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Mizugaki, Yoshio, Kazuki Takafuji, and Koichi Kikkawa. "Experimental Characteristics of Aluminum Alloys in Dry End Milling." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.714.
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This paper describes the cutting characteristics of aluminum alloys in dry end milling experimentally. The tested materials are A1050, A2017, A2024, A5025 and A7075. The cutter is a flat end mill of Co-cemented High Speed Steel with the diameter of 20 mm. Through the experimental results of side milling, the following three aspects have been found out. Firstly, as to the machining error, A1050 showed smaller machining error than 15 μm in the cutting speed rage from 62.8 m/min to 251.3 m/min. Other Aluminum alloys showed greater values. Secondly, as to the cutting force, those of aluminum alloys except A2017 were generally proportional to their material hardness. The cutting forces of A1050 and A5052 were constant over the whole range of cutting speed. Thirdly, as to the machined surface roughness, A7075 showed the smallest surface roughness among the all materials with its arithmetical mean roughness Ra under 0. 2 µm and with its maximum height of profile Rz under 1 μm. The machined surface roughness of A2017 varied widely. Through the visual inspection of machined surface, A2017 and A2024 showed picked surface as generated by a built-up edge. This document explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready manuscript for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. The text area for your manuscript must be 17 cm wide and 25 cm high (6.7 and 9.8 inches, resp.). Do not place any text outside this area. Use good quality, white paper of approximately 21 x 29 cm or 8 x 11 inches (please do not change the document setting from A4 to letter). Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc.
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Muntingh, George L., and Michelle Viljoen. "ERROR 404 – Sleep not found." South African Family Practice 60, no. 3 (July 12, 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v60i3.4878.
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Insomnia is perhaps the most common type of sleep disorder in the family medicine population. It is best described as a persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or a report of non-restorative sleep, accompanied by related daytime impairment. There is increasing evidence of a strong association between insomnia and various medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Diagnosis of insomnia and treatment planning rely on a thorough sleep history to address contributing and precipitating factors as well as maladaptive behaviours resulting in poor sleep. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the mainstay of treatment and is a safe and effective approach. The key challenge of CBT-I is the lack of clinicians to implement it. The newer generation nonbenzodiazepines (e.g. zolpidem) are used as first-line pharmacotherapy for chronic insomnia. Newer drugs active on targets other than the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor are now available, but clear treatment guidelines are needed.
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Farge, Dominique, Norbert Claude Gorin, Philippe Debourdeau, Anne Lamblin, and Francis Cajfinger. "Long-Term Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) for Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism (VTE): Adherence to Recommendations in Clinical Practice Based on Tropique, a Prospective Non-Interventional Observational Study." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1545.1545.
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Abstract Introduction Few data are available on the long-term LMWH prescription and treatment follow-up in clinical practice in patients with cancer-associated VTE. Study objectives were to document the prescription and use of treatment doses of LMWH in cancer patients and to assess adherence to established recommendations. Methods Adult cancer patients receiving antineoplastic treatment or palliative care, age ≥18 years, with recent symptomatic VTE in whom treatment with LMWH had been initiated within 7 days prior to inclusion, were eligible to participate in this prospective observational French multicenter study. Patients with a contra-indication to LMWH were not eligible for participation. Main study outcome was the description of LMWH use and prescription in usual medical care. Adherence to recommendations was measured as the proportion of patients receiving a prescription of a LMWH at treatment doses according to the approved dosing schedule and treated for at least 3 months in the absence of severe renal insufficiency (CrCl<30 mL/min) [1, 2]. Assuming a normal patient distribution and the unfavorable hypothesis that only 50% of patients were treated according to the national recommendations, 384 patients were needed to obtain conclusive results with a precision of 5% and a risk error of 5%. Results A total of 409 patients aged 65±12.1 years of whom 49.9% female were consecutively included from November 2012 to August 2013. A history of previous VTE was found in 54 (13.2%), surgery or trauma in 100 (24.4%), central venous catheter (CVC) in 303 (74.1%) and immobilization >1 month in 47 (11.5%) patients, respectively. Four (1.03%) patients had severe renal insufficiency. VTE diagnosis at inclusion included lower-limb deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in 193 (47.2%), pulmonary embolism in 145 (35.5%), CVC-associated thrombosis in 66 (16.1%), upper-limb DVT in 45 (11.0%) and visceral thrombosis in 16 (3.9%) patients, respectively. Most cancers were solid tumors gastro-intestinal (24.4%), lung (17.4%) or breast (15.9%); 81% of patients received chemotherapy and 61.4% were metastatic cancers. LMWH prescriptions included dalteparin in 42 (10.3%), enoxaparin in 61 (14.9%), nadroparin in 5 (1.2%) and tinzaparin in 301 (73.6%) patients. Only 4 (1%) patients received LMWH despite severe renal insufficiency. Table 1 –Prescription adherence to recommendations at inclusion [n (%)]Adherence criteriaTinzaparin (N=301)Other LMWH (N=108)All (N=409)Treatment duration > 3 months293 (97.3)108 (100)401 (98.0)Adequate dosing regimen*231 (76.7)14 (13.0)245 (59.9)Adequate dosing schedule296 (98.3)45 (41.7)341 (83.4)Overall adherence219 (72.8)7 (6.5)226 (55.3) *includes adequate treatment dose and dose adjustment according to recommendations A total of 274 (67.0%) patients received the recommended treatment dose, while 87 (21.3%) patients received doses exceeding this by more than 10% and 39 (9.5%) patients received doses more than 10% below the recommended doses. Based on the pre-defined adherence criteria, 226 (55.3%) [95% CI 50.4-60.1] patients had a LMWH prescription consistent with recommendations. Tinzaparin prescriptions were associated with higher adherence scores compared to other LMWH. During follow-up, actual mean treatment duration was 5.28 ± 2.07 months and 85.7% of patients were treated for 3 months or more Table 2 - Adherence to recommendations at inclusion according to cancer characteristics (N=409) [n (%)] Cancer characteristics Proportion of study population Proportion of adherence to recommendations Gastro-intestinal Lung Breast Hemato lymphopoietic Other Metastatic Chemotherapy (n=405)* 100 (24.4) 71 (17.4) 65 (15.9) 54 (13.2) 119 (29.1) 251 (61.4) 328 (81.0) 53 (53.0) 37 (52.1) 46 (70.8) 28 (51.9) 62 (52.1) 133 (53.0) 186 (56.7) *405 patients documented with chemotherapy At inclusion, the rate of prescriptions consistent with recommendations was low (55.3%) while the highest rate of adherence (70.8%) was observed in patients with breast cancer known to be at rather lower risk of VTE recurrence. Conclusion Adherence to treatment duration was adequate whereas dosing regimen was insufficiently compliant with recommendations. Overall adherence with tinzaparin seemed higher compared to other LMWH Management of patients with cancer-associated VTE requires further education and information of health care professionals. Farge D, J Thromb Haemost. 2013 Jan; 11(1):56-70. Disclosures Farge: Pfizer: Research Funding; LEO Pharma: Research Funding. Debourdeau:Pfizer: Research Funding; LEO Pharma: Research Funding. Cajfinger:Pfizer: Research Funding; LEO Pharma: Research Funding.
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Niveditha, B., and Mallinath Kumbar. "A Study of Availability and Recovery of URLs in Library and Information Science Scholarly Journals." Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajist-2020.10.1.297.
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The present study examines the availability and recovery of web references cited in scholarly journals selected based on their high impact factor published between 2008 and 2017. A PHP script was used to crawl the Uniform Resource Locators (URL) collected from the references. A total of 5720 articles were downloaded and 237418 references were extracted. A total of 33512 URLs were checked for their availability. Further the lexical features of URLs like file extension, path depth, character length and top-level domain was determined. The research findings indicated that out of 33512 web references, 20218 contained URLs, DOIs were found in 12799 references and 495 references contained arXiv or WOS identifier. It was found that 29760 URLs were accessible and the remaining 3752 URLs were missing. Most errors were due to HTTP 404 error code (Not found error). The study also tried to recover the inaccessible URLs through Time Travel. Almost 60.55% of inaccessible URLs were archived in various web archives. The findings of the study will be helpful to authors, publishers, and editorial staff to ensure that web references will be accessible in future.
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Sundari, Dike, Jumatul Hidayah, Sarwo Edy, and Farida Esmianti. "Error Analysis of English Sentence Structure in Students’ Written Paragraphs." ENGLISH FRANCA : Academic Journal of English Language and Education 5, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/ef.v5i1.2173.
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This research aimed to find out the types of sentence structure errors in English paragraphs written by tertiary English students and the factors causing the errors. This research employed an explanatory mixed-method design. Fourth-semester students from the English department of IAIN Curup were engaged as the subjects of this research. Positivism-governed document analyses and constructivism-based interviews were conducted to solicit the data as desired. The quantitative findings garnered from document analyses endorsing a ready-to-use construct proposed by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen (1982), revealed that there were four types of sentence structure errors students made, namely omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. Those types of errors were exhibited in a proximate composition which meant that the students had compatible difficulties in terms of the four types of errors. As uncovered from students' writing works, the four types of errors were found in the domains of words, phrases, and clauses. Subsequently, the qualitative findings, elicited from interviews, demonstrated that the factors of sentence structure errors extended to students' mother tongue interference, overgeneralization in the use of English rules and norms, and the lecturer's teaching material delivery and method. Anchored in the data gained, this research discussed the data from the perspective of interlanguage theory, wherein some reviews of SLA and EFL pedagogy-related theories were offered to help lower the factors causing English sentence structure errors in writing skills. Keywords: Errors, Sentence Structure, English writing skill
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Agriani, Trisakti, M. R. Nababan, and Djatmika Djatmika. "Translation Quality on Words Containing Spelling, Punctuation and Grammatical Error." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, no. 5 (August 5, 2018): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i5.314.
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This study aims to assess the translation quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability of words that contain spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors that represent the condition of Autism character in Flowers for Algernon novel by Daniel Keyes using an instrument from Nababan, Nuraeni, and Sumardiono (2012). This research uses qualitative descriptive method. Data collection is done through document analysis, questionnaire, and FGD. From 309 data found in the study, 303 data (98.05%) were accurately translated and 6 data (1.94%) were translated inaccurately. In terms of acceptability, 177 data (57.28%) were acceptable, 126 data (40.77%) were less acceptable and 6 data (1.94%) were unacceptable. While for readability aspect, 285 data (92,23%) were stated to have high readability, 18 data (5.82%) had medium readability and 6 data (1.94%) had low readability. The average score is 2.81. This score indicates the translation has a good quality of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.Keywords: Translation Quality, Spelling Error, Punctuation Error, Grammatical Error
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Farri, O., A. Rahman, K. A. Monsen, R. Zhang, S. V. Pakhomov, D. S. Pieczkiewicz, S. M. Speedie, and G. B. Melton. "Impact of a Prototype Visualization Tool for New Information in EHR Clinical Documents." Applied Clinical Informatics 03, no. 04 (2012): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/aci-2012-05-ra-0017.
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SummaryBackground: EHR clinical document synthesis by clinicians may be time-consuming and error-prone due to the complex organization of narratives, excessive redundancy within documents, and, at times, inadvertent proliferation of data inconsistencies. Development of EHR systems that are easily adaptable to the user’s work processes requires research into visualization techniques that can optimize information synthesis at the point of care.Objective: To evaluate the effect of a prototype visualization tool for clinically relevant new information on clinicians’ synthesis of EHR clinical documents and to understand how the tool may support future designs of clinical document user interfaces.Methods: A mixed methods approach to analyze the impact of the visualization tool was used with a sample of eight medical interns as they synthesized EHR clinical documents to accomplish a set of four pre-formed clinical scenarios using a think-aloud protocol.Results: Differences in the missing (unretrieved) patient information (2.3±1.2 [with the visualization tool] vs. 6.8±1.2 [without the visualization tool], p = 0.08) and accurate inferences (1.3±0.3 vs 2.3±0.3, p = 0.09) were not statistically significant but suggest some improvement with the new information visualization tool. Despite the non-significant difference in total times to task completion (43±4 mins vs 36±4 mins, p = 0.35) we observed shorter times for two scenarios with the visualization tool, suggesting that the time-saving benefits may be more evident with certain clinical processes. Other observed effects of the tool include more intuitive navigation between patient details and increased efforts towards methodical synthesis of clinical documents.Conclusion: Our study provides some evidence that new information visualization in clinical notes may positively influence synthesis of patient information from EHR clinical documents. Our findings provide groundwork towards a more effective display of EHR clinical documents using advanced visualization applications.Citation: Farri O, Rahman A, Monsen KA, Zhang R, Pakhomov SV, Pieckiewicz DS, Speedie SM, Melton GB. Impact of a prototype visualization tool for new information in EHR clinical documents. Appl Clin Inf 2012; 3: 404–418http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-05-RA-0017
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Ramadhani, Anisah. "ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ WRITING BY USING SURFACE TAXONOMY STRATEGY AT PRE-PLANET PROGRAM OF KRESNA ENGLISH LANGUAGE INSTITUTE." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Proficiency 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32503/proficiency.v1i1.1379.
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Considering the importance of grammatical aspect in the writing process, the students should have gramatical knowledge since they are as a beginner. This research aims at error analysis of students’ writing by using surface taxonomy strategy and the factors happen in error of students’ writing based on surface taxonomy strategy at Pre-Planet Program of Kresna English Language. The research study is classified into qualitative research. The instrument that the researcher used are document and interview. By analyzing the students’ answer sheet, the writer obtained their scores of the test result and found that the highest error was found in Misinformation, the students committed 147 times or 68.37% out of the whole errors. The second is Omission, from the data that was found 37 times or 17.21 % out of the whole errors of omission. Then, Addition was found 27 errors or 12.56 % on their writing. The lowest percentage is Mis ordering, was found 4 times or 1.86% errors. The factors of those errors because of the students do not know well about how to use the structure of sentence, the vocabulary that the students do not know before even how to spell it. Writing can begin from a simple piece to a more advanced level of writing. It includes the organization of words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
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Aufa, Mir-atul, and Hermawati Syarif. "Error Analysis on Classroom Language Made by Pre-service Teachers of English Education Program UNP." Journal of English Language Teaching 9, no. 1 (March 8, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jelt.v9i1.108151.
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This study aimed to analyse the errors on pre-service teachers’ classroom language while having field practice in senior high schools. The analysis was conducted by adapting James (1998) Target Modification Taxonomy. Classroom language including the simple instructions and the questions given by pre-service teachers. The participants of this research are five pre-service teachers from four different schools. This study was descriptive qualitative research. The instrumentation of this research were observation, document and interview. The study analyzed pre-service teachers’ classroom language by categorizing the errors into types followed by the causes of each error. Some problems related to pre-service teachers’ classroom language were also found. The problems found hindered the optimal use of classroom language. The findings of the research showed that there were grammatical and lexical errors occured. The grammatical errors were omission (50%), overinclusion (21.73%), misselection (8.70%) and misplacement (4.34%). Some ellipsis (15.21%) were also detected.
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Subekti, Adaninggar Septi. "Error analysis in complex sentences written by Indonesian students from the English education department." Studies in English Language and Education 5, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i2.10686.
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This study was aimed to analyse errors made by learners in writing four types of complex sentences; complex sentences with adjective clauses, noun clauses, adverb clauses, and multiple-clause structures in an Essay Writing class. This study was done based on the realisation that learners’ grammatical knowledge is not always translated into accurate language production in real writing contexts and as a continuation of a previous study with the same participants which found that learners’ mastery of complex sentence structure affected their L2 writing achievements. Through document analysis of 40 essays, by these learners, using Thematic Analysis, the present study found five major themes of errors. They were lack of tense consistency, errors of omission, which included omission of verbs, omission of subjects and verbs, and omission of subjects, errors of addition, incorrect verb formations (double finite verbs), and the combination of several errors. Using Error Analysis as a framework, some possible contributing factors were further examined. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and limitations, along with suggested directions for future research were also presented.
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Kumar, B. T. Sampath, D. Vinay Kumar, and K. R. Prithviraj. "Wayback machine: reincarnation to vanished online citations." Program 49, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prog-07-2013-0039.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to know the rate of loss of online citations used as references in scholarly journals. It also indented to recover the vanished online citations using Wayback Machine and also to calculate the half-life period of online citations. Design/methodology/approach – The study selected three journals published by Emerald publication. All 389 articles published in these three scholarly journals were selected. A total of 15,211 citations were extracted of which 13,281 were print citations and only 1,930 were online citations. The online citations so extracted were then tested to determine whether they were active or missing on the Web. W3C Link Checker was used to check the existence of online citations. The online citations which got HTTP error message while testing for its accessibility were then entered in to the search box of the Wayback Machine to recover vanished online citations. Findings – Study found that only 12.69 percent (1,930 out of 15,211) citations were online citations and the percentage of online citations varied from a low of 9.41 in the year 2011 to high of 17.52 in the year 2009. Another notable finding of the research was that 30.98 percent of online citations were not accessible (vanished) and remaining 69.02 percent of online citations were still accessible (active). The HTTP 404 error message – “page not found” was the overwhelming message encountered and represented 62.98 percent of all HTTP error message. It was found that the Wayback Machine had archived only 48.33 percent of the vanished web pages, leaving 51.67 percent still unavailable. The half-life of online citations was increased from 5.40 years to 11.73 years after recovering the vanished online citations. Originality/value – This is a systematic and in-depth study on recovery of vanished online citations cited in journals articles spanning a period of five years. The findings of the study will be helpful to researchers, authors, publishers, and editorial staff to recover vanishing online citations using Wayback Machine.
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Stephens, Melvin, and Takashi Unayama. "Estimating the Impacts of Program Benefits: Using Instrumental Variables with Underreported and Imputed Data." Review of Economics and Statistics 101, no. 3 (July 2019): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00769.
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Survey nonresponse has risen in recent years, which has increased the share of imputed and underreported values found on commonly used data sets. While this trend has been well documented for earnings, the growth in nonresponse to government transfers questions has received far less attention. We demonstrate analytically that the underreporting and imputation of transfer benefits can lead to program impact estimates that are substantially overstated when using instrumental variables methods to correct for endogeneity or measurement error in benefit amounts. We document the importance of failing to account for these issues using two empirical examples.
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Loan, Fayaz Ahmad, and Ufaira Yaseen Shah. "The decay and persistence of web references." Digital Library Perspectives 36, no. 2 (May 9, 2020): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlp-02-2020-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the persistence and decay of uniform resource locator (URLs) associated with Web references. The decaying of Web references is analyzed in relation to their age, domain, technical errors and error codes. Design/methodology/approach The Web references of the Journal of Informetrics were selected for analysis and interpretation to fulfill the set objectives. The references of all the scholarly articles, excluding editorials and reviews published in the Journal of Informetrics for five years from 2007 to 2011 were recorded in a text file. Later, the URLs were extracted from the articles to verify their accessibility in terms of persistence and decay. The collected data were then transferred into an excel file and tabulated for further analysis and interpretation using simple statistical techniques. Findings The results showed that of the total 7,409 citations retrieved from 221 articles, 358 citations (4.8%) were Web citations. These Web citations were assessed to find their persistence and decay. The results reveal that 115 (32.12%) Web references were missing or dead. The most common error associated with the missing Web citations was Error 404 Page not found, contributing 60% of the total missing citations, followed by 400 Bad Request Error (35.65%). The domain analysis of missing Web citations depicts that most of the missing URLs were associated with the .gov domain (40%), followed by .edu (29.58%) and .com (26.04%). Research limitations/implications The Web references of a single journal, namely, Journal of Informetrics, were analyzed for five years, and hence, the generalization of findings needs to be cautioned. Practical implications The URL decay is becoming a major problem in the preservation and citation of the Web resources, and collaborative efforts are needed to reduce the decaying of URLs. Originality/value A good number of studies have been conducted to analyze the persistence and decay of Web references, as it is the hot topic of research across disciplines, and this study is a step further in the same direction.
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Call, Kathleen Thiede, Gestur Davidson, Michael Davern, E. Richard Brown, Jennifer Kincheloe, and Justine G. Nelson. "Accuracy in Self-Reported Health Insurance Coverage among Medicaid Enrollees." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 45, no. 4 (November 2008): 438–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5034/inquiryjrnl_45.04.438.
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The largest portion of the Medicaid undercount is caused by survey reporting error—that is, Medicaid recipients misreport their enrollment in health insurance coverage surveys. In this study, we sampled known Medicaid enrollees to learn how they respond to health insurance questions and to document correlates of accurate and inaccurate reports. We found that Medicaid enrollees are fairly accurate reporters of insurance status and type of coverage, but some do report being uninsured. Multivariate analyses point to the prominent role of program-related factors in the accuracy of reports. Our findings suggest that the Medicaid undercount should not undermine confidence in survey-based estimates of uninsurance.
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Ratna, Purwaningsih, Prastawa Heru, and Haedy Puspitasari Anggita. "Usability measurement of telecommunications testing website PT. Telkom Indonesia using user centered design." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187308008.
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The telecommunication testing website developed and manage by PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia which aims to enable admin and customer to do the online test for their product. Online test save time and cost of testing. Some website functions found out did not operate effectively and efficiently. Usability Testing using User Centered Design (UCD) method is a research instruments in the form of draft interview, task scenario, and questionnaire. Variables used are Completion rate and Error to assess Website effectiveness, Task Time variable to assess website efficiency, and Satisfaction score variables by subjective questionnaire. Result of WEBUSE questionnaire, usability of website is 0.5825 categorized as moderate usability level (0.4 <x <= 0.6). The lowest usability is the User Interface Design category (0.55). The result conclude that the website need to be evaluate and improved. The time completion rate is 850 seconds and the error rate is high for task certificate download and complete the QA document. The highest task time is complete the registration form.
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Vera, Bara, Acep Haryudin, and Windy Herdiyanti. "ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE STUDENTS WRITING OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IN A DESCRIPTIVE TEXT." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i4.p514-520.
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One of English skills which is important to be mastered by the students’ is writing skill. Writing is a creative and expressive process. Students need to explore their ideas and compose into a good text. The objectives of this research is to find out types of error and the most dominant error writing using simple present tenses in a descriptive text made by the seventh grade students of MTs Asih Putera. The research design is qualitative design. The data were gathered from students’ test as a document analysis. Then, the researcher analyzed, classifying errors the students’ work based on types of errors by Dulay (1982). For calcuting the data, the researcher used one formula to know percentages errors. The result of this research, showed that there are 73 items of errors which occur in students’ sentence. It is found that 42 items or 57,53% errors are omission, 10 items or 13,70% are addition, 16 items or 21,92% are misformation, and 5 items or 6,85% are disordering. The conclusion based on the research result data, most student were made error in using simple present tense in a descriptive text, especially was ommision errors.
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Sanji, Rajiv Ranganath, Narendranath V, and Chandrakiran Channegowda. "Understanding and Analyzing Prescribing and Prescription Errors in Outpatient Setting of a Medical College Hospital ENT Department." Bengal Journal of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery 29, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47210/bjohns.2021.v29i1.395.
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Introduction A medication error is a failure in the treatment process that leads to, or has the potential to lead to, harm to the patient. In the hospital OPD, errors can occur in deciding on the medication to be prescribed (prescribing error) or in writing the prescription (prescription error). Materials and Methods We analyzed 100 prescriptions and case sheets in the OPD of ENT department in a tertiary medical college hospital for a period of one week for errors and assessed the perceptions and attitudes of the residents of the department using a questionnaire. Result Several prescription writing errors were found, primarily failure to document non pharmaceutical patient advice and use of generic names. Four prescribing errors were noticed which did not need urgent intervention. Discussion Failure modes and effects analysis was done to rank the failures modes; and causes for failure were elucidated using Ishikawa Diagram. Recommendations for preventing errors were made based on these results. Conclusion This study illustrates the use of management techniques to identify errors and formulate appropriate preventive responses. Such techniques should be a part of ongoing departmental management; and they provide insights into improving resident training in an ENT residency program.
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Fajri, Dede. "An Error Analysis on Students’ Abstract of College Students at Banten Jaya University." Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) 4, no. 2 (August 28, 2021): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/jeltl.v4i2.1452.
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Writing is not a natural talent in language acquisition since it necessitates both editing and revising, making it appear to be a simple activity. A dictionary might be used by students to assist them use a foreign language in any situation. These exercises, however, may cause a number of mistakes in pupils' writing tasks. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to detect students' difficulties and grammatical mistakes during the academic writing process. In this study, mixed techniques were used to document the works of vocational college students and conduct interviews with them. The evidence on learners' grammatical mistakes was gathered, transcribed, evaluated, and interpreted. The students' mistakes were found to be in the following areas: tense (38.0%), preposition (11.7%), article (11.4%), conjunction (11.4%), omission (8.9%), subject-verb agreement (6.3%), and adverb (6.3%). (2.5 percent ). Meanwhile, according to the interview, most of the students (81.8 percent) utilized a translation tool such as Google translate to help with language competency during the writing process. Despite using a translation tool in writing, the majority of students (73%) said it was a challenging ability to master, and 18% considered the writing process was the most difficult of all language tasks.
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Hogan, Kathryn, Beena Umar, Mohamed Alhamar, Kathleen Callahan, and Linoj Samuel. "Reducing Culture Reporting Errors in the Microbiology Laboratory." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (September 11, 2019): S131—S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz125.009.
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Abstract Objectives There are few papers that characterize types of errors in microbiology laboratories and scant research demonstrating the effects of interventions on microbiology lab errors. This study aims to categorize types of culture reporting errors found in microbiology labs and to document the error rates before and after interventions designed to reduce errors and improve overall laboratory quality. Methods To improve documentation of error incidence, a self-reporting system was changed to an automatic reporting system. Errors were categorized into five types Gram stain (misinterpretations), identification (incorrect analysis), set up labeling (incorrect patient labels), procedures (not followed), and miscellaneous. Error rates were tracked according to technologist, and technologists were given real-time feedback by a manager. Error rates were also monitored in the daily quality meeting and frequently detected errors were discussed at staff meetings. Technologists attended a year-end review with a manager to improve their performance. To maintain these changes, policies were developed to monitor technologist error rate and to define corrective measures. If a certain number of errors per month was reached, technologists were required to undergo retraining by a manager. If a technologist failed to correct any error according to protocol, they were also potentially subject to corrective measures. Results In 2013, we recorded 0.5 errors per 1,000 tests. By 2018, we recorded only 0.1 errors per 1,000 tests, an 80% decrease. The yearly culture volume from 2013 to 2018 increased by 32%, while the yearly error rate went from 0.05% per year to 0.01% per year, a statistically significant decrease (P = .0007). Conclusion This study supports the effectiveness of the changes implemented to decrease errors in culture reporting. By tracking errors in real time and using a standardized process that involved timely follow-up, technologists were educated on error prevention. This practice increased safety awareness in our micro lab.
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Yu, Su Ping, and Wei Wei Mao. "A Software Integration Testing Architecture Based on Contract." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.693.
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Under the guidance of DBC theory, a new architecture, called Integration Testing Architecture for Contract-Based System (ITACBS) is proposed in this paper. The ITACBS fully considers the characteristics of the component software, using the component interface of the contract document to describe the behavior of the system components.The aim of the ITACBS is to found the error between the components and the paste code and to achieve Integration Testing by monitoring and inspection contract. Compared with traditional method for packaging component,the method which used the ITACBS overcomes the non–state tracking of components caused by the unknown source.Test results show that the component wrapper can provide better testbility than other methods.
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Liu, Yubao, Thomas T. Warner, Elford G. Astling, James F. Bowers, Christopher A. Davis, Scott F. Halvorson, Daran L. Rife, Rong-Shyang Sheu, Scott P. Swerdlin, and Mei Xu. "The Operational Mesogamma-Scale Analysis and Forecast System of the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command. Part II: Interrange Comparison of the Accuracy of Model Analyses and Forecasts." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1654.1.
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Abstract This study builds upon previous efforts to document the performance of the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command’s Four-Dimensional Weather Modeling System using conventional metrics. Winds, temperature, and specific humidity were verified for almost 15 000 forecasts at five U.S. Army test ranges using near-surface mesonet data. The primary objective was to use conventional metrics to characterize the degree to which forecast accuracy varies from range to range, within the diurnal cycle, with elapsed forecast time, and among the seasons. It was found that there are large interrange differences in forecast error, with larger errors typically associated with the ranges located near complex orography. Similarly, significant variations in accuracy were noted for different times in the diurnal cycle, but the diurnal dependency varied greatly among the ranges. Factor of 2 differences in accuracy were also found across the seasons.
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Sife, Alfred Said, and Edda Tandi Lwoga. "Retrieving vanished Web references in health science journals in East Africa." Information and Learning Science 118, no. 7/8 (July 10, 2017): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-04-2017-0030.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the availability and persistence of universal resource locators (URLs) cited in scholarly articles published in selected health journals based in East Africa. Design/methodology/approach Four health sciences online journals in East Africa were selected for this study. In this study, all Web citations in the selected journal articles covering the 2001-2015 period were extracted. This study explored the number of URLs used as citations, determined the rate of URLs’ loss, identified error messages associated with inaccessible URLs, identified the top domain levels of decayed URLs, calculated the half-life of the Web citations and determined the proportion of recovered URL citations through the Internet Wayback Machine. Findings In total, 822 articles were published between 2001 and 2015. There were in total 17,609 citations of which, only 574 (3.3 per cent) were Web citations. The findings show that 253 (44.1 per cent) Web citations were inaccessible and the “404 File Not Found” error message was the most (88.9 per cent) encountered. Top-level domains with country endings had the most (23.7 per cent) missing URLs. The average half-life for the URLs cited in journal articles was 10.5 years. Only 36 (6.3 per cent) Web references were recovered through the Wayback Machine. Originality/value This is a comprehensive study of East African health sciences online journals that provides findings that raises questions as to whether URLs should continue to be included as part of bibliographic details in the lists of references. It also calls for concerted efforts from various actors in overcoming the problem of URL decay.
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Ladyta, Intan, Yosi Handayani, and Roza Puspita. "LITERASI DIGITAL DALAM PENGGUNAAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENGENDALIAN TAGIHAN." JOURNAL OF DIGITAL EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION, AND ARTS (DECA) 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/deca.v1i1.596.
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Badan Pengawasan Keuangan Kepuluan Riau Representative is one of the government institutions which get considerable attention in its financial management. All the money used should be made accountable. Responsibility of each work unit is made using SINTAG application where the result of this input will be compiled into a document of accountability. It would be an update for the treasurer to prepare financial statements. There is a problem especially in the public relation section and administration chief representative in the input process, there is an error in inputting data such as and error in typing or nominal numbers. Such errors would generate not accurate and relevant information for expenditure treasurer in which the inputting results will be material information in financial reporting. Based on the results of the study during an apprenticeship at the Supreme Audit Board of Kepuluan Riau Representative Office, it was found that, digital literacy in using system is one of the main concern, the financial sub-section controls this issue by cross-checking the invoice with the result of input to the SINTAG application in the form of a bill control and pay order.
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Nasution, Refi Fitri Hamdani. "Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Persepsi Petugas Gawat Darurat Terhadap Kesalahan Medik." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 3, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v3i6.206.
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Kesalahan medik serius paling sering terjadi di intensive care unit, ruang operasi, dan unit gawat darurat. Tujuan penelitian ini mendapat informasi tentang pengetahuan, sikap, dan persepsi tenaga kesehatan terhadap kesalahan medik. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap manajer, kepala seksi, kepala ruangan, ke- tua kelompok perawat, dokter dan perawat pelaksana. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif meliputi wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan telaah dokumen. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis konten yg membandingkan hasil penelitian dengan teori. Ditemukan bahwa pengetahuan, sikap, dan persepsi tenaga kesehatan cukup baik, tetapi belum diikuti tindakan, sarana prasarana dan pengawasan yang memadai. Sistem rujukan pasien yang kurang baik menyulitkan keluarga pasien. Kesalahan medik dipengaruhi oleh kasus sulit, pasien banyak dan tindakan tergesa-gesa. Sumber kesalahan medik adalah manusia, komunikasi, pasien. Keterampilan SDM dan kondisi fasilitas telah memadai. Namun, ruangan yang belum memadai dinilai sebagai sumber kesalahan medis. Selain itu, sikap antispasi atasan terhadap kesalahan medik kurang memadai. Untuk memperkecil kesalahan medik yang dilakukan upaya-upaya pelatihan, refreshing keilmuan, kolaborasi sesama tim, perbaikan komunikasi, dan mengikuti SOP.Kata kunci : Kesalahan medik, unit gawat darurat, pengetahuan, sikap, tenaga medisMedical error is known to occur mostly in the intensive care unit, operation room, and emergency unit. The objective of this study is to obtain information on knowledge, attitude, and perception of health workers on medical error. Study was conducted to manager, head of section, head of room, head of nursing team, doctors, and nurse. Qualitative method was employed including in-depth interview, observation, and document review. Analysis was conducted using content analysis that compare study results with theory. The study found that knowledge, attitude, and perception are relatively good, but has not been fol- lowed by appropriate action and not supported by sufficient facilities and monitoring system. Not very good referral system was an obstacle for patient’s fa- mily. Medical error was infleunced to happen by the presence of difficult cases, big number of patients, and in hurry action. The source of medical error was human factor, communication, and patient. Insufficiency or less equipped room was also perceived as source of medical error. Moreover, the attitude of ma- nagement regarding medical error was not really appropriate. To minimize medical error, it is necessary to conduct trainings, refreshing course, collaboration between teams, communication improvement, and SOP compliance.Key words : Medical error, emergency unit, knowledge, attitude, health workers
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Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A. "Reference rot degrades information preservation and induces the loss of intellectual integrity." Epistēmēs Metron Logos, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eml.25792.
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The age of open access has ushered in a greater desire to cross-cite information from a multitude of sources, some of which may have a determined fate and life cycle. Information insecurity caused by the loss or transposition of information also negatively impacts information integrity by reducing its use and usefulness. Reference rot refers to the phenomenon in which the link to a web resource or journal article URL no longer function, revealing instead a “404 not found” error message. Reference rot can reduce the reliability and usefulness of a manuscript because access to information supporting claims and/or positions within a paper ceases to exist. Academic papers carry a complex mixture of information that is derived from a multitude of sources. Collectively, they ensure a paper’s health and functionality, aspects that fade as access to supporting information becomes truncated, i.e., reference rot, ultimately reducing the usefulness of the academic paper, and making it, and its claims, unreliable. Although it is a cumbersome task, as the curators of academic and scientific information, extant journals and their editors should revisit URLs in the reference lists regularly to update any broken links or URLs, and correct reference lists accordingly. This laborious task should involve close coordination between editors and authors to ensure, as best as possible, the sustained integrity of citations and thus the information backbone of a manuscript. An academic paper with a strong, or fortified, citation base, has greater information integrity, reliability and use for science and society.
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Cho, Manki. "Steklov approximations of Green’s functions for Laplace equations." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 991–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2019-0357.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a meshless technique to find the Green’s functions for solutions of Laplacian boundary value problems on rectangular domains. This paper also investigates a theoretical basis for the Steklov series expansion methods to reduce and estimate the error of numerical approaches for the boundary correction kernel of the Laplace operator. Design/methodology/approach The main interest is how the Green's functions differ from the fundamental solution of the Laplace operator. Steklov expansion methods for finding the correction term are supported by the analysis that bases of the class of all finite harmonic functions can be formed using harmonic Steklov eigenfunctions. These functions construct a basis of the space of solutions of harmonic boundary value problems and their boundary traces generate an orthogonal basis of the trace space of solutions on the boundary. Findings The main conclusion is that the boundary correction term for the Green's functions is well-approximated by Steklov expansions with a few Steklov eigenfunctions. The error estimates for the Steklov approximations of the boundary correction term involved in Dirichlet or Robin boundary value problems are found. They appear to provide very good approximations in the interior of the region and become quite oscillatory close to the boundary. Originality/value This paper concentrates to document the first attempt to find the Green's function for various harmonic boundary value problems with the explicit Steklov eigenfunctions without concerns regarding discretizations when the region is a rectangle.
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Nugroho, Endik Deni, Vlorensius Vlorensius, Laila Rasidah H., and Nur Anisa. "The Content Analysis, Material Presentation, and Readability of Curriculum 2013 Science Textbook for 1st Semester of Junior High School 7th Grade." Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia 3, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v3i2.3904.
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Based on the early observation by researchers of the two Science textbooks 7th Grade about biological material, 1st and 2nd semester of curriculum 2013, there were errors in the material presentation and legibility. This study aimed to compare and find the contents suitability of the book based on standard of competence and basic competences, readability, materials presentation and supporting material in the science textbook VII grade, 1st and 2nd semester and measured student legibility. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach by using document analysis. The data resources were obtained by using purposive, the data collection was triangulation, data analysis was inductive/qualitative and the results emphasized the meaning. This research results showed that the Integrated Sciences and Sciences textbook 1st and 2nd semester meet the standards of the core competencies and basic competence on the syllabus curriculum 2013 and also meet the books standart. The results of the analysis conducted in misstatement concept and principles and material llustration in the Integrated Science textbook 1st semester were found 5 misstatement concept, for the presentation of the principles and material illustration was found no error. In the book Integrated Sciences there was no delivery errors concept, principle, and material illustration. Science textbook 1st semester found 8 concepts misstatements and 8 illustration material misstatements. In general, Integrated Sciences and Sciences textbooks 1st and 2nd semester are illegibility so not appropriate for students.
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Maryana, Lestari Kelik. "PERMEABILITY OF INTERLANGUAGE SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY OF STUDENTS LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 5 SURAKARTA." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 17, no. 1 (August 14, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v17i1.2350.
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The research deals with permeability of students’ interlanguage system that reflects in students’ composition of SMP Muhammadiyah 5 Surakarta. The aims of the research are (1) to describe what the types of permeability, (2) to describe the sourceof the influence in students’ IL system, and (3) to describe the influence frequency of students’ IL system. The type of this research is qualitative research. The data of this research are erroneous sentences found in the students’ compositions. The method of collecting data is elicitation and document analysis. The writer uses descriptive analysis by Celce Marcia and a modified framework of Error Analysis by Shridar a technique for analyzing data. The results indicate that (1) the permeability is found atthe level of morphology and syntax, (2) the source of the influence is students’ mother tongue (Indonesian) and target language (English), (3) the influence frequency of the mother tongue to students’ interlanguage system is 48% and of the target languageto the students’ interlanguage system is 52%. The conclusion is that the learners’ interlanguage is open to to influence from the outside and influence from the inside language system. It progressively approaches the target language as a result oflearners’ attempt on constructing a new linguistic system.
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Fisher, M. Patricia. "Interview with Bryan Found, Bsc DipEd GradDipNeuroSci PhD - A Discussion of Issues Around Human Factors and Bias in Forensic Handwriting Examinations:." Journal of Forensic Document Examination 25 (December 31, 2015): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31974/jfde25-5-16.
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Since the late 1980s, Dr. Bryan Found, the Chief Forensic Scientist at the Office of the Chief Forensic Scientist, Victoria Police Forensic Services Department in Australia, has accomplished more than any other researcher in the world to develop the science of handwriting identification. He has been an unrelenting advocate for not permitting biasing or context irrelevant information to enter into forensic handwriting examinations. Since the late 1980s, Dr. Found has been invited to over 20 countries to present workshops on the science of handwriting individualization and on human factors. Most recently he was invited to be a speaker for a plenary session at the International Symposium on Forensic Science Error Management sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in July 2015. He, along with his colleagues, have published over 40 peer- reviewed forensic scientific journal articles (including the Journal of Forensic Document Examination (JFDE)), 44 conference abstracts, and three invited book and encyclopaedia chapters. Dr. Found is currently the Chief Forensic Scientist for one of the world’s largest multi-disciplinary laboratories where he continues to see that laboratory develops and maintains the highest standards for forensic laboratories. These standards include educating practitioners, staff members, investigators, and attorneys about cognitive factors that include the potential impact of exposing practitioners to domain irrelevant context information. JFDE Editor interviewed Dr. Found to learn the importance of understanding how cognitive factors come into play in handwriting examinations and what procedures forensic handwriting examiners can consider to reduce the potential for bias and human errors.
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Scott, Arthur G. "Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey Streamgaging Network." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0064.
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This paper summarizes the results from the first 3 years of a 5-year cost-effectiveness study of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network. The objective of the study is to define and document the most cost-effective means of furnishing streamflow information. In the first step of this study, data uses were identified for 3,493 continuous-record stations currently being operated in 32 States. In the second step, evaluation of alternative methods of providing streamflow information, flow-routing models, and regression models were developed for estimating daily flows at 251 stations of the 3,493 stations analyzed. In the third step of the analysis, relationships were developed between the accuracy of the streamflow records and the operating budget. The weighted standard error for all stations, with current operating procedures, was 19.9 percent. By altering field activities, as determined by the analyses, this could be reduced to 17.8 percent. The existing streamgaging networks in four Districts were further analyzed to determine the impacts that satellite telemetry would have on the cost effectiveness. Satellite telemetry was not found to be cost effective on the basis of hydrologic data collection alone, given present cost of equipment and operation.
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Insom, Krisana, Patcharin Kamsing, Thaweerath Phisannupawong, and Peerapong Torteeka. "Outlet Temperature Prediction of Boiling Heat Transfer in Helical Coils through Artificial Neural Network." Proceedings 39, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019039016.
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In the present study, deep learning neural network model has been employed in many engineering problems including heat transfer prediction. The main consideration of this document is to predict the performance of the boiling heat transfer in helical coils under terrestrial gravity conditions and compare with actual experimental data. Total of 877 data sample has been used in the present neural model. Artificial new Neural Network (ANN) model developed in Python environment with Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) using four parameters (helical coils dimensions, mass flow rate, heating power, inlet temperature) and one parameter (outlet temperature) has been used in the input layer and output layer in order. Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm using L2 Regularization to find out the optimal model. A typical feed-forward neural network model composed of three layers, with 30 numbers of neurons in each hidden layer, has been found as optimal based on statistical error analysis. The 4-30-30-1 neural model predicts the characteristics of the helical coil with the accuracy of 98.16 percent in the training stage and 96.68 percent in the testing stage. The result indicated that the proposed ANN model successfully predicts the heat transfer performance in helical coils and can be applied for others operation concerned with heat transfer prediction for future works
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Gawande, Kanchan B., Abhay S. Srivastava, and Purushottam Kumar. "Reproductive tract infection and health seeking behaviour: a cross sectional community based study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181229.
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Background: Women in India have multitude of health problem, which ultimately affect the economic output. The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. There is significant gap in understanding the reproductive tract infections as well as consequence for women lives. The objective of the study was to study the prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sociodemographic factors responsible among ever married women.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was carried out in the rural area near Mumbai city. List of villages in the study area was obtained from primary health centre (PHC). The prevalence of reproductive tract infections among ever married women was 20.7%. At 95% confidence level and 5% allowable error sample size is 262 (n=4*p*q/l2). So the sample size required to document RTI was 265 ever married women.Results: Prevalence of reproductive tract infections was 143(53.96%). Most common morbidity found was vaginal discharge 59 (22.26%). There was a significant difference between the proportions of study subjects with reproductive tract infection with respect to their educational status & occupation.Conclusions: There was high prevalence of reproductive tract infection among study subjects with only 13.74% visited a qualified medical practitioner for their complaints.
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Naviantara, Denta, Suparno Suparno, and Dewi Dewi. "An Analysis of Banyumas Dialect Influence Toward Students’ English Pronunciation." English Education 7, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/eed.v7i2.35824.
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<p>In using a foreign language, pronunciation is affected by learners’ native language. English learners with Banyumas dialect will be distinctively recognized in their English. This present study is aimed to find out the differences in segmental features between Banyumas dialect and English and to describe the extent to which the Banyumas dialect influences students’ English pronunciation. The research uses the descriptive qualitative method. There are 30 sources of data (students) from two different classes. The subjects are originally from Banyumas and use Banyumas dialect in their daily communication. The writer conducts English pronunciation tests and records the students’ voices. The test includes 105 words consisting of each English vowels, consonants, and diphthongs. Besides, other supporting data are collected through document analysis, questionnaires, and observation. The study concludes that there are some differences in segmental features between Banyumas dialect and English, which have a negative influence on students’ English pronunciation. There are many pronunciation errors found on students’ pronunciation test results. Errors in pronunciation might be difficult to change if it becomes a habit. Teachers and students need to be aware of the differences between native language and foreign-language sound systems because it might be more valuable than error correction.</p>
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Norman, Angela, Todd Monroe, and Michael Carter. "Potential Inappropriate Treatment of Suspected Urinary Tract Infections Among Nursing Home Residents." Clinical Scholars Review 7, no. 1 (2014): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1939-2095.7.1.52.
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Objective: To determine if nurse practitioners and physicians followed recommended practice guidelines prior to the initiation of antibiotics among long-term care (LTC) residents with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs). Methods: A retrospective review of 1-year reported cases of UTIs in 2 rural southern nursing homes. Results: There were 175 cases of UTI reported in the 2 homes, but 6 cases were reported in error. Only 4 of the 169 remaining cases met the diagnostic criteria for UTI. The remaining 169 cases received inappropriate antibiotics. Some of these cases may represent asymptomatic bacteria rather than UTI. Problems were identified with the methods used to collect urine sample that were sent to the laboratory for culture. Conclusion: We found that in 2 nursing homes, almost all of the reported cases of UTI did not meet the accepted diagnostic criteria. Also, there was inappropriate antibiotic therapy for most of these residents. Nurse practitioners and physicians should accurately determine the presence of UTI and document in the medical record prior to initiating antibiotic. Urine specimens should be collected using appropriate methods. Nursing homes should only report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) those cases that meet the diagnostic criteria as a UTI.
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Kim, Sollip, Jeonghyun Chang, Soo-Kyung Kim, Sholhui Park, Jungwon Huh, and Tae-Dong Jeong. "Sample size and rejection limits for detecting reagent lot variability: analysis of the applicability of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP26-A protocol to real-world clinical chemistry data." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 59, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0454.
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AbstractObjectivesTo maintain the consistency of laboratory test results, between-reagent lot variation should be verified before using new reagent lots in clinical laboratory. Although the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document EP26-A deals with this issue, evaluation of reagent lot-to-lot difference is challenging in reality. We aim to investigate a practical way for determining between-reagent lot variation using real-world data in clinical chemistry.MethodsThe CLSI EP26-A protocol was applied to 83 chemistry tests in three clinical labs. Three criteria were used to define the critical difference (CD) of each test as follows: reference change value and total allowable error, which are based on biological variation, and acceptable limits by external quality assurance agencies. The sample size and rejection limits that could detect CD between-reagent lots were determined.ResultsFor more than half of chemistry tests, reagent lot-to-lot differences could be evaluated using only one patient sample per decision level. In many cases, the rejection limit that could detect reagent lot-to-lot difference with ≥90% probability was 0.6 times CD. However, the sample size and rejection limits vary depending on how the CD is defined. In some cases, impractical sample size or rejection limits were obtained. In some cases, information on sample size and rejection limit that met intended statistical power was not found in EP26-A.ConclusionsThe CLSI EP26-A did not provide all necessary answers. Alternative practical approaches are suggested when CLSI EP26-A does not provide guidance.
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Prasad, Priyanka, Rakesh Kumar, and Rekha Kumari. "Pre-analytical errors in clinical chemistry laboratory of a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 3815. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20194315.
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Background: Pre-analytical errors account for up to 70% of all mistakes made in laboratory diagnostics, most of which arise from problems in patient preparation, sample collection, transportation, and preparation for analysis and storage. Pre-analytical errors influence the total error thus hindering TQM in laboratory, consequently decreasing the accuracy and reliability of the results generated. This study was conducted with the aim to determine nature and frequency of the occurrence of pre-analytical errors.Methods: This prospective analytical study was designed to evaluate the pre-analytical errors observed in a total of 13,892 out-patient and inpatient samples. Samples received for routine clinical chemistry analysis were screened for pre-analytical errors. Samples received for other investigations were excluded. We recorded all nonconformities and errors occurring over a 3-month period and corrective measures were suggested to minimise them. Laboratory personnel were asked to register rejections, and pre-analytical causes for rejection of ward as well as out-patient samples collected in the laboratory. Types of inappropriateness were evaluated as follows: hemolyzed, blood collection in wrong tubes, clotted blood, inappropriate timing of collection, improperly labelled samples, insufficient volume of specimen and lipemic samples.Results: A total of 13,892 samples from the outpatient department and in-house patients were received by our clinical biochemistry laboratory during the period from April 2019 to June 2019. Out of these 404 samples were found unsuitable for further processing. This accounted for 2.9% of all samples collected in the laboratory and pre-analytical errors were responsible for these samples to be rejected over a period of 3 months. Rejections arose as a result of the following reasons: 0.92% were rejected due to hemolysis; 0.58% were blood collected in wrong tubes; 0.55% were clotted blood; 0.26% had inappropriate timing of collection; 0.24% were mislabeled samples; 0.20% had insufficient sample quantity and 0.14% were lipemic samples.Conclusions: Of all the samples received in the lab, the overall percentage of rejection is 2.9%. Substantial number of samples undergo repeated testing because of rejection owing to pre-analytical errors. The efforts should be aimed to reduce the rates of rejected samples can provide to improve the quality of laboratory based health care processes.
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Wahyuni, Vatri. "Management Analysis of Pharmacy Supplies at Bhayangkara Hospital Third Class Pekanbaru Pharmacy Installation in Riau Regional Police 2018." Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas 6, no. 2 (October 2, 2020): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol6.iss2.407.
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Supplies are a number of materials or goods provided by the Hospital, both in the form of finished goods, raw materials, or all related items for the smooth running of the Hospital to meet patient requests. The aim of the study was to analyze the process of managing pharmaceutical supplies in the Pharmacy Installation of Bhayangkara TK III Pekanbaru Polda Riau Hospital. This type of research is a descriptive study with a qualitative method approach, carried out at Bhayangkara Hospital, Riau Regional Police with a total of 7 informants. This research was conducted by conducting in-depth interviews and field observations and document review, and data processing was done by data triangulation. From the results of the study it was found that the selection, planning, procurement, receipt, storage, distribution, control, deletion and administration of drug supplies in general has not gone well, but some obstacles experienced were in the selection of drugs determined by doctors, drugs often used by doctors drugs that are not available in the hospital or outside the formulary due to lack of human resources, preparation of drugs not in accordance with alphabet, found there is an error in distributing drugs to rooms, PJ Room that does not want to return drugs that are not used so that there is a buildup of drugs that expire in the room and not returned to the drug warehouse, there was no special team for drug management so that when the drug stock was lacking, the pharmacists bought it at a nearby pharmacy located near the hospital. For this reason, the management of pharmaceutical supplies is given more attention, especially in the field of pharmacy, in accordance with alphabets, drugs are always available and used by doctors, expired drugs are reduced every year and stock cards are filled every day
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Walsh, Bridget, Sharon Christ, and Christine Weber. "Exploring Relationships Among Risk Factors for Persistence in Early Childhood Stuttering." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 2909–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00034.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how epidemiological and clinical factors collectively predict whether a preschooler who is stuttering will persist or recover and to provide guidance on how clinicians can use these factors to evaluate a child's risk for stuttering persistence. Method We collected epidemiological and clinical measures from 52 preschoolers ( M = 54.4 months, SD = 6.7 months; 38 boys and 14 girls) diagnosed as stuttering. We then followed these children longitudinally to document whether they eventually recovered or persisted in stuttering. Risk factors found to be significantly associated with stuttering persistence were used to build single and multiple variable predictive statistical models. Finally, we assessed each model's prediction capabilities by recording how accurate a model was in predicting a child's stuttering outcome—persisting or recovered. Results We found that a positive family history of stuttering, poorer performance on a standardized articulation/phonological assessment, higher frequency of stuttering-like disfluencies during spontaneous speech, and lower accuracy on a nonword repetition task were all significantly associated with an increased probability of persistence. The interaction between family history of stuttering and nonword repetition performance was also significant. The full multiple regression model incorporating all these risk factors resulted in the best fitting model with the highest predictive accuracy and lowest error rate. Conclusions For the first time, we show how multiple risk factors collectively predict the probability of stuttering persistence in 3- to 5-year-old preschool children who stutter. Using the full combination of risk factors to assess preschoolers who stutter yielded more accurate predictions of persistence compared to sparser models. A better understanding of the factors that underlie stuttering persistence will yield insight into the underpinnings of chronic stuttering and will help identify etiological targets for novel treatment approaches.
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Osahon, P. T., C. I. Chukwu, and C. C. Chukwu. "Prescription Pattern in the Eye Clinic of a Tertiary Health Facility in South-East Nigeria." Journal of Basic and Social Pharmacy Research 1, no. 5 (2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52968/27459928.
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Introduction: Eye care is imperative and requires that ophthalmic prescriptions be generated properly. Evaluation of prescription pattern is an aspect of investigation of drug utilization which is an essential part of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance. Objectives: To determine the prescription pattern in the eye clinic of a health facility using the WHO core prescribing indicators and document the disease pattern according to the prescriptions. Methods: The study was conducted at the Eye Clinic of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Nigeria. Data were collected retrospectively from prescriptions (from January to December 2018) in the Pharmacy using the WHO core indicator form. Microsoft Excel® was used to organize and analyse collected data using descriptive analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the health research ethics committee of UCTH, Calabar. Result: A total of 1098 prescriptions were accessed over the 12-month study period, 48% (531) of which were for females and 83% (915) for adults. Average number of drugs per prescription was 1.8. The percentage of drugs by generic name was 38.8%, drugs prescribed from essential drug list was 28.7% and antibiotics prescribed was 31.3%. Glaucoma (23%), conjunctivitis (19%) and refractive error (17%) were the most prevalent eye diseases found. Conclusion: Prescription pattern in this study site conformed to only one of the five WHO drug use indicators. High antibiotics prescriptions were observed, and eye diseases associated with bacterial infections were most prevalent in this study. Drugs should be prescribed with generic names and the essential drugs lists should be expanded to accommodate more drugs for glaucoma.
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Hanesiak, John, Mark Melsness, and Richard Raddatz. "Observed and Modeled Growing-Season Diurnal Precipitable Water Vapor in South-Central Canada." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 2301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2443.1.
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Abstract High-temporal-resolution total-column precipitable water vapor (PWV) was measured using a Radiometrics Corporation WVR-1100 Atmospheric Microwave Radiometer (AMR). The AMR was deployed at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, during the 2003 and 2006 growing seasons (mid-May–end of August). PWV data were examined 1) to document the diurnal cycle of PWV and to provide insight into the various processes controlling this cycle and 2) to assess the accuracy of the Canadian regional Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model analysis and forecasts (out to 36 h) of PWV. The mean daily PWV was 22.6 mm in 2003 and 23.8 mm in 2006, with distinct diurnal amplitudes of 1.5 and 1.8 mm, respectively. It was determined that the diurnal cycle of PWV about the daily mean value was controlled by evapotranspiration (ET) and the occurrence/timing of deep convection. The PWV in both years reached its hourly maximum later in the afternoon as opposed to at solar noon. This suggested that the surface and atmosphere were well coupled, with ET primarily being controlled by the vapor pressure deficit between the vegetation/surface and atmosphere. The decrease in PWV during the evening and overnight periods of both years was likely the result of deep convection, with or without precipitation, which drew water vapor out of the atmosphere, as well as the nocturnal decline in ET. The results did not change for days on which low-level winds were light (i.e., maximum winds from the surface to 850 hPa were below 20 km h−1), which supports the notion that the diurnal PWV pattern was associated with the daily cycles of local ET and convection/precipitation and was not due to advection. Comparison of AMR PWV with the Canadian GEM model for the growing seasons of 2003 and 2006 indicated that the model error was 3 mm (13%) or more even in the first 12 h, with mean absolute errors ranging from 2 to 3.5 mm and root-mean-square errors from 3 to 4.5 mm over the full 36-h forecast period. It was also found that the 3–9-h forecast period of GEM had better error scores in 2006 than in 2003.
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Glatthor, N., T. von Clarmann, H. Fischer, B. Funke, S. Gil-López, U. Grabowski, M. Höpfner, et al. "Retrieval of stratospheric ozone profiles from MIPAS/ENVISAT limb emission spectra: a sensitivity study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 10 (July 7, 2006): 2767–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2767-2006.
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Abstract. We report on the dependence of ozone volume mixing ratio profiles, retrieved from limb emission infrared spectra of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), on different retrieval setups such as the treatment of the background continuum, cloud filtering, spectral regions used for analysis and a series of further more technical parameter choices. The purpose of this investigation is to better understand the error sources of the ozone retrieval, to optimize the current retrieval setup and to document changes in the data versions. It was shown that the cloud clearing technique used so far (cloud index 1.8) does not reliably exclude all cloud-contaminated spectra from analysis. Through analysis of spectra calculated for cloudy atmospheres we found that the cloud index should be increased to a value of 3.0 or higher. Further, it was found that assignment of a common background continuum to adjacent microwindows within 5 cm−1 is advantageous, because it sufficiently represents the continuum emission by aerosols, clouds and gases as reported in the literature, and is computationally more efficient. For ozone retrieval we use ozone lines from MIPAS band A (685–970 cm−1) and band AB (1020–1170 cm−1) as well. Therefore we checked ozone retrievals with lines from bands A or AB only for a systematic difference. Such a difference was indeed found and could, to a major part, be attributed to the spectroscopic data used in these two bands, and to a minor part to neglection of modelling of non-local thermodynamic (non-LTE) emissions. Another potential explanation, a bias in the radiance calibration of level-1B spectra of bands A and AB, could largely be ruled out by correlation analysis and inspection of broadband spectra. Further upgrades in the ozone retrieval consist of application of an all-zero a-priori profile and a weaker regularization. Finally, the ozone distribution obtained with the new retrieval setup (data versions V3o_O3_7) was compared to the data version used before (V2_O3_2). Differences are smaller than ±0.4 ppmv in the altitude region 15–50 km. Further, differences to ozone measured by the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) are partly reduced with the new MIPAS data version.
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Alenezi, Sattam, Janine Abramson, Coral Smith, Helen Sammons, and Sharon Conroy. "INTERVENTIONS MADE BY UK PHARMACISTS TO MINIMISE RISK FROM PAEDIATRIC PRESCRIBING ERRORS." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 9 (August 17, 2016): e2.62-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311535.65.
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BackgroundPrescribing errors have the potential to adversely affect the safe pharmacological treatment of patients of all ages. The multi-centre General Medical Council commissioned ‘EQUIP’ study assessed the prevalence and nature of prescribing errors and found a mean rate of errors in 8.9% of medication orders.1 Paediatric data was not however analysed separately. Errors have been estimated to cause harm in paediatric patients three times more often than in adults.2 Clinical pharmacists play a role in identifying prescribing errors and minimising harm but this role has not been explored in detail in children in the UK.ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence and nature of prescribing errors and the role of hospital pharmacists in identifying and reducing risk in neonatal and paediatric patients.MethodsData collection sites were identified through the Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacists Group by an email asking for volunteer centres. Clinical pharmacists working in these hospitals were asked to document prescribing errors in inpatient medication orders identified as part of their routine practice using a data collection form adapted from the EQUIP study1. A variety of hospital settings were aimed for.Data was collected monthly on six separate weekdays in most of the participating hospitals in 2013. Data was entered on to a SPSS database for collation and analysis.Classification of error type and potential severity was done using the EQUIP study categories1. Drugs were categorised according to the British National Formulary for Children3 and patient's ages were grouped according to the International Conference of Harmonisation guidelines.4 ResultsThirteen hospitals (eight specialist children's and five general teaching hospitals) from across the UK agreed to participate. Pharmacists checked 11,941 prescriptions written for 3,330 patients and identified 1,039 errors: an overall rate of 8.7% of medication orders with 20.6% of all patients having a prescribing error.Overdose was found to be the most common error followed by incorrect or missing administration times and underdose. This was in contrast to the EQUIP study where omission errors were most common. Specialist trainees/trust grade fixed term specialty training appointments (FTSTAs) made the majority of errors; however this was in proportion with the number of prescriptions which they wrote. Antibacterial and analgesic drugs were the most common classes associated with errors and the oral route was the most common route involved.70% errors were classified as minor, though 25% were considered significant, 5.4% serious and 0.22% (two errors) potentially lethal. Five patients were stated to have experienced harm.39.6% of errors occurred during the patient's hospital stay followed by 35% errors occurring on admission.ConclusionPrescribing errors occurred at a similar rate as in adult patients 1 but the most common type of errors was different with dosing errors most common in children. Clinical pharmacists' interventions play an important role in identifying and minimising harm from prescribing errors.
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Nurudin, Muhamad, Windi Jayanti, Rio Dwi Saputro, Masda Priadyan Saputra, and Yulianti Yulianti. "Pengujian Black Box pada Aplikasi Penjualan Berbasis Web Menggunakan Teknik Boundary Value Analysis." Jurnal Informatika Universitas Pamulang 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/informatika.v4i4.3841.
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In a software test, validation is one of the processes of checking whether the software meets the expected specifications and objectives or not. The data validation process has not been maximized can result in a mismatch of data that will be stored in the database. For example the amount of stock turned negative, or the number of digits entered can exceed the defined limits. This can be detrimental to the owner and user in using this application. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of validation more accurately, so it can help the owner in terms of data accuracy. Applications are designed in such a way must go through a testing phase to ensure the quality of the software itself. Examples of tests can be said to be good if they have a chance of finding an error that cannot be revealed. Among the many ways of the Black Box testing methods, this study uses the Boundary Value Analysis testing method. The method tests the maximum number of limits and the minimum number of limits to produce a valid value, which is considered quite relevant for testing sales applications at PT Karunia Segar Kedua. The initial stage of the research needs to be done is to define the functionality to be tested, compile the test scheme, choose the material to be tested, determine the maximum and minimum number of limits in accordance with a predetermined database structure, conduct experiments, document research results, and draw conclusions. The conclusion is based on the testing has been done is software can be used properly, after an improvement is made on the errors found. However, this test has not been said to be perfect, because it is only done using a sample form. From the results of this test it is expected that the application can be used according to user requirements.
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Kaur, Gagandeep, Kaitlyn Williams, Ramapriya Vidhun, and Jessica Dodge. "Quality Assurance of the Gallbladder and Relationship Between Gallstones and Abdominal Panniculus Thickness in Adult Hospital Autopsies." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (September 11, 2019): S76—S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz114.002.
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Abstract Objectives Inconsistency in the autopsy report can be a liability issue. We studied the discordance between the presence of the gallbladder and a corresponding abdominal scar and suggest how to improve this error. To our knowledge, the relationship between abdominal panniculus thickness in adult hospital autopsies and the presence of gallstones has not been reported in the literature. We report the correlation between age, sex, average panniculus thickness, and gallstones. Methods The laboratory information system was searched for autopsies performed between 1/1/09 and 12/21/18. Patients <18 years old and partial, nonabdominal autopsies were excluded. Autopsy reports were reviewed, and the following data were recorded: age, sex, presence or absence of gallbladder, abdominal scars, abdominal panniculus thickness, and gallbladder pathology. Results Out of 385 autopsies reviewed, 48 (12.5%) had cholecystectomies. Of these 48 patients, 6 (12.5%) abdominal scars were not documented. The presence of the gallbladder was not mentioned in 6 (1.6%) reports. The most common pathology was gallstones, 78 (20.3%); cholesterolosis, 9 (2.3%); and cholecystitis, 6 (1.6%). The average age of females and males with gallstones was 68.9 and 66.4 years, respectively. The average abdominal panniculus thickness in males with and without gallstones and in females without gallstones was 3.3 cm. In contrast, the average abdominal panniculus thickness in females with gallstones was 4.0 cm. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that 12.5% of our autopsy reports failed to document the presence of abdominal scars in patients who surgically lacked a gallbladder. There is a need to improve documentation of abdominal scars and the presence or absence of the gallbladder. This can be achieved by creating mandatory fields (eg, gallbladder present/surgically absent) in the autopsy report template. Also, our study found that females with gallstones have a thicker abdominal panniculus than females without gallstones and males with or without gallstones.
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Serpeninova, Yu, L. Kobyletska, and M. Horodetska. "THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICY ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-29.
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Accounting policy is an internal document that contains data to ensure effective accounting, preparation and presentation of financial information, which is developed to combine with management decisions. The use of accounting policies should be consistently for similar transactions, other events or conditions. An entity has the right to change accounting policies only with the documentation of changes and their foundation. Cases in which it is possible to change the use to the accounting policies can be voluntary and mandatory. Accountants should use the theoretical and methodological aspects set out in UAS 6 “Error Correction and Changes in Financial Statements” and IAS 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors” to reflect properly changes in the accounting policies. Due to detailed analysis of these standards, IAS 8 was found to consist all needed methodology of accounting policy changes. The international standard gives variable instructions on: financial statements data change due to the event of factors that exist on this balance sheet; information to be covered in the notes (disclosure) to financial statements; accounting estimate changes, etc. International and national standards disclose changes and amendments to the accounting policies. This fact is very important for the users of the accounting policies and financial statements, as the amendment does not provide any financial statements data change. The company should clearly understand the difference between changes in the accounting policies and accounting estimates, know due to what circumstances retrospective application of changes in the accounting policies is impossible and how reflect them properly in a prospective way. To ease understanding of the described processes an algorithm for using changes in accounting policies according to international and national standards was developed. This will improve the quality of information presented in the financial statements of the company and as a result of using these data top management will make effective decisions.
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Lacey, Simon F., Joy Martinez, Ghislaine Gallez-Hawkins, Lia Thao, Jeff Longmate, Wahajul Haq, Ricardo Spielberger, Stephen J. Forman, John A. Zaia, and Don J. Diamond. "Simultaneous Reconstitution of Multiple CMV-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Populations with Divergent Functionality in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.190.190.
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Abstract Recent studies using direct stimulation of PBMC from CMV-positive individuals with optimal CTL epitope peptides have identified new antigens that are targets of the host immune response. The growing number of targets of the cellular immune response has prompted an evaluation of which antigens are potentially associated with protective immunity. A panel of seven human cytomegalovirus (CMV) epitope peptides and the corresponding MHC-I tetramers was used to evaluate cellular immunity in six healthy seropositive donors and in six hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCT). Broad CMV-specific responses were found to epitopes within several CMV polypeptides that were restricted by multiple HLA alleles in several individuals. The results document the simultaneous expansion of several of these CD8+ T-lymphocyte populations following allogeneic HSCT. The combined levels of CMV epitope-specific T-cells exceeded 20% of CD8+ T-lymphocytes in some individuals. The cytotoxic functionality of 26 different populations of CMV-specific T-lymphocytes detected within this group of 12 individuals was addressed by utilizing a recently described assay that measures transient surface levels of the lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP-1 (CD107a) and LAMP 2 (CD107b) after peptide stimulation. This degranulation/mobilization assay can be combined with tetramer staining of antigen-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and has potential as a surrogate marker for cytotoxic function. We found that a significant proportion of CD8+ T-lymphocytes specific for epitopes within the CMV pp65 and pp50 gene products had functional potential as measured by this assay (median percentage of cells within 14 T-cell populations staining with pp65 or pp50 tetramers that degranulated on stimulation with cognate peptide = 26.0% and 19.8%). By contrast, CD8+ T-lymphocytes specific for epitopes within the CMV IE-1 gene product had markedly reduced functionality (median percentage of cells within 12 T-cell populations staining with IE-1 tetramers that degranulated on stimulation with cognate peptide = 5.6%). This difference was significant (p= 0.003 by an F-test after adjusting for HLA and using interaction of subjects and epitopes as the error). This reduced degranulation efficiency of IE-1-specific T cells is consistent with their inefficient cytotoxic recognition of CMV-infected autologous fibroblasts. Further characterization of this functional dichotomy includes comparison of cell surface marker phenotype and cytokine release in response to antigenic presentation. These functional differences between T-lymphocyte populations within the same individual have implications for choosing antigens that are both protective and necessary to include in a CMV vaccine for transplant patients at risk for infectious complications after viral reactivation.
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Karim, Norazira Abd, Anuar Nawawi, and Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh Salin. "Inventory control weaknesses – a case study of lubricant manufacturing company." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 436–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-11-2016-0077.
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Purpose For a manufacturing company, inventory control and management is crucial to ensure smooth production and sustainable sales performance, as well as preventing stockout that will result in customer switch to competitors. This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of cycle count activities, one of the inventory control tools to manage inventory. Beside, this study also wishes to identify any loopholes in practices and procedures in inventory control of companies. Design/methodology/approach One of the lubricant manufacturing companies in Malaysia was selected as a case study and mixed method data collection of document analysis and observation were used. The analysis and examination was conducted by using Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission Framework 2013 as guidance. Findings This study found that problems in inventory control can be caused by inconsistency of practices due to incomplete or absent standard operating procedures. Furthermore, no segregation of duties and excessive reliance on one person to conduct many tasks will lead to human error and fraud. Research limitations/implications This paper enhances the theoretical understanding on the inventory control and management system applied in the manufacturing organization particularly. However, frequent changes of the management in the organization of the case study make the study difficult to obtain consistent information. Not all standard operating procedures were revised or updated and available for examination. In addition, some of the reports needed for investigation are confidential and requests to observe and scrutinize information from those documents are denied by the company. Thus, more in-depth analysis and verification on the issues of interest were unable to be conducted. Practical implications This study provides an indicator that cycle count activities need to be conducted frequently on a regular basis so that the physical inventory and recording system are accurate. Cycle count activities also must involves various related departments in the company in which regular training is essential to ensure employees are aware and understand their responsibility and accountability on the inventory. Originality/value This study is original as it focuses on the inventory control management of one of the largest lubricant manufacturing in Malaysia, particularly on cycle count activities which is scare in literature. Furthermore, the company allows research access to the documents and operations conducted in the company, which is usually difficult to obtain from many companies.
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Geissler, Erhard, and Robert Hunt Sprinkle. "Disinformation squared: Was the HIV-from-Fort-Detrick myth a Stasi success?" Politics and the Life Sciences 32, no. 2 (2013): 2–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/32_2_2.
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BackgroundWhen in May 1983 the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first securely attributed to a virus, eventually called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), many controversies arose. Among these was one centering on HIV's origin. A startling hypothesis, called here the “HIV-from-Fort-Detrick myth,” asserted that HIV had been a product, accidental or intentional, of bioweaponry research. While its earliest identifiable contributors were in the West, this myth's most dynamic propagators were in the East. The Soviet security service, the KGB, took “active measures” to create and disseminate AIDS disinformation beginning no later than July 1983 and ending no earlier than October 1987. The East German security service, a complex bureaucracy popularly known as “the Stasi,” was involved, too, but how early, how deeply, how uniformly, how ably, and how successfully has not been clear. Following German reunification, claims arose attributing to the Stasi the masterful execution of ingenious elements in a disinformation campaign they helped shape and soon came to dominate. We have tested these claims.QuestionWas the HIV-from-Fort-Detrick myth a Stasi success?MethodsPrimary sources were documents and photographs assembled by the Ministry of State Security (MfS) of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany), the Ministry of Interior of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and the United States Department of State; the estate of myth principals Jakob and Lilli Segal; the “AIDS box” in the estate of East German literary figure Stefan Heym; participant-observer recollections, interviews, and correspondence; and expert interviews. We examined secondary sources in light of primary sources.FindingsThe HIV-from-Fort-Detrick myth had debuted in print in India in 1983 and had been described in publications worldwide prior to 1986, the earliest year for which we found any Stasi document mentioning the myth in any context. Many of the myth's exponents were seemingly independent conspiracy theorists. Its single most creative exponent was Jakob Segal, an idiosyncratic Soviet biologist long resident in, and long retired in, the GDR. Segal applied to the myth a thin but tenacious layer of plausibility. We could not exclude a direct KGB influence on him but found no evidence demonstrating it. The Stasi did not direct his efforts and had difficulty tracking his activities. The Stasi were prone to interpretive error and self-aggrandizement. They credited themselves with successes they did not achieve, and, in one instance, failed to appreciate that a major presumptive success had actually been a fiasco. Senior Stasi officers came to see the myth's propagation as an embarrassment threatening broader interests, especially the GDR's interest in being accepted as a scientifically sophisticated state. In 1986, 1988, and 1989, officers of HV A/X, the Stasi's disinformation and “active measures” department, discussed the myth in meetings with the Bulgarian secret service. In the last of these meetings, HV A/X officers tried to interest their Bulgarian counterparts in taking up, or taking over, the myth's propagation. Further efforts, if any, were obscured by collapse of the East German and Bulgarian governments.ConclusionNo, the HIV-from-Fort-Detrick myth was not a Stasi success. Impressions to the contrary can be attributed to reliance on presumptions, boasts, and inventions. Presumptions conceding to the Stasi an extraordinary operational efficiency and an irresistible competence - qualities we could not confirm in this case - made the boasts and inventions more convincing than their evidentiary basis, had it been known, would have allowed. The result was disinformation about disinformation, a product we call “disinformation squared.”
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Yusuf, Asif, and Choudhury Camrul. "P24 Developing a paediatric electronic prescribing system." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): e1.29-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314584.35.
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AimTo develop an electronic prescribing system (EPS), in a tertiary care paediatric hospital.MethodOne of the many benefits of electronic prescribing (EP) in secondary care, is the reduction in prescribing error rates.1 However, implementing EP in paediatrics, presents many challenges such as the increased complexity of medication dosing2 and varying doses of drugs depending on indication.2 An EPS was acquired from a local adult secondary care hospital and developed to include a specialist paediatric drug library with clinical decision support. The pharmacy department used a dispensing patient medication record system that was incompatible with the EPS, so the latter had to work side-by- side with the former, as the drug chart. A smaller training team was deployed with external trainers, from the hospital where the system was acquired from and they were enlisted for the pilot.ResultsThe pilot was launched in April 2017, on the hepatology ward, consisting of 14 beds. All patients that were treated under the hepatology medical and surgical teams were placed on the e-prescribing system and this accounted for 95 patients, from the launch over a period of 3 months. Although the benefits of an EPS became a reality, which included a reduction in medication and administration errors, many drawbacks still existed that hindered a more complete EPS. Certain drugs were found to be missing from the drug library and drug monographs lacked the appropriate clinical decision support for prescribers and administrators alike. This was observed by the sharp rise in incident reporting from 20 reports, in the 3 months prior to the launch, to 55 reports, in the 3 months post-launch. Pharmacy processes, that proved effortless on drug charts and discharge prescriptions, became complex for pharmacists and technicians, as the EPS lacked the necessary features including insufficient message functionality to document patient’s own medicines and supply from pharmacy, discharge prescription alerting and modification of prescriptions once printed. The absence of sufficient and relevant clinical support staff became apparent soon after external trainers returned to their respective bases; with only one support member remaining that had held a clinical position previously. Difficulties quickly became apparent when attempting to explain specific clinical EP functions to non-clinical support staff.ConclusionIn preparation for rollout across the trust, many areas could be improved upon to ensure substantial progress could be made, from the pilot. Developing a more robust system to build and review drug monographs to include both medical and nursing input, from their respective clinical specialities and ensuring that all drugs whether supplied with or without pharmacy involvement are included in the paediatric drug library. Observing the work of pharmacists and other healthcare professionals, to ensure their day-today tasks, on drug charts or discharge prescriptions, are replicated successfully on the EPS. Increased pharmacy involvement in training and support, would benefit the EPS greatly, from a clinical perspective.ReferencesFranklin G, O’Grady K, Donyai P, Jacklin A, Barber N. The impact of a closed-loop electronic prescribing and administration system on prescribing errors, administration errors and staff time: A before-and-after study. QualSaf Health Care2007;16:279–84.Johnson KB, Lehmann CU. Council on clinical information technology. Technical report: Electronic prescribing in paediatrics: Toward safer and more effective medication management. Paediatrics2013;131(4):e1350–e1356.
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Determann, Lothar. "Healthy Data Protection." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.2 (2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.2.healthy.
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Modern medicine is evolving at a tremendous speed. On a daily basis, we learn about new treatments, drugs, medical devices, and diagnoses. Both established technology companies and start-ups focus on health-related products and services in competition with traditional healthcare businesses. Telemedicine and electronic health records have the potential to improve the effectiveness of treatments significantly. Progress in the medical field depends above all on data, specifically health information. Physicians, researchers, and developers need health information to help patients by improving diagnoses, customizing treatments and finding new cures. Yet law and policymakers are currently more focused on the fact that health information can also be used to harm individuals. Even after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic (which occurred after the manuscript for this article was largely finalized), the California Attorney General Becera made a point of announcing that he will not delay enforcement of the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which his office estimated imposes a $55 billion cost (approximately 1.8% of California Gross State Product) for initial compliance, not including costs of ongoing compliance, responses to data subject requests, and litigation. Risks resulting from health information processing are very real. Contact tracing and quarantines in response to SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 outbreaks curb civil liberties with similar effects to law enforcement investigations, arrests, and imprisonment. Even outside the unusual circumstances of a global pandemic, employers or insurance companies may disfavor individuals with pre-existing health conditions in connections with job offers and promotions as well as coverage and eligibility decisions. Some diseases carry a negative stigma in social circumstances. To reduce the risks of such harms and protect individual dignity, governments around the world regulate the collection, use, and sharing of health information with ever-stricter laws. European countries have generally prohibited the processing of personal data, subject to limited exceptions, for which companies have to identify and then document or apply. The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) that took effect in 2018 confirms and amplifies a rigid regulatory regime that was first introduced in the German State Hessen in 1970 and demands that organizations minimize the amount of data they collect, use, share, and retain. Healthcare and healthtech organizations have struggled to comply with this regime and have found EU data protection laws fundamentally hostile to data-driven progress in medicine. The United States, on the other hand, has traditionally relied on sector- and harm-specific laws to protect privacy, including data privacy and security rules under the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and numerous state laws including the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (“CMIA”) in California, which specifically address the collection and use of health information. So long as organizations observe the specific restrictions and prohibitions in sector-specific privacy laws, they may collect, use, and share health information. As a default rule in the United States, businesses are generally permitted to process personal information, including health information. Yet, recently, extremely broad and complex privacy laws have been proposed or enacted in some states, including the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”), which have a potential to render compliance with data privacy laws impractical for most businesses, including those in the healthcare and healthtech sectors. Meanwhile, the People’s Republic of China is encouraging and incentivizing data-driven research and development by Chinese companies, including in the healthcare sector. Data-related legislation is focused on cybersecurity and securing access to data for Chinese government agencies and much less on individual privacy interests. In Europe and the United States, the political pendulum has swung too far in the direction of ever more rigid data regulation and privacy laws, at the expense of potential benefits through medical progress. This is literally unhealthy. Governments, businesses, and other organizations need to collect, use and share more personal health information, not less. The potential benefits of health data processing far outweigh privacy risks, which can be better tackled by harm-specific laws. If discrimination by employers and insurance companies is a concern, then lawmakers and law enforcement agencies need to focus on anti-discrimination rules for employers and insurance companies - not prohibit or restrict the processing of personal data, which does not per se harm anyone. The notion of only allowing data processing under specific conditions leads to a significant hindrance of medical progress by slowing down treatments, referrals, research, and development. It also prevents the use of medical data as a tool for averting dangers for the public good. Data “anonymization” and requirements for specific consent based on overly detailed privacy notices do not protect patient privacy effectively and unnecessarily complicate the processing of health data for medical purposes. Property rights to personal data offer no solutions. Even if individuals - not companies creating databases - were granted property rights to their own data originally, this would not ultimately benefit individuals. Given that transfer and exclusion rights are at the core of property regimes, data property rights would threaten information freedom and privacy alike: after an individual sells her data, the buyer and new owner could exercise his data property rights to enjoin her and her friends and family from continued use of her personal data. Physicians, researchers, and developers would not benefit either; they would have to deal with property rights in addition to privacy and medical confidentiality requirements. Instead of overregulating data processing or creating new property rights in data, lawmakers should require and incentivize organizations to earn and maintain the trust of patients and other data subjects and penalize organizations that use data in specifically prohibited ways to harm individuals. Electronic health records, improved notice and consent mechanisms, and clear legal frameworks will promote medical progress, reduce risks of human error, lower costs, and make data processing and sharing more reliable. We need fewer laws like the GDPR or the CCPA that discourage organizations from collecting, using, retaining, and sharing personal information. Physicians, researchers, developers, drug companies, medical device manufacturers and governments urgently need better and increased access to personal health information. The future of medicine offers enormous opportunities. It depends on trust and healthy data protection. Some degree of data regulation is necessary, but the dose makes the poison. Laws that require or intend to promote the minimization of data collection, use, and sharing may end up killing more patients than hospital germs. In this article, I promote a view that is decidedly different from that supported by the vast majority of privacy scholars, politicians, the media, and the broader zeitgeist in Europe and the United States. I am arguing for a healthier balance between data access and data protection needs in the interest of patients’ health and privacy. I strive to identify ways to protect health data privacy without excessively hindering healthcare and medical progress. After an introduction (I), I examine current approaches to data protection regulation, privacy law, and the protection of patient confidentiality (II), risks associated with the processing of health data (III), needs to protect patient confidence (IV), risks for healthcare and medical progress (V), and possible solutions (VI). I conclude with an outlook and call for healthier approaches to data protection (VII).