Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Error'
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Gumprich, Dinah M. (Dinah Miriam) Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Nonsampling survey error: interviewer induced error and question related error." Ottawa, 1995.
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Leonard, Alice. "Error in Shakespeare : Shakespeare in error." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/72806/.
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Error is significant for Shakespeare because of its multiple, flexible meanings and its usefulness in his drama. In the early modern period it meant not only a ‘fault’ or ‘mistake’, but ‘wandering’. ‘Wandering’, through its conceptual relation with metaphor, plot and other devices, aligns error much more with the literary, which dilutes the negative connotations of mistake, and consequently error has the potential to become valuable rather than something to be corrected. Shakespeare’s drama constantly digresses and is full of complex characters who control and are controlled by error. Error is an ambiguous concept that enables language and action to become copious: figurative language becomes increasingly abstracted and wanders away from its point, or the number of errors a character encounters increases, as in The Comedy of Errors. The first chapter argues that error is problematically gendered, that women’s language is often represented as being in error despite being the defenders of the ‘mother tongue’, the guardians of the vernacular. The containment of women in this paradox is necessary for a sense of national identity, that women must pass on the unifying English. The second chapter argues that foreign language becomes English error on the early-modern stage. Shakespeare subverts this tendency, inviting in foreign language for the benefit of the play and, in the context of the history play, of the body politic. The third chapter argues that in The Comedy of Errors, textual indeterminacy and error increases the thematic error of the confusion of the twins. Error is not something to correct automatically without altering the meaning of the play. The fourth chapter argues that the setting of the wood and its wandering characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream licenses the error of figurative language that wanders away from straightforward speech. The fifth chapter argues that the expansive category of genre falls into error in Cymbeline. The genre turns irrevocably from romance to a satire of James VI and I’s vision of the union. What emerges from the analysis of these permutations of error is that, in Shakespeare’s hands, error is not just a literary device. Error is valuable linguistically, dramatically, politically and textually; in order to understand it, we must resist the ideology of standardisation that privileges what is ‘good’ and ‘correct’. Attending to Shakespearean error demonstrates the need to think beyond the paradigm of the right, and attend to the political implications of ‘wrongness’ and its creative literary employment.
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Ceccarini, Francesco. "The grasping side of post-error slowing." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426244.
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“Errare humanum est, sed in errore perseverare diabolicum” is probably one of the most famous quote by Seneca. The central message of this quote is that humans are error-prone by nature, and that immediate steps need to be taken to ensure that the same errors are avoided in the future. Indeed, reacting efficiently to our errors is a fundamental ability to interact with the outside world. For this reason, error reactivity is the focus of a growing body of research in cognitive neuroscience. In this respect, the study of the brain mechanisms underlying error processing has greatly advanced in the last few years. The discovery of specific event-related potentials, such as the error-related negativity (ERN), and of neural networks associated to error commission have contributed to our understanding of the processes taking place after error commission.
If, on the one hand, the findings obtained in neuroimaging studies on error processing seem to be robust and consistent, on the other hand how such neural activity translates into a differential movement pattern has yet to be fully understood. So far what is known is that people tend to respond more slowly after making an error, an effect termed post-error slowing (PES; Rabbitt, 1966). PES has been traditionally hypothesized to reflect a strategic increase in response caution, aimed at preventing the occurrence of new errors. This interpretation of PES, however, has been challenged on multiple fronts. Firstly, recent investigations have suggested that errors may produce a decrement in performance accuracy and that PES might occur because error processing has a detrimental effect on subsequent information processing. Secondly, this research has been criticized because of the limited ecological validity of speeded RT tasks. The present work aims to extend previous literature by investigating for the first time the post-error effect in the context of realistic goal-directed actions. For this purpose I examined the effect of errors on both the preparation and the execution of reach-to-grasp movements. The introductory section of this thesis will focus on some of the most important empirical data acquired during the last years of research in experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience regarding error-reactivity. In Chapter 1, after a detailed introduction to behavioral adjustments following errors (sections 1.1 and 1.2), a set of neuroimaging studies investigating the neural mechanisms underlying error-reactivity will be exposed (section 1.3). Then, I shall review the most important theoretical accounts of error-reactivity (section 1.5). In Chapter 2, I shall introduce the experimental window used to explore PES in the context of goal directed actions, namely the reach to grasp movement. The second part of the present thesis concerns the experimental work I undertook. Chapter 3 provides a description of the general methodology common to the entire experimental work. In the first experiment (Chapter 4) a novel task to study error-reactivity will be described.
Participants were asked to reach out and grasp a steel ball positioned upon a wooden support, without knock it over. In addition to RTs, a kinematical analysis was performed in order to asses if error-reactivity extends at the level of movement execution. In a subsequent experiment (Chapter 5), a similar paradigm was adopted, but the task was chiefly concerned with a reaching movement. This experiment was ran with the specific aim to investigate whether error-reactivity has a different impact on the grasping and the reaching components or whether it produces an unspecific slowdown of the whole movement. In Chapter 6, I shall describe an experiment in which kinematical analysis was coupled with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in order to measure corticospinal excitability after an error and whether behavioral and neural measures do correlate in such circumstances. In a further experiment (Chapter 7) the effect of error observation on the reach-to-grasp movement was examined via kinematical analysis. A general discussion (Chapter 8), contextualizing the results obtained by the studies presented in the present thesis will follow. Overall, these studies
will help to understand how error-reactivity influence our behavior and the way errors are interpreted and evaluated by the human mind.“Errare humanum est, sed in errore perseverare diabolicum” è probabilmente uno dei più famosi aforismi di Seneca. Il messaggio centrale di questo aforisma è che gli umani sono portati a commettere errori per natura, ma sono anche in grado di prendere le dovute precauzioni in modo che questi errori non siano reiterati nel futuro. Infatti, reagire efficientemente ad un errore, è una abilità fondamentale per interagire con il nostro ambiente. Per tale ragione, la “reattività agli errori” rappresenta oggi un tema importante per le neuroscienze cognitive. La scoperta di potenziali evento-relati, come l’error-related negativity (ERN), e di specifici network neurali hanno contribuito alla nostra comprensione dei processi che intervengono dopo un errore. Tuttavia, se da una parte, le scoperte in ambito neurofisiologico sembrano robuste e consistenti, dall’altra non è del tutto chiaro come tali cambiamenti neurali influenzino il nostro comportamento. Allo stato attuale, un’evidenza empirica molto robusta è che dopo un errore, le nostre risposte tendono ad essere più lente, un effetto conosciuto come post-error slowing (PES; Rabbitt). È stato ipotizzato che il PES riflette la maggiore cautela con cui gli umani si apprestano ad una nuova azione dopo un errore. Questa interpretazione del PES, tuttavia, è stata messa in discussione, da diverse ricerche. In primo luogo, alcuni studi hanno suggerito che il PES potrebbe verificarsi in quanto l’elaborazione dell’errore influenza negativamente l’elaborazione delle altre informazioni. In secondo luogo, gli studi precedenti sul PES sono stati criticati a causa della scarsa validità ecologica dei paradigmi sperimentali utilizzati. Lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di studiare le conseguenze degli errori in un contesto più realistico, ovvero quello dei movimenti diretti ad uno scopo. A tal fine, ho esaminato come gli errori influenzano la preparazione e l’esecuzione del movimento di prensione. La sezione introduttiva di questa tesi si focalizzerà sui più recenti risultati empirici riguardanti la reattività agli errori. Nel Capitolo 1, dopo una dettagliata introduzione degli aggiustamenti comportamentali successivi a un errore (sezione 1.1 e 1.2), descriverò i principali studi di neuroimmagine che hanno analizzato le basi neurali della reattività agli errori (sezione 1.3). Nel Capitolo 2, introdurrò la finestra sperimentale che ho utilizzato per studiare il PES. In particolare, descriverò il movimento di prensione. Nella seconda parte della tesi descriverò gli esperimenti che ho svolto. Nel Capitolo 3, fornirò una descrizione generale della metodologia utilizzata. Nel primo esperimento (Capitolo 4), presenterò il nuovo compito sperimentale che ho utilizzato per studiare la reattività agli errori. In particolare, in questo esperimento ai partecipanti era richiesto di afferrare una biglia di acciaio posta in equilibrio su un supporto di legno, senza farlo cadere. Oltre ai tempi di reazione, ho utilizzato l’analisi cinematica, al fine di verificare se gli aggiustamenti comportamentali influenzano l’esecuzione del movimento, oltre che la pianificazione. Nell’esperimento successivo (Capitolo 5), ho utilizzato un paradigma sperimentale simile. Ai soggetti era richiesto di raggiungere e sfiorare con la mano il supporto, senza farlo cadere. Questo esperimento è stato svolto per verificare se la reattività all’errore ha un impatto diverso sulla componente di raggiungimento e su quella di prensione o se invece produce un rallentamento aspecifico dell’intero movimento. Nel Capitolo 6, descriverò un esperimento in cui l’analisi cinematica è stata accoppiata con la stimolazione magnetica transcranica, per verificare se l’eccitabilità cortico-spinale è influenzata dagli errori e per individuare potenziali correlazioni fra le misure cinematiche e neurofisiologiche. Nel Capitolo 7, ho esaminato se l’osservazione di un errore influenza il nostro comportamento, mediante l’analisi cinematica. Nel Capitolo 8, contestualizzerò i risultati ottenuti alla luce della letteratura precedente. In generale gli studi proposti in questa tesi contribuiranno a capire come gli errori influenzano il nostro comportamento e come gli errori sono interpretati e valutati a livello cognitivo.
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Ozores, Ana Luiza Festa. "Entendendo alguns erros do Ensino Fundamental II que os alunos mantêm ao final do Ensino Médio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45135/tde-28102017-073627/.
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É natural considerar o erro como algo que deve ser evitado, um indicador de mau desempenho. Desde pequenas, as crianças são habituadas a buscar os acertos, de forma que, quando o raciocínio está errado, elas devem refazê-lo. Tal resultado é cobrado em casa pela família e na escola pelos educadores. Porém, o erro é o mais antigo elemento no processo de aprendizagem, e, além de ser um indicador de desempenho, o erro também mostra aquilo que o aluno sabe ou pensa ter compreendido. É possível notar que alguns alunos do Ensino Médio mantêm erros e dúvidas que deveriam ter sido sanados ao longo do Ensino Fundamental. Neste trabalho, será analisado o porquê de essas dúvidas ainda se apresentarem, pois a análise desses erros pode auxiliar tanto o aluno como o professor. O aluno, com uma devolutiva do que foi feito para tentar aprimorar o seu saber e o professor, levando-o a elaborar novas estratégias didáticas e planos de ensino que melhor se adaptem ao seu público alvo.It is expected to consider the error as something that must be avoided, a non-satisfactory performance indicator. Since childhood, the human being is used to seek the right answers, so that, when the reasoning is wrong, he/she should remake it. Such outcome is charged at home by the family and at school by the teachers. However, the error is the oldest element in the learning process and, in addition to being a performance indicator, the error also shows something that the student knows or thinks he/she has understood. It is possible to notice that some high school students make some mistakes or has some doubts that were supposed to be clarified during the elementary school. In this paper, it will be analyzed the reason why these doubts are still present, because the analysis of these errors can help both students and teachers. The students, with a feedback of what has been done to try to improve their knowledge and the teacher, leading him to design new teaching strategies and lesson plans to best suit his/her target audience.
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Ng, Wing-han Christina. "Does error correction lead to error reduction?" Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B26173347.
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Rodriguez, Marcos Alonso. "Critical leadership : from error prevention to error learning." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540603.
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Hällsten, Svetlana. "Error decó." Thesis, Konstfack, Textil, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-3627.
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Paziani, Fabricio Tadeu. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema automatizado e dedicado de medição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-21092015-102558/.
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Sistemas dedicados de medição são especialmente recomendados para a inspeção repetida de uma característica mecânica. Entretanto, instrumentos e sistemas de medição apresentam erros que deterioram o resultado da inspeção. Tal circunstância demanda a aplicação de técnicas de separação de erros que viabilizem o desacoplamento dos erros induzidos pelo sistema de medição daqueles apresentados pelas peças medidas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um sistema automatizado e dedicado à medição de erros de retilineidade e circularidade em componentes mecânicos. Um robô industrial foi empregado para operar dispositivos de medição específicos para cada tipo de medida. Entretanto, robôs industriais apresentam erros de posicionamento relativamente grandes que impedem a utilização do sistema de coordenadas do equipamento como referência para medições precisas. Para minimizar o efeito dos erros do sistema de medição sobre o valor medido, foram aplicadas técnicas multi-sensoriais de separação de erros. Na medição do erro de retilineidade, uma nova abordagem foi desenvolvida para minimizar a influência do erro de posicionamento axial dos sensores, que constitui a maior fonte de erros no processo de desacoplamento. Foram realizadas simulações computacionais e testes experimentais aplicados à medição do erro de retilineidade e de circularidade de vários artefatos que comprovaram a efetividade da metodologia utilizada.Dedicated measuring systems are particularly recommended for the repetitive inspection of a mechanical feature. However, measuring instruments and systems present errors that deteriorate the result of the inspection. Such a circumstance demands the application of error separation techniques that perform decoupling of errors induced by the measuring system from part errors. This work aims to present an automated measuring system that is dedicated to the task of inspecting straightness and roundness errors in mechanical components. An industrial robot was employed to operate specific measuring devices for each measurement. However, industrial robots present relatively large positioning errors that prevent the use of their coordinate system as a reference to accurate measurements. In order to minimize the effect of the measuring system on the measured value, multi-probe error separation techniques were employed. On the straightness measurement, a new approach was developed to minimize the influence of the axial positioning error of the sensors, which consist of the major error source on the decoupling process. Computational simulations and experimental straightness and roundness tests were accomplished for various artefacts, which confirmed the effectiveness of the employed methodology.
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Bakar, Zulgarnain Abu. "Learners' perceptions of alternative types of error correction for pronunciation errors." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538606.
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Harlim, John. "Errors in the initial conditions for numerical weather prediction a study of error growth patterns and error reduction with ensemble filtering /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3430.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computation Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Atkinson, Andrew Robin. "The management of error in construction projects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318056/.
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The 'defects problem' has demanded considerable attention in recent years, with much emphasis given to the technical causes of failure. This research project examines the problem from a different point of view - that of human error. Taking as a starting point, technical publications in the construction industry, the research reviews human error literature from a variety of industries and perspectives and synthesises a model of error causation covering organisations in a construction project context. This model is then progressively tested in four studies, a general preliminary survey and three more detailed studies of house-building. Conclusions support the view that errors leading to failure in complex socio-technical systems often exhibit systems characteristics and involve the whole managerial structure. An improved model is proposed, which emphasises the importance of both project and general management errors.
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Papadakis, Vasilis. "Error detection and error concealment for MPEG2 over communication networks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0009/MQ39981.pdf.
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ANAND, RAJ B. "STATIC ERROR MODELING IN TURNING OPERATION AND ITS EFFECT ON FORM ERRORS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1204321952.
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Almlöf, Jonas. "Quantum error correction." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Kvantelektronik och -optik, QEO, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-106795.
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This thesis intends to familiarise the reader with quantum error correction, and also show some relations to the well known concept of information - and the lesser known quantum information. Quantum information describes how information can be carried by quantum states, and how interaction with other systems give rise to a full set of quantum phenomena, many of which have no correspondence in classical information theory. These phenomena include decoherence, as a consequence of entanglement. Decoherence can also be understood as "information leakage", i.e., knowledge of an event is transferred to the reservoir - an effect that in general destroys superpositions of pure states. It is possible to protect quantum states (e.g., qubits) from interaction with the environment - but not by amplification or duplication, due to the "no-cloning" theorem. Instead, this is done using coding, non-demolition measurements, and recovery operations. In a typical scenario, however, not all types of destructive events are likely to occur, but only those allowed by the information carrier, the type of interaction with the environment, and how the environment "picks up" information of the error events. These characteristics can be incorporated into a code, i.e., a channel-adapted quantum error-correcting code. Often, it is assumed that the environment's ability to distinguish between error events is small, and I will denote such environments "memory-less". This assumption is not always valid, since the ability to distinguish error events is related to the \emph{temperature} of the environment, and in the particular case of information coded onto photons, Denna avhandling är en introduktion till kvantfelrättning, där jag undersöker släktskapet med teorin om klassisk information - men också det mindre välkända området kvantinformation. Kvantinformation beskriver hur information kan bäras av kvanttillstånd, och hur växelverkan med andra system ger upphov till åtskilliga typer av fel och effekter, varav många saknar motsvarighet i den klassiska informationsteorin. Bland dessa effekter återfinns dekoherens - en konsekvens av s.k. sammanflätning. Dekoherens kan också förstås som "informationsläckage", det vill säga att kunskap om en händelse överförs till omgivningen - en effekt som i allmänhet förstör superpositioner i rena kvanttillstånd. Det är möjligt att med hjälp av kvantfelrättning skydda kvanttillstånd (t.ex. qubitar) från omgivningens påverkan, dock kan sådana tillstånd aldrig förstärkas eller dupliceras, p.g.a icke-kloningsteoremet. Tillstånden skyddas genom att införa redundans, varpå tillstånden interagerar med omgivningen. Felen identifieras m.h.a. icke-förstörande mätningar och återställs med unitära grindar och ancilla-tillstånd.Men i realiteten kommer inte alla tänkbara fel att inträffa, utan dessa begränsas av vilken informationsbärare som används, vilken interaktion som uppstår med omgivningen, samt hur omgivningen "fångar upp" information om felhändelserna. Med kunskap om sådan karakteristik kan man bygga koder, s.k. kanalanpassade kvantfelrättande koder. Vanligtvis antas att omgivningens förmåga att särskilja felhändelser är liten, och man kan då tala om en minneslös omgivning. Antagandet gäller inte alltid, då denna förmåga bestäms av reservoirens temperatur, och i det speciella fall då fotoner används som informationsbärare gäller typiskt
QC 20121206
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Anderson, O. E. "Grammatical error prediction." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595506.
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In this thesis, we investigate methods for automatic detection, and to some extent correction, of grammatical errors. The evaluation is based on manual error annotation in the Cambridge Learner Corpus (CLC), and automatic or semi-automatic annotation of error corpora is one possible application, but the methods are also applicable in other settings, for instance to give learners feedback on their writing or in a proofreading tool used to prepare texts for publication. Apart from the CLC, we use the British National Corpus (BNC) to get a better model of correct usage, WordNet for semantic relations, other machine-readable dictionaries for orthography/morphology, and the Robust Accurate Statistical Parsing (RASP) system to parse both the CLC and the BNC and thereby identify syntactic relations within the sentence. Different techniques are investigated, including: sentence-level binary classification based on machine-learning over n-grams of words, n-grams of part-of-speech tags and grammatical relations; automatic identification of features which are highly indicative of individual errors; and development of classifiers aimed more specifically at given error types, for instance concord errors based on syntactic structure and collocation errors based on co-occurrence statistics from BNC, using clustering to deal with data sparseness. We show that such techniques, when applied, can detect, and sometimes even correct, at least certain error types as well as or better than human annotators. We finally present an annotation experiment in which a human annotator corrects and supplements the automatic annotation, which confirms the high detection/correction accuracy of our system and furthermore shows that such a hybrid set-up gives higher-quality annotation with considerably less time and effort expended compared to fully manual annotation.
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Peikert, Christopher Jason. "Cryptographic error correction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38320.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-71).
It has been said that "cryptography is about concealing information, and coding theory is about revealing it." Despite these apparently conflicting goals, the two fields have common origins and many interesting relationships. In this thesis, we establish new connections between cryptography and coding theory in two ways: first, by applying cryptographic tools to solve classical problems from the theory of error correction; and second, by studying special kinds of codes that are motivated by cryptographic applications. In the first part of this thesis, we consider a model of error correction in which the source of errors is adversarial, but limited to feasible computation. In this model, we construct appealingly simple, general, and efficient cryptographic coding schemes which can recover from much larger error rates than schemes for classical models of adversarial noise. In the second part, we study collusion-secure fingerprinting codes, which are of fundamental importance in cryptographic applications like data watermarking and traitor tracing. We demonstrate tight lower bounds on the lengths of such codes by devising and analyzing a general collusive attack that works for any code.
by Christopher Jason Peikert.
Ph.D.
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Almlöf, Jonas. "Quantum error correction." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kvantelektronik och -optik, QEO, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-180533.
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Quantum error correction is the art of protecting quantum states from the detrimental influence from the environment. To master this art, one must understand how the system interacts with the environment and gives rise to a full set of quantum phenomena, many of which have no correspondence in classical information theory. Such phenomena include decoherence, an effect that in general destroys superpositions of pure states as a consequence of entanglement with the environment. But decoherence can also be understood as “information leakage”, i.e., when knowledge of an encoded code block is transferred to the environment. In this event, the block’s information or entanglement content is typically lost. In a typical scenario, however, not all types of destructive events are likely to occur, but only those allowed by the information carrier, the type of interaction with the environment, and how the environment “picks up” information of the error events. These characteristics can be incorporated into a code, i.e., a channel-adapted quantum error-correcting code. Often, it is assumed that the environment’s ability to distinguish between error events is small, and I will denote such environments “memory-less”. But this assumption is not always valid, since the ability to distinguish error events is related to the temperature of the environment, and in the particular case of information coded onto photons, kBTR «ℏω typically holds, and one must then assume that the environment has a “memory”. In the thesis I describe a short quantum error-correction code adapted for photons interacting with a “cold” reservoir, i.e., a reservoir which continuously probes what error occurred in the coded state. I also study other types of environments, and show how to distill meaningful figures of merit from codes adapted for these channels, as it turns out that resource-based figures reflecting both information and entanglement can be calculated exactly for a well-studied class of channels: the Pauli channels. Starting from these resource-based figures, I establish the notion of efficiency and quality and show that there will be a trade-off between efficiency and quality for short codes. Finally I show how to incorporate, into these calculations, the choices one has to make when handling quantum states that have been detected as incorrect, but where no prospect of correcting them exists, i.e., so-called detection errors.QC 20160115
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Kosek, Peter M. "Error Correcting Codes." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417508067.
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Altice, Nathan. "I Am Error." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/405.
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I Am Error is a platform study of the Nintendo Family Computer (or Famicom), a videogame console first released in Japan in July 1983 and later exported to the rest of the world as the Nintendo Entertainment System (or NES). The book investigates the underlying computational architecture of the console and its effects on the creative works (e.g. videogames) produced for the platform. I Am Error advances the concept of platform as a shifting configuration of hardware and software that extends even beyond its ‘native’ material construction. The book provides a deep technical understanding of how the platform was programmed and engineered, from code to silicon, including the design decisions that shaped both the expressive capabilities of the machine and the perception of videogames in general. The book also considers the platform beyond the console proper, including cartridges, controllers, peripherals, packaging, marketing, licensing, and play environments. Likewise, it analyzes the NES’s extension and afterlife in emulation and hacking, birthing new genres of creative expression such as ROM hacks and tool-assisted speed runs. I Am Error considers videogames and their platforms to be important objects of cultural expression, alongside cinema, dance, painting, theater and other media. It joins the discussion taking place in similar burgeoning disciplines—code studies, game studies, computational theory—that engage digital media with critical rigor and descriptive depth. But platform studies is not simply a technical discussion—it also keeps a keen eye on the cultural, social, and economic forces that influence videogames. No platform exists in a vacuum: circuits, code, and console alike are shaped by the currents of history, politics, economics, and culture—just as those currents are shaped in kind.
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Ragavan, Rengarajan. "Error handling and energy estimation for error resilient near-threshold computing." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S038/document.
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Les techniques de gestion dynamique de la tension (DVS) sont principalement utilisés dans la conception de circuits numériques pour en améliorer l'efficacité énergétique. Cependant, la réduction de la tension d'alimentation augmente l'impact de la variabilité et des erreurs temporelles dans les technologies nano-métriques. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de gérer les erreurs temporelles et de formuler un cadre pour estimer la consommation d'énergie d'applications résistantes aux erreurs dans le contexte du régime proche du seuil (NTR) des transistors. Dans cette thèse, la détection et la correction d'erreurs basées sur la spéculation dynamique sont explorées dans le contexte de l'adaptation de la tension et de la fréquence d‘horloge. Outre la détection et la correction des erreurs, certaines erreurs peuvent être également tolérées et les circuits peuvent calculer au-delà de leurs limites avec une précision réduite pour obtenir une plus grande efficacité énergétique. La méthode de détection et de correction d'erreur proposée atteint 71% d'overclocking avec seulement 2% de surcoût matériel. Ce travail implique une étude approfondie au niveau des portes logiques pour comprendre le comportement des portes sous l'effet de modification de la tension d'alimentation, de la tension de polarisation et de la fréquence d'horloge. Une approche ascendante est prise en étudiant les tendances de l'énergie par rapport a l'erreur des opérateurs arithmétiques au niveau du transistor. En se basant sur le profilage des opérateurs, un flot d'outils est formulé pour estimer les paramètres d'énergie et d'erreur pour différentes configurations. Nous atteignons une efficacité énergétique maximale de 89% pour les opérateurs arithmétiques comme les additionneurs 8 bits et 16 bits au prix de 20% de bits défectueux en opérant en NTR. Un modèle statistique est développé pour que les opérateurs arithmétiques représentent le comportement des opérateurs pour différents impacts de variabilité. Ce modèle est utilisé pour le calcul approximatif dans les applications qui peuvent tolérer une marge d'erreur acceptable. Cette méthode est ensuite explorée pour unité d'exécution d'un processeur VLIW. L'environnement proposé fournit une estimation rapide des indicateurs d'énergie et d'erreurs d'un programme de référence par compilation simple d'un programme C. Dans cette méthode d'estimation de l'énergie, la caractérisation des opérateurs se fait au niveau du transistor, et l'estimation de l'énergie se fait au niveau fonctionnel. Cette approche hybride rend l'estimation de l'énergie plus rapide et plus précise pour différentes configurations. Les résultats d'estimation pour différents programmes de référence montrent une précision de 98% par rapport à la simulation SPICEDynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technique is primarily used in digital design to enhance the energy efficiency by reducing the supply voltage of the design. However reduction in Vdd augments the impact of variability and timing errors in sub-nanometer designs. The main objective of this work is to handle timing errors, and to formulate a framework to estimate energy consumption of error resilient applications in the context of near-threshold regime (NTR). In this thesis, Dynamic Speculation based error detection and correction is explored in the context of adaptive voltage and clock overscaling. Apart from error detection and correction, some errors can also be tolerated or, in other words, circuits can be pushed beyond their limits to compute incorrectly to achieve higher energy efficiency. The proposed error detection and correction method achieves 71% overclocking with 2% additional hardware cost. This work involves extensive study of design at gate level to understand the behaviour of gates under overscaling of supply voltage, bias voltage and clock frequency (collectively called as operating triads). A bottom-up approach is taken: by studying trends of energy vs. error of basic arithmetic operators at transistor level. Based on the profiling of arithmetic operators, a tool flow is formulated to estimate energy and error metrics for different operating triads. We achieve maximum energy efficiency of 89% for arithmetic operators like 8-bit and 16-bit adders at the cost of 20% faulty bits by operating in NTR. A statistical model is developed for the arithmetic operators to represent the behaviour of the operators for different variability impacts. This model is used for approximate computing of error resilient applications that can tolerate acceptable margin of errors. This method is further explored for execution unit of a VLIW processor. The proposed framework provides quick estimation of energy and error metrics of a benchmark programs by simple compilation in a C compiler. In the proposed energy estimation framework, characterization of arithmetic operators is done at transistor level, and the energy estimation is done at functional level. This hybrid approach makes energy estimation faster and accurate for different operating triads. The proposed framework estimates energy for different benchmark programs with 98% accuracy compared to SPICE simulation
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Baker, Troy Andrew Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "The nature of error, error detection and automaticity in skilled behaviour." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Psychology, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23363.
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This series of research attempted to clarify a number of issues relating to highly skilled performance including the frequency and nature of errors, the error detection capabilities and the purported role of automaticity in the production of skilled behaviour. The first study applied Rasmussen???s (1980) skill-, rule- and knowledge-based behaviour taxonomy to examine the frequency and nature of errors in skilled and highly skilled behaviour. Results provided an estimate of the frequency of skill-based errors, which has been unavailable in previous diary studies. A significantly lower proportion of skill-based errors were reported by elite compared with recreational golfers, suggesting that a characteristic of highly skilled behaviour is a reduction in the tendency toward minimal levels of cognitive control exhibited in everyday tasks and by those of lesser skill. In order to establish the level of insight skilled performers have into their actions, the second study manipulated visual feedback to examine the detection of error in elite and recreational golfers. Results indicated that an increase in skill was associated with an increase in the ability to detect error, however the error detection capability of elite players was far from perfect with fewer than 60% of marginal errors detected. Visual confirmation of the outcome is apparently necessary for precise error detection even in highly skilled golfers. In addition, both elite and recreational golfers attributed errors to poor concentration, yet this result appeared to be dependent upon observation of the error. Elite and recreational golfers reported attending to cues relating to the target, rhythm and technique during execution of the golf swing. The final series of experiments examined the effect of a sudden irrelevant sound on the performance of elite and recreational golfers. The first phase of this series of experiments demonstrated that an irrelevant sound occurring during the golf swing could disrupt the performance of elite and recreational players. The second experiment suggested that, in elite golfers, the disruption of performance was most likely an orienting response to the sudden noise. The results of these studies suggest that although attentional resources become available with the progression to skilled behaviour, even a highly proceduralised movement sequence, such as the golf swing, never becomes completely resource free. The final experiment suggested that increasing the attentional engagement of elite golfers could attenuate the negative impact of a sudden irrelevant sound on performance. Whilst there is no question of a tendency towards automaticity with extended practice, overall the research questions the proposition that highly skilled behaviour is characterised by a literal interpretation of automaticity, either in the planning or execution of movement, or in relation to error detection.
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Mei, Yan. "Combined forward error correction and error concealment for digital video transmission." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ64061.pdf.
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Monzani, Aline Aparecida Silva. ""A ponta do iceberg: o método de notificação de erros de medicação em um hospital geral privado no município de Campinas-SP"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-16082006-223547/.
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Observações realizadas na prática de enfermagem indicam que erros na administração de medicamentos são passíveis de ocorrer e, de fato ocorrem. Como causas têm-se, entre outras, a sobrecarga de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem, o conhecimento insuficiente sobre os medicamentos, número elevado de medicamentos lançados no mercado anualmente, a qualidade das prescrições médicas, enfim, falhas no sistema de medicação de uma maneira geral. Uma forma de diminuir os erros de medicação é a sua notificação, o que permite o estudo das suas causas, podendo então preveni-los. Desta forma, este estudo foi desenvolvido com os seguintes objetivos: descrever e analisar os erros de medicação notificados em um Hospital Geral Privado no município de Campinas-SP e o relatório de ocorrências utilizado por esta instituição e, propor um relatório de erros de medicação. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório, retrospectivo e longitudinal, que foi dividido em duas fases: na primeira foi realizada a análise dos erros de medicação ocorridos e na segunda fase a entrevista com os profissionais. Foram analisados 39 erros de medicação no período de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2005, onde 13 (33,3%) estavam relacionados à administração de medicamento não prescrito e 10 (25,6%) a erros de omissão. A entrevista foi realizada com 64 profissionais e destes, 45 (70,3%) não conhecem o relatório de ocorrências utilizado na instituição. Dos 19 (29,7%) profissionais que o conhecem, todos o consideram adequado para o relato dos erros de medicação, além disso, 30 (46,9%) profissionais acreditam que os erros de medicação são notificados na instituição. Entretanto com o número de erros notificados em um período de 6 anos, ficou claro que a subnotificação é uma realidade vivenciada pela instituição. Desta forma, foi proposto um modelo de relatório de notificação de erros, estruturado de acordo com dados da literatura e de órgãos e instituições governamentais. Conclui-se que os profissionais da instituição não têm conhecimento da situação atual vivenciada pela instituição com relação aos erros de medicação e à subnotificação destes erros. Além disso, o relatório de ocorrências da instituição está incompleto, necessita ser revisado e divulgado dentro da instituição a fim de envolver toda a equipe multidisciplinar, aumentar o número de erros relatados e desta forma, implementar estratégias de ação para evitar novos erros e, consequentemente, aumentar a segurança dos pacientes e a qualidade da assistência prestada.Observations made within nursing practice indicate that errors in the ministering of medicaments are liable to occur and in fact they do. As causes, amongst others, there is the workload of the nursing team, the insufficient knowledge of medicaments, the large number of medicaments launched in the market each year, the quality of medical prescriptions, ultimately, failure in the medication system in a general manner. One way to lower medication errors is to notify them, which leads to the study of the causes and enables their prevention. In this way, this study was developed with the following objectives: to describe and analyze the notified medication errors in a General Private Hospital in the city of Campinas-SP and the incident report used by the institution and propose a report on medication errors. This deals with a longitudinal and retrospective study which is exploratory, descriptive and divided into two fases: in the first an analysis of the medication errors was performed and in the second an interview with the professionals. In the period of January 1999 to December 2005, 39 medication errors were analyzed, whereby 13 (33,3%) were related to the ministering of non-prescribed medication and 10 (25,6%) were related to errors of omission. The interview was performed with 64 professionals and of these, 45 (70,3%) did not know about the incident report used at the institution. Of the 19 (29,7%) professional who did know about the report, all considered it to be adequate for reporting medication errors. In addition to this, 30 (46,9%) professionals believe that medication errors are notified to the institution. However with the low number of errors notified in the period of 6 years, it is clear that the true picture at the institution is quite different. Due to this, a model of Error Notification Report, that was structured according to data from literature and from governmental organs and institutions, was proposed. It is concluded that the professionals of this institution have no knowledge of the present situation, which occurs inside their institution. Also, the institutions incident report is incomplete, needs to be revised and disclosed within the institution in order to involve the entire multi-disciplinary team, increase the number of errors reported, thereby implementing action strategies to avoid new errors and consequently increase the safety of patients and the quality of the rendered assistance.
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Morais, César Augusto Galvão de. "Modelos de sintetização plena e reduzida de erros em máquinas de medir por coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18146/tde-30082012-102246/.
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A atual competitividade da economia mundial exige um controle de qualidade sofisticado em indústrias de manufatura, pois, devido ao grande número de empresas do setor são constantes as exigências de melhorias na produção. Deste modo, sistemas de medição rápidos, precisos e flexíveis como a MMC (Máquina de Medir por Coordenada) são introduzidos junto ao processo produtivo e, no que se refere à inspeção dimensional, eles proporcionam os quesitos pretendidos. Como todas as máquinas, a MMC está suscetível a erros, o que resulta em valores errôneos de sua resposta de leitura. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal do trabalho é descrever uma metodologia para efetuar um levantamento de erros em uma MMC, equacionando e quantificando nas suas direções preferenciais os erros incidentes durante um procedimento de medição. O levantamento de erros foi realizado em uma MMC do tipo ponte móvel sob as formas, teórica e experimental. A metodologia aplicada sob a forma teórica foi elaborada pelo método reduzido de sintetização de erros e pelo método pleno de sintetização de erros. Para estas sintetizações foram desenvolvidos matematicamente modelos da máquina por meio de uma análise de sua estrutura e também utilizando a teoria das transformações homogêneas. O levantamento de erros sob a forma experimental, sintetização experimental de erros, foi realizado de forma plena, obtendo valores dos 21 erros individuais. Para este método, foi utilizado canhão laser de medição, conjunto de óticas de medição por interferometria, apalpador eletrônico, nível eletrônico, esquadro mecânico de granito, além de dispositivos de fixação. Por meio dos valores obtidos na sintetização experimental permitiu-se conhecer a influência dos erros na ponta da sonda de medição. Os resultados mostraram que o eixo \"Z\" apresentou os menores erros de rotação, com amplitude menor que 1,7 arcoseg, contrariamente aos eixos \"X\" e \"Y\". Constatou-se que as sintetizações de erros apresentadas podem ser empregadas como técnica de error budget, pois permitem conhecer os erros da máquina de medir por coordenadas e também rastreá-los em todo o seu volume de trabalho.The current competitiveness of the global economy requires a sophisticated quality control in manufacturing industries, because, due to the large number of companies in this sector are constant the requirements of improvements in production. Thus, fast, accurate and flexible, systems of measurement as the CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) are introduced at production process and, with respect to dimensional inspection, this provides the qualities intended. Like all machines, the CMM is susceptible to errors, resulting in erroneous values of their reading response. In this context, the main objective of the study is to describe a methodology of error budget in a CMM, equating and quantifying in their preferred directions the errors incidents during a measurement procedure. The error budget was held in a moving bridge CMM in the forms, theoretical and experimental. The methodology applied in the theoretical form was developed by the method of reduced synthesizing technique of errors and the method of synthesizing technique of errors. For these synths were developed mathematical models of the machine by way of an analysis of its structure and also using the homogeneous transformations. The experimental synthesizing technique of errors was made with obtaining the individual values of 21 errors. For this method, was used a laser measurement, optical set of measurement by interferometry, electronic probe, electronic level, granite square, and fixation devices. Through the values obtained in the experimental synthesizing technique enabled to know the influence of errors on the tip of the probe. The results showed that the \"Z\" axis had the lowest errors of rotation, with amplitude less than 1.7 arcoseg, contrary to the axis \"X\" and \"Y\". It was verified that the methods of synthesizing technique of errors can be used as error budget, because they provide to know the errors of a coordinate measuring machine and also trace them throughout their volume.
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Rodehacke, Sarah, Eva Mennigen, Kathrin U. Müller, Stephan Ripke, Mark J. Jacob, Thomas Hübner, Dirk H. K. Schmidt, Thomas Goschke, and Michael N. Smolka. "Interindividual Differences in Mid-Adolescents in Error Monitoring and Post-Error Adjustment." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-147418.
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A number of studies have concluded that cognitive control is not fully established until late adolescence. The precise differences in brain function between adults and adolescents with respect to cognitive control, however, remain unclear. To address this issue, we conducted a study in which 185 adolescents (mean age (SD) 14.6 (0.3) years) and 28 adults (mean age (SD) 25.2 (6.3) years) performed a single task that included both a stimulus-response (S-R) interference component and a task-switching component. Behavioural responses (i.e. reaction time, RT; error rate, ER) and brain activity during correct, error and post-error trials, detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), were measured. Behaviourally, RT and ER were significantly higher in incongruent than in congruent trials and in switch than in repeat trials. The two groups did not differ in RT during correct trials, but adolescents had a significantly higher ER than adults. In line with similar RTs, brain responses during correct trials did not differ between groups, indicating that adolescents and adults engage the same cognitive control network to successfully overcome S-R interference or task switches. Interestingly, adolescents with stronger brain activation in the bilateral insulae during error trials and in fronto-parietal regions of the cognitive control network during post-error trials did have lower ERs. This indicates that those mid-adolescents who commit fewer errors are better at monitoring their performance, and after detecting errors are more capable of flexibly allocating further cognitive control resources. Although we did not detect a convincing neural correlate of the observed behavioural differences between adolescents and adults, the revealed interindividual differences in adolescents might at least in part be due to brain development.
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Carruthers, Samanthan Jane. "Latent preconditions of medication administration errors : development of a proactive error-management tool." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/623/.
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latrogenic injury has been found to occur in around 10% of UK hospital admissions, equating to the harm of approximately 850,000 patients each year. The Department of Health has made repeated calls for NHS research to learn from proactive error management techniques (EMTs) employed within other 'safety-critical' organisations (DOH 2000,2001). The aim of this research was to develop a valid and reliable proactive measure of latent organisational failures (EMT) for use in secondary care using a psychological theory of organisational accidents (Reason, 1990,1997). This theory purports that errors occur as a result of a complex interaction between unsafe acts and systemic organisational weaknesses known as latent failures. This tool will be used to measure and monitor organisational safety in health care and predict the likelihood of medication administration errors (MAEs). Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted in study I with qualified nurses from several general medical wards and senior managers from Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Using error vignettes, participants were asked to discuss their perceptions of error causation. Additional qualitative data was collected using clinical observations and incident report review. Using thematic content analysis, ten latent workplace and organisational causes of MAEs were identified, consistent with psychological error theory and error causes evidenced within other safety-critical industries (Reason, 1997; Groeneweg, 1992; Helmreich, 2000; Colla et al., 2005), including team functioning, human resources, culture and training. In ternis of Reason's organisational accident model, combining three pools of independent qualitative data afforded an in-depth exploration of latent error causes at an individual (e. g. unsafe practices), workplace (e. g. team functioning) and organisational level (e. g. use of policies and protocols). Study 2 was conducted to conceptualize identified latent preconditions of MAE within a proactive questionnaire measure; the Organisational Safety Questionnaire (OSQ). Revisiting qualitative data collected in Study 1, this study explored the ways in which each latent organisational failure would manifest at a hospital ward level. One hundred and forty-five safety indicators were generated based on these manifestations of poor safety. Pilot studies to test the face validity of indicators and content analysis to remove less commonly endorsed items led to refinement of the tool to 82 items. Given several notable drawbacks to using NHS formal incident reporting systems as an outcome measure, study 3 was conducted to develop an independent measure of MAEs against which to test the predictive validity of the OSQ (the Drug Round Behaviour questionnaire; DRBQ). This study explored the types of MAEs which can arise in secondary care as a direct or indirect result of the ten latent preconditions. Using the qualitative data obtained in study 1, a 27-item measure of 10 types of MAE (NCC MERP, 1995) was developed which was not reliant upon adverse patient outcomes and intended to also capture near misses. After a pilot study was conducted to improve the construct and face validity of the tool, 13 items which reflected 7 types of MAE had good face validity and were retained for study 4. The final study was conducted to measure the validity and reliability of the OSQ. The 82-item OSQ was administered to qualified and unqualified nurses working in 54 clinical areas across 2 two Bradford hospitals. Analysis revealed that the OSQ was relevant for all qualified nurses working in 34 of these clinical areas. Although developed as 10 subscales representing 10 latent preconditions of MAE, factor analysis yielded only one overall construct from 28 items named 'organisational safety'. However, these items reflected 8 of the 10 proposed predictors of MAE which supports their role in the occurrence of MAE. The 28-item OSQ had good internal consistency and concurrent validity (with an independent 9-item measure of local safety culture; Vogus & Sutcliffe, 2007). While the OSQ was significantly predictive of MAEs measured by the DRBQ, it did not significantly predict formally reported incidents. However, this may have been an artefact of low statistical power which may have been improved with a larger sample. Finally, high safety risk wards said they were less likely to formally report their errors than lower risk wards, yet all wards reported a similar number of incidents. It is proposed that high risk wards report a comparatively smaller percentage of the errors which actually occur compared to lower risk wards due to poorer safety cultures. Interestingly, high safety risk wards admitted making significantly more MAEs on the DRBQ than 'safer' wards suggesting the DRBQ was a more sensitive measure of the actual number of drug administration errors occurring on wards. The Organisational Safety Questionnaire represents a novel, valid and reliable proactive measure of safety which is not currently available in health care which would be useful in measuring the effects on systems interventions and other organisational changes. This thesis has explored and identified latent organisational causes of medication administration errors in secondary care and used methodological techniques used in other safety-critical industries to develop a valid and reliable measure of organisational safety which was successful in predicting medication administration errors. Findings are discussed in terms of the benefit of rigorous qualitative methods in this type of research and the direction of future research which could examine the generaliseability of the tool to other health care professionals or fields of medicine
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Abdelhamid, Awad Aly Ahmed Sala. "Quantum error control codes." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85910.
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It is conjectured that quantum computers are able to solve certain problems more
quickly than any deterministic or probabilistic computer. For instance, Shor's algorithm
is able to factor large integers in polynomial time on a quantum computer.
A quantum computer exploits the rules of quantum mechanics to speed up computations.
However, it is a formidable task to build a quantum computer, since the
quantum mechanical systems storing the information unavoidably interact with their
environment. Therefore, one has to mitigate the resulting noise and decoherence
effects to avoid computational errors.
In this dissertation, I study various aspects of quantum error control codes - the key component of fault-tolerant quantum information processing. I present the
fundamental theory and necessary background of quantum codes and construct many
families of quantum block and convolutional codes over finite fields, in addition to
families of subsystem codes. This dissertation is organized into three parts:
Quantum Block Codes. After introducing the theory of quantum block codes, I
establish conditions when BCH codes are self-orthogonal (or dual-containing)
with respect to Euclidean and Hermitian inner products. In particular, I derive
two families of nonbinary quantum BCH codes using the stabilizer formalism. I study duadic codes and establish the existence of families of degenerate quantum
codes, as well as families of quantum codes derived from projective geometries.
Subsystem Codes. Subsystem codes form a new class of quantum codes in which
the underlying classical codes do not need to be self-orthogonal. I give an
introduction to subsystem codes and present several methods for subsystem
code constructions. I derive families of subsystem codes from classical BCH and
RS codes and establish a family of optimal MDS subsystem codes. I establish
propagation rules of subsystem codes and construct tables of upper and lower
bounds on subsystem code parameters.
Quantum Convolutional Codes. Quantum convolutional codes are particularly
well-suited for communication applications. I develop the theory of quantum
convolutional codes and give families of quantum convolutional codes based
on RS codes. Furthermore, I establish a bound on the code parameters of
quantum convolutional codes - the generalized Singleton bound. I develop a
general framework for deriving convolutional codes from block codes and use it
to derive families of non-catastrophic quantum convolutional codes from BCH
codes.
The dissertation concludes with a discussion of some open problems.
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Natu, Ambarish Shrikrishna Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Error resilience in JPEG2000." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/18835.
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The rapid growth of wireless communication and widespread access to information has resulted in a strong demand for robust transmission of compressed images over wireless channels. The challenge of robust transmission is to protect the compressed image data against loss, in such a way as to maximize the received image quality. This thesis addresses this problem and provides an investigation of a forward error correction (FEC) technique that has been evaluated in the context of the emerging JPEG2000 standard. Not much effort has been made in the JPEG2000 project regarding error resilience. The only techniques standardized are based on insertion of marker codes in the code-stream, which may be used to restore high-level synchronization between the decoder and the code-stream. This helps to localize error and prevent it from propagating through the entire code-stream. Once synchronization is achieved, additional tools aim to exploit as much of the remaining data as possible. Although these techniques help, they cannot recover lost data. FEC adds redundancy into the bit-stream, in exchange for increased robustness to errors. We investigate unequal protection schemes for JPEG2000 by applying different levels of protection to different quality layers in the code-stream. More particularly, the results reported in this thesis provide guidance concerning the selection of JPEG2000 coding parameters and appropriate combinations of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes for typical wireless bit error rates. We find that unequal protection schemes together with the use of resynchronization makers and some additional tools can significantly improve the image quality in deteriorating channel conditions. The proposed channel coding scheme is easily incorporated into the existing JPEG2000 code-stream structure and experimental results clearly demonstrate the viability of our approach
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Jeffs, Stephen David. "Error correction in memory /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsj474.pdf.
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Bashir, Saghir Ahmed. "Measurement error in epidemiology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264544.
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Robinson, Anthony John. "Dynamic error propagation networks." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303145.
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Hourizi, Rachid. "Awareness beyond mode error." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516906.
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Zhang, Wenbo. "Unary error correction coding." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/419401/.
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In this thesis, we introduce the novel concept of Unary Error Correction (UEC) coding. Our UEC code is a Joint Source and Channel Coding (JSCC) scheme conceived for performing both the compression and error correction of multimedia information during its transmission from an encoder to a decoder. The UEC encoder generates a bit sequence by concatenating and encoding unary codewords, while the decoder operates on the basis of a trellis that has only a modest complexity, even when the source symbol values are selected from a set having an infinite cardinality, such as the set of all positive integers. This trellis is designed so that the transitions between its states are synchronous with the transitions between the consecutive unary codewords in the concatenated bit sequence. This allows the UEC decoder to exploit any residual redundancy that remains following UEC encoding for the purpose of error correction by using the classic Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv (BCJR) algorithm. Owing to this, the UEC code is capable of mitigating any potential capacity loss, hence facilitating near-capacity operation, even when the cardinality of the symbol value set is infinite. We investigate the applications, characteristics and performance of the UEC code in the context of digital telecommunications. Firstly, we propose an adaptive UEC design for expediting the decoding process. By concatenating the UEC code with a turbo code, we conceive a three-stage concatenated adaptive iterative decoding technique. A Three-Dimensional (3D) EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart technique is proposed for both controlling the dynamic adaptation of the UEC trellis decoder, as well as for controlling the activation order between the UEC decoder and the turbo decoder. Secondly, we develop an irregular UEC design for ‘nearer-capacity’ operation. The irregular scheme employs different UEC parametrizations for the coding of different subsets of each message frame, operating on the basis of a single irregular trellis having a novel structure. This allows the irregularity to be controlled on a fine-grained bit-by-bit basis, rather than on a symbol-by-symbol basis. Hence, nearer-to-capacity operation is facilitated by exploiting this fine-grained control of the irregularity. Thirdly, we propose a learning-aided UEC design for transmitting symbol values selected from unknown and non-stationary probability distributions. The learning-aided UEC scheme is capable of heuristically inferring the source symbol distribution, hence eliminating the requirement of any prior knowledge of the symbol occurrence probabilities at either the transmitter or the receiver. This is achieved by inferring the source distribution based on the received symbols and by feeding this information back to the decoder. In this way, the quality of the recovered symbols and the estimate of the source distribution can be gradually improved in successive frames, hence allowing reliable near-capacity operation to be achieved, even if the source is unknown and non-stationary. Finally, we demonstrate that the research illustrated in this thesis can be extended in several directions, by highlighting a number of opportunities for future work. The techniques proposed for enhancing the UEC code can be extended to the Rice Error Correction (RiceEC) code, to the Elias Gamma Error Correction (EGEC) code and to the Exponential Golomb Error Correction (ExpGEC) code. In this way, our UEC scheme may be extended to the family of universal error correction codes, which facilitate the nearcapacity transmission of infinite-cardinality symbol alphabets having any arbitrary monotonic probability distribution, as well as providing a wider range of applications. With these benefits, this thesis may contribute to future standards for the reliable near-capacity transmission of multimedia information, having significant technical and economic impact.
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Whitehouse, Steven John. "Error resilient image compression." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621935.
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Arborgh, John. "Error Syntax : Tre bilduppgifter." Thesis, Konstfack, IBIS - Institutionen för bild- och slöjdpedagogik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5602.
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Syftet med mitt arbete är att undersöka hur jag som bildlärare kan skapa förutsättningar för lärandet av programmering i bildämnet. Detta undersöker jag genom att designa tre bilduppgifter som har med programmering att göra. Min frågeställning är: Hur kan jag som bildlärare skapa förutsättningar för lärandet av programmering i bildämnet? För att undersöka denna fråga kommer jag att fokusera på dessa underfrågor: Vilka är mina intentioner kring förutsättningar för lärandet av programmering i bildämnet? Hur kan jag iscensätta mina intentioner? Hur upplevs mina iscensättningar?Min designprocess består av tre steg. Först identifierar jag problem inom lärandet av programmering i skolan. Detta gör jag med hjälp av tidigare forskning i form av två avhandlingar. Ett problem som beskrivs är att många lärare anser att inte alla elever kan uppnå godkänt betyg och att en förändring i pedagogiken inte hjälper.2 I våra skolor är det även vanligt med ett fokus på lärandet av syntax samtidigt som lärandet av problemlösning hamnar i baksätet.3 Att kunna programmera handlar allt för ofta om att bara kunna skriva kod. De problem som jag vill lyfta fram i mitt arbete är: 1. Ordet programmering betyder olika saker för olika personer. 2. När vi lär oss programmering ligger fokus på syntax istället för problemlösning. För att undersöka dessa problem så vill jag: 1. Synliggöra vad programmering betyder för mig.2. Lägga fokus på problemlösning och ett undersökande av programmering.1Bild 1. 2Rolandsson, Lennart (2015), Programmed or not, Stockholm: KTH, s. 57 ff. 3Winslow, Leon E (1996), Programming pedagogy – A psychological Overview, New York: ACM, s. 21.3I nästa steg designar jag tre bilduppgifter. De är inspirerade av lärare, konstnärer och min egen konstnärliga utbildning. De programmeringsverktyg som bilduppgifterna låter oss undersöka är: Instruering, slinga och selektion. I sista steget av min designprocess så testar jag bilduppgifterna med tre elever. Tillsammans undersöker vi hur uppgifterna fungerar och kommer på förslag på förbättringar eller vidareutvecklingar. Vi diskuterar vad programmering är och vad dessa bilduppgifter berättar om programmering. Samtidigt som jag har utfört denna undersökning så har jag arbetat med en gestaltning som har med programmering att göra. Jag har programmerat en robotarm som ritar en slumpmässig linje vid ett tryck på en knapp. I denna gestaltning så är problemlösning i fokus och jag har programmerat armen utan kunskap om programspråkets syntax. Jag har undersökt samma programmeringsverktyg som bilduppgifterna handlar om. Error Syntax är titeln på detta arbete och min gestaltning. Det är en ordlek där jag vänder på felmeddelandet syntax error. Jag vill flytta felet från människan till syntaxen. Med detta perspektiv vill jag påstå att det vi behöver för att kunna programmera är bara lite nyfikenhet och kreativitet.
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Zarinkhail, Mohammad Shuaib. "Static MySQL Error Checking." University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8492.
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Masters of ScienceCoders of databases repeatedly face the problem of checking their Structured Query Language (SQL) code. Instructors face the difficulty of checking student projects and lab assignments in database courses. We collect and categorize common MySQL programming errors into three groups: data definition errors, data manipulation errors, and transaction control errors. We build these into a comprehensive list of MySQL errors, which novices are inclined make during database programming. We collected our list of common MySQL errors both from the technical literature and directly by noting errors made in assignments handed in by students. In the results section of this research, we check and summarize occurrences of these errors based on three characteristics as semantics, syntax, and logic. These data form the basis of a future static MySQL checker that will eventually assist database coders to correct their code automatically. These errors also form a useful checklist to guide students away from the mistakes that they are prone to make.
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Amado, José Daniel. "La conocibilidad del error." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107731.
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Schaefer, Thomas. "A Chronology of Error." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1237823424.
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Babar, Zunaira. "Quantum error correction codes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/380165/.
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Quantum parallel processing techniques are capable of solving certain complex problems at a substantially lower complexity than their classical counterparts. From the perspective of telecommunications, this quantum-domain parallel processing provides a plausible solution for achieving full-search based multi-stream detection, which is vital for future gigabit-wireless systems. The peculiar laws of quantum mechanics have also spurred interest in the absolutely secure quantum-based communication systems. Unfortunately, quantum decoherence imposes a hitherto insurmountable impairment on the practical implementation of quantum computation as well as on quantum communication systems, which may be overcome with the aid of efficient error correction codes. In this thesis, we design error correction codes for the quantum domain, which is an intricate journey from the realm of classical channel coding theory to that of the Quantum Error Correction Codes (QECCs). Since quantum-based communication systems are capable of supporting the transmission of both classical and quantum information, we initially focus our attention on the code design for entanglementassisted classical communication over the quantum depolarizing channel. We conceive an Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart aided near-capacity classical-quantum code design, which invokes a classical Irregular Convolutional Code (IRCC) and a Unity Rate Code (URC) in conjunction with our proposed soft-decision aided SuperDense Code (SD). Hence, it is referred to as an ‘IRCC-URCSD’ arrangement. The proposed scheme is intrinsically amalgamated both with 2-qubit as well as 3-qubit SD coding protocols and it is benchmarked against the corresponding entanglement-assisted classical capacity. Since the IRCC-URC-SD scheme is a bit-based design, it incurs a capacity loss. As a further advance, we design a symbol based concatenated code design, referred to as a symbol-based ‘CC-URC-SD’, which relies on a single-component classical Convolutional Code (CC). Additionally, for the sake of reducing the associated decoding complexity, we also investigate the impact of the constraint length of the convolutional code on the achievable performance. Our initial designs, namely IRCC-URC-SD and CC-URC-SD, exploit redundancy in the classical domain. By contrast, QECCs relying on the quantum-domain redundancy are indispensable for conceiving a quantum communication system supporting the transmission of quantum information and also for quantum computing. Therefore, we next provide insights into the transformation from the family of classical codes to the class of quantum codes known as ‘Quantum Stabilizer Codes’ (QSC), which invoke the classical syndrome decoding. Particularly, we detail the underlying quantum-to classical isomorphism, which facilitates the design of meritorious families of QECCs from the known classical codes. We further study the syndrome decoding techniques operating over classical channels, which may be exploited for decoding QSCs. In this context, we conceive a syndrome-based block decoding approach for the classical Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation (TTCM), whose performance is investigated for transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel as well as over an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel. Pursuing our objective of designing efficient QECCs, we next consider the construction of Hashingbound-approaching concatenated quantum codes. In this quest, we appropriately adapt the conventional non-binary EXIT charts for Quantum Turbo Codes (QTCs) by exploiting the intrinsic quantumto- classical isomorphism. We further demonstrate the explicit benefit of our EXIT-chart technique for achieving a Hashing-bound-approaching code design. We also propose a generically applicable structure for Quantum Irregular Convolutional Codes (QIRCCs), which can be dynamically adapted to a specific application scenario with the aid of the EXIT charts. More explicitly, we provide a detailed design example by constructing a 10-subcode QIRCC and use it as an outer code in a concatenated quantum code structure for evaluating its performance. Working further in the direction of iterative code structures, we survey Quantum Low Density Parity Check (QLPDC) codes from the perspective of code design as well as in terms of their decoding algorithms. Furthermore, we propose a radically new class of high-rate row-circulant Quasi-Cyclic QLDPC (QC-QLDPC) codes, which can be constructed from arbitrary row-circulant classical QC LDPC matrices. We also conceive a modified non-binary decoding algorithm for homogeneous Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS)-type QLDPC codes, which is capable of alleviating the problems imposed by the unavoidable length-4 cycles. Our modified decoder outperforms the state-of-the-art decoders in terms of their Word Error Rate (WER) performance, despite imposing a reduced decoding complexity. Finally, we intricately amalgamate our modified decoder with the classic Uniformly-ReWeighted Belief Propagation (URW-BP) for the sake of achieving further performance improvement.
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Recski, Leonardo Juliano. "Computer-assisted error analysis." Florianópolis, SC, 2002. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/83383.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-19T23:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-26T01:57:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 181888.pdf: 3989754 bytes, checksum: faa45dc1485896a97588e233b76a1a61 (MD5)
Programas para, a análise de texto para microcomputadores já estão disponíveis há algum tempo. A técnica de análise de erros preposicionais auxiliada por computador, um novo
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Masani, Deekshitha. "Analysis of radiation induced errors in transistors in memory elements." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2791.
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From the first integrated circuit which has 16-transistor chip built by Heiman and Steven Hofstein in 1962 to the latest 39.54 billion MOSFET’s using 7nm FinFET technology as of 2019 the scaling of transistors is still challenging. The scaling always needs to satisfy the minimal power constraint, minimal area constraint and high speed as possible. As of 2020, the worlds smallest transistor is 1nm long build by a team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Looking at the latest trends of 14nm, 7nm technologies present where a single die holds more than a billion transistors on it. Thinking of it, it is more challenging for dyeing a 1nm technology. The scaling keeps going on and if silicon does not satisfy the requirement, they switch to carbon nanotubes and molybdenum disulfide or some newer materials. The transistor sizing is reducing but the pressure of radiation effects on transistor is in quench of more and more efficient circuits to tolerate errors. The radiation errors which are of higher voltage are capable of hitting a node and flipping its value. However, it is not possible to have a perfect material to satisfy no error requirement for a circuit. But it is possible to maintain the value before causing the error and retain the value even after occurrence of the error. In the advanced technologies due to transistor scaling multiple simultaneous radiation induced errors are the issue. Different latch designs are proposed to fix this problem. Using the CMOS 90nm technology different latch designs are proposed which will recover the value even after the error strikes the latch. Initially the errors are generally Single event upsets (SEUs) which when the high radiation particle strikes only one transistor. Since the era of scaling, the multiple simultaneous radiation errors are common. The general errors are Double Node Upset (DNU) which occurs when the high radiation particle strikes the two transistors due to replacing one transistor by more than one after scaling. Existing designs of SEUs and DNUs accurately determine the error rates in a circuit. However, with reference to the dissertation of Dr. Adam Watkins, proposed HRDNUT latch in the paper “Analysis and mitigation of multiple radiation induced errors in modern circuits”, the circuits can retain its error value in 2.13ps. Two circuits are introduced to increase the speed in retaining the error value after the high energy particle strikes the node. Upon the evaluation of the past designs how the error is introduced inside the circuit is not clear. Some designs used a pass gate to actually introduce the error logic value but not in terms of voltage. The current thesis introduces a method to introduce error with reduced power and delay overhead compared to the previous circuits. Introducing the error in the circuits from the literature survey and comparing the delay and power with and without introducing the error is shown. Introducing the errors in the two new circuits are also shown and compared with when no errors are injected.
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Bautista, Rene. "An examination of sources of error in exit polls| Nonresponse and measurement error." Thesis, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3715450.
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This dissertation focuses on understudied aspects of nonresponse in a context where limited information is available from refusals. In particular, this study examines social and psychological predictors of nonresponse in fast-paced face-to-face surveys; namely, election day surveys —popularly known as exit polls. Exit polls present unique challenges to study nonresponse since the population being sampled is fleeting and several conditions are beyond the researcher’s control.
If sample voters choose not participate, there is no practical way of contacting them to collect information in a timely manner. Using a proof-of-concept approach, this study explores a unique dataset that links information of respondents, nonrespondents, interviewer characteristics, as well as precinct-level information. Using this information, model-based plausible information is generated for nonrespondents (i.e., imputed data) to examine nonresponse dynamics. These data are then analyzed with multilevel regression methods. Nonresponse hypotheses are motivated by literature on cognitive abilities, cognition and social behavior.
Results from multiply imputed data and multilevel regression analyses are consistent with hypothesized relationships, suggesting that this approach may offer a way of studying nonresponse where limited information exists. Additionally, this dissertation explores sources of measurement error in exit polls. It examines whether the mechanisms likely to produce refusals are the same mechanisms likely introduce error once survey cooperation is established. A series of statistical interaction terms in OLS regressions —motivated by social interactions between interviewers and respondents— are used to explore hypothesized relationships. Overall, this research finds that cognitive mechanisms appear to account for voter nonresponse, whereas social desirability mechanisms seem to explain exit polling error.
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Armitage, Gerry R. "The contributory factors in drug errors and their reporting." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14783.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the contributory factors in drug errors and their reporting so as to design an enhanced reporting scheme to improve the quality of reporting in an acute hospital trust. The related research questions are: 1. What are the contributory factors in drug errors? 2. How effective is the reporting of drug errors? 3. Can an enhanced reporting scheme, predicated on the analysis of local documentary and interview data, identify the contributory factors in drug errors and improve the quality of their reporting in an acute hospital trust? The study aim and research questions reflect a growing consensus, articulated by Boaden and Walshe (2006), that patient safety research should focus on understanding the causes of adverse events and developing interventions to improve safety. Although there are concerns about the value of incident reporting (Wald & Shojania 2003, Armitage & Chapman 2007), it would appear that error reporting systems remain a high priority in advancing patient safety (Kohn et al 2000, Department of Health 2000a, National Patient Safety Agency 2004, WHO & World Alliance for Patient Safety 2004), and consequently it is the area chosen for intervention in this study. Enhancement of the existing scheme is based on a greater understanding of drug errors, their causation, and their reporting.
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Bauer, Johannes. "Learning from errors at work : studies on nurses' engagement in error-related learning activities." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2008/990/.
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Parish, Kalind David Sommer. "Errors in Judgement: Evidence of the Fundamental Attribution Error in Supreme Court Decision-Making." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1431362168.
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Huish, Kerry Alison. "Introducing an Error Orientation Framework: Individual Differences in Coping with Errors in the Workplace." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366563.
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The study of human error in an organisational context is important because of its potential consequences. Negative consequences of error include adverse effects on individual health and wellbeing, and a reduction in productivity for the organisation, while positive consequences can include innovative solutions. Much of the research into human error has been undertaken on the causation and prevention of errors. However, it is almost inevitable that lapses in attention and memory will continue and that decisions will be found to be erroneous with hindsight. In light of the ubiquity of error, an error orientation framework is presented in this thesis to assist in understanding how individuals cope with errors. Such a framework ultimately complements rather than competes with investigations into error causation and prevention.
Error orientation is a construct that represents individual differences in coping with errors in the workplace and was initially investigated by Rybowiak, Garst, Frese and Batinic (1999). Rybowiak et al. identifies problem-focussed and emotion-focussed error coping strategies, but these are subsumed with error appraisal. In developing an alternative conceptualisation of error orientation to that of Rybowiak et al., a distinction is made between appraisal and coping, one that is central in the general coping construct of Lazarus and Folkman (1984). The framework presented in this thesis is further differentiated from that of Rybowiak et al. by the inclusion of resources used when coping with errors, that is, the resources of the perpetrator of the error and support provided by others. In this way, a two-by-two framework is created with each quadrant representing a unique combination of strategy and resource. The creation of such a framework highlights the limited research on the use of social support to regulate emotional responses to error.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Alasfour, Aisha Saud. "Grammatical Errors by Arabic ESL Students| An Investigation of L1 Transfer through Error Analysis." Thesis, Portland State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10826886.
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This study investigated the effect of first language (L1) transfer on Arabic ESL learners’ acquisition of the relative clauses, the passive voice and the definite article. I used Contrastive Analysis (CA) and Error Analysis (EA) to analyze 50 papers written by Arabic ESL students at the ACTFL Advanced Mid proficiency level. The analysis was paired with interviews with five advanced students to help determine whether L1 transfer was, in fact, influencing students’ errors predicted by CA.
Students in this study made L1 errors along with other errors. Although no statistical difference was found between the frequency of transfer and other (non-transfer) errors, L1 transfer errors were still common for many learners in this data. The frequency of the relative clause L1 transfer errors was slightly higher than other errors. However, passive voice L1 errors were as frequent as other errors whereas definite article L1 errors were slightly less frequent than other errors. The analysis of the interviews suggested that L1 still played a crucial role in influencing learners errors.
The analysis also suggested that the frequency of transfer errors in the papers used in this study might have been influenced by CA-informed instruction students received and students’ language level. Specifically, learners reported that both factors helped them reduce the frequency of L1 transfer errors in their writing.
The teaching implications of this study include familiarizing language instructors with possible sources of errors for Arabic ESL learners. Language instructors should try to identify sources of errors by conducting their own analyses or consulting existing literature on CA paired with EA. Finally, I recommend adopting a CA-informed instruction to help students reduce and overcome errors that are influenced by their L1.
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Abranches, Maria Madalena Trindade. "Caracterização dos incidentes na administração de medicamentos num serviço de Medicina Interna." Master's thesis, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12296.
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RESUMO - O problema do erro de medicação tem vindo a adquirir uma importância e um
interesse crescentes nos últimos anos. As consequências directas no doente
que condicionam frequentemente o prolongamento do internamento, a
necessidade de utilização adicional de recursos e a diminuição de satisfação
por parte dos doentes, são alguns dos aspectos que importa analisar no
sentido de se aumentar a segurança do doente. No circuito do medicamento
em meio hospitalar estão envolvidos diversos profissionais, estando o
enfermeiro no final da cadeia quando administra a medicação ao doente. Na
bibliografia internacional, são referidas incidências elevadas de eventos
adversos relacionados com o medicamento. Em Portugal, não existem estudos
disponíveis que nos permitam conhecer, nem o tipo de incidentes, nem a
dimensão do problema do erro de medicação.
Efectuamos um estudo descritivo, prospectivo, exploratório, utilizando a técnica
de observação não participante, da administração de medicamentos. Os
objectivos são, por um lado, determinar a frequência de incidentes na
administração de medicação num Serviço de Medicina Interna e, por outro,
caracterizar o tipo de incidentes na administração da medicação e identificar as
suas possíveis causas. A população em estudo foi constituída pelos
enfermeiros que administraram medicamentos aos doentes internados no
Serviço de Medicina Interna seleccionado, durante os meses de junho a agosto
de 2012, sendo observadas 1521 administrações. Foi utilizada uma grelha de
observação, que incluiu os seguintes elementos: doente certo; medicamento
certo; dose certa; hora certa; via certa; técnica de administração correcta
(assépsia); tempo de infusão; monitorização correcta.
Constatou-se que em 43% das doses administradas apresentavam pelo menos
um erro, num total de 764 erros. Não foi observado nenhum erro de doente, de
medicamento, de dose extra, de via, de forma farmacêutica, nem a
administração de medicamento não prescrito. Detectaram-se 0,19% de erros
na preparação, 0,72% de erros de dose, 1,7% erros de omissão, 1,97% de
erros de administração, 13,52% de erros de monitorização, 28,73% de erros de
v
horário. O tempo de infusão da terapêutica parentérica não foi cumprida em
27,69% das oportunidades, tendo sido sempre administrado em tempo inferior
ao preconizado.
Não encontramos relação entre as interrupções durante a administração de
terapêutica e os erros. Pelo contrário constatou-se haver relação entre o
número de doses com erro e o turno em que ocorreram, sendo mais frequentes
no turno da noite.
Constatamos também que aos fins de semana os erros eram mais frequentes e
o risco da ocorrência de um erro na administração de medicação aumenta 1,5
vezes quando o número de enfermeiros é insuficiente.ABSTRACT - The problem of medication error has developed a growing interest and importance in recent years. The direct consequences to the patient, that often affect the prolongation of hospitalization, the need for additional resources and the decrease of satisfaction from the patients are some of the aspects that matter to analyze in order to increase patient safety. In the drugs circuit in a hospital environment, several professionals are involved, and nurses are at the end of the string as far as administering medication to patients is concerned. International bibliography refers high incidences of adverse events related to drugs. In Portugal, there are no available studies that let us know either the type of incidents, or the extent of the medication error issue. We conducted a prospective, descriptive, exploratory survey, using the technique of a non-participant observation of the administration of drugs, using the technique of non-participant observation, administration of medications. We aimed to determine the frequency of in medication administration incidents within the internal medicine department and, on the other hand, to depict the type of incidents which occurred in the administration of medication and identify their possible causes. The population under study was constituted by the nurses who administered medicines to patients hospitalized in the internal medicine department from June to August 2012, and 1521 administrations were observed. The following observation grid was used: right patient; right drug; right dose; right time; right route; right administration technique; asepsis, infusion time and correct monitoring. We found that in 43% of the doses administered there was at least one error, leading to a total of 764 errors. No patient, medication, extra dose, route, pharmaceutical form, administration of not prescribed medication errors were observed. 0.19% were errors in preparation, 0.72% dose errors, 1.7% errors of omission, 1.97% of wrong administration technique, 13.52% monitoring errors, 28.73% of wrong time. The infusion time of parenteral therapy has not been met vii in 27.69% of opportunities, having always been administered ahead of the recommended time. We found no relation between interruptions during the administration of therapy and errors. On the contrary, there is a relation between the number of doses with error and shifts occurred, being more frequent in night shifts. We also noted that errors were more frequent on weekends and that the risk of the occurrence of an error in the administration of medication increases 1.5 times when the number of nurses is scarce.
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Dalile, Boushra. "Is the High Probability of Type II Error an Issue in Error Awareness ERP Studies?" Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-12628.
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When researchers began addressing the electrophysiology of conscious error awareness more than a decade ago, the role of the error-related negativity (ERN), alongside the subsequently occurring error positivity (Pe), was an obvious locus of attention given the fact that they are taken as indices of cortical error processing. In contrast to the clear-cut findings that link the amplitude of the Pe to error awareness, the association between the ERN amplitude and error awareness is vastly unclear, with a range of studies reporting significant differences in the ERN amplitude with respect to error awareness, while others observing no modulation of the ERN amplitude. One problem in the studies obtaining null findings is the fact that conclusions are drawn based on small sample sizes, increasing the probability of type II error, especially given the fact that the ERN elicited using various error awareness paradigms tends to be small. The aim of the present study was to therefore address the issue of type II error in order to draw more certain conclusions about the modulation of the ERN amplitude by conscious error awareness. Forty participants performed a manual response inhibition task optimised to examine error awareness. While the early and late Pe amplitudes showed the expected sensitivity to error awareness, the ERN results depicted a more complex picture. The ERN amplitude for unaware errors appeared more negative than that of aware errors, both numerically and on the grand average ERP. The unexpected findings were explained in terms of (a) latency issues in the present data, (b) characteristics of the manual response inhibition task used and the possibility that it elicits variation in neurocognitive processing, and (c), in relation to possible contamination by the contingent negative variation (CNV), an ERP component elicited during response preparation. Suggestions for future research on how to address the issues raised in the present paper are also discussed.
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Horvath, Dorothee. "Learning from Errors and Error Management Culture in Teams." Phd thesis, 2020. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/13225/1/DorotheeHorvath_Dissertation_finalmitUnterschrift_f%C3%BCrULB.pdf.
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The topic of errors has received increasing attention in recent years. Most errors are easily corrected, however, some of them result in severe negative consequences, such as extensive economic or societal damage, or even the loss of lives. The negative connotation one has when thinking about errors is therefore not surprising. Errors, however, can even have positive consequences, such as innovation, performance, or learning. It is widely acknowledged that errors can be a rich source of learning. Nevertheless, little is known about which errors prompt learning the most. We believe that the extent of learning from errors depends, among others, on error characteristics and the context in which the error was made. In particular, we propose that more learning from errors occurs when error consequences are severe (as opposed to mild), when the error was made by oneself (as opposed to someone else), and when more error management culture is experienced. We also expect differences between countries in learning from error.
In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, we focus on the role of error characteristics in learning from errors. To test whether the amount of learning from errors depends on the severity of error consequences and the agent who made the error, we conducted two vignette experiments (Study 1, N = 121 from Germany; Study 2, N = 118 from the United States) in which participants responded to error scenarios that happen to employees at work. As expected, people learned more from errors in terms of affective error learning (self-reports) and cognitive error learning (recall of error situations) if consequences were severe (Study 1 and Study 2) and if the error was made by themselves (Study 1).
In Chapter 3 of this dissertation, we sought to replicate the results we found in Chapter 2 and extend them by investigating the role of contextual factors in learning from errors (only affective error learning). For this purpose, we conducted vignette experiments in the United States, Germany, and Hungary (N = 588). We found that more affective learning from errors occurred when more error management culture was experienced. Furthermore, we found differences between countries in affective learning from errors such that participants from the United States learned more from errors than participants from Hungary or Germany. This relationship was mediated by error management culture. We were also able to replicate the results regarding severity of error consequences and agent (who made the error).
In Chapter 4 of this dissertation, we shift the focus from the individual to the team and investigate whether error management culture not only benefits learning from errors (as shown in Chapter 3), but also performance-related outcomes. In particular, we conducted an experiment with teams (N = 180 participants (60 triads)), in which we sought to replicate the pattern of results concerning error management culture and performance found in previous field studies. Furthermore, we aimed to induce an error management culture. We were able to induce an error management culture by fostering a positive view on errors and exploration. We also found error management culture to benefit performance in a creative problem-solving task. However, the effects of our manipulations persisted over time only when culture strength (i.e., agreement about culture between group members) was high.
With our studies, we aim to contribute to a better exploitation of the rich information inherent in errors. Our insights can be used as a starting point to develop interventions that aim at improving the way people deal with errors in organizations, as well as to raise attention to the importance of culture specific issues.