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Books on the topic 'Error response'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

1949-, Means Barbara, National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), and SRI International, eds. Cognitive research on response error in survey questions on smoking. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, 1992.

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2

Boer, A. de. Coorelation, error-localisation and updating of the second problem defined in GARTEUR AG11. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1990.

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3

Spray, Judith A. The effect of item parameter estimation error on decisions made using the sequential probability ratio test. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1988.

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4

Saris, Willem E. Variation in response functions: A source of measurement error in attitude research. Amsterdam: Sociometric Research Foundation, 1988.

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5

Ghatak, Subrata. Supply response in Turkish agriculture: An error correction and cointegration analysis, 1950-1990. [Leicester]: Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Economics, University of Leicester, 1994.

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6

Ghatak, Subrata. Supply response in Turkish agriculture: An error correction and cointegration analysis: 1950-1990. Leicester: Department of Economics, University of Leicester, 1994.

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7

J, Donohue John. Measurement error, legalized abortion, and the decline in crime: A response to Foote and Goetz (2005). Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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8

Error free mental measurements: Applying qualitative item response theory to assessment and program validation including a developmental theory of assessment. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield, Publishers, 1998.

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9

Tsang, K. M. A prediction-error estimation algorithm for the reconstruction of linear and nonlinear continuous time models from frequency response data. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Dept. of Control Engineering, 1991.

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10

Mueller, Curt D. Statistical properties of physician surveys: Proxy response and survey error : additional evidence from the 1988 Physicians' practice cost and income survey : final report. Bethesda, Maryland: Project HOPE Center for Health Affairs, 1994.

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11

Miller, Timothy R. Empirical estimation of standard errors of compensatory MIRT model parameters obtained from the NOHARM estimation program: Research report ONR91-2. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program, 1991.

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12

Bibudhendra, Sarkar, and International Symposium on "Metals and Genetics" (1st : 1994 : Toronto, Ont.), eds. Genetic response to metals. New York: M. Dekker, 1995.

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13

Top moral norms: A response to the errors of ultramodern moralists / by W. Maciocha. London: Veritas Foundation Publication Centre, 1988.

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14

Papanicolaou, Georgia. Teachers' attitudes and responses towards students' mathematical errors: An action research with three cypriot teachers. [Guildford]: University of Surrey, 1997.

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15

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Medical errors: Administration response and other perspectives : joint hearing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and the Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education of the Committee on Appropriation[s], United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, on examining the administration's and certain industries' responses to the Institute of Medicine's report on medical errors, focusing on patient safety issues, February 22, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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16

Weisberg, Herb. Total Survey Error. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.22.

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The total survey error (TSE) approach is a useful schema for organizing the planning and evaluation of surveys. It classifies the several possible types of errors in surveys, including in respondent selection, response accuracy, and survey administration. While the goal is to minimize these errors, the TSE approach emphasizes that this must be done within limitations imposed by several constraints: the cost of minimizing each type of error, the time requirements for the survey, and ethical standards. In addition to survey errors and constraints, there are several survey effects for which there are no error-free solutions; the size of these effects can be studied even though they cannot be eliminated. The total survey quality (TSQ) approach further emphasizes the need for survey organizations to maximize the quality of the product they deliver to their clients, within the context of TSE tradeoffs between survey errors and costs.

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17

B, Rouse William, and Ames Research Center, eds. Human operator response to error-likely situations in complex engineering systems. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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18

Smith, Holly M. Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 examines ideal Pragmatic Responses to the problem of nonmoral error: responses which seek to identify a normatively acceptable moral code that is universally usable by all agents. Some proposed ideal codes are objectivized (an act’s rightness depends on its objective features), whereas others are subjectivized (an act’s rightness depends on the features its agent believes it to have). An ideal Pragmatic code would fulfill at least some of the conceptual and goal-oriented rationales for requiring a code to meet the Usability Demand. The most promising candidate code is the moral laundry list, which consists of a list of individual actions, each described in terms the agent can unerringly apply. However, since no agent has the knowledge to identify the correct moral laundry list, the chapter finds no Pragmatic Response that provides an effective remedy for the problem of error.

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19

Miller, Kent J. The influence of different techniques on response rates and nonresponse error in mail surveys. 1996.

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20

Smith, Holly M. Non-Ideal Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0006.

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Having discovered that no ideal Pragmatic Responses to the problem of error are acceptable, Chapter 6 explores the more modest non-ideal Pragmatic Response. This response advocates seeking a moral code that may fall short of complete error-freedom but that achieves a greater degree of error-freedom, and thus a higher degree of extended usability, than rival moral codes. According to this view, if a code’s extended usability value is higher than that of another code, the first code is better than the second. To implement this strategy requires introducing key new concepts, such as concepts of the bare and code-weighted usability of a principle, the deontically perfect code, the deontic merit of a code, the weight merit of a code, and usability value of a moral code. Assessment of the strategy’s success is taken up in Chapter 7.

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21

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Selection Response in Natural Populations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0020.

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The breeder's equation often fails when applied to natural populations. In large part, this likely occurs because the assumed trait is not the actual target of selection. A within-generation change in the mean of a suggested target trait can arise as a correlated response from selection acting elsewhere. This chapter examines sources of error in the breeder's equation and approaches that attempt to determine if an assumed trait is actually the true target of selection. It also reviews a number of long-term studies from natural populations and examines possible sources for the failure of most of these studies to conform to the expectations of the breeder's equation.

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22

Smith, Holly M. Hybrid and Austere Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 explores the Austere and Hybrid Responses to the problem of error. The two types of response are described in both ideal and non-ideal versions. Both are found wanting, but the Austere Response emerges as best. Codes endorsed by the Austere approach cannot be shown to meet the “goal-oriented” desiderata of maximizing social welfare, facilitating social cooperation and long-range planning, or guaranteeing the occurrence of the ideal pattern of actions. But Austere-endorsed codes do satisfy the conceptual desiderata for “usable” moral theories in the core (but not the extended) sense of “usability.” They are usable despite the agent’s false beliefs, and they provide agents with the opportunity to live a successful moral life according to the modest conception of this life. This chapter concludes that the only remedy for the problem of error is an Austere code containing a derivative duty for agents to gather information before acting.

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23

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Canonical signed digit study. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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24

Strawson, Galen. A Fatal Error of Locke’s? Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0016.

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This chapter argues that the unqualified attribution of the radical theory to John Locke is mistaken if we are to take into account the fact that the theory allows for freaks like [Sₓ]. It first considers [I]-transfer without [P]-transfer—that is, [I]-transfer preserving personal identity—before discussing Locke's response to the idea that personal identity might survive [I]-transfer from an a priori point of view. It suggests that [I]-transfer is possible in such a way that the existence of a single Person [P₁] from t₁ to t₂ can successively (and non-overlappingly) involve the existence of two immaterial substances. It also explains how Locke's claim that [I]-transfer is possible opens up the possibility that it could go wrong, in such a way as to lead to injustice. Finally, it examines Locke's notion of “sensible creature,” which refers to a subject of experience who is a person.

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25

1952-, Brick John Michael, and National Center for Education Statistics., eds. A study of selected nonsampling errors in the 1991 Survey of Recent College Graduates. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1994.

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26

Armilio, Maria Luisa. Electrophysiological correlates of response inhibition and error processing: The effects of strategic manipulation, feedback and traumatic brain injury. 2002.

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27

Hashway, Robert M. Error Free Mental Measurements: Applying Qualitative Item Response Theory to Assessment and Program Validation Including a Developmental Theory of as. Austin & Winfield, 2003.

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28

Hashway, Robert M. Error Free Mental Measurements: Applying Qualitative Item Response Theory to Assessment and Program Validation Including a Developmental Theory of as. Austin & Winfield, 1997.

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29

Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Using ordinal response data to estimate cardinal values for health states. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0006.

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There exists a strong methodological foundation for estimating cardinal values from ordinal information, originating in psychology but commonly applied in areas as diverse as consumer marketing, political science, transportation research, and environmental economics. Over recent years there has been a steady rise in the use of these approaches to estimate health state values. Potential advantages claimed for ordinal data collection approaches include relative ease of comprehension and administration, and greater reliability corresponding to reduced measurement error. Another advantage of some types of ordinal data collection methods is that the preferences or judgements they elicit are not contaminated by risk aversion (as in the standard gamble), or by time preference (as in the time trade-off).

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30

Smith, Holly M. The Hybrid Solution to the Problems of Error and Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 investigates whether the combined Austere and Hybrid two-tier system, now re-labeled the “Hybrid solution,” provides an effective response to the problem of uncertainty. Criteria of adequacy for a solution to this problem are articulated, and versions of the approach offering a single decision-guide at the lower tier are assessed. Popular guides, such as “Perform the act most likely to be obligatory,” “Maximize expected value,” and “Try to perform the obligatory act,” along with more sophisticated guides proposed by Fred Feldman and John Pollock, are each shown to be inadequate, partly because they demand a richer set of beliefs than many agents possess. The chapter concludes that a Hybrid system offering multiple decision-guides for uncertainty seems far better positioned to solve the problem of uncertainty.

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31

Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Work and Pensions Committee and Anne Dame Begg. Fraud and Error in the Benefits System: Government Response to the Committee's Sixth Report of Session 2013-14, Third Special Report of Session 2014-15. Stationery Office, The, 2014.

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32

Butcher, Brad W. Leadership and Crisis Management (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0003.

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Medical errors were recently identified as the third leading cause of death in the United States. Many of these errors result from deficiencies in nontechnical skills (NTS), including effective communication and appropriate task delegation. Rapid response teams (RRTs) operate in error-prone, high-stakes environments where elevated clinical risk, substantial time pressure, and the need to perform multiple actions in parallel coexist. Borrowing from the aviation industry and the military, medicine is placing a growing emphasis on instructing healthcare providers, particularly members of teams, in the NTS of crisis management. Barriers to developing these skills can be overcome through encouraging standardization and practice using realistic simulation. When directing a team in the care of a deteriorating patient, RRT leaders must introduce team members and their roles, maintain an assertive yet inclusive tone, practice closed loop communication, control the crowd, maintain situational awareness, promote a flattened hierarchy, and perform regular debriefing sessions.

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33

Cardot, Hervé, and Pascal Sarda. Functional Linear Regression. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.2.

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This article presents a selected bibliography on functional linear regression (FLR) and highlights the key contributions from both applied and theoretical points of view. It first defines FLR in the case of a scalar response and shows how its modelization can also be extended to the case of a functional response. It then considers two kinds of estimation procedures for this slope parameter: projection-based estimators in which regularization is performed through dimension reduction, such as functional principal component regression, and penalized least squares estimators that take into account a penalized least squares minimization problem. The article proceeds by discussing the main asymptotic properties separating results on mean square prediction error and results on L2 estimation error. It also describes some related models, including generalized functional linear models and FLR on quantiles, and concludes with a complementary bibliography and some open problems.

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34

DiNella, Jeannine, and Terri Kress. Communication and Coordination of Care (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0033.

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Rapid response teams (RRTs) are complex with various team members and thus accurate communication is important to minimize error. The concept of team effort and delegation/sharing of responsibilities during a medical crisis should be present from the onset. As more responders arrive at the scene, the situation has the potential to become disorganized without consistent communication and leadership. By identifying specific roles and responsibilities, promoting use of good communication skills during crisis and practicing effective team work will help to minimize error. In this chapter, we review the communication and coordination skills required before, during, and after the activation of an RRT.

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35

Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Alex N. Adams. Mixing Survey Modes and Its Implications. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.35.

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Mixed mode surveys are defined as surveys that involve mixtures of different contact and response modes. They have become increasingly popular as a way to mitigate problems of coverage and response error related to single mode options. However, differences in survey mode, especially the presence or absence of an interviewer, may influence item response and nonresponse through social desirability, primacy or recency effects, and visual response. This chapter considers the advantages and disadvantages of various modes and of combining modes. Each research design should consider the costs, including “house” costs and costs to the respondent, and benefits of a mixed mode design before implementation.

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36

Smith, Holly M. The Problems of Ignorance and Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 turns to further epistemic barriers for decision makers: the problems of (nonmoral) ignorance and (nonmoral) uncertainty. The concepts of “ignorance” and “uncertainty” are elucidated, the problem of uncertainty is defined, and it is argued that the problem of ignorance should be treated as a special case of the problem of uncertainty. The three salient attempts to solve the problem are the Pragmatic, Austere, and Hybrid approaches. Combined solutions to the problem of error and the problem of uncertainty are explored, and it is argued that the only feasible approaches marry the Austere Response to the problem of error with the Hybrid Response to the problem of uncertainty in a two-tier system. The top-tier code provides the correct theoretical account of right and wrong, while the lower-tier rules provide associated decision-guides. Consistency requires that different normative terms be used by the top-tier rules and by the lower-tier rules.

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37

Roger, Tourangeau, and National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), eds. Response errors in surveys of children's immunizations. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, 1999.

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38

Maloney, J. Christopher. Direct Realism and Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0008.

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The supposed problem of perceptual error, including illusion and hallucination, has led most theories of perception to deny formulations of direct realism. The standard response to this apparent problem adopts the mistaken presupposition that perception is indeed liable to error. However, the prevailing conditions of observation are themselves elements of perceptual representation, functioning in the manner of predicate modifiers. They ensure that the predicates applied in perceptual representations do indeed correctly attribute properties that perceived physical objects actually instantiate. Thus, perceptual representations are immune to misrepresentation of the sort misguidedly supposed by the spurious problem of perceptual misrepresentation. Granted the possibility that perceptual attribution admits of predicate modification, it is quite possible that perceptual experience permits both rudimentary and sophisticated conceptualization. Moreover, such treatment of perceptual predication rewards by providing an account of aspect alteration exemplified by perception of ambiguous stimuli.

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39

Painter, Lisa M., Cheryl Janov, and Richard L. Simmons. Patient Safety and Quality Improvement (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0034.

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Patients expect safe accountable care from their healthcare providers. Quality is doing the right thing, in the right way, at the right time, for the right reason, and to the right person. A number of governmental and non-governmental organizations have emerged to set standards for quality and safety. Rapid response systems (RRSs) are an important part of safety structure and this chapter aims to provide a basic understanding of the patient safety and quality movement, medical error and adverse events, and the role of the rapid response team (RRT) in identifying and reporting threats to patient safety. It offers a brief introduction of just culture, disclosure, and second victim.

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40

Smith, Holly M. Assessing Non-Ideal Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0007.

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The non-ideal Pragmatic theorist seeks the moral code whose usability value, if not perfect, nonetheless exceeds that of any rival code. Chapter 7 assesses the success of this approach, and concludes that it fails. Comparing codes in terms of their usability value requires more information than any agent or theorist can command. Moreover, the code with the highest usability value is shown to be the moral laundry list, which earlier chapters rejected. Finally, Chapter 7 shows that there is no guarantee that the code with the highest usability value fulfills the rationales supporting the Usability Demand. Such a code will not necessarily offer agents the basic form of justice, providing everyone with the opportunity to lead a successful moral life; nor will it necessarily better enhance social welfare than rival codes; nor will it necessarily lead to a better pattern of actions among well-motivated agents.

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41

Edwards, Catharine. The Romance of Roman Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803034.003.0007.

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Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun molded many visitors’ responses to Rome as a place and inflected their relationships to the Rome of antiquity, seen as inextricably enmeshed with the Rome of Catholicism. This chapter reveals that the view of Roman error offered here instantiates and reinforces a particular Protestant, perhaps American Protestant, understanding of Rome and the conflicts that it creates within the visitor. Rome as a place, imbued with the errors of the past, predisposes people to err, it seems. Yet if Hawthorne’s emphasis on Romance indicates that Roman error need not, in the end, be seen as a real threat—at least by the Protestant visitor who is equipped to resist its pull—nevertheless The Marble Faun explores the compelling appeal of the abyss in ways that make Rome into an especially apt place to engage with problems arising from the weight of history, guilt, and religious doubt.

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42

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Analysis of Short-term Selection Experiments: 1. Least-squares Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0018.

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This chapter examines short-term (a few generations) selection response in the mean of a trait. Traditionally, such experiments are analyzed using least-squares (LS) approaches. While ordinary LS (OLS) is often used, genetic drift causes the residual to be both correlated and heteroscedastic, resulting in the sampling variances given by OLS being too small. This chapter details the appropriate general LS (GLS) approaches to properly account for this residual error structure. It also reviews some of the common features observed in short-term selection experiments and examines experimental designs, such as the use of a control population versus a divergence-selection approach. It concludes by discussing another linear model used mainly by plant breeders, generation-means analysis (GMA), wherein remnant seed for several generations of response are crossed and then grown in a common garden. Such an analysis can provide insight into the genetic nature of any response.

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43

McAlpine, Erica. The Poet's Mistake. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691203492.001.0001.

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Keats mixed up Cortez and Balboa. Heaney misremembered the name of one of Wordsworth's lakes. Poetry—even by the greats—is rife with mistakes. This book gathers together for the first time numerous instances of these errors, from well-known historical gaffes to never-before-noticed grammatical incongruities, misspellings, and solecisms. But unlike the many critics and other readers who consider such errors felicitous or essential to the work itself, the book makes a compelling case for calling a mistake a mistake, arguing that denying the possibility of error does a disservice to poets and their poems. Tracing the temptation to justify poets' errors from Aristotle through Freud, the book demonstrates that the study of poetry's mistakes is also a study of critical attitudes toward mistakes, which are usually too generous—and often at the expense of the poet's intentions. Through close readings of Wordsworth, Keats, Browning, Clare, Dickinson, Crane, Bishop, Heaney, Ashbery, and others, the book shows that errors are an inevitable part of poetry's making and that our responses to them reveal a great deal about our faith in poetry—and about how we read.

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44

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Theorems of Natural Selection: Results of Price, Fisher, and Robertson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0006.

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This chapter reviews a number of “theorems” of natural selection. These include exact results (true mathematical theorems): the Robertson-Price identity, Price's general expression for any form of selection response, and the Fisher-Price-Ewens version of Fisher's fundamental theorem. Their generality comes as the cost of usually being very difficult to apply. An important exception is the Robertson-Price identity, which expresses the within-generation change in the mean of a trait as its covariance with relative fitness. This chapter also examines three classic approximations: Fisher's fundamental theorem for the behavior of mean population fitness, and Robertson's secondary theorem and the breeder's equation for the expected response in a trait under selection, showing both how these results are connected and the error given by the various approximations. Finally, the chapter examines the connection between the additive variance of a trait and its correlation with fitness.

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45

Response Errors in Surveys of Children's Immunizations (Vital and health statistics). United States Government Printing, 1999.

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46

Axelrod, Elise. Repeated recall as a measure of subjective response to literature. 1993.

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47

Baron, Samuel, Kristie Miller, and Jonathan Tallant. Out of Time. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864888.001.0001.

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Out of Time is an exploration of the possibility of timelessness. Time, it is argued, might not exist. This claim is defended by attacking three reasons to think otherwise; to suppose that time must exist. First, that our concepts of time are immune to error in a special sense: no matter what we discover about the world, we will all just continue to agree that time exists. Second, that the loss of time is incompatible with what we know from science and, third, that time’s absence would do extreme violence to our self-conception as agents. In response, a range of empirical studies are used to show that everyday concepts of time are not immune to error. It is likewise argued that recent developments in physics may in fact recommend the loss of time. And, finally, a viable notion of timeless agency is rebuilt using only causation. The book is ambitious in its scope, unyielding in its naturalistic methodology, and wide-ranging in the areas of philosophy it touches on. It explores a number of themes in the study of concepts, in the metaphysics of emergence, and in spacetime metaphysics. By doing so, it deepens our understanding of the relationship between three constants of everyday life: time, causation, and agency.

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48

Ramers, Christian B. Research Design and Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0051.

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Accurate interpretation of research literature is important as advances are made in the diagnosis and treatment of HIV and its complications. Because of inherent differences in approach, the on-treatment analysis will frequently report better outcomes than will the intent-to-treat analysis. The concept of time-to-loss of virologic response has been replaced by SNAPSHOT analysis as the preferred method of efficacy analysis by the US Food and Drug Administration. New antiretroviral therapy regimens are usually compared to existing standard-of-care regimens using a type of statistical comparison called a non-inferiority analysis. A common error in reporting clinical trial results is not correctly distinguishing between clinical and statistical significance.

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49

Smith, Holly M. Impediments to Usability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0003.

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The Usability Demand requires all moral theories to be usable for decision-making, arguably by each agent and on every occasion for decision-making. Chapter 3 first examines the ways in which common human epistemic deficiencies can cause a moral theory to fail the Usability Demand (lack of understanding; error, uncertainty, and ignorance [lack of belief] about relevant nonmoral facts; cognitive computational constraints; error, uncertainty, or ignorance about moral facts; and meta-moral error and uncertainty). Among these problems the book will focus on error and uncertainty about nonmoral facts. The chapter then describes the three salient responses to these problems: the Pragmatic, Austere, and Hybrid Responses. Finally, it lays out both conceptual rationales (such as the claim that the concept of morality requires usability) and goal-oriented rationales (such as the claim that a moral system must enhance social welfare) for accepting the Usability Demand.

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50

Hardt, Heidi. See No Evil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0004.

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As a second empirical chapter, Chapter 4 employs a comparative case approach to test the book’s argument against competing explanations in three cases of contemporary NATO crisis management. The results of these cases draw on NATO elites’ responses to open-ended survey questions. The first case assesses elites’ memory of strategic errors from a long crisis management operation: ISAF in Afghanistan. The second case presents elites’ memory of strategic errors from a short operation: Operation Unified Protector in Libya. The third case discusses elites’ memory of strategic errors in a crisis management case where no operation occurred: NATO’s actions in response to the crisis in Ukraine. The chapter begins by describing the methodology and then provides evidence of institutional memory development in each case. The chapter concludes with a discussion of findings that support the book’s argument as elites employed informal processes when contributing to NATO’s institutional memory.

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