Journal articles: 'Erwai'

1

Mao, Wei Juan, Ping Ning, Guang Fei Qu, and Shang Hua Luo. "Measuring the Total Economic Value of Restoring Ecosystem Services in Erhai Lake Basin: Results from a Contingent Valuation Survey." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1208.

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The contingent valuation method is one of the most significant approaches of non-market valuation techniques and has been used widely. The authors take it as a tool to analyze the economic benefits of restoring ecosystem service in an impaired river basin， Erhai lake basin. To obtain accurate benefit estimates using CVM technique requires detailed descriptions of the resources being valued. Results from 100 in-person interviews indicate that 84.7% of the households in Erhai lake basin would like to pay for restoring the ecosystem services of Erhai. The analysis of the payment card data shows that the average willingness to pay (WTP) is 80.325 RMB Yuan per household per year. The annual aggregate benefits of restoring ecosystem services of Erhai lake Basin is at least 6.426×107 RMB Yuan，calculated by the number of the households about 800,000 in the Erhai lake basin. This result is a conservative estimate for the economic value of restoring the ecosystem services of Erhai lake basin because of the positive externalities of restoring the ecosystem services on the outside of Erhai lake basin.

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Huang, Kai, Guang Fei Qu, Ping Ning, Hua Ping Gao, Li Juan Jia, Wei Juan Mao, Xiang Feng Xiong, and Su Juan Liu. "Research on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses of Natural Composting Manure in the Northern Region of Erhai Lake." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.585.

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In recent years, the trend of eutrophication appeared in Erhai and the phenomena of small-scale algae outbreak has already happened. Erhai Lake pollution caused by many reasons.As an important factor of Erhai lake eutrophication, superabundant manure stacking at random in rural areas of Erhai Lake Basin and transference of the manure nitrogen and phosphorus into waterbody have attracted much attention of environmental researchers eutrophication of Erhai lake. The nitrogen and phosphorus contentes of livestock manure in the process of naturally composting were mensurated and the transference characteristics of the manure nitrogen and phosphorus were analysed. As a result, the regular pattern and loss type of livestock manure were advanced and advices about developing solid waste treatment facilities were brought forword.

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Zappa, Giuseppe, Len Shaffrey, and Kevin Hodges. "Can Polar Lows be Objectively Identified and Tracked in the ECMWF Operational Analysis and the ERA-Interim Reanalysis?" Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 2596–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00064.1.

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Abstract Polar lows are maritime mesocyclones associated with intense surface wind speeds and oceanic heat fluxes at high latitudes. The ability of the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim, hereafter ERAI) to represent polar lows in the North Atlantic is assessed by comparing ERAI and the ECMWF operational analysis for the period 2008–11. First, the representation of a set of satellite-observed polar lows over the Norwegian and Barents Seas in the operational analysis and ERAI is analyzed. Then, the possibility of directly identifying and tracking the polar lows in the operational analysis and ERAI is explored using a tracking algorithm based on 850-hPa vorticity with objective identification criteria on cyclone dynamical intensity and atmospheric static stability. All but one of the satellite-observed polar lows with a lifetime of at least 6 h have an 850-hPa vorticity signature of a collocated mesocyclone in both the operational analysis and ERAI for most of their life cycles. However, the operational analysis has vorticity structures that better resemble the observed cloud patterns and stronger surface wind speed intensities compared to those in ERAI. By applying the objective identification criteria, about 55% of the satellite-observed polar lows are identified and tracked in ERAI, while this fraction increases to about 70% in the operational analysis. Particularly in ERAI, the remaining observed polar lows are mainly not identified because they have too weak wind speed and vorticity intensity compared to the tested criteria. The implication of the tendency of ERAI to underestimate the polar low dynamical intensity for future studies of polar lows is discussed.

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Zheng, Liang, Zeyu An, Xiaoling Chen, and Hai Liu. "Changes in Water Environment in Erhai Lake and Its Influencing Factors." Water 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101362.

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In recent years, the rapid development of the population, agriculture, and tourism around Erhai Lake has caused increasing environmental problems, which have seriously affected the ecological status of the lake. This study analyzed changes in water volume and quality in Erhai Lake, based on statistical data from 2000 to 2019, combined with climate, land-use type, and socioeconomic data, as well as the influencing factors of water environmental changes in the Erhai Lake basin. The main conclusions include: the water storage of Erhai Lake increased by 3.8 × 106 m3 year−1, from 2000 to 2019. The monthly variation in water volume showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, in which it increased from August to December and decreased from January to July. The change in water volume was mainly affected by climate factors. From 2000 to 2019, the nitrogen concentration in Erhai Lake showed an increasing trend, and the changes in water quality were closely related to human activities. In the northern part of the basin, agricultural nonpoint source pollution was the main factor affecting water quality, while in the southern part of the basin, economic development, accelerated urbanization, and tourism were the main factors affecting water quality.

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5

Zhu, Changjun, Qinag Liang, Feng Yan, and Wenlong Hao. "Reduction of Waste Water in Erhai Lake Based on MIKE21 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/958506.

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In order to study the ecological water environment in Erhai Lake, different monitoring sections were set to research the change of hydrodynamics and water quality. According to the measured data, MIKE21 Ecolab, the water quality simulation software developed by DHI, is applied to simulate the water quality in Erhai Lake. The hydrodynamics model coupled with water quality is established by MIKE21FM software to simulate the current situation of Erhai Lake. Then through the comparison with the monitoring data, the model parameters are calibrated and the simulation results are verified. Based on this, water quality is simulated by the two-dimensional hydrodynamics and water quality coupled model. The results indicate that the level of water quality in the north and south of lake is level III, while in the center of lake, the water quality is level II. Finally, the water environment capacity and total emmision reduction of pollutants are filtered to give some guidance for the water resources management and effective utilization in the Erhai Lake.

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6

Schoeberl, M. R., A. E. Dessler, and T. Wang. "Simulation of stratospheric water vapor and trends using three reanalyses." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 3 (March 29, 2012): 8433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-8433-2012.

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Abstract. The domain-filling, forward trajectory calculation model developed by Schoeberl and Dessler (2011) is extended to the 1979–2010 period. We compare results from NASA's MERRA, NCEP's CFSR, and ECMWF's ERAi reanalyses with HALOE, MLS, and balloon observations. The CFSR based simulation produces a wetter stratosphere than MERRA, and ERAi produces a drier stratosphere than MERRA. We find that ERAi temperatures are cold biased compared to Singapore sondes and MERRA, which explains the ERAi result, and the CFSR grid does not resolve the cold point tropopause, which explains its relatively higher water vapor concentration. The pattern of dehydration locations is also different among the three reanalyses. ERAi dehydration pattern stretches across the Pacific while CFSR and MERRA are concentrate dehydration activity in the West Pacific. CSFR and ERAi also show less dehydration activity in the West Pacific Southern Hemisphere than MERRA. The models' lower stratospheres tend to be dry at high northern latitudes because of too little methane-derived water appears to be descending from the middle stratosphere. Using the tropical tape recorder signal, we find that MERRA vertical ascent is 15% too weak while ERAi is 30% too strong. The models tend to reproduce the observed weakening of the 100-hPa annual cycle in zonal mean water vapor as it propagates to middle latitudes. Finally, consistent with the observations, the models show less than 0.2 ppm decade−1 trends in water vapor both at mid-latitudes and in the tropics.

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Schoeberl, M. R., A. E. Dessler, and T. Wang. "Simulation of stratospheric water vapor and trends using three reanalyses." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 14 (July 24, 2012): 6475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6475-2012.

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Abstract. The domain-filling, forward trajectory calculation model developed by Schoeberl and Dessler (2011) is extended to the 1979–2010 period. We compare results from NASA's MERRA, NCEP's CFSR, and ECMWF's ERAi reanalyses with HALOE, MLS, and balloon observations. The CFSR based simulation produces a wetter stratosphere than MERRA, and ERAi produces a drier stratosphere than MERRA. We find that ERAi 100 hPa temperatures are cold biased compared to Singapore sondes and MERRA, which explains the ERAi result, and the CFSR grid does not resolve the cold point tropopause, which explains its relatively higher water vapor concentration. The pattern of dehydration locations is also different among the three reanalyses. ERAi dehydration pattern stretches across the Pacific while CFSR and MERRA concentrate dehydration activity in the West Pacific. CSFR and ERAi also show less dehydration activity in the West Pacific Southern Hemisphere than MERRA. The trajectory models' lower northern high latitude stratosphere tends to be dry because too little methane-derived water descends from the middle stratosphere. Using the MLS tropical tape recorder signal, we find that MERRA vertical ascent is 15% too weak while ERAi is 30% too strong. The trajectory model reproduces the observed reduction in the amplitude of the 100-hPa annual cycle in zonal mean water vapor as it propagates to middle latitudes. Finally, consistent with the observations, the models show less than 0.2 ppm decade−1 trend in water vapor both at mid-latitudes and in the tropics.

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8

Ivashuta, Sergey, Alberto Iandolino, and Greg Watson. "Exogenous RNA as a Regulatory Signal during a Plant’s Interaction with the Biotic Environment: An Evolutionary Perspective and Future Applications in Agriculture." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030532.

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Environmental RNAi (eRNAi) is a sequence-specific regulation of endogenous gene expression in a responsive organism by exogenous RNA. While exogenous RNA transfer between organisms of different kingdoms of life have been unambiguously identified in nature, our understanding of the biological significance of this phenomenon remains obscure, particularly within an evolutionary context. During the last decade multiple reports utilizing various mechanisms of natural eRNAi phenomena have been attempted to develop new agricultural traits and products including weed, disease and insect control. Although these attempts yielded mixed results, this concept remains extremely attractive for many agricultural applications. To better utilize eRNAi for practical applications, we would like to emphasize the necessity of understanding the biological significance of this phenomenon within an evolutionary context and learn from nature by developing advanced tools to identify and study new cases of exogeneous RNA transfer and eRNAi. In this opinion article we would like to look at the exogeneous RNA transfer from an evolutionary perspective, propose that new cases of exogeneous RNA transfer still remain to be identified in nature, and address a knowledge gap in understanding the biological function and significance of RNA transfer. We believe such approach may eventually result in a more successful use of this phenomenon for practical applications in agriculture.

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9

Liu, Yang, Xiaodong Qu, James J. Elser, Wenqi Peng, Min Zhang, Ze Ren, Haiping Zhang, Yuhang Zhang, and Hua Yang. "Impact of Nutrient and Stoichiometry Gradients on Microbial Assemblages in Erhai Lake and Its Input Streams." Water 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2019): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081711.

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Networks of lakes and streams are linked by downslope flows of material and energy within catchments. Understanding how bacterial assemblages are associated with nutrients and stoichiometric gradients in lakes and streams is essential for understanding biogeochemical cycling in freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we conducted field sampling of bacterial communities from lake water and stream biofilms in Erhai Lake watershed. We determined bacterial communities using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and explored the relationship between bacterial composition and environmental factors using networking analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and variation partitioning analysis (VPA). Physicochemical parameters, nutrients, and nutrient ratios gradients between the lake and the streams were strongly associated with the differences in community composition and the dominant taxa. Cyanobacteria dominated in Erhai Lake, while Proteobacteria dominated in streams. The stream bacterial network was more stable with multiple stressors, including physicochemical-factors and nutrient-factors, while the lake bacterial network was more fragile and susceptible to human activities with dominant nutrients (phosphorus). Negative correlations between bacterial communities and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) as well as positive correlations between bacterial communities and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the network indicated these factors had strong effect on bacterial succession. Erhai Lake is in a eutrophic state, and high relative abundances of Synechococcus (40.62%) and Microcystis (16.2%) were noted during the course of our study. CCA indicated that nutrients (phosphorus) were key parameters driving Cyanobacteria-dominated community structure. By classifying the environmental factors into five categories, VPA analyses identified that P-factor (total phosphorus (TP) and SRP) as well as the synergistic effect of C-factor (DOC), N-factor (NO3−), and P-factor (TP and SRP) played a central role in structuring the bacterial communities in Erhai Lake. Heterogeneous physicochemical conditions explained the variations in bacterial assemblages in streams. This study provides a picture of stream–lake linkages from the perspective of bacterial community structure as well as key factors driving bacterial assemblages within lakes and streams at the whole watershed scale. We further argue that better management of phosphorus on the watershed scale is needed for ameliorating eutrophication of Erhai Lake.

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10

Wang, Yuyi, Yahui Guo, Shunqiang Hu, Yong Li, Jingzhe Wang, Xuesong Liu, and Le Wang. "Ground Deformation Analysis Using InSAR and Backpropagation Prediction with Influencing Factors in Erhai Region, China." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2019): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102853.

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The long continuity of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can provide high space and resolution data for ground deformation investigations. The ground deformation in this paper appeared in the city’s development, although it is close to the Erhai region, which is different from a water-deficient city. Therefore, the analysis and prediction of ground deformation using a new method is required. In this study, Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from 2015 to 2018 were used to study the characteristics of ground deformation in the Erhai region using the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric SAR (SBAS-InSAR) technique. The results were cross-validated using ascending and descending direction images to ensure the accuracy. In addition, the results showed that there was little ground deformation in the northern part of the Erhai region, while there was obvious ground deformation in the southern part. Four influencing factors—including the building area, water level, cumulative precipitation, and cumulative temperature of the southern Erhai region—were used together to predict the cumulative ground deformation using back-propagation (BP). The R of all the involved data was 0.966, and the root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the simulated values using BP and the true measured values were 3.063, 1.003, and 1.119, respectively. The results showed that BP has great potential in predicting the change tendency of ground deformation with high precision. The main reason for ground deformation is the continuous increase of building area; the water level followed. The cumulative precipitation and cumulative temperature are the reasons for the seasonal ground deformation. Some countermeasures and suggestions are given to face the challenge of serious ground deformation.

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11

Xu, Hai, Xinying Zhou, Jianghu Lan, Bin Liu, Enguo Sheng, Keke Yu, Peng Cheng, et al. "Late Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variations Recorded at Lake Erhai, Southwestern China." Quaternary Research 83, no. 2 (March 2015): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.12.004.

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In this study we report changes in Indian summer monsoon (ISM) intensity during the past ~ 3500 yr inferred from proxy indices at Lake Erhai, southwestern China. Both the pollen concentrations and other proxy indices, including sediment grain size, total organic carbon contents (TOC), and elemental contents (e.g., Fe, Al), clearly indicate a long term decreasing trend in ISM intensity over the late Holocene. During the period from approximately AD 750 to AD 1200, pollen concentrations of conifer and broadleaf trees, and herbs reached the lowest levels over the past ~ 3500 yr; while the pollen percentages of both herbs and broadleaf trees increased, suggesting a significant medieval drought. The grain size, TOC, and elemental contents also support an arid climate during the medieval period. The Little Ice Age (LIA) at Lake Erhai was characterized as cold and wet. The medieval and LIA climatic patterns at Lake Erhai were similar to those over most of the ISM areas, but anti-phase with those over East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) areas. We suspect that sea surface temperature variations in the Indo-Pacific oceans and the related land-sea thermal contrasts may be responsible for such hydroclimatic differences between EASM and ISM areas.

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12

Dong, Jing, Qichao Zhou, Yunni Gao, Qianhong Gu, Genbao Li, and Lirong Song. "Long-term effects of temperature and nutrient concentrations on the phytoplankton biomass in three lakes with differing trophic statuses on the Yungui Plateau, China." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 54 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2017031.

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Long-term annual (1990–2010) monitoring data were analyzed to test the responses of phytoplankton biomass in three lakes in the Yungui Plateau, China, to increasing temperature and increasing nutrient concentrations. The three studied lakes (Lake Fuxian, Lake Erhai and Lake Dianchi) all exhibited significant increases in algal biomass from 1990 to 2010, with increases of 0.111 µg/L, 0.662 µg/L and 3.07 µg/L per year, respectively. The study also indicated that the relative influences of warming and nutrient concentrations on chlorophyll a concentration varied among the lakes and was dependent on trophic level and phytoplankton composition. In Lake Fuxian, the increase in algal biomass was correlated with the rapid growth of Mougeotia spp., and the total phosphorous concentration was the key factor driving this increase in algal biomass. In Lake Erhai, the dominant species shifted from Dolichospermum spp. to Microcystis spp. Additionally, the increase in algal biomass in Lake Erhai (involving mainly an increase in Microcystis spp.) was significantly associated with an increase in total nitrogen (TN) concentration. In Lake Dianchi, warming and increases in TN concentration were the strongest predictors of biomass change.

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13

Jiang, Yongguang, Peng Xiao, Gongliang Yu, Gaofei Song, and Renhui Li. "Revealing Cryptic Changes of Cyanobacterial Community Structure in Two Eutrophic Lakes Using eDNA Sequencing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176356.

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Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose a risk to human health worldwide. To enhance understanding on the bloom-forming mechanism, the spatiotemporal changes in cyanobacterial diversity and composition in two eutrophic lakes (Erhai Lake and Lushui Reservoir) of China were investigated from 2010 to 2011 by high-throughput sequencing of environmental DNA. For each sample, 118 to 260 cpcBA-IGS operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained. Fifty-two abundant OTUs were identified, which made up 95.2% of the total sequences and were clustered into nine cyanobacterial groups. Although the cyanobacterial communities of both lakes were mainly dominated by Microcystis, Erhai Lake had a higher cyanobacterial diversity. The abundance of mixed Nostocales species was lower than that of Microcystis, whereas Phormidium and Synechococcus were opportunistically dominant. The correlation between the occurrence frequency and relative abundance of OTUs was poorly fitted by the Sloan neutral model. Deterministic processes such as phosphorus availability were shown to have significant effects on the cyanobacterial community structure in Erhai Lake. In summary, the Microcystis-dominated cyanobacterial community was mainly affected by the deterministic process. Opportunistically dominant species have the potential to replace Microcystis and form blooms in eutrophic lakes, indicating the necessity to monitor these species for drinking water safety.

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14

Kabak, I. I., and D. W. Wrase. "A new species of the genus Taridius from China (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiini)." Zoosystematica Rossica 23, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2014.23.1.106.

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15

Booth, James F., Catherine M. Naud, and Jeff Willison. "Evaluation of Extratropical Cyclone Precipitation in the North Atlantic Basin: An Analysis of ERA-Interim, WRF, and Two CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 31, no. 6 (March 2018): 2345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0308.1.

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The representation of extratropical cyclone (ETC) precipitation in general circulation models (GCMs) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is analyzed. This work considers the link between ETC precipitation and dynamical strength and tests if parameterized convection affects this link for ETCs in the North Atlantic basin. Lagrangian cyclone tracks of ETCs in ERA-Interim (ERAI), GISS and GFDL CMIP5 models, and WRF with two horizontal resolutions are utilized in a compositing analysis. The 20-km-resolution WRF Model generates stronger ETCs based on surface wind speed and cyclone precipitation. The GCMs and ERAI generate similar composite means and distributions for cyclone precipitation rates, but GCMs generate weaker cyclone surface winds than ERAI. The amount of cyclone precipitation generated by the convection scheme differs significantly across the datasets, with the GISS model generating the most, followed by ERAI and then the GFDL model. The models and reanalysis generate relatively more parameterized convective precipitation when the total cyclone-averaged precipitation is smaller. This is partially due to the contribution of parameterized convective precipitation occurring more often late in the ETC’s life cycle. For reanalysis and models, precipitation increases with both cyclone moisture and surface wind speed, and this is true if the contribution from the parameterized convection scheme is larger or not. This work shows that these different models generate similar total ETC precipitation despite large differences in the parameterized convection, and these differences do not cause unexpected behavior in ETC precipitation sensitivity to cyclone moisture or surface wind speed.

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Penulis, Indeks. "Indeks Penulis." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.9874.

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AAndhika Priyatama, Poerwati Soetji Rahajoe dan Rahardjo; 155 - 160 Apreka Tigor Kusumasmara, Wayan Ardhana & Christnawat; 92 - 98 Arief Waskitho, Erwan Sugiatno dan Titik Ismiyat; 178 - 183 Atika Zairina, Erwin Siregar & Nia Ayu Ismaniat; 21 - 30

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Papin, Philippe P., Lance F. Bosart, and Ryan D. Torn. "A Feature-Based Approach to Classifying Summertime Potential Vorticity Streamers Linked to Rossby Wave Breaking in the North Atlantic Basin." Journal of Climate 33, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5953–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0812.1.

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AbstractThis study examines climatological potential vorticity streamer (PVS) activity associated with Rossby wave breaking (RWB), which can impact TC activity in the subtropical North Atlantic (NATL) basin via moisture and wind anomalies. PVSs are identified along the 2-PVU (1 PVU = 10−6 K kg−1 m2 s−1) contour on the 350-K isentropic surface, using a unique identification technique that combines previous methods. In total, 21 149 individual PVS instances are identified from the ERA-Interim (ERAI) climatology during June–November over 1979–2015 with a peak in July–August. The total number of PVSs identified in this study is more than previous PVS climatologies for this region, since the new technique identifies a wider range of cases. Variations in PVS size and intensity prompt the development of a new PVS activity index (PVSI), which provides an integrated measure of PVS activity that can improve comparisons with TC activity. For instance, PVSI has a stronger negative correlation with seasonal TC activity (r = −0.55) relative to PVS frequency, size, or intensity alone. PVSI in June–July is also positively correlated with PVSI in August–November (r = 0.67), suggesting predictive capability. Compared to the ERAI and Japan Meteorological Agency 55-Year Reanalysis (JRA-55) climatology, there are more PVSs in the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) but these have weaker average intensity overall. While no long-term trend in PVSI is observed in the ERAI or JRA-55 climatologies, a negative trend is observed in CFSR, which could be related to differences in near tropopause static stability early in the climatological period (1979–86) between the CFSR and ERAI datasets.

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Reeves, Andrew R., R. Samuel English, J. S. Lampel, David A. Post, and Thomas J. Vanden Boom. "Transcriptional Organization of the Erythromycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Saccharopolyspora erythraea." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 22 (November 15, 1999): 7098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.22.7098-7106.1999.

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ABSTRACT The transcriptional organization of the erythromycin biosynthetic gene (ery) cluster of Saccharopolyspora erythraea has been examined by a variety of methods, including S1 nuclease protection assays, Northern blotting, Western blotting, and bioconversion analysis of erythromycin intermediates. The analysis was facilitated by the construction of novel mutants containing a S. erythraea transcriptional terminator within theeryAI, eryAIII, eryBIII,eryBIV, eryBV, eryBVI,eryCIV, and eryCVI genes and additionally by aneryAI −10 promoter mutant. All mutant strains demonstrated polar effects on the transcription of downstream erybiosynthetic genes. Our results demonstrate that the erygene cluster contains four major polycistronic transcriptional units, the largest one extending approximately 35 kb from eryAI toeryG. Two overlapping polycistronic transcripts extending from eryBIV to eryBVII were identified. In addition, seven ery cluster promoter transcription start sites, one each beginning at eryAI, eryBI,eryBIII, eryBVI, and eryK and two beginning at eryBIV, were determined.

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19

Baohan, Du. "Study on eutrophication of Erhai Lake." Journal of Lake Sciences 4, no. 2 (1992): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/1992.0212.

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YANG, GUO-HUI, HAO-MIAO ZHANG, and ALBERT G. ORR. "Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae)." Zootaxa 4926, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7.

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The larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 are described and illustrated for the first time from Erhai lake Basin, Yunnan Province, China. Notes on their habitat are provided. This paper represents the first verified description of the larva of Caliphaea Hagen in Selys, 1859.

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Meinvielle, M., J. M. Brankart, P. Brasseur, B. Barnier, R. Dussin, and J. Verron. "Optimal adjustment of the atmospheric forcing parameters of ocean models using sea surface temperature data assimilation." Ocean Science 9, no. 5 (October 17, 2013): 867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-9-867-2013.

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Abstract. In ocean general circulation models, near-surface atmospheric variables used to specify the atmospheric boundary condition remain one of the main sources of error. The objective of this research is to constrain the surface forcing function of an ocean model by sea surface temperature (SST) data assimilation. For that purpose, a set of corrections for ERAinterim (hereafter ERAi) reanalysis data is estimated for the period of 1989–2007, using a sequential assimilation method, with ensemble experiments to evaluate the impact of uncertain atmospheric forcing on the ocean state. The control vector of the assimilation method is extended to atmospheric variables to obtain monthly mean parameter corrections by assimilating monthly SST and sea surface salinity (SSS) climatological data in a low resolution global configuration of the NEMO model. In this context, the careful determination of the prior probability distribution of the parameters is an important matter. This paper demonstrates the importance of isolating the impact of forcing errors in the model to perform relevant ensemble experiments. The results obtained for every month of the period between 1989 and 2007 show that the estimated parameters produce the same kind of impact on the SST as the analysis itself. The objective is then to evaluate the long-term time series of the forcing parameters focusing on trends and mean error corrections of air–sea fluxes. Our corrections tend to equilibrate the net heat-flux balance at the global scale (highly positive in ERAi database), and to remove the potentially unrealistic negative trend (leading to ocean cooling) in the ERAi net heat flux over the whole time period. More specifically in the intertropical band, we reduce the warm bias of ERAi data by mostly modifying the latent heat flux by wind speed intensification. Consistently, when used to force the model, the corrected parameters lead to a better agreement between the mean SST produced by the model and mean SST observations over the period of 1989–2007 in the intertropical band.

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Meinvielle, M., J. M. Brankart, P. Brasseur, B. Barnier, R. Dussin, and J. Verron. "Optimal adjustment of the atmospheric forcing parameters of ocean models using sea surface temperature data assimilation." Ocean Science Discussions 9, no. 4 (July 20, 2012): 2493–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-2493-2012.

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Abstract. In ocean general circulation models, near surface atmospheric variables used to specify the atmospheric remain one of the main sources of error. The objective of this research is to constrain the surface forcing function of an ocean model by Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data assimilation. For that purpose, a set of corrections for ERAinterim (hereafter ERAi) reanalysis data is estimated for the period from 1989 to 2007 using a sequential assimilation method, with ensemble experiments to evaluate the impact of uncertain atmospheric forcing on the ocean state. The control vector of the assimilation method is extended to atmospheric variables to obtain monthly mean parameter corrections by assimilating monthly SST and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) climatological data in a low resolution global configuration of the NEMO model. In this context, the careful determination of the prior probability distribution of the parameters is an important matter. This paper demonstrates the importance of isolating the impact of forcing errors in the model to perform relevant ensemble experiments. The results obtained for every month of the period between 1989 and 2007 show that the estimated parameters produce the same kind of impact on the SST as the analysis itself. The objective is then to evaluate the long term time-series of the forcing parameters focusing on trends and mean error corrections of air-sea fluxes. Our corrections tend to equilibrate the net heat flux balance at the global scale (highly positive in ERAi database), and to remove the potentially unrealistic negative trend (leading to ocean cooling) in the ERAi net heat flux over the whole time period. More specifically in the intertropical band, we reduce the warm bias of ERAi data by mostly modifying the latent heat flux by wind velocity intensification. Consistently, when used to force the model, the corrected parameters lead to a better agreement between the mean SST produced by the model and mean SST observations over 1989–2007 in the intertropical band.

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Liang, Zhanyuan, Yi Zheng, Chuanlin He, Guochen Wu, Xiaoyu Zhang, and Zhipeng Gai. "Elastic reflection traveltime inversion with pure-wave propagators." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): R639—R658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0733.1.

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Elastic full-waveform inversion (EFWI) updates high-resolution model parameters by minimizing the misfit function between the observed and modeled data. EFWI possesses strong nonlinearity and is likely to converge to a local minimum when the inversion begins with inaccurate initial models. Elastic reflection waveform inversion (ERWI) recovers the low-wavenumber components of P- and S-wave velocities along the “rabbit ear” wavepaths to provide initial velocity models for EFWI. However, every iteration of ERWI requires six times as many forward calculations with elastic-wave equations, which can be computationally expensive. Hence, we have developed a pure-wave reflection waveform inversion (PRWI) approach, which sequentially inverts low-wavenumber components of P- and S-wave velocity models. In our PRWI, we decompose elastic-wave operators into background and perturbed pure-wave parts and derive PRWI gradients using pure-wave operators. The background and perturbed wavefields in PRWI gradients are vector wavefields with a single wave mode. PRWI can remove the high-wavenumber noise caused by S-wave stress decomposition and reduce the computational cost of ERWI by almost 70%. Under the framework of PRWI, we have further developed the pure-wave reflection traveltime inversion (PRTI) approach to alleviate the issue of cycle skipping caused by waveform mismatch. To ensure the recovery of low-wavenumber components, we mute out the contribution of wavefields with small opening angles to PRTI gradients. Numerical examples have demonstrated that our PRTI method can efficiently provide good initial velocity models for EFWI.

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Hong-xi, PAN, WANG Yun-fei, and Dong Yun-sheng. "Factor Analysis of Eutrophication in Erhai Lake." Journal of Lake Sciences 11, no. 2 (1999): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/1999.0217.

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Eisma, D., S. Sun, X. Song, and E. Thomasse. "Sedimentation in Erhai Lake, Yunnan Province, China." Journal of Lake Sciences 12, no. 1 (2000): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/2000.0105.

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Jiejun, LI. "Research and Countermeasures for Erhai Lake Eutrophication." Journal of Lake Sciences 13, no. 2 (2001): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/20010214.

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Mingming, Hu, Li Yanhui, Wang Yuchun, Zhou Huaidong, Liu Yongding, and Zhao Gaofeng. "Phytoplankton and bacterioplankton abundances and community dynamics in Lake Erhai." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.215.

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The composition and seasonal variation of the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community were investigated, and SPSS and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to explore the relationship between the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community dynamics in the typical plateau Lake of Lake Erhai from July 2009 to April 2010. Obvious seasonal variation of phytoplankton was observed, and the abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 2.02 × 106 to 57.9 × 106 cells/L. The dominant species in autumn and summer was Microcystis sp., Psephonema aenigmaticum Skuja was dominant in winter, and Microcystis sp., Aphanizonmenon flos-aquae, Asterionella sp., P. aenigmaticum, etc. were dominant in spring. The abundance of bacterioplankton in the whole lake changed between 1.93 × 109 and 4.61 × 109 cells/L showing distinct seasonal variation characteristics. The results of correlation and RDA indicated that the abundance and community diversity of bacterioplankton were significantly correlated with the abundance of phytoplankton, and the group of Bacteroidetes had obvious correlation with Microcystis sp. and other cyanobacteria, which might have some links with the harmful algal blooms in Lake Erhai. Further research is needed to study the mechanisms of interactions between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton communities.

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Macdonald, Alastair Ewan. "Women in Erpai: The Gap Between Rhetoric and Representation." Nan Nü 20, no. 2 (January 3, 2019): 225–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685268-00202p03.

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AbstractThe late Ming short story collections Pai’an jingqi and Erke pai’an jingqi (together known as Erpai), authored by Ling Mengchu (1580-1644), have been credited by a variety of scholars with expressing a relatively “progressive” attitude toward women. This assessment arises from a strong influence in the texts from the philosophies of the heterodox thinker Li Zhi (1527-1602), who argued the notion that women were not inherently less able than men. Scattered throughout the collections are discursive asides addressed at the audience, a number of which not only support this view, but also develop it to assert the legitimacy of female sexual desire, and argue that widowed women should not be derided for remarrying. However, the strong stance taken in these discursive asides is not always reflected in the representations of women in the narratives themselves. Instead, strong female characters are desexed, while many of the other female characters are represented either as paragons of conventional virtue or as alien threats to the male subject. The gulf between the two discourses so created in Erpai highlights the limited influence of rhetoric on representation, and thus on the ideological construction of “woman.”

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Li, Peng, Ming-Hsiang Chen, Ying Zou, Mark Beattie, and Linsi He. "Factors Affecting Inn Operators’ Willingness to Pay Resource Protection Fees: A Case of Erhai Lake in China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114049.

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Willingness to pay (WTP) is a foundation of payment for environmental services (PES) and varies according to different stakeholders. Because of its high-quality environment, numerous inns have appeared around Erhai Lake, which has become the inn sector leader in China. Declining water quality of the lake contrasts sharply with the increasing number of inns, thus a policy that balances economic development and water protection is needed desperately. The Erhai Lake Resource Protection Fee (ELRPF) is a form of PES, constructed on the basis of the contingent value method (CVM) involving the relationship between perceived benefits, institutional trust, awareness, and supportive attitude. Using relevant data obtained from a survey questionnaire, SmartPls 3.0 software was used to analyze the factors influencing inn operators’ WTP. The results of the analysis of 307 questionnaires showed that institutional trust, PES cognition, and attitudes toward support significantly affected inn operators’ WTP, while perceived benefit did not. This result differs from results of research on other tourism stakeholders. The reasons for this difference might be the specific identity of operators, their cultural and place identity, ability and professional education, and complexities of the broker of ecosystem services.

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Du, Qun, Huizhi Liu, Lujun Xu, Yang Liu, and Lei Wang. "The monsoon effect on energy and carbon exchange processes over a highland lake in the southwest of China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 20 (October 19, 2018): 15087–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15087-2018.

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Abstract. Erhai Lake is a subtropical highland shallow lake on the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, which is influenced by both South Asian and East Asian summer monsoons. Based on 4 years of continuous eddy covariance (EC) data over Erhai Lake, the monsoon effect on water–atmosphere exchange processes is investigated by comparing the energy and CO2 flux patterns and their main drivers during pre-monsoon (March–April), monsoon (May–October) and post-monsoon (November–December) periods. The results show that the atmospheric properties display a large difference during the three different periods. There is a negative difference between water surface and air temperature (T) during the pre-monsoon period, while a positive T during the post-monsoon period. The diurnal sensible heat flux (Hs) is larger during the post-monsoon period, while the latent heat flux (LE) is larger during the monsoon period. The monthly average Hs and heat storage (Q) in the lake remain negative during the pre-monsoon period and the early monsoon period, and they become positive in the middle monsoon period, which indicates that the lake absorbs heat at first and releases it subsequently. LE plays a dominating role in the energy partitioning of the lake. The Bowen ratio is higher during the post-monsoon period. The uptake of CO2 flux is observed in the middle of the day during monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The ΔT is the main driver for Hs and the effect of ΔT is increased as timescales are extended from half-hourly to monthly. The wind speed has a weak effect on Hs but a strong effect on LE and CO2 fluxes. Similar main drivers for Hs are found during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, which is also found for CO2 flux, indicating a large impact of the monsoon on the heat and carbon exchange processes over Erhai Lake.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Use special Erwa to determine the number of live bacteria in different models." Baghdad Science Journal 2, no. 1 (March 6, 2005): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2.1.28-32.

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Used in the study especially calibrated Erwa to determine the number of neighborhood or the Alayoshi number of bacteria in the count modeling and casting method dishes in addition to using the drop method yielded significant results for a match between the methods used ..

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Song, Chanwoo, Sungsu Park, and Jihoon Shin. "Lagrangian Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Genesis Simulated by General Circulation Models Compared with Observations." Journal of Climate 33, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 4489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0586.1.

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AbstractAs a contribution to understanding the genesis of tropical cyclones (TCs), we compared TC genesis processes simulated by the Seoul National University Atmosphere Model version 0 with a Unified Convection Scheme (SAM0) and the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with those from the ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim, hereafter ERAI) and best track observations. In contrast to previous studies that estimated the TC genesis potential using the Eulerian mean environmental conditions, we calculated the probability of a pre-existing weak cyclonic embryo vortex (EV) developing into a TC by analyzing changes in the environmental conditions along the EV trajectories. Our analysis indicates that the spatial distribution and annual cycles of TCs obtained from the SAM0 and ERAI are similar to those obtained from the best track observation data. With the exception of the mesoscale convective organization and associated variables, most environmental variables along the trajectories of DEVs (EVs developing into TCs) showed monotonic variations. When EVs were born, environmental conditions of DEVs were significantly different from those of nondeveloping EVs, allowing for the prediction of TC genesis. In general, TC genesis probability increased as the environment became more cyclonic, moist, unstable, and with a weaker wind shear. Rapidly strengthening EVs were more likely to develop into TCs. SAM0 and ERAI have the same combination of environmental variables with the best prediction skill for TC genesis—absolute vorticity at 850 hPa, column saturation deficit, sea surface temperature, vertical shear of horizontal winds between 200 and 850 hPa, and latitude—with similar sensitivities to individual environmental variables, indicating that SAM0 well simulates the observed TC genesis processes.

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Yasunaga, Kazuaki, Satoru Yokoi, Kuniaki Inoue, and Brian E. Mapes. "Space–Time Spectral Analysis of the Moist Static Energy Budget Equation." Journal of Climate 32, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0334.1.

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Abstract The budget of column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) is examined in wavenumber–frequency transforms of longitude–time sections over the tropical belt. Cross-spectra with satellite-derived precipitation (TRMM-3B42) are used to emphasize precipitation-coherent signals in reanalysis [ERA-Interim (ERAI)] estimates of each term in the budget equation. Results reveal different budget balances in convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) as well as in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances. The real component (expressing amplification or damping of amplitude) for horizontal advection is modest for most wave types but substantially damps the MJO. Its imaginary component is hugely positive (it acts to advance phase) in TD-type disturbances and is positive for MJO and equatorial Rossby (ERn1) wave disturbances (almost negligible for the other CCEWs). The real component of vertical advection is negatively correlated (damping effect) with precipitation with a magnitude of approximately 10% of total latent heat release for all disturbances except for TD-type disturbance. This effect is overestimated by a factor of 2 or more if advection is computed using the time–zonal mean MSE, suggesting that nonlinear correlations between ascent and humidity would be positive (amplification effect). ERAI-estimated radiative heating has a positive real part, reinforcing precipitation-correlated MSE excursions. The magnitude is up to 14% of latent heating for the MJO and much less for other waves. ERAI-estimated surface flux has a small effect but acts to amplify MJO and ERn1 waves. The imaginary component of budget residuals is large and systematically positive, suggesting that the reanalysis model’s physical MSE sources would not act to propagate the precipitation-associated MSE anomalies properly.

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Guilhaumou, Jacques. "Erwan Sommerer, Sieyès. Le révolutionnaire et le conservateur." Annales historiques de la Révolution française, no. 365 (September 1, 2011): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.12179.

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35

Zhihong, WEI, TANG Xiongfei, YANG Zhenxiang, LV Xingju, MENG Liang, ZHU Jiang, DOU Jiashun, and YANG Sikun. "Allocation of major pollutants loads for Lake Erhai." Journal of Lake Sciences 25, no. 5 (2013): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/2013.0507.

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Sugadev, S. J. X. "Asylum admissions - boon or bane? Experiences from Erwadi." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 26, no. 1 (January 2003): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975156420030104.

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37

Pu, Fangling, Chujiang Ding, Zeyi Chao, Yue Yu, and Xin Xu. "Water-Quality Classification of Inland Lakes Using Landsat8 Images by Convolutional Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (July 14, 2019): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141674.

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Water-quality monitoring of inland lakes is essential for freshwater-resource protection. In situ water-quality measurements and ratings are accurate but high costs limit their usage. Water-quality monitoring using remote sensing has shown to be cost-effective. However, the nonoptically active parameters that mainly determine water-quality levels in China are difficult to estimate because of their weak optical characteristics and lack of explicit correlation between remote-sensing images and parameters. To address the problems, a convolutional neural network (CNN) with hierarchical structure was designed to represent the relationship between Landsat8 images and in situ water-quality levels. A transfer-learning strategy in the CNN model was introduced to deal with the lack of in situ measurement data. After the CNN model was trained by spatially and temporally matched Landsat8 images and in situ water-quality data that were collected from official websites, the surface quality of the whole water body could be classified. We tested the CNN model at the Erhai and Chaohu lakes in China, respectively. The experiment results demonstrate that the CNN model outperformed widely used machine-learning methods. The trained model at Erhai Lake can be used for the water-quality classification of Chaohu Lake. The introduced CNN model and the water-quality classification method could cover the whole lake with low costs. The proposed method has potential in inland-lake monitoring.

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Wang, Dong, Yong Feng Yan, and Qun Xu. "The Study on Copper-Molybdenum Polymetallic Mine Ore-Controlling Structure Conditions and Mineralization Forecast of the Jiudingshan." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2205.

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JiuDingshan copper-molybdenum polymetallic mine located in the "Sanjiang" metallogenic belt Southern Section, is typical of copper molybdenum deposit related to porphyry activities. Mining area is located in Erhai - honghe fault and Chenghai - binchuan fracture clamping of the triangle,Lijiang-heqing porphyry Cu-Mo-Au mineralization zone and the alkali rich porphyry clusters, the tectonic background of mining area is complicated at the same time, strong tectonic activities, has the very good ore-forming geological conditions and great prospecting potential.

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39

Psaroudakēs, Stelios. "Lyre and Aulos from an Athenian Classical Grave in the Area between the So-Called ‘Eriai’ Gates and the Dipylon (Grave 48, 470-50 BC)." Greek and Roman Musical Studies 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22129758-12341360.

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Abstract The remains of two musical instruments, a tortoise carapace lyre and an ‘early type’ aulos, were found in a grave of the Classical period (470-50 BC), outside the Athenian walls, in the area between the so-called ‘Eriai’ Gates and the Dipylon. In this paper, they are discussed in every significant organological detail and are compared with similar finds; and an attempt is made to reconstruct them verbally. Of special mention are: the elegant string holder of the lyre and the affinity of the aulos to some other significant exemplars.

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FEI, Ji-hui, Xing-zhong WANG, and Xiao-yang SHAO. "Spatial pattern of fish community in the Erhai Lake." Journal of Fisheries of China 36, no. 8 (2012): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1231.2012.28002.

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Yun-fei, WANG, PANG Hong-xi, WU Qing-long, and HUANG Qun. "Impacts of Human Activity on Erhai Lake and Countermeasures." Journal of Lake Sciences 11, no. 2 (1999): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/1999.0206.

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Qing-long, WU, and WANG Yun-fei. "On the Succession of Aquatic Communities in Erhai Lake." Journal of Lake Sciences 11, no. 3 (1999): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/1999.0312.

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Xianli, WANG, JIANG Guoqiang, ZHOU Wen, and WANG Junli. "TMDL of Lake Erhai based on water ecological features." Journal of Lake Sciences 28, no. 2 (2016): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/2016.0205.

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Mi-Kueng, Yoo. "The Description of ‘Gift-Giving’ in 《SanYan》 and 《ErPai》." Chinese Studies 66 (March 31, 2019): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.14378/kacs.2019.66.66.16.

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45

Wang, Shengrui, Li Zhang, Leyi Ni, Haichao Zhao, Lixin Jiao, Suwen Yang, Longgen Guo, and Jianzong Shen. "Ecological degeneration of the Erhai Lake and prevention measures." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 5 (May 13, 2015): 3839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4433-4.

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46

Wang, Shengrui, Binghui Zheng, Cui Chen, Max Dohmann, and Olaf Kolditz. "Thematic issue: water of the Erhai and Dianchi Lakes." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 5 (August 8, 2015): 3685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4727-6.

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47

Lin, Song-Shun, Shui-Long Shen, Annan Zhou, and Hai-Min Lyu. "Sustainable development and environmental restoration in Lake Erhai, China." Journal of Cleaner Production 258 (June 2020): 120758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120758.

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48

Fresia, Daria, Enrica Cannizzaro, Angelica Borgo, and Raphaël Roduit. "GSH-Independent Induction of ER Stress during Hypoglycaemia in the Retinal Cells of Mice." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112529.

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Glucose is one of the most important metabolic substrates of the retina, and glycaemic imbalances can lead to serious side effects, including retinopathy. We previously showed that hypoglycaemia induces retinal cell death in mice, as well as the implication of glutathione (GSH) in this process. This study aimed to analyse the role of low glucose-induced decrease in GSH levels in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We cultured 661W photoreceptor-like cells under various glucose conditions and analysed ER stress markers at the mRNA and protein levels. We used the ERAI (“ER stress-activated indicator”) mouse model to test ER stress in both ex vivo, on retinal explants, or in vivo, in mice subjected to hypoglycaemia. Moreover, we used buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclm)-KO mice as models of low GSH to test its effects on ER stress. We show that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered in 661W cells and in ERAI mice under hypoglycaemic conditions. Low GSH levels promote cell death, but have no impact on ER stress. We concluded that low glucose levels induce ER stress independently of GSH levels. Inhibition of ER stress could prevent neurodegeneration, which seems to be an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.

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Yang, Yuyin, Ningning Li, Wei Wang, Bingxin Li, Shuguang Xie, and Yong Liu. "Vertical profiles of sediment methanogenic potential and communities in two plateau freshwater lakes." Biogeosciences 14, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-341-2017.

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Abstract. Microbial methanogenesis in sediment plays a crucial role in CH4 emission from freshwater lake ecosystems. However, knowledge of the layer-depth-related changes of methanogen community structure and activities in freshwater lake sediment is still limited. The present study was conducted to characterize the methanogenesis potential in different sediment-layer depths and the vertical distribution of microbial communities in two freshwater lakes of different trophic status on the Yunnan Plateau (China). Incubation experiments and inhibitor studies were carried out to determine the methanogenesis potential and pathways. 16S rRNA and mcrA genes were used to investigate the abundance and structure of methanogen and archaeal communities, respectively. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was mainly responsible for methane production in sediments of both freshwater lakes. The layer-depth-related changes of methanogenesis potential and the abundance and community structure of methanogens were observed in both Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake. Archaeal 16S rRNA and mcrA genes displayed a similar abundance change pattern in both lakes, and the relative abundance of methanogens decreased with increasing sediment-layer depth. Archaeal communities differed considerably in Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake, but methanogen communities showed a slight difference between these two lakes. However, methanogen communities illustrated a remarkable layer-depth-related change. Order Methanomicrobiales was the dominant methanogen group in all sediments, while Methanobacteriales showed a high proportion only in upper layer sediments. The trophic status of the lake might have a notable influence on the depth-related change pattern of methanogenesis activity, while the methanogen community structure was mainly influenced by sediment depth.

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Zhu, Xiu, Hongtao Zhu, Hongliu Zeng, and Qianghu Liu. "Link between bedrock lithology and sedimentary systems in Lake Erhai Basin, southwest China, with respect to source to sink." Interpretation 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): ST53—ST64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0026.1.

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Lake Erhai and its adjacent areas at one time constitute one complete source-to-sink (S2S) system. According to analyses of modern S2Ss, however, the S2S of Lake Erhai Basin can be divided into three subsystems — western (S2S-W), eastern (S2S-E), and northern (S2S-N). Among these three subsystems, significant differences have been found to exist in bedrock lithology (source area) and sedimentary bodies (sink area). The bedrocks (source area) of S2S-E consist mainly of carbonate rocks, and sediments are transported by small rivers and deposited on the eastern bank of the lake, forming small ([Formula: see text]) alluvial fans (sink area). Bedrocks of S2S-W involve metamorphic rocks and a few granitic and carbonate rocks. Sediments are transported by extensive streams (Cangshan 18 streams) and deposited along the western bank of the lake, forming a large ([Formula: see text]) sediment belt. In S2S-N (axial source), bedrocks are composed mainly of the clastic rocks. Sediments are transported by large rivers (the Miju and Lushi Rivers) and are deposited on the northern bank of the lake, forming a large delta ([Formula: see text]). Studies of the modern S2S reveal that different S2Ss can exist in the same basin (sag) and that these S2Ss are likely to differ significantly in catchment area, sedimentary body area, sedimentation response, etc., because of controlling factors such as bedrock lithology, tectonic activity, paleomorphology, basin boundaries, and transport channel, among others. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the distinguishing characteristics of S2Ss in further study of the ancient S2S systems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Erwai'

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