Relevant bibliographies by topics / Escherichia coli Genetics

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Escherichia coli Genetics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Escherichia coli Genetics"

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Lorenz, E., M. D. Plamann, and G. V. Stauffer. "Escherichia coli." MGG Molecular & General Genetics 250, no. 1 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050053.

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Gottesman, S. "Genetics of Proteolysis in Escherichia Coli." Annual Review of Genetics 23, no. 1 (December 1989): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.001115.

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Milkman, Roger. "Recombination and Population Structure in Escherichia coli." Genetics 146, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.3.745.

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Reynolds, Mary G. "Compensatory Evolution in Rifampin-Resistant Escherichia coli." Genetics 156, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 1471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.4.1471.

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Abstract This study examines the intrinsic fitness burden associated with RNA polymerase (rpoB) mutations conferring rifampin resistance in Escherichia coli K12 (MG1655) and explores the nature of adaptation to the costs of resistance. Among 28 independent Rifr mutants, the per-generation fitness burden (in the absence of rifampin) ranged from 0 to 28%, with a median of 6.4%. We detected no relationship between the magnitude of the cost and the level of resistance. Adaptation to the costs of rif resistance was studied by following serial transfer cultures for several Rifr mutants both in the presence of rifampin and in the absence. For cultures evolved in the absence of rifampin, single clones isolated after 200 generations were more fit than their ancestor; we saw no association between increased fitness and changes in the level of rifampin resistance; and in all cases, increased fitness was due to compensatory mutations, rather than to reversion to drug sensitivity. However, in the parallel evolution experiments in the presence of rifampin, overall levels of resistance increased as did relative fitness—for all strains save one that had an initially high level of resistance. Among the evolved clones tested, five (of seven) demonstrated increased transcription efficiency (assessed using a semiquantitative RT-PCR protocol). The implications of these results for our understanding of adaptive molecular evolution and the increasing clinical problem of antibiotic resistance are discussed.
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Thaler, D. S., G. Tombline, and K. Zahn. "Short-patch reverse transcription in Escherichia coli." Genetics 140, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/140.3.909.

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Abstract Chimeras of RNA and DNA have distinctive physical and biological properties. Chimeric oligonucleotides that contained one, two or three ribonucleotides whose phosphodiester backbone was covalently continuous with DNA were synthesized. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to assess genetic information transfer from the ribonucleotide positions. Transfer was scored by the formation or reversion of an ochre site that also corresponded to a restriction cleavage site. This allowed physical as well as genetic assay of mutational events. Bases attached to the ribonucleotides were able to accurately direct the synthesis of progeny DNA. The results suggest that in vivo DNA polymerases utilize a "running start" on a DNA backbone to continue across a covalent backbone junction into a region of ribonucleotides and then back again onto a normal DNA backbone. The phenomenon is designated short-patch reverse transcription (SPRT) by analogy to short-patch mismatch correction and reverse transcription as the term is generally used. The possibility is considered that SPRT contributes to an unrecognized pathway of mutagenesis.
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Friedman-Ohana, Rachel, Iris Karunker, and Amikam Cohen. "Chi-Dependent Intramolecular Recombination in Escherichia coli." Genetics 148, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/148.2.545.

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Abstract Homologous recombination in Escherichia coli is enhanced by a cis-acting octamer sequence named Chi (5′-GCTGGTGG-3′) that interacts with RecBCD. To gain insight into the mechanism of Chi-enhanced recombination, we recruited an experimental system that permits physical monitoring of intramolecular recombination by linear substrates released by in vivo restriction from infecting chimera phage. Recombination of the released substrates depended on recA, recBCD and cis-acting Chi octamers. Recombination proficiency was lowered by a xonA mutation and by mutations that inactivated the RuvABC and RecG resolution enzymes. Activity of Chi sites was influenced by their locations and by the number of Chi octamers at each site. A single Chi site stimulated recombination, but a combination of Chi sites on the two homologs was synergistic. These data suggest a role for Chi at both ends of the linear substrate. Chi was lost in all recombinational exchanges stimulated by a single Chi site. Exchanges in substrates with Chi sites on both homologs occurred in the interval between the sites as well as in the flanking interval. These observations suggest that the generation of circular products by intramolecular recombination involves Chi-dependent processing of one end by RecBCD and pairing of the processed end with its duplex homolog.
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Volkert, Michael R., Dinh C. Nguyen, and K. Christopher Beard. "ESCHERICHIA COLI GENE INDUCTION BY ALKYLATION TREATMENT." Genetics 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/112.1.11.

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ABSTRACT Searches for alkylation-inducible (aid) genes of Escherichia coli have been conducted by screening random fusions of the Mu-dl(ApR lac) phage for fusions showing increased β-galactosidase activity after treatment with methylating agents, but not after treatments with UV-irradiation. In this report we describe gene fusions that are specifically induced by alkylation treatments. Nine new mutants are described, and their properties are compared with the five mutants described previously. The total of 14 fusion mutants map at five distinct genetic loci. They can be further subdivided on the basis of their induction by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). alkA, aidB and aidD are induced by both agents and appear to be regulated by ada. Neither aidC nor aidI is regulated by ada. Moreover, since aidC is induced only by MNNG and aidI is induced only by MMS, these two genes are likely to be individually regulated. Thus, there appear to be at least three different regulatory mechanisms controlling aid genes.
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Cooke, E. Mary. "Escherichia coli – an overview." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 3 (December 1985): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s022217240006065x.

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The isolation and description of Bacillus coli commune by Escherich a hundred years ago marked the start of a series of scientific investigations which have led to some of the most important discoveries in microbial pathogenicity and genetics that have been made since that time. It is not difficult to find the reasons why so much effort has been concentrated on this organism. Escherichia coli is present in the gut of all warm-blooded animals generally forming the predominant aerobic flora; it is of medical and veterinary importance being responsible for a variety of infections in the human and animal populations and it has provided a useful tool for geneticists.
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Lederberg, Joshua. "Genetic Recombination in Escherichia coli: Disputation at Cold Spring Harbor, 1946–1996." Genetics 144, no. 2 (October 1, 1996): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.2.439.

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Guttman, D. S., and D. E. Dykhuizen. "Detecting selective sweeps in naturally occurring Escherichia coli." Genetics 138, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.993.

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Abstract The nucleotide sequences of the gapA and pabB genes (separated by approximately 32.5 kb) were determined in 12 natural isolates of Escherichia coli. Three analyses were performed on the data. First, the levels of polymorphism at the loci were compared within and between E. coli and Salmonella strains relative to their degrees of constraint. Second, the gapA and pabB loci were analyzed by the Hudson-Kreitman-Aguadé (HKA) test for selective neutrality. Four additional dispersed genes (crr, putP, trp and gnd) were added to the analysis to provide the necessary frame of reference. Finally, the gene genealogies of gapA and pabB were examined for topological consistency within and between the loci. These lines of evidence indicate that some evolutionary event has recently purged the variability in the region surrounding the gapA and pabB loci in E. coli. This can best be explained by the spread of a selected allele through the global E. coli population by directional selection and the resulting loss in variability in the surrounding regions due to genetic hitchhiking.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Escherichia coli Genetics"

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Baldwin, Thomas John. "Disease mechanism of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34445.

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Colonization of gut mucosal surfaces by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) elicits a severe persistant diarrhoea in infants and young children without elaboration of enterotoxins or tissue invasion. The formation of a distinct ultrastructural lesion involving intimate adherence to cell surfaces, loss of microvilli and membrane perturbations, however, has for some time been recognized as an important component of pathogenesis, but the processes involved in lesion formation and its relevance to the disease state remained obscure. In this study intimate adherence of EPEC to surfaces of cultured cells has been shown to elicit specific changes reminiscent of cellular activation by various hormones and growth factors via signal transduction pathways. The formation of two second messengers, 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol by the activity of phospholipase C (PLC) on membrane phosphatidylinositol lipids is known to promote release of calcium from intracellular stores and to activate protein kinase C (PKC) respectively. Therefore the observed intracellular calcium elevation, calcium-dependent actin accretion at sites of bacterial attachment, release of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins, eventual loss of host cell viability, and phosphorylation of target cell proteins on EPEC infection of cultured cells, are consistent with a mechanism of diarrhoeagenesis that involves activation of a host cell signal transduction pathway terminating in PLC activity. I propose that the rapid onset of severe secretory diarrhoea associated with EPEC infections is induced by phosphorylation of particular ion transport proteins in the microvillus membrane, mediated by calcium-dependent kinases and PKC. In addition reduction in the surface area of infected regions of the gut, which may itself enhance hypersecretion by preventing absorption, can be explained by calcium-dependent breakdown of the microvillus cytoskeleton.
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Lim, C. K. "Cloning of Streptomyces genes in Escherichia coli." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373850.

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Chua, K.-L. "Plasmid recombination in Escherichia coli K-12." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383777.

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Morgan, Brian Alexander. "The regulation of rpoBC in Escherichia coli." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15431.

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Agostinho, Juliana Maria Avanci [UNESP]. "Diversidade genética, fatores de virulência e perfis de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de isolados de Escherichia coli provenientes do útero, da boca e das fezes de cadelas com piometra." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108413.

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A piometra canina é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela inflamação do útero com acúmulo de exsudatos, acometendo principalmente fêmeas adultas. Ocorre na fase lútea do ciclo estral em decorrência de alterações hormonais e infecção bacteriana. É reconhecida como uma das principais causas de morte em cadelas e a Escherichia coli é o principal patógeno associado a esta doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e identificar cepas de E. coli provenientes de conteúdo intra uterino, boca e fezes de cadelas diagnosticadas com piometra, estudar a prevalência de genes codificadores de fatores de virulência uropatogênicos das cepas obtidas testando ainda a semelhança genética entre as cepas isoladas de conteúdo intra uterino e boca e avaliar a susceptibilidade “in vitro” das bactérias isoladas frente a 12 agentes antimicrobianos. Setenta cepas de E. coli, 25 provenientes do conteúdo intra uterino, 26 provenientes da boca e 19 provenientes das fezes, isoladas de 6 cadelas foram examinadas por PCR. Entre as cepas examinadas, 67 (95,7%) foram positivas para o gene fim, 19 (27,1%) foram positivas para iss, 18 (25,7%) foram positivas para hly , 13 (18,5%) foram positivas para iuc e 12 (17,1%) foram positivas para usp. Três animais apresentaram grande similaridade entre as cepas de E. coli isoladas do conteúdo intra uterino e da boca, através da análise da diversidade genética realizada mediante emprego da técnica REP-PCR, ERIC-PCR e BOX-PCR. Resistência antimicrobiana predominante foi detectada para cefalotina (67,1%), ampicilina (65,7%), tetraciclina (61,4%) e nitrofurantoina (58,5%) entre as cepas isoladas. Resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos foi detectada em 12 (48,0%) dos isolados do conteúdo intra uterino, em 22 (84,6%) dos isolados da boca e em 14 (73,6%) dos isolados das fezes...
Canine pyometra is a disease characterized by the inflammation of the uterus with accumulation of purulent discharge, affecting mainly adult animals. Occurs in the luteus phase of the estrus cycle in result of hormone alterations and generally is associated with bacterial infections. It is recognized as one of the main causes of disease and death in the bitch and Escherichia coli is the major pathogen associated with this disease. The aim of this study was to research, isolation and identification of Escherichia coli strains from intrauterine contents, mouth and feces of bitches diagnosed with pyometra, studying the prevalence of uropathogenic virulence factors genes in strains isolated, still testing the genetic similarity among strains isolated from intrauterine contents and mouth and evaluate the susceptibility in vitro of the isolated bacteria to 12 antimicrobial drugs. Seventy E. coli strains, 25 from intrauterine contents, 26 from mouth and 19 from feces isolated from six bitches were examined by PCR. Among the strains 67 (95.7%) were positive for fim, 19 (27.1%) were positive for iss, 18 (25.7%) were positive for hly, 13 (18.5%) were positive for iuc and 12 (17.1%) were positive for usp. Multiple antimicrobial resistance was detected for cephalothin (68.0%), nalidixic acid (56.0%) and ampicillin (56.0%) among the pyomera E. coli isolates. Multidrug resistance was found in 12 (48.0%) of the isolates from pyometra, in 22 (84.6%) of the isolates from mouth and in 14 (73.6%) of the isolates from feces...
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Sendy, Bandar. "Studies on transcription in Escherichia coli." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7576/.

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The expression of genes is tightly controlled, predominantly at the point of transcription. RNA polymerase (RNAP) must first bind to a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) promoter upstream of a gene to transcribe it. However, the ability of RNAP binding is dictated by the core promoter DNA sequence, the presence of transcription activator or repressor proteins and numerous other factors. The strength of promoters has been indirectly measured. Only a few studies have attempted to directly address the RNAP flux through transcription units, and further studies are still required. In the current study, the aim was to directly correlate RNAP gene transcription with the strength of core promoter elements. To do that, I employed the direct method of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), followed by quantification of immunoprecipitated DNA. For promoter regions, this method directly measures the occupancy by RNAP; for regions within transcription units, the flux of the RNAP was deduced. A range of semisynthetic promoters, with different combinations of core promoter elements to obtain different levels of expression, was used to validate our method. This direct method enabled the calculation of “promoter competitivity”, “promoter occupancy index” (POI), RNAP “escape index” (EI), “fragment occupancy percentage” (FOP) and the time interval between transcribing RNAPs (Tint). On the basis of Tint, the number of RNAPs crossing any DNA sequence of interest per second (polymerase per second; PoPS) was calculated. Surprisingly, the results of the present study revealed that the RNAPs are well separated during transcription of the \(lac\) operon.
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Ennis, Don Gregory. "Genetics of SOS mutagenesis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184602.

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Previous genetic evidence suggested that RecA was required in SOS mutagenesis for its regulatory role and perhaps some other nonregulatory role (Mount, 1977; Blanco et al., 1982). I undertook a genetic study which confirmed the above studies and provided further evidence that RecA protein appeared to have a dual "role in mutagenesis; first, the cleavage of LexA repressor for the derepression of specific SOS genes and second, one or more additional role(s). For these studies a new phage mutagenesis assay was developed which allows rapid scoring of SOS mutagenesis in a large number of host mutants. I next conducted a genetic analysis to determine if the newly defined RecA mutagenesis function was separable by mutation from the numerous other phenotypes which are known to be influenced by RecA protein. From the study of recA mutants it appears that the RecA mutagenesis function(s) is genetically separable from the following RecA phenotypes: LexA cleavage, lambda cI repressor cleavage, UV resistance and homologous recombination. In addition, I discovered that the LexA cleavage function and lambda cI cleavage function is also separable. I also studied in some detail the novel genetic properties that I uncovered for recA432 mutant strains. recA432 was defined as a mutagenesis defective allele (Kato and Shinoura, 1977). LexA cleavage in recA432 cells was more easily induced that in recA⁺ cells, causing lethal filamentation of these mutant cells even at very low UV doses. I concluded that the basis for the Mut⁻ phenotype was this strain's propensity to lethally filament, which complicated the detection of mutant cells. In another set of experiments, I examined the regulatory requirements for SOS mutagenesis and Weigle phage-reactivation; I wanted to determine which SOS operons must be derepressed for this process. lexA(Ind⁻) mutant cells are defective in mutagenesis because they cannot derepress specific SOS genes required in this process. I found that the selective derepression of umuDC was sufficient to restore mutagenesis to these lexA(Ind⁻) mutants; however, derepression of umuDC and recA was required for phage reactivation.
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Woodgate, R. "A mechanism for UV mutagenesis in Escherichia coli." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375858.

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Hallewell, Jennyka, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Shiga toxin-producing bacteriophage in Escherichia coli O157:H7." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Deptartment of Biochemistry, 2008, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/776.

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Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) including E. coli O157:H7 are potential food and water borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens capable of causing outbreaks of severe illness in humans. The virulence of E. coli O157:H7 strains may be related to the type of Stx produced and several Stx2 variants have been identified which appear to differ in their ability to cause disease. Two lineages exist within O157 strains where lineage I is associated mainly with human and bovine isolates and lineage II is associated mainly with bovine isolates. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize a lineage II EC970520 Stx2c phage and determine if variations in the phage compared to Stx2 phage found within the lineage I strain, EDL933, can result in differences in virulence observed between the lineages. This study suggests: 1) that the lineage II strain EC970520 contains a highly heterogeneous Stx2c variant phage; 2) that location of integration of the phage within the genome of a bacterium may be important for host selection; 3) that EC970520 Stx2c phage genes are lineage II specific but only a subset of EDL933 phage genes are lineage I specific; 4) that differences in the stability of phages within bacteria contribute to the evolution of new pathogens; 5) that variation in phage genes can be used to detect different strains of E. coli O157:H7 and other STEC; and 6)that the type of phage may result in phenotypic differences between lineages and occurrence of human disease. Results of this study indicate that lineage II strains may be less virulent than lineage I strains due to specific genetic differences and the ability to release phage which is important to the evolution of new pathogenic strains.
xv, 162 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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Miao, Yuanying, and 缪元颖. "The localization of E. coli persistent gene products." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45554791.

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Books on the topic "Escherichia coli Genetics"

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Molecular genetics of Escherichia coli. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1989.

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Smith-Keary, P. F. Genetic elements in Escherichia Coli. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988.

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Trempy, Janine. Fundamental bacterial genetics. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.

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Ohman, Dennis E. Experiments in gene manipulation. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1988.

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Vaillancourt, Peter E. E. coli gene expression protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana, 2011.

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E, Trempy J., ed. Fundamental bacterial genetics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 2004.

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Mendelson, Itai. Mivneh ṿe-tafḳid ḥelbonim demuye hisṭonim be-ḥaidaḳe E. coli. [Israel: ḥ. mo. l., 1992.

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Polen, Tino. Genomweite Genexpressionsanalysen mit DNA-Chips zur Charakterisierung des Glucose-Überflussmetabolismus von Escherichia coli. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Biotechnologie, 2003.

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Syväoja, Juhani. Factors involved in deoxyribonucleic acid ligation in Escherichia coli cells. Oulu: University of Oulu, 1987.

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Heterologous gene expression in E. coli: Methods and protocols. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Escherichia coli Genetics"

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Birge, Edward A. "Conjugation in Escherichia coli." In Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 220–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1995-6_9.

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Teel, Louise D., Angela R. Melton-Celsa, and Alison D. O'Brien. "Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli." In Population Genetics of Bacteria, 199–223. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817114.ch12.

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Alm, Elizabeth W., Seth T. Walk, and David M. Gordon. "The Niche of Escherichia coli." In Population Genetics of Bacteria, 67–89. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817114.ch6.

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Hacker, J., and C. Hughes. "Genetics of Escherichia coli Hemolysin." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 139–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_8.

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Orndorff, Paul E. "Escherichia coli Type 1 Pili." In Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis, 91–111. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818340.ch7.

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Birge, Edward A. "Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm." In Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 277–303. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2328-1_11.

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Birge, Edward A. "Conjugation and the Escherichia coli Paradigm." In Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 341–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3258-0_11.

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Lloyd, Amanda L., and Harry L. T. Mobley. "Fitness Islands in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli." In Population Genetics of Bacteria, 157–79. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817114.ch10.

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McCarthy, John E. G. "Expression of atp Genes in Escherichia Coli." In Genetics of Translation, 451–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73139-6_37.

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Campbell, Allan, and Alice del Campillo-Campbell. "The Biotin Operon of Escherichia coli." In The Lure of Bacterial Genetics, 33–41. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816810.ch5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Escherichia coli Genetics"

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Ishihama, Akira, Hiroshi Ogasawara, Tomohiro Shimada, Jun Teramoto, Akiko Hasegawa, Yoshimasa Umezawa, Koshiro Yabuki, et al. "Multi-Scale Genetics of Transcription Network: Understanding the Regulatory Roles of All 300 Transcription Factors from a Single Organism Escherichia coli." In 2007 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mhs.2007.4420820.

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Trevizani, Raphael. "Genetic algorithm for deimmunization of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase." In IV International Symposium on Immunobiologicals & VII Seminário Anual Científico e Tecnológico. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.sact.2019_32695.

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Daineko, A. V., A. B. Bulatovski, and A. I. Zinchenko. "STUDY ON POTENTIAL ENGINEERING OF ESCHERICHIA COLI XANTHOSE PHOSPHORYLASE STRAIN-PRODUCER." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-38-41.

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Genetic engineering is an actively developing branch of modern biotechnology. Using the methods of genetic engineering, it is possible to construct new forms of microorganisms that can synthesize a variety of substances, including enzymes. Xanthosine phosphorylase is the second purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP-II) in E. coli. This enzyme performs both reactions of phosphorolysis and the synthesis of purine deoxy / ribonucleosides. Due to this ability, xanthosine phosphorylase can catalyze the reaction of the formation of nicotinamide riboside. This substance is a precursor of the most important coenzyme NAD+ in the body, which plays a key role in the aging process. As a result of the study, a new strain of E. coli pET42a-xapA was constructed. This strain produces the protein xanthosine phosphorylase.
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Kazlouski, I., I. Belskaya, A. Soloveva, А. Zinchenko, O. Novikova, and Y. Lomako. "ENGINEERING OF A GENETIC CONSTRUCTION CONTAINING SUBUNIT B OF THERMOLABILE ESCHERICHIA COLI ANATOXIN." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2020: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. Minsk, ICC of Minfin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2020-2-66-69.

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Hajimorad, Meghdad, and Jay D. Keasling. "Independence among synthetic genetic devices in the bacterium Escherichia coli extends to the time-domain." In 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2014.6981652.

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Geethalakshmi, S., S. Narendran, S. Ramalingam, and N. Pappa. "Optimization of Fed-Batch Process for Recombinant Protein Production in Escherichia coli Using Genetic Algorithm." In 2011 International Conference on Process Automation, Control and Computing (PACC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pacc.2011.5978907.

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Wei, S., P. J. Richards, and Christine E. R. Dodd. "Genetic typing and heat resistance of Escherichia coli from pig carcasses during slaughter in a UK slaughterhouse." In Eighth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-814.

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Kerouanton, A., V. Rose, B. Chidaine, I. Kempf, and Martin Denis. "Comparison of organic and conventional pig productions on prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli." In 10th International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-930.

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Chinen, Isabel, Elizabeth Miliwebsky, Claudia Carolina Carbonari, Beatríz D´Astek, Gisela Zolezzi, Natalia Deza, Ariela Baschkier, Eduardo Manfredi, and Marta Rivas. "Characterization and Genetic Relationship of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated From Food in Argentina, 1999-2013." In XII Latin American Congress on Food Microbiology and Hygiene. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/foodsci-microal-244.

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Pannekok, H., A. J. Van Zonneveid, C. J. M. de vries, M. E. MacDonald, H. Veerman, and F. Blasi. "FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF DELETION-MUTANTS OF TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643724.

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Over the past twenty-five years, genetic methods have generated a wealth of information on the regulation and the structure-function relationship of bacterial genes.These methods are based on the introduction of random mutations in a gene to alter its function. Subsequently, genetic techniques cure applied to localize the mutation, while the nature of the impairedfunction could be determined using biochemical methods. Classic examples of this approach is now considered to be the elucidation of the structure and function of genes, constituting the Escherichia coli lactose (lac) and tryptophan (trp) operons,and the detailed establishment of the structure and function of the repressor (lacl) of the lac operon. Recombinant DNA techniques and the development of appropriate expression systems have provided the means both to study structure and functionof eukaryotic (glyco-) proteins and to create defined mutations with a predestinedposition. The rationale for the construction of mutant genes should preferentiallyrely on detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the gene product.Elegant examples are the application of in vitro mutagenesis techniques to substitute amino-acid residues near the catalytic centre of subtilisin, a serine proteasefrom Bacillus species and to substituteanamino acid in the reactive site (i.e. Pi residue; methionine) of α-antitrypsin, a serine protease inhibitor. Such substitutions have resulted into mutant proteins which are less susceptible to oxidation and, in some cases, into mutant proteins with a higher specific activity than the wild-type protein.If no data are available on the ternary structure of a protein, other strategies have to be developed to construct intelligent mutants to study the relation between the structure and the function of a eukaryotic protein. At least for a number of gene families, the gene structure is thought to be created by "exon shuffling", an evolutionary recombinational process to insert an exon or a set of exons which specify an additional structural and/or functional domain into a pre-existing gene. Both the structure of the tissue-type plasminogen activator protein(t-PA) and the t-PA gene suggest that this gene has evolved as a result of exon shuffling. As put forward by Gilbert (Science 228 (1985) 823), the "acid test"to prove the validity of the exon shuffling theory is either to delete, insert or to substitute exon(s) (i.e. in the corresponding cDNA) and toassay the properties of the mutant proteins to demonstrate that an exon or a set of adjacent exons encode (s) an autonomousfunction. Indeed, by the construction of specific deletions in full-length t-PA cDNA and expression of mutant proteins intissue-culture cells, we have shown by this approach that exon 2 of thet-PA gene encodes the function required forsecretion, exon 4 encodes the "finger" domain involved in fibrin binding(presumably on undegraded fibrin) and the set of exons 8 and 9 specifies kringle 2, containing a lysine-binding sit(LBS) which interacts with carboxy-terminal lysines, generated in fibrin after plasmic digestion. Exons 10 through 14 encode the carboxy-ter-minal light chain of t-PA and harbor the catalytic centre of the molecule and represents the predominant "target site" for the fast-acting endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1).As a follow-up of this genetic approach to construct deletion mutants of t-PA, we also created substitution mutants of t-PA. Different mutants were constructed to substitute cDNA encoding thelight chain of t-PA by cDNA encoding the B-chain of urokinase (u-PA), in order to demonstrate that autonomous structural and functional domains of eitherone of the separate molecules are able toexert their intrinsic properties in a different context (C.J.M. de Vries et al., this volume). The possibilities and the limitations of this approach to study the structure and the function of t-PA and of other components of the fibrinolytic process will be outlined.
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Reports on the topic "Escherichia coli Genetics"

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Gutnick, David, and David L. Coplin. Role of Exopolysaccharides in the Survival and Pathogenesis of the Fire Blight Bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568788.bard.

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Fireblight, a disease of apples and pears, is caused by Erwinia amylovora. Mutants of E. amylovora that do not produce the extreacellular polysaccharide (EPS), amylovoran, are avirulent. A similar EPS, stewartan, is produced by E. stewartii, which caused Stewart's wilt of corn, and which has also been implicated in the virulence of this strain. Both stewartan and amylovoran are type 1 capsular polysaccharides, typified by the colanic acid slime produced by Escherichia coli. Extracellular polysaccharide slime and capsules are important for the virulence of bacterial pathogens of plants and animals and to enhance their survival and dissemination outside of the host. The goals of this project were to examine the importance of polysaccharide structure on the pathogenicity and survival properties of three pathogenic bacteria: Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia stewartii and Escherichia coli. The project was a collaboration between the laboratories of Dr. Gutnick (PI, E. coli genetics and biochemistry), Dr. Coplin (co-PI, E. stewartii genetics) and Dr. Geider (unfunded collaborator, E. amylovora genetics and EPS analysis). Structural analysis of the EPSs, sequence analysis of the biosynthetic gene clusters and site-directed mutagenesis of individual cps and ams genes revealed that the three gene clusters shared common features for polysaccharide polymerization, translocation, and precursor synthesis as well as in the modes of transcriptional regulation. Early EPS production resulted in decreased virulence, indicating that EPS, although required for pathogenicity, is anot always advantageous and pathogens must regulate its production carefully.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Smiley, Daniel. A genetic and physiological study of an arsenite resistant, uncoupled mutant of Escherichia coli. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3124.

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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill, and G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.

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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.
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