Academic literature on the topic 'Erosion-sedimentation Balance'

Erosion control in the community-based Lake Batur area is directed to maintain the balance of Lake Batur. Erosion triggered by the pattern of management of agricultural lands less attention to aspects of soil and water conservation. The purpose of this research is; (1) to obtain a community-based erosion control model, (2) Land management Mapping on the edge of the lake, (3) erosion control strategy at the edge of the lake. This research field experiment and surpei, sampling is done by purposive sampling with amount of 64 sample. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents in cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires are closed questions on a conventional scale. The characteristics of the lake were analyzed descriptive statistics using the SPSS tool. Land mapping is done by GPS method with GIS device. Predict erosion using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) Model, for sedimentation using the Stanford Sediment model. The analysis of the rate due to erosion, done by non linear regression analysis. The analysis shows that the settlement has an average of 115,85%, plantation 245,50% and sedimentation level 1,017,93 m3 / year. Sedimentation was tested on both sides with a 95% confidence level on the modeled sediment data. Conclusions to tackle erosion using a community-based Terracing Mekar land arrangement model that collaborates with elephant grass and vetiveria.

Erosion control in Lake Batur area is community-based directed to maintain lake balance. The aims of this research is; (1) to obtain a community-based erosion control model, (2) to analyze the role of communities in the application of land management models. (3) Analyzing other plant species in collaboration with the arrangement model . (4) Analyzing the impact of terraces blooming against sedimentation. This research is field experiments and surveys, and the sampling was conducted by purposive sampling with 64 samples. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents by cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted through closed questions on a conventional scale. The characteristics of the lake were analyzed statistically and descriptively by using the SPSS tool. Land mapping was conducted by GPS method with GIS device. Prediction of erosion was by using USLE Model, while sedimentation was measured by the Stanford Sediment model. The analysis shows that the increase of settlement is averagely of 115,85%, plantation is 245,50% and the sedimentation level is 1,017,93 m3 / year. Conclusions and outcomes were in the form of community-based terracing model that collaborate with elephant grass and vetiveria plants.

Erosion control in Lake Batur area is community-based directed to maintain lake balance. The aims of this research is: 1) to obtain a community-based erosion control model, 2) to analyze the role of communities in the application of land management models, 3) to analyze other plant species in collaboration with the arrangement model, and 4) to analyze the impact of terraces blooming against sedimentation. This research is field experiments and surveys, and the sampling was conducted by purposive sampling with 64 samples. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents by cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted through closed questions on a conventional scale. The characteristics of the lake were analyzed statistically and descriptively by using the SPSS tool. Land mapping was conducted by GPS method with GIS device. Prediction of erosion was by using USLE Model, while sedimentation was measured by the Stanford Sediment model. The analysis shows that the increase of settlement is averagely of 115.85%, plantation is 245.50% and the sedimentation level is 1,017,93 m3/year. Conclusions and outcomes were in the form of community-based terracing model that collaborate with elephant grass and vetiveria plants.

Countermeasures of community-based lake sediments are directed at maintaining the dynamic balance of Lake Batur, Beratan Lake, Lake Buyan and Lake Tamblingan. Sedimentation process of this lake is triggered by the pattern of management of agricultural land on the edge of the lake is less attention to aspects of soil and water conservation. The purpose of this research is; (1) to obtain a community-based sedimentation prevention model, (2) Mapping Land management on the edge of the lake, (3) erosion control strategy at the edge of the lake. This research is field experiment and surpei research, sampling is done by purposive sampling at Batur Lake 20 samples, Beratan Lake 16 samples, Lake Buyan 16 samples and Danau Tamblingan 12 Sampel. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents in cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires are closed questions on a conventional scale. Characteristics of the lake were analyzed descriptive statistics using SPSS analysis tool. Land mapping is done by GPS method with GIS device. Predict erosion using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) Model while for sedimentation using the Stanford Sediment model. Data analysis to find out the model of development of sedimentation rate in lake due to erosion that happened, done by non linear regreresi analysis. The results of the analysis are tested on both sides with 95% confidence level on sediment data that is modeled whether or not significant effect

Deception Island is an active volcano with a submerged caldera open to the sea called Port Foster. Several post-caldera-collapsed volcanic events, as well as hydrodynamics, have changed its inner coastline, shaping new volcanic deposits. A hydrodynamic model is presented to predict accretion and erosion trends in this bay, which could have an impact on the mobility of researchers and tourists. New historical orthophotos and spatio-temporal differences between digital elevation and bathymetric models were used for validation purposes. The model reveals that the south-facing coast is more susceptible to erosion, while the east- or west-facing coast experiences sedimentation. A visual study for the periods 1970–2003 and 2003–2020 in Port Foster obtained similar annual erosion/accretion lineal rates (0.3–2 m/year) in the areas not affected by the last eruptive period, as well as increases of 0.023 km2/year and 0.028 km2/year of the inner bay and coastal sedimentation rates of 0.007 km2/year and 0.002 km2/year, respectively. Only part of the significant total volume loss is received within the bay, including its own erosion, and accumulates on the bay bottom. This is largely because the volume input is composed of snow, and it is also due to the transfer of material outside to balance the figures.

Abstract. In the last years methods for measuring bank erosion and sedimentation have been used to understand the process of river migration to get a better understanding of river migration. For this purpose a river bank in a medium low land river has been chosen. The river bank has been measured with a terrestrial laser scanner with a high resolution over the last three years. The yielded point clouds have been filtered and digital elevation models (DEM) have been created. These DEMs have been used to compare the mass balance and slope gradient changes between the scans. To achieve this goal, the slope gradient has been averaged horizontally and vertically. In addition, statistical analyses have been used to verify the significance of changes between the scans. The results show that erosion and sedimentation processes occur simultaneous. Further is the slope gradient a valuable tool to investigate different sections within a point cloud from terrestrial laser scanner.

Many rivers are tightly coupled and intersected with aeolian sand dunes, whose geomorphological evolution involves not only fluvial processes but also aeolian processes that pose a new challenge to fluvial geomorphological studies. However, due to few field studies, our overall understanding of the desert channel geomorphic process is limited. In this paper, we present an outstanding example of desert river channel evolution regulated by aeolian–fluvial interactions in the Ulan Buh Desert of the Yellow River, based on a long time series data set (1966–2019) of channel cross-sections. The results indicate that the lateral addition of aeolian sand, the water–sediment relationship and human interference have a significant role at different periods of channel evolution. Before 1986, higher discharge, lower sediment content and greater intensity of aeolian activity caused aeolian–fluvial interactions and a relative scouring and silting balance in the channel, with little human activity. From 1986 to 2000, an increase in large reservoir operation, vegetation coverage and floodplain farming, coupled with water–sediment relationship variation, caused rapid deposition and shrinkage of the river channel. From 2000 to 2014, the channel kept a slight scouring state. With Haibowan reservoir operation beginning in 2014, the talweg experienced rapid scouring and undercut rebound. However, an expanding and stable floodplain accelerated sedimentation on the floodplain and weakened river lateral erosion, indicating that the channel has shown a shrinkage trend. Meanwhile, wavelet analysis results indicate that human interferences and aeolian activities have no significant role in the periodical characteristics of the channel’s longitudinal erosion and deposition. Therefore, on the whole, increasing human interferences and decreasing wind dynamics have driven this desert wandering channel to be stable, and to gradually form a new balance between erosion and sedimentation.

Environmental context. Mercury (Hg) occurs at high concentrations in Arctic marine wildlife, posing a possible health risk to northern peoples who use these animals for food. We find that although the dramatic Hg increases in Arctic Ocean animals since pre-industrial times can be explained by sustained small annual inputs, recent rapid increases probably cannot, because of the existing large oceanic Hg reservoir (the ‘flywheel’ effect). Climate change is a possible alternative force underpinning recent trends. Abstract. The present mercury (Hg) mass balance was developed to gain insights into the sources, sinks and processes regulating biological Hg trends in the Arctic Ocean. Annual total Hg inputs (mainly wet deposition, coastal erosion, seawater import, and ‘excess’ deposition due to atmospheric Hg depletion events) are nearly in balance with outputs (mainly shelf sedimentation and seawater export), with a net 0.3% year–1 increase in total mass. Marine biota represent a small fraction of the ocean’s existing total Hg and methyl-Hg (MeHg) inventories. The inertia associated with these large non-biological reservoirs means that ‘bottom-up’ processes (control of bioavailable Hg concentrations by mass inputs or Hg speciation) are probably incapable of explaining recent biotic Hg trends, contrary to prevailing opinion. Instead, varying rates of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer from the abiotic MeHg reservoir may be key, and are susceptible to ecological, climatic and biogeochemical influences. Deep and sustained cuts to global anthropogenic Hg emissions are required to return biotic Hg levels to their natural state. However, because of mass inertia and the less dominant role of atmospheric inputs, the decline of seawater and biotic Hg concentrations in the Arctic Ocean will be more gradual than the rate of emission reduction and slower than in other oceans and freshwaters. Climate warming has likely already influenced Arctic Hg dynamics, with shrinking sea-ice cover one of the defining variables. Future warming will probably force more Hg out of the ocean’s euphotic zone through greater evasion to air and faster Hg sedimentation driven by higher primary productivity; these losses will be countered by enhanced inputs from coastal erosion and rivers.

This study with a morphology and hydrosedimentology character was done to carry out a with an understanding the evolution of the channels and sedimentation in Potou lagoon in Ivory Coast starting from the realization of the bathymetric map. The bathymetry of this lagoon avered that the depths are lower than 2.11 m out of 22 km2, and presente three types of channels. In fact the channels in "U" represent a balance between the agents of accumulation and erosion. Channels resulting from processes of erosion which are in "V" and channels intermediate indicating an evolution of the type "V" in "U". In particular during these fourteen last years the Potou lagoon has sudden great phenomenon of deposit is a volume of +66791000.18 m³of sediments deposed on a surface which is thus estimated at 65.2 % of chenal surface. These deposits are certainly causes of full high funds in this lagoon. The mean velocity of sedimentation on Potou lagoon is thus estimated at 26.5 cm/year. As for the erosion, it could be estimated at-8487601 m³ a volume of on a surface wich is thus estimated at 34 % of chenal surface. The sedimentary budget would be thus estimated at+58303398.68449 m³ on a surface of 12.45 m2. A surface which is thus estimated at 0.8 %hasn’t sudden phenomenon of deposit or erosion. The bathymetric chart and the sedimentary budget of Potou lagoon are tools necessary for use of the stretch of water by the users. Thus, the zones at the risks determined on the bathymetric chart, such as the high bottom and the points of swirl generated by the depressions, will be easily avoided.

In the recent past, there has been a very rapid increase in the developmental activities in the Himalayas in general and Dehradun Valley in particular. These comprise large-scale construction, roads, mining activity, overgrazing, and deforestation etc. leading to the land degradation. A near exponential population growth has placed a further heavy demand on already limited natural resources. High rainfall coupled with fragile rocks and good relief provides a dense network of stream system. The debris from landslides and mine waste cause inequilibrium in flow regime causing meandering in both mountain and valley streams. These problems pose serious threat to environmental and ecological balance in an already fragile eco-system. Landslide, river sedimentation, disruption to communication lines and depletion of water sources are some of the direct consequences of mass erosion problem. The effect of majority of casualties and other natural hazards due to mass erosion often disrupts economic and social fabric over a much wider area than the hazard site and prompt action is required in order to minimize these losses. There are several mass erosion problems but landslides, mine spoil stabilization and stream bank erosion problems are dominant and therefore selected for the present study.

L'évolution géodynamique oligo-néogène de l' Altiplano au niveau du "Coude d'Arica", est caractérisée par déformation compressive et volcanisme importants. Dans la partie orientale de la chaîne (Bolivie), le raccourcissement est bien documentée (190-280 km), et il explique une croûte très épaisse (65 km). Dans la partie occidentale (Nord du Chili), cependant, l'histoire géologique n'est pas bien connue et est en partie controversée. L'étude de la région d'Arica, sur trois transects régionaux (au 1:50. 000), permet de proposer un model représentatif d'évolution géodynamique pour l'Altiplano occidental. L'Oligocène (-35-26 Ma) est caractérisé par une sédimentation fluviatile, enregistrée dans la partie la plus profonde de la Dépression Centrale. Les dépôts, atteignant 500m d'épaisseur, recouvrent en discordance angulaire une surface d'érosion régionale peu accidentée. Ils sont poligéniques et proviennent de l'Est, de l'érosion d'une proto-Cordillère Occidentale. Ils sont affectés par des chevauchements subverticaux à vergence Ouest. L'Oligocène terminal-Miocène précoce (26-19 Ma) est une période intensive de volcanisme effusif et explosif. A l'Est (Cordillère Occidentale), l'arc volcanique est représenté par au maximum de 2. 500 m d'andésites, dacites et ignimbrites rhyolitiques, intercalées de niveaux alluviales et lacustres. Cet arc, très actif, a été associé à la formation des caldeiras d'effondrement. A l'Ouest (Précordillère et Dépression Centrale), les dépôts d'avant-arc sont représentés par jusqu'à 1. 000 m d'ignimbrites rhyolitiques (extra-caldeira), avec intercalations fluviatiles et lacustres. Dans la Cordillère de la Côte, une sédimentation alluviale oligo-miocène est enregistrée dans des bassins restreints (<200 fi d'épaisseur). Au cours de ce cycle, on ne note pas d'indices d'une activité tectonique importante, sauf un plissement faible dans la Cordillère Occidentale. Le Néogène (,. . . ,18-0Ma) est caractérisé par un volcanisme andésito-dacitique, principalement effusif, développé dans la Cordillère Occidental avec un volume modeste par rapport à la période antèrieur. Ce volcanisme est accompagné d'une tectonique compressive importante associé à sédimentation fluviatile syntectonique relativement restreinte. La déformation est représentée par un système de plis et de chevauchements à vergence Ouest impliquant le socle, dont le raccourcissement minimum est estimé à 7 km. Cette déformation s'est développée surtout dans la partie ouest de la Cordillère Occidentale, entre 18 et 5 Ma avec des réactivations mineures pendant le Plio-Quaternaire. Ceci implique une vitesse de racourcissement horizontal, pendant le Néogene, de l'ordre de O,54km/Ma. Au niveau de la Dépression Centrale, pendant le Miocène, une sédimentation fluviatile et lacustre est représentée par au maximum de 350 m de dépôts volcanogéniques provenant de l'Est. Vers 12 Ma, la sédimentation fluviatile s'est arrêté et une surface de pédimentation régionale s'est mis en place. Postérieurement l'avant-arc a été affectée par une forte incision (atteignant 1. 000 m) concentrée sur un petit nombre de vallées. L'événement coincide avec un important changement climatique qui a induit la désertification d'Atacama, accompagné d'une baisse eustatique (au maximum de 200 m). Pendant le Miocène supérieur-Quaternaire, cependant, la forte incision n'est pas expliquée seulement par effects exogènes. Un soulèvement majeur (-800 m) de l'avant-arc s'est donc produit. Le soulèvement et l'abrasion marine ont généré un abrupt côtier, tandis que dans les vallées incisées se sont déclenché d'importants glissements de terrain. La déformation contemporaine de l'avant-arc est localisée au niveau de failles et de plis flexures larges, associés à la propagation aveugle de chevauchements subverticaux avec des déplacements verticaux importants (jusqu'à 850 m) et des raccourcissements négligeables (jusqu'à 100 m). Le soulèvement de la Précordillère s'est produit entre 12 et 10 Ma, et il a été suivi d'un mega-glissement gravitaire. Les roches volcaniques oligo-néogènes d'Arica sont calco-alcalines fortement potassique, et leur composition varie peu au cours du temps. Cependant, on note un enrichissement croissant en éléments lithophiles, une participation de plus en plus importante du grenat comme phase résiduelle dans la croute inférieure, et une diminution relative du taux de fusion partiel dans la source mantélique. Par ailleurs, l'évolution structurale et le bilan érosion-sédimentation montrent que la Cordillère Occidentale d'Arica a été soulévée et soumise à l'érosion depuis l'Eocène. Au cours de la période considérée (Olîgo-Néogène), l'épaississement crustal de l'AltipIano occidental a donc été relativement lent par rapport à l'Altiplano oriental et non seulement liée à des processus tectoniques
The oligo-neogene geodynamic evolution of Altiplano, at the latitude od "Codo de Arica", is characterised by an important compressive defonnation and volcanism. In the eastern part of the chain (Bolivia), the shortening is weIl documented (190-280 km), and it explain a very thick crust (65 km). However, in the western part, the geological history is not weIl known and in part controversial. The study of the Arica region, on three regional transects (to scale 1:50. 000), permit to propose a representative model for the geodynamic evolution of the western Altiplano. The Oligocene (-35-26 Ma) is characterised by fluvial sedimentation, recorded in the deeper part of the Central Depression. The deposits, up to 500 m thickness, cover a topographically smooth regional unconformity. They are polymictic and provene from the East, from the erosion of a proto-Cordillera Occidental. They are cut by subvertical west-vergent faults. The Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (26-19 Ma) is a period of intense effusive and explosive volcanism. To the East (Cordillera Occidental), the volcanic arc is represented by a maximum of 2. 500 m of andesites, dacites and rhyolitic ignimbrites, with alluvial and Iacustrine intercalations. This arc, very actif, was asociated to formation of collapse calderas. To the West (Precordillera and Central Depression), the fore-arc deposits are represented by up to 1. 000m of rhyolitic ignimbrites (extra-caldera), with fluvial and lacustrine intercalations. In the Coastal Cordillera, oligo-miocene alluvial sedimentation is recorded in restricted bassins (<200 m thickness). Throughout this cycle, no evidence has been found for important tectonic compressive activity, except in a gentle folding in the Cordillera Occidental. The Neogene (--18-0Ma) is characterised by a andesite-dacitic volcanism, mainly effusif, developed in the Cordillera Occidental with a modest volume respect to the previous period. This volcanism was coeval of restricted fluvial syntectonic sedimentation. The deformation is represented by a west-vergent thrusts and folds system, involving the basement, and with a minimum shortening estimate to he 7 km. This deformation developed essentially in the west part of the Cordillera Occidental, between 18 and 5 Ma with Plio-Quaternary little reactivations. This implies a velocity of horizontal shortening, during Neogene, close to 0,54 km/Ma. In the Central Depression, during Miocene, fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation is represented by a maximum of 350 m of volcanoclastic deposits, which provene from the East. Close 12 Ma, the fluvial sedimentation ceased and a regional pedimentation surface developed. Afetr it, the fore-arc was afected by strong incision (down to 1. 000 m) concentrated in a few valleys. The event would he associated to a regional climatic change, which have induced the desiccation of Atacama, coeval with an eustatic descent (maximum of 200 m). During Late Miocene-Quaternary, however, the incision is not only explain by exogene phenoma. Therefore, un major uplift (--800 m) of the fore-arc is infered. The uplift and marine abrasion have generated an abrupt coastal cliff, and in the incised valleys produced important ground-mass collapses. The coeval deformation ofthe fore-arc is located at the fault and gentle tlexure-folds associated to the blind propagation of the subvertical faults, which induce important vertical displacement (up to 850 m) and negligeable shortening (up to 100 m). The uplift of the Precordillera produced between 12 and 10 Ma, and it has been followed by a giant gravitational collapse. The Oligo-Neogene volcanic rocks ofArica are high-potassium calc-alkaline, and its composition do not vary significantly with time. However, we note an increasing enrichment of lithophiles elements, a more important participation of gamet as residual phase in the lower crust, and a relative decreasing ofthe partial fusion rate in the mantle source. On the other hand, the structural evolution and the erosion-sedimentation balance show that the Cordillera Occidental of Arica region bas been uplif and exposed to erosion since Eocene. In the considered period (Oligo-Neogene), the crustal thickning of the western Altiplano was slow respect to the eastern Altiplano and not only associated to the tectonic processus

Globally, soil degradation driven by erosion is a severe hazard to food production and ecosystem services. Approximately 95 million hectares of land are affected by soil erosion in India. Therefore, it is the need for an hour to assess the extent and rates of soil erosion. This chapter explains how fallout radionuclides (FRNs), such as 137Cs, 7Be, 210Pb excess, etc., are useful for studying soil erosion rate. This method can provide retrospective data on erosion/deposition rates and spatial patterns of soil redistribution over short-term (a few days), medium-term (decades), and long-term (centuries) periods. These radioactive inventory data were converted into quantitative estimates of erosion and deposition rates using a variety of theoretical models. Different models, including basic proportional models (PM) and mass balance models (MBM), are extensively employed and require the inclusion of all the crucial factors influencing how these FRNs are distributed in the soil profile. Mass balance model- 3 (MBM-3) is regarded as one of the best models because it also accounts for soil redistribution caused by tillage erosion. In general, the spatial patterns of soil redistribution provided by 137Cs and soil- morphological techniques are comparable. However, the USLEbased model provides accurate estimates of sediment mobilization from slopes but does not adequately represent the spatial pattern of soil redistribution because it does not account for within-slope redeposition. For further validation of the use of the radiotracer technique in different landscapes and land uses, a large number of databases are required

ABSTRACT Mount Diablo State Park exemplifies many other conservation areas where managers balance the dual missions of protecting natural resources while providing public access. Roads and trails that crisscross the park are etched into the geomorphic surface, capturing and redirecting storm runoff, and presenting both a challenge for soil conservation and a consequence of construction and maintenance. We used field mapping, remote sensing, and modeling to assess erosion along the roads and trails in Mount Diablo State Park, which encompasses the headwaters of several urbanized watersheds. The field mapping in 2011 determined that 56% of the assessed roads and trails required either repair or reconstruction to control erosion and that ~67% of the culverts in the park required either repair or replacement. Aerial photography and modeling showed that other erosion (unrelated to roads or trails) preferentially occurred during wet periods, in specific lithologies, and on convergent slopes. Although lithology and climate drive slope-forming geomorphic processes, we found that the road and trail system (1) expanded the stream network with a capillary-like system of rills, (2) catalyzed prolonged erosion, and (3) altered the timing and pattern of sediment yield. In addition to water-driven erosion during wet periods, road and trail surfaces were subject to mechanical and wind erosion during dry periods. Spatially, dry erosion and runoff both conformed with and crossed topographic gradients by following the road and trail network. Road- and trail-induced erosion occurred across a wider range of rock properties and slope geometries than is typical for other erosion. Hence, the roads and trails have expanded the spatial and temporal boundary conditions over which geomorphic processes operate and, due to continual soil disturbance, have accelerated erosion rates. Although road density is a commonly used metric to rank road-related impacts at watershed scales, it misses both spatial variability and the opportunity to identify specific road and trail segments for remediation. We developed a spatially explicit scoring scheme based on actual erosion and the potential for sedimentation of discrete waterbodies. The data were incorporated into the park’s road and trail management plan in 2016.

Vistula Lagoon is the second largest lagoon in the Baltic Sea with maximum depth 5.2 m and average depth 2.7 m. Water volume and area are 2.3 km3 and 838 km2. Lagoon is connected with the Baltic Sea by single inlet 400 m wide and 10-12 m deep. Sediment budget estimation were made using literature sources, results of field measurements (hydrology, suspended sediment content, upper layer sediment structure, direct measurements of sedimentation in summer and winter conditions). The budget for terrigene and biogenic components of sediments were made, considering their contributions from the rivers, inflow from the Baltic Sea, coastal erosion and aerial flux, biological production within the lagoon, totally - ca. 730 thousands ton per year. Nearly half of total gain is washed out (105 and 244 thousands ton per year of terrigene and biogenic components), another half is dissolved and mineralized (biogenic component), and only 10% is deposited on the bottom, resulting in rather low sedimentation rate - 0.4 mm/year during last 100 years. Paper explain the reason of difference with estimation made in (Chubarenko&Chubarenko, 2002) and concludes that the clarification of estimates of the amounts of sediments transported from the lagoon to the Baltic Sea is a critical element for understanding the evolution of the Vistula Lagoon as a sedimentation system.

Vistula Lagoon is the second largest lagoon in the Baltic Sea with maximum depth 5.2 m and average depth 2.7 m. Water volume and area are 2.3 km3 and 838 km2. Lagoon is connected with the Baltic Sea by single inlet 400 m wide and 10-12 m deep. Sediment budget estimation were made using literature sources, results of field measurements (hydrology, suspended sediment content, upper layer sediment structure, direct measurements of sedimentation in summer and winter conditions). The budget for terrigene and biogenic components of sediments were made, considering their contributions from the rivers, inflow from the Baltic Sea, coastal erosion and aerial flux, biological production within the lagoon, totally - ca. 730 thousands ton per year. Nearly half of total gain is washed out (105 and 244 thousands ton per year of terrigene and biogenic components), another half is dissolved and mineralized (biogenic component), and only 10% is deposited on the bottom, resulting in rather low sedimentation rate - 0.4 mm/year during last 100 years. Paper explain the reason of difference with estimation made in (Chubarenko&Chubarenko, 2002) and concludes that the clarification of estimates of the amounts of sediments transported from the lagoon to the Baltic Sea is a critical element for understanding the evolution of the Vistula Lagoon as a sedimentation system.

Concentrated flow erosion in rills, pipes, ephermal gullies, and gullies is a major contributor of downstream sedimentation. When rill or gullies form in a landscape, a 3- to 5-fold increase in soil loss commonly occurs. The balance between the erosive power of the flow and the erosion resistance of the bed material determines the rate of concentrated flow erosion. The resistance of the bed material to detachment depends primarily on the magnitude of the interparticle forces or cohesion holding the particles and aggregates together. The effect of soil properties on bed material resistance and concentrated flow erosion was evaluated both in the laboratory and field. Both rill erodibility and critical hydraulic shear were greater when measured in 9.0 m long rills under field conditions compared with laboratory mini-flumes. A greater hydraulic shear was required to initiate erosion in the field compared to the mini-flume because of the greater aggregate and clod size and stability. Once erosion was initiated, however, the rate of erosion as a function of hydraulic shear was greater under field conditions because of the greater potential for slaking upon wetting and the greater soil surface area exposed to hydraulic shear. Erosion tests under controlled laboratory conditions with the mini-flume allowed individual soil variables to be studied. Attempts to relate rill erosion to a group soil properties had limited success. When individual soil properties were isolated and studied separately or grouped separately, some trends were identified. For example, the effect of organic carbon on rill erodibility was high in kaolinitic soils, low in smectitic soils, and intermediate in the soils dominated by illite. Slow prewetting and aging increased the cohesion forces between soil particles and decreased rill erodibility. Quick prewetting increased aggregate slaking and increased erodibility. The magnitude of the effect of aging depended upon soil type. The effect of clay mineralogy was evaluated on sand/clay mixtures with montmorillonite (M), Illite (I), and kaolinite (K) clays. Montmorillonite/sand mixtures were much less erodible than either illite or kaolonite sand mixtures. Na-I and Na-K sand mixtures were more erodible than Ca-I and Ca-K due to increased strength from ionic bonding and suppression of repulsive charges by Ca. Na-M was less erodiblethan Ca-M due to increased surface resulting from the accessibility of internal surfaces due to Na saturation. Erodibility decreased when salt concentration was high enough to cause flocculation. This occurred between 0.001 mole L-1 and 0.01 mole L-1. Measuring rill erodibility in mini-flumes enables the measurement of cohesive forces between particles and enhances our ability to learn more about cohesive forces resisting soil detachment under concentrated water flow.