Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Érosion et mesure d'atténuation'
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Song, Layheang. "Usage des terres, ruissellement de surface, érosion des sols : analyse multi-échelles de l'impact des plantations de teck dans un agro-écosystème montagneux tropical humide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30188.
Full textSoil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]
Vassiliou, Marie-Michèle. "La mesure rapide des coefficients d'atténuation à l'aide d'un gamma caméra et correction d'atténuation en gamma-tomographie." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD272.
Full textFournier, Céline. "Caractérisation ultrasonore de la peau in vivo par mesure des coefficients d'atténuation et de rétrodiffusion." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120007.
Full textTo date, skin imaging with high frequency (20 MHz) ultrasonic systems remains qualitative and biopsy is the only recourse for skin tissue characterization. The aim of this work is to develop techniques for in vivo skin characterization by attenuation and backscattering coefficient measurement. Techniques necessary for the measurement of these ultrasonic parameters in vivo at 20 MHz were first developed: acquisition system calibration, beam diffraction compensation, acquisition gain choice, selection of the region of interest, signal-processing parameters. The attenuation and backscatter coefficients were then measured in vivo in the dernis of 29 subjects. The measurements' variability in a plane parallel te the skin-surface and their reproducibility were evaluated. Ultrasonic parameters were found to be sensitive to experimental factors such as room and skin-surface temperatures and pressure applied to skin during acquisition, to subject-dependent factors such as age and gender, as well as to measurement site. Moreover, attenuation measurements are demonstrated te be sensitive both to dermis attenuation and variation ofbackscattering properties with depth. Finally, an in vitro study was conducted te compare the ultrasonic parameter variations with those of the dermis structure assessed by histology. A protocol was developed to measure the morphometrical parameters of collagen which is the main dermis constituent. The frequency dependence of backscatter was significantly related to the collagen bundle thickness and the integrated backscatter coefficient was related to the fractional area occupied by collagen. Such techniques are thus promising for pathology diagnosis and the evaluation of dermal response to therapeutics and cosmetics
Lavigne, Sylvain. "Contribution à la mesure de concentration dans les écoulements gaz-solide : méthodes d'atténuation de rayons X et de reconstruction d'image." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0014.
Full textSow, Mamadou. "Mesure, caractérisation et paramétrisation des flux d’aérosols terrigènes produits par érosion éolienne en zone sahélienne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0056/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to link quantitatively the characteristics (intensity and sizedistribution) of the flux of fine mineral particles produced by wind-erosion in a Sahelian zone with the aerodynamic conditions prevailing during the erosion events. Achieving this goal is a prerequisite for quantifying accurately 1) the transfer of soil nutrients (N, P, Fe…) from the source areas to the deposition zones located downwind, and 2) the impact on climate of air-suspended mineral particles which are able to scatter and absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. An important part of this work has been dedicated to the collection of experimental data during the 2006 and 2007 summer campaigns of the « Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine » (AMMA) experiment. Measurements were carried out at Banizoumbou (60km east of Niamey, Niger) on a sandy agricultural field representative of the Sahelian wind erodible surfaces. After describing the original experimental set-up and associated methodology, a complete study of all the types of events monitored during the field campaigns is made. Very few transport cases accompanied by significant deposition were observed (only two over the whole measuring period), but many erosion cases were recorded. The latter could result either from the temporal strengthening of the south western monsoon winds prevailing in this season (‘monsoon events’) or to the passage of convective systems accompanied by strong surface winds and often followed by rain (‘convective events’). After rigorous cross examination of the quality of the data set 2 events of the monsoon type and one of the convective type are retained for the rest of the study. In good agreement with previous wind tunnel experiments, comparing the size distributions measured during the events confirms that the emission flux is richer in very fine particles during the energetic convective event than during the less violent monsoon ones. Then, these results are compared with the predictions of the Dust Production Model (DPM) based on the previous wind-tunnel studies. It is found that the DPM is able to simulate correctly the intensity of the emission mass flux provided adequate values are selected for the binding energies of the fine particle populations identified in the laboratory experiments. However, a more detailed analysis of the size-resolved fluxes reveals that the DPM tends to overestimate the production of particles larger than 10µm and underestimate the flux of particles with sizes between 2 and 8µm. This leads us to propose a new parameterization based on a detailed study of the 3 events selected previously. This parameterization allows prediction of the changes in emission flux intensity and sizedistribution with aerodynamic conditions. In a final step, the parameterization is tested successfully on an independent erosion event
Choffat, Thierry. "Simulation des phénomènes de marquage et de perte de masse en érosion de cavitation." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0051.
Full textCavitation erosion is an harmful phenomenon that can damage materials exposed to cavitating flows. Ln order to predict the mass loss engendered by this mechanism, models have been proposed. The idea consists in caracterizing the damage induced in the solid by cavitation impacts thanks to pitting tests, and then to describe the evolution of the material behaviour as impacts overlap. Two models have been exploited in this thesis : the first one is based on the work-hardening phenomenon, and the second one is based on fatigue. Calculation codes based on these models have been developped ; their sensibility to experimental parameters and to the pitting tests analysis quality has been studied. Moreover, bibliographical studies have been led in order to propose further improvements of these models, through taking into account the material behaviour at the high deformation speeds caracterizing cavitation erosion
Viguier, Jean-Marc. "Mesure et modélisation de l'érosion pluviale : application au vignoble de Vidauban (Var)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22054.
Full textVignal, Bertrand. "Mesure des précipitations par radar : influence de la résolution du faisceau et de l'atténuation ; dentification par méthode inverse des profils verticaux de reflectivité et des profils radiaux d'atténuation." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0027.
Full textRoy, Samir Chandra. "Analyse et modélisation du comportement de divers matériaux en érosion de cavitation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI081/document.
Full textNumerical prediction of cavitation erosion requires the knowledge of flow aggressiveness, both of which have been challenging issues till-date. This thesis proposes to use an inverse method to estimate the aggressiveness of the flow from the observation of the pits printed on the surface in the first moments of the cavitation erosion. Three materials were tested in the same experimental conditions in the cavitation tunnel PREVERO available LEGI Grenoble. The geometry of the pits left on the surface is precisely measured using a systematic method to overcome the roughness effect. Assuming that each pit was generated by a single bubble collapse whose pressure field is treated as a Gaussian shape, finite element calculations are run for estimating the load that created each residual imprint. It is shown that the load distribution falls on a master curve independent of the tested material; the softer material (aluminum alloy) measuring the lowest impacts while the most resistant material (duplex stainless steel) provides access to the largest impact pressures. It is concluded that the material can be used as a pressure sensor measuring the level of aggressiveness of the flow. The inverse method is based on a material characterization taking into account strain rate effects. It is shown that nanoindentation tests are more suitable than compression tests to determine the parameters of the behavior law, particularly for the aluminum alloy for which the microstructure is very heterogeneous. High-speed compression tests with split Hopkinson pressure bars complement the constitutive law giving the sensitivity to the strain rate. Simulations considering the dynamic loading show that impacts of strong amplitude but applied in a short time do not leave any residual pit if the frequency is higher than the natural frequency of the material treated as a damped oscillator. A dynamic mechanism of plastic strain accumulation that could eventually lead to fatigue failure is proposed. Finally, the mass loss curve of cavitation erosion is simulated by applying randomly on a 3D mesh, the impact force population estimated by the inverse method
Tarhini, Zaynab. "Étude couplée rhéométrie-hydrodynamique et application à l'érodabilité locale d'un sédiment cohésif modèle." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2299/document.
Full textAssociated problems with sediment transport are one of the major concerns of our society, as an environmental and economic perspective. Few information about local dynamics of erosion is available and especially for cohesive sediments. In this study, we focus on local phenomena acting at the water-sediment interface. First, a transparent sediment model is made based on rheological properties of natural sediments. For this purpose, different mixtures, containing Laponite and carboxymethylcellulose, are tested by varying the concentration and method of manufacture. Measurement protocols are then established and a law of variation of rheological properties as a function of the sediment concentration is determined. Then, definition of flow within the hydraulic channel of the study, without the presence of sediment, is obtained by PIV optical measurements. Average and instantaneous velocity fields allowed us to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy and the laminar and turbulent stresses acting on the bottom. Finally, similar measurements are carried out in the channel with presence of sediments in cases where the sediment is driven or not by hydrodynamic forces. Access to the turbulent kinetic energy as well as laminar and turbulent hydrodynamic stresses provides an understanding of local phenomena causing erosion. Stresses at the interface are compared with those obtained within the sediment via the rheological law highlighting the presence of a critical shear stress related to the sediment properties
Caoudal, Sophie. "Expérimentation Marseille 92-93 : mesure des précipitations en hydrologie urbaine à l'aide d'un radar bande X : le relief comme cible utile pour l'étalonnage et la correction d'atténuation, tests de cohérence des données issues des divers capteurs disponibles." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10156.
Full textNguyen, Van Thiet. "Aménagements hydroélectriques et conséquences environnementales dans le nord du Vietnam." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20031/document.
Full textThe thesis project assumes that the construction of hydropower dams could be a driven force for a harmonious economic development between mountains and plains. The aim would be to link policies for hydropower dam development, and policies for agriculture in mountains, within individual strategies, in relationship with physical and socio-economic constraints. Since 2000’s, throughout Southeast Asia, many projects of large hydropower dams are built or being built to meet the strong growth in demand for energy, causing great threats to water management and the environment on the one hand, and imposing important population displacement on the other hand. In these mountainous regions, the erosion process is a major risk for both the filling of reservoirs and agricultural soil productivity. Then major investors, for the lifespan of hydropower dams, and small farmers, for their livelihoods, are equally impacted. The challenge is to reformulate the relationship between planning and management of hydropower dams, and planning and management of agricultural uplands in upstream areas of dams. Although the socio-economic support has been very much improved from the Vietnamese State, displaced and non-displaced farmers are still largely undergoing regional socio-spatial changes on-going. In spite of good government and international intentions, the lack of consultation at local level and the lack of knowledge in hydro-ecology remain major constraints to the success of environmental protection and equity between the concerned populations, two mandatory conditions for sustainability of hydroelectric dam projects. In conclusion, it appears that the successful implantation of a large hydroelectric dam is related to the ability of policymakers to understand the complex interactions between ecological and socio-economic systems
Oudaa, Massoud. "Modélisation et détermination expérimentale de l’atténuation ultrasonore dans les matériaux polycristallins." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI067.
Full textThe flaw detection performance of ultrasonic non-destructive testing on polycrystalline materials can be impaired by a high attenuation of the ultrasonic beam induced by the scattering of ultrasonic waves through the grain boundaries. The objective of this research work is to identify the microstructural characteristics that influence attenuation in two types of materials: coarse-grained isotropic materials - represented here by a nickel-based alloy - and textured anisotropic materials, represented by austenitic steel welds. A finite element modelling approach is implemented by coupling the ATHENA® code with a description of the microstructure at grain scale (GSM). This approach makes it possible to study the contribution of scattering to the attenuation of longitudinal waves in these heterogeneous materials, taking into account their morphological, elastic and crystallographic properties. Simulations are carried out in 2D and 3D for both materials. Scattering attenuation is determined by two methods. On the one hand, it is calculated from the decay of the amplitude of multiple simulated bottom echoes. In this method, the contribution of scattering through the microstructure is isolated by comparison with an attenuation obtained in an equivalent homogenized material. On the other hand, it is calculated by decomposing the ultrasonic beam transmitted through the sample into an angular spectrum of monochromatic plane waves. The numerical results show the influence of many parameters on attenuation such as grain size, grain size distribution, crystallographic orientation, grain boundaries and sensor frequency. Finally, the numerical results are compared with experimental data and theoretical predictions obtained by analytical models. This comparison shows the capability of the GSM approach, including 3D simulation to reproduce scattering attenuation in complex microstructures of non-textured isotropic and textured anisotropic materials
Thierry, Raphaël. "Correction de l'atténuation et de la réponse géométrique d'un détecteur en tomographie d'émission sur colis de déchets nucléaires." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004856.
Full textQiu, Bo. "Numerical study on vibration isolation by wave barrier and protection of existing tunnel under explosions." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0011/document.
Full textGround vibration induced by human activity such as industrial activities, car or truck traffic, or pilling and blasting in construction or deconstruction operation, generally reaches the troublesome limit for men and occasionally attains the harmful limit. In the densely populated urban regions and buildings housing sensitive equipments, ground vibration has to be strictly controlled. Up to now, many vibration reduction methods have been proposed, one of which is the installation of wave barrier between the dynamic sources and the protected structures. Over the past decades, the vibration isolation effectiveness of wave barrier has been extensively studied. However, to the best of the writer’s knowledge, there is little study about the mutual influence of the parameters of soil-barrier system on the barrier screening efficiency, and the optimization design for wave barrier is rare as well. On the other hand, the influence of ground vibration generated by explosions on the nearby existing tunnel has attracted more and more attention due to the recent damage or even failure of tunnels. Up to now, there are few mitigation measures comprehensively proposed by researchers and engineers for the tunnel vibration reduction during explosions. To overcome those drawbacks, this dissertation focuses on the investigation of the influence of various parameters of soil-barrier system on the barrier isolation efficiency. Key parameters are identified. More importantly, an optimization design method is developed, aiming to find out the desirable barrier that is able to minimize the ground vibration in protected site. Besides, the dynamic behavior of existing tunnel under nearby explosions is examined. Parameters that significantly affect the response of tunnel are pointed out. Furthermore, two practical mitigation measures: the installation of a protective layer along the tunnel lining and time-delayed explosions (rather than instantaneous explosions), are presented with details. The research in this dissertation is able to provide a good reference for the optimization design of wave barrier in reducing ground vibration in protected site and for the design of practical mitigation measures to protect existing tunnel from nearby explosions