articulating HRM and IS. This work ends with reflection on the IPDS’s potentialities in a development of HR practices in the public territorial sector
Saint-Sauveur, Armelle de. "Gestion des espaces et des ressources naturelles par une société pastorale, les Bara du sud-ouest malgache : implications pour une politique environnementale décentralisée." Bordeaux 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR30037.
Full textA number of african countries are engaged in decentralized environmental policies, aimed at endowing local communities with the management of renewable natural resources. In madagascar, as in other countries, pastoral areas are an important part of the national territory. In these regions, can environmental management be based on local pastoral pratices ? studying the case of the bara herders in south-ouest madagascar, we can examin this question, that raises others, around which is organized the thesis. What are the relations between the bara society and the environment ? the objective of this first section is to identify pratices and cultural values that can have an impact on natural resources management. What dynamics are on going in the bara country and what are their consequences on environment management ? agricultural development and cattle stealing are central in the dynamics. By analysing their impact on the production system and on the society, we can identify the powers around which resource management can be reorganized and we can determin if pastoralism is the best choice for developping the region. Around what elements can a local management of the environment be built ? bush fire management, land tenure and rights ruling cattle stealing are the three axis around which an environmental policy can be organized in madagascar's pastoral areas. The link between the notion of territory and the watching of the land, to control illicit movements of cattle, appears as a central element of the land tenure problematic in bara country and can offer an original approach for other pastoral areas in africa
Lanord, Magali. "La Conservation des habitats naturels et de la faune sauvage : le droit communautaire et sa mise en oeuvre en France." Clermont 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF10251.
Full textBiodiversity is undergoing a period of regression as illustrated by the deterioration of natural sites and the disappearance of many animal species. Despite the boom in community laws ont the environment, agricultural and forestry policies have long played a role in this degradation
Bouaré-Trianneau, Kadidia Nianti. "Dynamiques spatiales et mobilités paysannes : les relations agriculture/élevage dans deux terroirs agro-pastoraux du Delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT5041.
Full textThe analysis of the relationship agriculture - livestock production in two agro-pastoral lands was carried out according to a systemic approach putting into interaction the areas of agro-pastoral operations. How is the sharing of the same space by two systems of activities performed by various actors? Because of this, the objective of this research is to understanding the relationships between actors by examining the mastery of space, and the practices of each type of player. Based on of qualitative analysis and semi-structured interviews carried out in two agro-pastoral lands, we show in particular that the existing interdependencies between the two systems of production (agriculture and livestock) in the space and the schedule of practices the environment are linked to climatic conditions and to seasons, but also to the power differential between the various actors. With spatial division resulting from the process of decentralization, new actors and elected officials are involved in decision making at the level of villages. Our findings illustrate the complex inner and external interplay of interactions between agriculture and livestock, and how the latter is crystallizing or partially mitigating the issue of sharing space and resources. The history of the settling of the residents and the first division confers on this area a very profound social foundation that regulates the access to and the management of the various resource areas. These analyses indicate a certain permanence of agricultural and pastoral practices but also their adjustment to an administrative and climate change
Kiema, Sébastien. "Elevage extensif et conservation de la diversité biologique dans les aires protégées de l’Ouest burkinabé : arrêt sur leur histoire, épreuves de la gestion actuelle, état et dynamique de la végétation." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2031.
Full textPrivat, Christophe Édouard. "La chasse et la protection des espaces naturels : éléments pour une évolution juridique des rapports chasse-nature." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40012.
Full textViallon, Alain. "Protection et développement dans trois parcs nationaux de l'arc alpin. Le cas de Berchtesgaden (Allemagne), Hohe Tauern (Autriche) et Mercantour (France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10028.
Full textBavay, Jean-François. "Les gardiens de l'environnement." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN0102.
Full textMouton, Claire. "Ressources et méthodes semi-supervisées pour l’analyse sémantique de texte en français." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112375.
Full textThe possibility of performing semantic rather than purely lexical search should improve information retrieval. This Ph. D. Work aims at developing modules of lexical semantic analysis, having as a further objective to improve the textual search engine of Exalead company. Presented works deal more specifically with semantic analysis on the French language. Processing of French language is more complex due to the Jack of semantic resources and corpora for this language. Thus, make such an analysis possible implies on the one hand to provide for needs of French linguistic resources, and on the other hand, to find alternate methods which do not require any manually annotated French corpus. Our thesis is divided in three main parts followed by a conclusion. The first part is composed of two chapters which define the objectives and the context of our work. The first of them introduces our thesis. It evokes some semantic issues in the field of lnformation Retrieval, then presents the notion of sense. Finally, it identifies two semantic analysis tasks, namely word sense disambiguation and semantic role labeling. These two tasks are the two main topics we address in our whole study. They are respectively handled in part 2 and 3. The second chapter draws up a state-of-the-art review of all the topics addressed in our work. The second part tackles the word sense disambiguation issue. Chapter 3 is devoted to the building of new French resources dedicated to this task. We first describe a method to automatically translate the nominal synsets of WordNet to French, by using bilingual dictionaries and distributional spaces. Secondly, we put forward an adaptation of two existing methods of word sense induction, in order to acquire a ward senses resource in a fully automatic way. Moreover, the sense clusters built in the latter step show originality as they contain words whose syntax is similar to the syntax of the given ambiguous words. The so-called sense clusters are then used in the ward sense disambiguation algorithm that we put forward in chapter 4. This chapter also provides recommendations in order to integrate such a module in a textual search engine. Semantic role labeling is handled in the third part. Ln a similar fashion, a first chapter deals with the building of resources for the French language, whereas the following chapter presents the algorithm developed for the labeling task itself. Chapter 5 thus describes the method we propose to translate and enrich FrameNet predicates, as well as the related evaluation. We propose in chapter 6 a semi-supervised approach which uses the distributional spaces to label semantic rotes. We conclude this chapter with some considerations on the use of semantic roles in information retrieval and more specifically in the scope of question answering systems. The conclusion of our thesis summarizes our contributions. It emphasizes the fact that each step of our work uses syntactical distributional spaces and that it provides interesting results. This conclusion also draws the main perspectives we see to pursue our studies. The main and immediate concern is to integrate these semantic analysis modules into prototypes for textual documents search
N'Dui-Yabela, Alexis. "La Contribution internationale à la sauvegarde des ressources naturelles en Afrique Centrale." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE0044.
Full textIn the right heart of the african continent, the sub-region of Central Africa has important natural resources. Unfortunately, those resources are lately facing an irrational exploitation, portending an environnemental situation of crisis in a short term. Aware of those threats, Central African's States and international community multiply many-sided strategies in order to reverse the tend. Many initiatives are recorded during the last years as much at the level of management political review as regards operational activities. This study tries to review some of them and show how Central African's States and civil society work hard, with the help of many internationals partners, to safeguard natural resources in prospect of a sustainable development. In this part of the world, the international environmental law doesn't stay on a theoretical level, but found expression in some concrete and field realizations
Rwanyiziri, Gaspard. "Géopolitique de l'environnement au Rwanda : pour une gouvernance participative des espaces protégés." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449865.
Full textBinot, Aurélie. "La conservation de la nature en Afrique centrale entre théories et pratiques : des espaces protégés à géométrie variable." Paris 1, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508990.
Full textAlban, Frédérique. "Contribution à l'analyse économique des aires marines protégées : Applications à la rade de Brest et à la mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES6003.
Full textThe expression "marine protected area" (MPA) can encompass many names, some of which are sometimes more familiar : marine reserve, fishing box, park. . . Despite the diversity of the cases, MPA usually pursue three main targets : ecosystem, preservation, fisheries management, and development of recreational activities (so-called "ecotourism"). While these three types of motivations may often conflict, they can also combine with each other. However, simultaneously implementing the various objectives implies to take into account the complexity of the effects induced by the MPA creation, and the possibility of conflicts of interests between the different stakeholders. Beside the ecosystem dynamics, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the activities as well as the institutionnal context. The aim of this thesis is to produce an economic analysis of the MPA as a mamanagement tool in the coastal zone, from the point of view of sustainable exploitation of the tempered ecosystems. After having carried out a "state of the art" on MPAs, we enlarge the usual analytical framework of bioeconomic modeling by integrating other activities that fishing. We add to this theoretical analysis an empirical approach based on two case studies : the scallop fishery in the bay of Brest and the project to create a national park in the Iroise sea, which would be the first national marine park in France. These two case studies illustrate two types of MPA resting on different logics : one strictly focused on fishing, the other with multi-use purpose
Rabieb, Prangtip. "Les droits et libertés face à la durabilité des ressources naturelles épuisables : recherche comparative des droits thaïlandais et français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D027/document.
Full textThis thesis highlights the significant role of the fundamental rights in the efficiency of the law that governs the preservation of natural resources. It will be organised around two axes: the first part will discuss the rivalry between rights and liberties and the objective of maintaining the durability of natural resources. The second part explores the guarantee of rights in determining an effective power sharing mechanism over these resources. The first part places an emphasis on the foundations of human rights, the primacy of the human person, also on the limiting function of the action of the sovereign power. In Thai law, the requirement of compliance with property law, freedom of enterprise and the right to subsistence form a significant obstacle in the regulation of this field. This comparative analysis unfolds instruments in French law that limit more powerfully the exercise of these rights and could inspire new developments in Thai law. The second part of this thesis argues that the guarantee of environmental rights marks the dawn of a partial transfer of power on natural resources from a State to its citizens, and makes citizens protectors of nature alongside the State. Apart from participatory rights and their accessories, the Thai constitution also guarantees to its citizens and local communities a right to conserve and exploit natural resources. This right renders citizens as the representatives of the environment. Its second component, the right to exploitation, inspires the principle of the equitable sharing of the nation's natural resources, put forward in the final chapter
Marquet, Vincent. "Les voies émergentes de l'adaptation au changement climatique dans la gestion de l'eau en France et au Québec : Mise en visibilité et espaces de définition." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0371/document.
Full textIn the space of a few decades, climate change has established itself as a central object of research for the scientific community and as a high profile social and political question. Closely associated with the work of the IPCC, two dominant modes of action have supplied the institutional response : these are, respectively, mitigation and adaptation. The latter has established itself as a potential path for policy by appealing to the imperative of human survival and adopting the form of a vast normative program. In the first part, I question the scientific and political construction and dissemination of these policies for adapting to climate change as an emerging framework for structuring cross-and multi-global public action. In particular, I analyze the institutionalization process of convergent adaptation policies to climate change in France and Quebec. In the second part, I consider the issues involved in the spread of climate change adaptation via territorial risk management policies and water resource governance. By mobilizing a theoretical framework borrowed from the sociology of tests, actionnism and sociology of social problems, the thesis determines that can produce increasing the visibility of climate change in the territorial management water. This will return three contrasting situations. First, a case of flood management (Richelieu, Quebec) that have been criticized by experts in hydrology and climate change. A situation where expertise integrates into current issues of water management (revision of the management plan for low flow of the Garonne), however ownership of the strategic uncertainties of climate change by water stakeholders forced the transformative potential and the last one situation where the clear expertise of current issues (prospective Garonne 2050) tends to produce an insufficient cognitive tension to engage stakeholders on new practices. Finally, these new requirements imposed by adaptation to climate change conflict with the interests and shorter time frames that still prevail in the local management activities
Claudet, Joachim. "Aires marines protégées et récifs artificiels : méthodes d'évaluation, protocoles expérimentaux et indicateurs." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0736.
Full textMarine Protected Areas’ (MPAs) and Artificial Reef’s (ARs) management requires complex assessment and monitoring programmes, dealing with different sources of variability. We studied and developed experimental designs and analysis methods suited for the establishment of a monitoring of MPAs and ARs. This methodology is developed from existing data sets in the Northwestern Mediterranean. We build multi-criteria indicators allowing a statistically testable diagnosis of the impact of MPAs and ARs on reef fish assemblages. Using ecological performance indicators permits to monitor and to give an image of the assessed system to managers. It was possible to show the global response of the fish assemblages to the protection by a MPA. This response was evidenced by increases in abundance, species richness or diversity, gradually through space, time and among various taxonomic groups or fish individual sizes. Large fishes reacted faster to protection and shallow habitats were more sensitive to the existence of a MPA. Our results can be useful for the implementation of new MPAs or for the immersions of ARs and for the development of their management plans. Key-words : Marines Protected Areas, Artificial Reefs, Impact Assessment, Temperate Fish, Indicators, Multivariate, Habitat, Monitoring, Statistical Power, Northwestern Mediterranean, Management
Paiva, Toledo André de. "Les grands enjeux contemporains du droit international des espaces maritimes et fluviaux et du droit de l'environnement : de la conservation de la nature à la lutte contre la biopiraterie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020084/document.
Full textEnvironmental international law is based on two fundamental principles: the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and the principle of conservation of nature. The contemporary global economy is characterized by systematic violations of these legal norms through overexploitation and pollution of ecosystems, as well as the clandestine access to biological resources, or biopiracy. This thesis has been especially developed from discussions on the quantitative management of biotic biological resources (fauna and flora) and abiotic biological resources (water), in spite of the analysis on pollution, which can be found in the body of the thesis. The latter analysis is, however, always connected with the overexploitation and biopiracy, which are actually two major contemporary issues of environmental international law. For the demonstration of the generalization of these environmental issues, all regimes relating to the use of resources have been examined, independently of whether they concern the air, the sea, or land. That which could be verified is the existence of a common legal system for the use of biological resources based, in addition to the two fundamental principles mentioned supra, on international cooperation, good faith and the duty not to cause transboundary harm to other States. All these legal norms on nature management are established in international agreements on the use of a biological resource based on the notion of sustainability quotas and national quotas of exploitation. Therefore, States may control the compliance with environmental international law by ensuring the conservation of nature and the fight against biopiracy
Poli, Ange-Michel. "Gestion, gouvernance et évaluation au sein des aires marines protégées : application multicritère de surclassement à la réserve naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio." Corte, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CORT0013.
Full textMarine protected areas (MPA) are relevant research objects to study territorial dynamics and sustainable development. These spaces can also be application laboratories for implementation of evaluation multicriteria methodologies, to appraise, in the time, management efficiency and environmental governance. So, we present theory and concepts of management, governance, sustainable development, evaluative approaches such economic analyses of projects, direct or indirect monetary techniques, outranking. Then, the marine natural Park of lroise's sea and natural reserve of Bonifacio will be taken as case studies, through their patrimonial value, socio-economic activities, public policies of management, their impacts on natural environment, environmental risks, modes of governance and other evaluation exercises. Finally, we propose a critical analysis of marine management's evaluation in Port-Cros, and present a singular ex-post evaluation of annual fishing situations in natural reserve of Bonifacio adopted by its scientific council and aiding to evaluate the first management planning. We realized an appropriate outranking modelling, providing a more realistic vision of effectiveness than indicators without thresholds (indifference, preference and veto), and lighting monitoring
Tran, Hai Nam. "Contribution à la valorisation de l’eau dans les espaces urbains durables : l’exemple de Hà Nội (Việt Nam)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10211.
Full textWater is the source of life and all the great civilizations were built around rivers. Water not only appears in all activities of human life, but also plays an important role in planning and sustainable development of the city. Hanoi is the capital of Viet Nam that was born from water. With over one thousand years of history, water spaces have been existed in the city with rivers that created the main system and the organic development of the city. Nowadays, rapid urbanization and poor management of the city has threaten all water surfaces in environmental aspects : embankments, flood, open sewers, abandoned wasteland areas. The aim of the research includes two aspects : identifying problems and the roles of residents who control the water surfaces to find out solutions to restore and to improve the value of water surfaces in Hanoi. This thesis also clarifies the role and enhances the value of water in the setting and development of Hanoi capital city, to prove the importance of water in the management and urban planning of Vietnam in general and in Hanoi in particular. In addition, this thesis proposes urban scenarios that can better integrate water surfaces in the sustainable urbanization. Finally, the research also confirmed the hypothesis that the water is able to participate in the establishment and strengthening of specific urban identity
Cazalis, Victor. "Efficacité des aires protégées : la pierre angulaire de la conservation de la biodiversité permet-elle réellement de protéger la nature ?" Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG019.
Full textHumanity’s main hope to halt the ongoing dramatic biodiversity declines is to buffer and restrict human activities from some sites, called protected areas. Despite the central role that protected areas have in biodiversity conservation strategies, there have been surprisingly few studies evaluating their practical effects in terms of avoiding biodiversity loss. Measuring the difference protected areas make is challenging, as it requires substantial datasets that enable comparing biodiversity from protected versus unprotected counterfactual sites (differing only in their protection status). In this thesis, I take advantage of extensive publicly available datasets, mainly from citizen science programs, to measure the effectiveness of protected areas. In the first chapter, I use bird data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey and show that protected areas do not increase overall species richness or abundance but that they favour specialist species. In the second chapter, I focus on tropical forests from eight biodiversity hotpots and use eBird data (a global network of bird observations) to show that protected areas mitigate declines from forest-dependent, endemic, and threatened species. I additionally show that this positive effect on birds is due to the mitigating effect that protected areas have on both forest loss and forest degradation. In the third chapter, I model the sensitivity to human pressure of all bird species breeding in the Americas and explore the ability of the protected area network to conserve the most sensitive species. I show that protected area intactness is not higher where species need it the most, leaving many high-sensitivity species with null coverage of their distribution by intact protected habitats. Finally, in the fourth chapter, I question the effects that protected areas can have on human behaviours, showing that inhabitants from municipalities that are located close to natural parks in France are more likely to adopt pro-environmental behaviours. Globally, this thesis emphasises that protected areas can be an effective tool to conserve biodiversity and highlights the need to, and the complexity of, measuring their effectiveness
Becerra, Sylvia. "Protéger la nature : politiques publiques et régulations locales en Espagne et en France." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133021.
Full textPrudhomme, Cristel. "Modèles synthétiques des connaissances en hydrologie : application à la régionalisation des crues en Europe alpine et méditerranéenne." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20200.
Full textBouchez, Jean-Pierre. "Le Management du savoir : acteurs, organisations, espaces et mondes de grandeur." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS028S.
Full textThis doctoral thesis aims to demonstrate and test in which dynamic process of knowledge management is built and chained, between order and disorder, in a transdisciplinary and extensive approach in its various phases of development, dissemination and use. In this perspective, this work is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the three dynamics of knowledge management that extend from Antiquity to the contemporary period. The first two combined dynamics, are qualified of longitudinal and transverse. The third dynamic, more specifically linked with the contemporary period, highlights the various components of the new knowledge-based growth, knowledge-based growth. The second part, directly focused on the contemporary period and the business world, is a form of continuation and completion of the previous one and its different dynamics. It proposes to categorize this new universe, largely immaterial, in which acts individuals and organizations, on the basis of a typology articulate around three "worlds of grandeur" : the "homogenous world of grandeur", "the "heterogeneous world of grandeur "and the "hybrid world of grandeur. A concluding section will highlight on the risks of knowledge privatization and will suggest some ideas that may limited its effect
Cormier-Salem, Marie-Christine. "Contribution à l'étude géographique des espaces aquatiques : la Casamance." Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100136.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to analyse the explosive development of the fishery in casamance and to review aquatic spaces, in the framework of the production system. In casamance, the development of the fishery is one of the ways to overcome the farming system crisis. This crisis, which came about before the climate deterioriation, is structural, based on the opening-up of casamance, the introduction of the market economy and rural migrations. The flooded rice culture retreated fastier because of the 1960 drought, consequently inducing the soils and waters salinisation. The peasants show their adaptability in diversifying their activities and selling their local resources on the national and international market. At a global level, a typology of the village and the populations and a cartography of the fishery data show the importance of the changes. A more specific approach shows how individual and collective strategies are elaborated and to what extent the marketing system is controled by the local communities. The historical approach explains the conditions of the fishery development and the difference between the littoral societies' relationships with both the fishery and the sea : the farmers-fishermen exploit intensively the land
Rodary, Estienne. "Les espaces naturels : l'aménagement par la participation ? : mise en réseau et territorialisation des politiques de conservation de la faune en Zambie et au Zimbabwe." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE1041.
Full textWallet, Frédéric. "La gouvernance du développement des territoires ruraux : analyse des dispositifs de coordination et des processus d'innovation institutionnelle." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40018.
Full textThe reorganization at work in rural areas describes a mosaic of situations stressing the important role of coordination mechanisms to explain territorial virtuous trajectories and situations of decline. But, as a paradox, public interventions appear more and more difficult to define and settle, emphasizing territorial governance as a core issue. This is the subject of this thesis, which deals with this issue through two questions: the role of territorial governance in territorial development, and the forms and changes in institutions devices as part of territorial governance. The first part addresses the terms of the current debate on territorial governance issues and their role in the development process, and presents the main concepts and analytical grids of the literature on this concept, before clearing an analytical grid mobilized in the following chapters. The second part focuses on two major dimensions of territorial governance, the role of conflict and negotiation processes and innovation in institutional devices. The third part deals with the influence of forms of governance on the valuation methods of territorial resources. Reflections relate specifically to the involvement of stakeholders in the implementation of management systems of public goods on illustrated by the example of geographical indication devices, and the role of private and community initiatives as contributing to the governance of rural areas, illustrated by the strategy of agricultural cooperatives
Bessenay, Carole. "La gestion des données environnementales dans un espace naturel sensible : le système d'information géographique des Hautes-Chaumes foréziennes (Massif central)." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET2024.
Full textThe object of this research is to present and to apply to a specific territory the geographical information systems' concepts and potentialities that can help understand the functioning and evolution processes of natural spaces. The GIS of the "Hautes-Chaumes foreziennes" underlines the interest of a computerization of "ecological planning" methods whose aims are to integrate environment into management practices thanks to the analysis of the specific aptitudes or sensitivities of one space. This study is based on the inventory and the mapping ot the Hautes-Chaumes principal natural and human characteristics : topography, vegetation, humidity, pastoral activities. . . The selection of several criteria allows the elaboration of a pluridisciplinary diagnosis which underlines the important sensitivity of this area. This diagnosis is then compared with an evaluation model of anthropic frequenting in a way to define a zoning of the most vulnerable sectors, which are both sensitive and subject to important pressures. This analysis should urge politicians to conceive differentiated management measures related with the incentives at stake in each area in order to conciliate all anthropic activities while respecting the aptitudes of this natural space
Baret, Pierre. "La propriété commune comme instrument de gestion des espaces valorisant leur patrimoine naturel." Grenoble 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE21047.
Full textOulkadi, Al Hasan. "Espaces hydrauliques et développement au Maroc : les périmètres irrigués de la rive gauche de la basse Moulouya." Montpellier 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON30015.
Full textIn 3 4 of century, the eastern rif region has known deep upheavals in the field of agriculture. The change from an economy of subsistence to an economy of market and from an economy based on agriculture and breeding to the agro-industry was carried out by a strong intervention of the independent moroccan government the national farm policy and the regional development project (irrigation) connect and theirs effects cross to assure the realization of promising aims at a national level (providing indispensable food) as well as at a regional level (economic growth). But here like anywhere else, the intervention of government raises some problems which slow down the process of the rural modernization, and therefore the local development. The eastern rif remains a country of contrasts with its rich plains and the rest of the region where people live in ancestral way of life, with the contradiction of the ease of some families and the poverty of the local infrastructure and finaly with the overpopulation and the limited natural resources. The purpose of this research is to value the effects of the hydro-agricultural development and to find out how to preconize some solutions to the "crisis" of this society and its relation to the space. Concernig this, only a "complete and balanced policy" - which would engage the citizen to participate really and rationa
Maurice, Anne-Claire. "Dynamiques des liens entre plantes rares, hommes et espaces : socio-anthropologie des pratiques de (ré)introductions végétales." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02063716.
Full textDuring the 70’s, a new type of approaches gained popularity among specialists of living organisms: “reinforcements”, “introductions” and “reintroductions” of rare or threatened plants. Associated with the development of conservation biology, these approaches aim at reestablishing individuals in nature. Applied to animals, they sometimes appeared at the core of conflicts of national concern. Applied to plants, often considered to have less in common and hold lesser ties with humans, they appear mainly unnoticed. Behind this seemingly quiet appearance, what meaning and importance did they acquire for specialists? From which knowledge and during which dynamic of scientific ideas were they built? This thesis investigates the relationships between rare plants, humans and space through the socioanthropological study of (re)introduction projects carried out during the 80’s and 90’s and targeting three plant taxa: Cistus psilosepalus Sweet in Bretagne, Centaurea corymbosa Pourr. In Languedoc- Roussillon, and Arenaria grandiflora L. In Île-de-France. This thesis reveals changes of paradigms during which reintroduction projects in France were promoted: from the convergence of agronomical genetics and unique French institutions emerging from local impulsions – Botanical conservatories – to the organization and territorialisation of plant conservation in France. As collective projects, studied (re)introductions resulted from varying motivations, often related to the construction of an identity and a territory. Considered with distinct spatio-temporal and taxonomic frames of reference, (re)introductions resulted in the attribution of hybrid statuses to targeted plants. These marginal statuses were reinforced by the contingency of these projects. Beyond the approaches, the importance of the locations – of wild plants, of laboratory environment, of naturalist prospects, or of authority territory of Botanical Conservatories – appears critical as it allows various specialists gathering on the same object, though the latter is continuously questioned and redefined by each specialist
Toustou, Beatrice. "Le rôle des interactions sociales dans le processus créatif : le cas des chercheurs de l'industrie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1058.
Full textAlthough for many decades creativity has been described as a solitary activity that refers to individual characteristics possessed by certain individuals, today it has been established that relationships play a crucial role in the creation of knowledge (Perry-Smith, 2006). Nevertheless, despite their importance, interpersonal exchanges have received relatively little attention compared to other resources useful to the creative process (Bouty, 2000). This doctoral study is therefore devoted to examining the role of social interactions in the creative process. The theoretical framework draws on literature in the fields of complexity theory and social exchange. The empirical research was carried out among industrial researchers whose main mission is creative in nature. The thesis is composed of three articles, each of which treats a dimension of the overall research question: To what extent and in which ways do social interactions influence the creative process?The research contributes to theory building by (1) providing a plural definition of creativity; (2) highlighting the different social resources that researchers draw on and building a dynamic creative process divided into two meta-stages (emergence of ideas and their amplification); and (3) describing three forms of social exchange, underpinned by different logics of reciprocity that play an important role during the creative process.Overall, this thesis points out the importance of social interactions in the creative process and the full importance of moments of socialization within organizations wishing to develop their employees’ creativity
Gonzalez, besteiro Ana Maria. "L'eau qui fait conflit, le conflit qui fait ressource. Recherche qualitative autour des discours sur l'eau dans des espaces protégés de l'Alto-Guadiana (Espagne) et de l'Usumacinta (Mexique)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2020_in_gonzalez_besteiro_a.pdf.
Full textTo cope with endemic water conflicts, which are often underlying but persist for years and seem to have become constitutive of certain territories, it appears that thought should be given to the way these conflicts are perceived by their own witnesses and actors. Hindsight evidences the inconsistencies between alarmist discourses on the problems, the promises to solve them, and the relative inefficiency of applied measures. This suggests that conflicts might have benefits that could explain their perpetuation, without regard to any permanent or occasional tensions that they eventually impose on the territory.This thesis reviews a 40-year-old conflict in the Alto-Guadiana river catchment (central-south Spain) from the point of view of reflexive and neo-materialist constructivism, and it is based on the political ecology methods that are discussed in the thesis. Its aim is twofold: i) to reach a middle ground on methodological issues to cope with reluctance of quantitative sciences against qualitative techniques, and ii) to demonstrate its usefulness and effectiveness by establishing new connections that usually escape the conscious gaze of territorial actors, including those of the techno-scientific water community, which participate on the same basis as other actors in the conflict situation dynamics.The functioning of the conflict within the protected natural areas of this Spanish river catchment and its replicate of Usumacinta in Mexico has thus been discovered using Grounded Theory qualitative and inductive techniques, by means of semi-structured interviews and direct observations. Both protocols for data collection and assembly and tools to extract meaning from transcriptions are described step by step, in order to ensure transparency and scientific reliability of the process, in the manner of natural sciences.The function of the conflict is discussed in four parts. The first one deals with the role of water data production and social representations in the search for solutions, in order to reveal the theoretical elements that make water an object of environmental conflict. The second part is devoted to the method of collecting field data and analyzing territorialized discourses on the water-related conflict. Thirdly, geosocial and political contexts of study areas are defined, and differences in perception between natural reserves and inhabited areas are underlined. The last part details the results of Grounded Theory analysis from collected empirical data. It highlights the mechanisms that drive the conflict to become a resource and the interest of territorial actors on its perpetuation.The gap between what is said and what is happening, i.e. the differences in conflict qualification between water knowledge community and other territorial actors, reflects realities of distinct nature, namely rivalries among territorial powers or social cleavage. These elements also highlight the mechanisms of conflict transformation into a resource, through the positive dynamics of the failure of proposed solutions and the benefits that conflict perpetuation brings to the whole society, which allows the development of an anchored conflict-resource Grounded Theory model.From this perspective, the purpose of this research work is certainly not to support pre-established solutions or to propose new ones, but rather to enable the actors concerned by the situation to look at themselves in a mirror, i.e. that of their own speeches and representations, in order to change their trajectory, if that is their choice, and to take knowingly the decisions that correspond to them
Ante la existencia de conflictos endémicos en torno al agua, a menudo latentes, que se mantienen durante años y parecen formar parte constitutiva de ciertos territorios, en esta tesis nos hemos preguntado sobre cómo son percibidos por sus actores y testigos, Este ejercicio retrospectivo ha puesto en evidencia las incoherencias entre los discursos alarmistas sobre la gravedad de los problemas, las promesas de solución y la relativa ineficacia de las medidas correctoras. Todo ello sugiere que el conflicto genera una rentabilidad que justifica su mantenimiento, más allá de las tensiones permanentes o esporádicas que suponen para el territorio.Esta tesis estudia un conflicto que se prolonga 40 años en la cuenca del Alto-Guadiana (España), a partir de una postura teórica constructivista reflexiva y neo-materialista que se apoya en métodos de la political ecology en discusión en este trabajo. Su objetivo es doble: por un lado, encontrar un marco de entendimiento metodológico, frente a las reticencias de las ciencias cuantitativas con los métodos cualitativos. Por otro lado, demostrar la utilidad y eficacia de las ciencias sociales para el estudio de los conflictos ambientales, por su gran capacidad para establecer conexiones inéditas que escapan a la mirada consciente de los actores territoriales, incluidos aquellos de la comunidad tecno-científica del agua que participan, como el resto de actores, en la dinámica del conflicto.Se ha intentado descifrar el funcionamiento del conflicto en espacios naturales protegidos del Alto-Guadiana con la relectura que a proporcionado la cuenca del Usumacinta (México), con el empleo de técnicas cualitativas e inductivas del Método de la Teoría Fundamentada, a partir de un corpus constituido por entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observaciones directas. Se han descrito paso a paso, los protocolos de compilación y ensamblaje de datos y las operaciones y mecanismos de extracción de sentido a partir de los discursos, con el fin de garantizar la transparencia del proceso, en un ejercicio de credibilidad científica tal y como se practica en ciencias naturales.La función del conflicto del agua en este territorio se discute en cuatro partes. La primera explicita los elementos teóricos que hacen del agua un objeto de conflicto ambiental, cuestionando el papel de la producción de datos sobre el agua y las representaciones sociales en la identificación de problemas. La segunda parte se dedica a los métodos de toma de datos de campo y al análisis de los discursos territorializados. La tercera parte, sitúa el contexto geopolítico y social de los territorios de estudio y subraya las miradas divergentes entre espacios vividos y espacios protegidos. Para terminar, la última parte detalla los resultados del análisis de los datos basados en el material empírico colectado y pone en evidencia los mecanismos por los que el conflicto pasa a ser un recurso, así como el interés de su mantenimiento para los actores del territorio.El desfase de la distancia entre lo que se dice y lo que se vive, y las diferencias de calificación del conflicto entre la comunidad del conocimiento del agua y los otros actores del territorio responden a realidades de otro orden: rivalidades de poderes territoriales o fracturas sociales. Estos elementos también ponen en evidencia los mecanismos de la transformación del conflicto en recurso, a través de una dinámica positiva del fracaso de las soluciones propuestas y gracias a las ventajas que el mantenimiento del conflicto procura al conjunto de la sociedad implicada. Todo ello nos ha permitido elaborar un modelo teórico de conflicto-recurso
Morelle, Thibaut. "Conservation et développement en République Démocratique du Congo : pour une approche participative des espaces protégés au Kivu oriental, le cas des chefferies de Bwisha (Nord Kivu) et de Kabare (Sud Kivu)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30016.
Full textThis thesis proposes an analysis of projects integrating nature conservation and development in the Democratic Republic of Congo on the eastern part of Kivu, in the movement of participatory approaches which have developed since the 1980s within multilateral cooperation projects. We highlight the areas with conservation issues that are the object of integrated conservation and focus a diversity of actors around the management of natural resources. These articulations focus on the waterfront areas of the Virunga and Kahuzi Biega national parks, particularly in the Bwisha and Kabare chiefdoms. However, these regions face several aggravating situations: high population density, difficult socio-economic conditions in which people live, characterized by a lack of land and poverty. Those involved in conservation must take into account these factors and then the various forms of conflict which may affect the peripheries and protected areas. Conservation is organised around a central/peripheral opposition between protected natural areas to be conserved, and riparian areas conducive to human activities.However, it engenders methods of management, of development sometimes out of step with the populations, and in particular local land practices; this can be at the origin of power relations, conflicts in the management of protected areas and constitute obstacles to the participation of local populations in conservation activities. At the heart of this research is the study of integrated conservation in national parks and the associated management arrangements
Michet, Florence. "Du CDI physique au CDI numérique : articulation des espaces documentaires réels et de l'offre numérique aux usagers." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BOR30016.
Full textThis thinking process aims at perceiving the managerial, pedagogical and communication practices introduced by the school librarians in order to create links between the material and the digital school libraries. To the end, we have proceeded with a field survey in the south east of France : 41 school librarians (39 secondary school librarians and 2 high school librarians). Our investigation is organized in two successive periods : an exporatory study followed by a semi-structured interview. The established data has been analysed « step by step », relating the important moments of the participants : those which prove the routine and those which seem unusual. We have compared the words meaning, selecting the reccuring rationales in order to define the conjonctural and particular trends in some schools, leading to a double level. The school librarians appropriate digital tools according to their needs, possibilities and resources in absence of regulatory requirements. They are also constrainted by the school libraries, real documentary spaces they depend on. The current studies are interested in the purely pedagogical or digital aspects but they rarely connect the two facets. Therefore, how may the school librarian, torn between the institutional ordinances and the particular professional necessity, offer a service that could really and efficiently respond to the needs of the users considering its general management ?
El-Hajj, Sawaya Rita. "Approche intégrative des enjeux de conservation de la biodiversité méditerranéenne pour la priorisation des aires protégées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4364/document.
Full textIn the multi-complex ecological and socio-political Mediterranean context, protected areas establishment is strongly conditioned by a wide range of regulatory, land estate, financial, scientific and technical realities. The support of decision makers in the design and implementation of protected areas networks is thus needed. This thesis is founded the concept of prioritization, where socio-ecological conservation issues are prioritized for an appropriate orientation of protection options in Mediterranean countries. It is based on the specific example of Lebanon, where protection initiatives remain so far poorly adapted to ecological conservation needs. The goal is to provide an objective approach, based on a combination of ecological and socio-economic descriptors that would allow a pertinent and adapted guidance of future protected areas designation. Thus, based on a peer and grey literature review, a set of adapted-to-the-Mediterranean-context descriptors, were identified. Arising from these descriptors, we developed a decision support tool (MedConserve) which structures biodiversity conservation priorities based on the best available knowledge. Tested on different sites in Lebanon, this tool suggests several prioritized protection alternatives, from which the user (ministry, municipality, region, etc.) would be able to select the most appropriate option according to the prevailing socio-political context. This study emphasizes the strong political dimension of conservation. Even if the objective is to provide a tool for protected areas designation, the real challenges will always be related to political choices and decisions
Falies, Cécile. "Espaces ouverts et métropolisation entre Santiago du Chili et Valparaíso : produire, vivre et aménager les périphéries." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980400.
Full textNicolas-Artero, Chloé. "Appropriation de l’eau et production de l’espace. La dimension spatiale du droit de l’eau dans la vallée d’Elqui (Chili)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA030033.
Full textThis dissertation aims at grasping the links between water appropriation and production of space through the spatial dimension of water law. It is based on a case study of the Elqui Valley, located in a semi-arid region of northern Chile. The relationship between law and space has been analyzed examining the geolegal strategies deployed by the actors and their effects on the development of mining, agricultural and real estate activities. For this purpose, this dissertation proposes the concept of fluvial geolegal system to study the power relations that are tied around the elaboration of the rules of sharing, distribution and administration of water, in a multi-scale and diachronic perspective. The thesis identifies a number of water appropriation modalities that have participated in the expansion of extractive sectors since the second half of the twentieth century. The geolegal devices used in this process produce the artificialisation of the watershed. However, the latter is not overarching since some water margins show irrigation practices and other water concepts associated with the existence of a plural economy. The fate of these margins remains unclear, because they are subjected of to water appropriation practices which are the cause of water shortages. Organizations of water users and especially Supervisory Boards play a key role in the artificialization of these margins or in their protection. The access to new knowledge and the reconfiguration of the relation with local water knowledge explain the different positions of the two Supervisory Boards under scrutiny, whose decisions contribute to the space production
Andigué, Job. "Mise en place d'un système d'information géographique comme base d'une stratégie pour une meilleure gestion des espaces ruraux : cas du canton de Bongor rural au sud-ouest du Tchad." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010638.
Full textThe objective to better manage the natural resources existing in the extension command area of the european development fund (edf), located in the Chad basin and comprising a territory of 31 000 km2 with two rivers, the chari and the logone, and the southern banks of the Chad lake, has led us to develop a geographical information system (gis). The locality of bongor has been chosen as a pilot area for this project. The above mentioned objective has been reached due to the application of an original method which has been developed to deal with the eleventh themes necessary to build the geographical data base of the gis. The crossing of thematic maps elaborated on the basis of an analysis of aerial photographs taken in 1974 and of a spot image hrv in 1994 has given new and more accurate information, on the evolution of the natural environment of this area in the past twenty years. Theses documents created with two programs being connected, it was therefore possible to access and use the information stocked in the both. This experiment tested on a large geographical scale can be applied to other rural areas. To ensure the good elaboration and use of such an geographical information, some new propositions have been suggested