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1
J., Otieno,, Otieno, A. C., and Tonui, K. W. "Land Use Activities and Their Effects on Soil Erosion on the Slopes of Kajulu Hills, Kisumu County, Kenya." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n2p68.
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Soil erosion is a natural phenomenon, but human activities accelerate it between ten to forty times the natural occurrences. It therefore calls for mitigating measure to curb the effects of erosion since soils form at a slower rate than they are destroyed. A study on land use activities and their effects on soil erosion was conducted in the upland ecosystem in Kenya, Kajulu hills. The study assessed the effectiveness of the mitigation measures adopted by the residents to ease the effects erosion on the hill slopes. A sample size of 295 households out of 1600 households engaged in various mitigating practices was used. The study collected data on the magnitude of soil (kg) lost from the arable lands using collector ditch technique. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and Man U-test. The result showed a double amount (1.198kg/m2) of soil lost on the arable land without mitigation measures as compared to plots under cut off ditches (0,615kg/m2) and vegetative strips (0.904kg/m2) with Man U=7. These findings were above the world wide estimation of soil erosion on arable mountainous regions which range between 1.3-40.kg/m2/year (13-40T/Ha/year) as it was based on one rainy season.
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Rulli, M. C., L. Offeddu, and M. Santini. "Modeling post-fire water erosion mitigation strategies." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 6 (June 27, 2013): 2323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2323-2013.
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Abstract. Severe wildfires are often followed by significant increase in runoff and erosion, due to vegetation damage and changes in physical and chemical soil properties. Peak flows and sediment yields can increase up to two orders of magnitude, becoming dangerous for human lives and the ecosystem, especially in the wildland–urban interface. Watershed post-fire rehabilitation measures are usually used to mitigate the effects of fire on runoff and erosion, by protecting soil from splash and shear stress detachment and enhancing its infiltration capacity. Modeling post-fire erosion and erosion mitigation strategies can be useful in selecting the effectiveness of a rehabilitation method. In this paper a distributed model based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), properly parameterized for a Mediterranean basin located in Sardinia, is used to determine soil losses for six different scenarios describing both natural and post-fire basin condition, the last also accounting for the single and combined effect of different erosion mitigation measures. Fire effect on vegetation and soil properties have been mimed by changing soil drainage capacity and organic matter content, and RUSLE factors related to soil cover and protection measures. Model results, validated using measured data on erosion rates from the literature and in situ field campaigns, show the effect of the analyzed rehabilitation treatments in reducing the amount of soil losses with the peculiar characteristics of the spatial distribution of such changes. In particular, the mulching treatment substantially decreases erosion both in its mean value (−75%) and in the spatially distribution of the erosion levels over the burned area . On the contrary, the breaking up of the hydrophobic layer decreases post-fire mean soil losses of about the 14%, although it strongly influences the spatial distribution of the erosion levels.
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Rulli, M. C., L. Offeddu, and M. Santini. "Modeling postfire water erosion mitigation strategies." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (September 27, 2012): 10877–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-10877-2012.
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Abstract. Severe wildfires are often followed by significant increase in runoff and erosion, due to vegetation damages and changes in physical and chemical soil properties. Peak flows and sediment yields can increase up to two orders of magnitude becoming dangerous for human lives and ecosystem, especially in the wildland-urban interface. Watershed post fire rehabilitation measures are usually used to mitigate the effects of fire on runoff and erosion, by protecting soil from splash and shear stress detachment and enhancing its infiltration capacity. Modeling post fire erosion and erosion mitigation strategies can be useful in selecting the effectiveness of rehabilitation method. In this paper a distributed model based on Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), properly parameterized for a Mediterranean basin located in Sardinia, is used to determine soil losses for six different scenarios describing both natural and post-fire basin condition, the last accounting also for the single and combined effect of different erosion mitigation measures. Fire effect on vegetation and soil properties have been mimed by changing soil drainage capacity and organic matter content, and RUSLE factors related to soil cover and protection measures. Model results show for the analyzed rehabilitation treatments their effect in reducing the amount of soil losses with the peculiar characteristics of the spatial distribution of such changes.
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Ruol, Piero, Luca Martinelli, and Chiara Favaretto. "Vulnerability Analysis of the Venetian Littoral and Adopted Mitigation Strategy." Water 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080984.
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This paper discusses the key aspects of the recent Coastal Plan of the Veneto Region (IT). Its aim is to propose a single mitigation strategy for coastal erosion that is valid for the whole Veneto Region, and possibly elsewhere, as well as a method to assign a priority level to any action. The suggested mitigation action against erosion depends on urbanization level, beach width, as well as cross-shore and long-shore sediment transport. The criterion used to give a priority level to mitigation actions is based on a vulnerability index that takes into account erosive tendency, existing coastal flooding hazards, coast value, environmental relevance, tourist pressure, urbanization level, the presence of production activities, and cultural heritage. A sample case featuring the littoral of Rosolina is also provided and includes a site description, the sediment budget, critical issues and possible mitigation measures.
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Kim, Kyu-Han, Sungwon Shin, and Agnes Y. W. Widayati. "Mitigation Measures for Beach Erosion and Rip Current." Journal of Coastal Research 65 (January 2, 2013): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si65-050.1.
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Stanchi, Silvia, Odoardo Zecca, Csilla Hudek, Emanuele Pintaldi, Davide Viglietti, Michele E. D’Amico, Nicola Colombo, Davide Goslino, Marilisa Letey, and Michele Freppaz. "Effect of Soil Management on Erosion in Mountain Vineyards (N-W Italy)." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041991.
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We studied the effects of three soil management approaches (permanent grassing, chemical weeding, and buffer strips), and the additional impact of tractor passage on soil erosion in a sloping vineyard located in the inner part of Aosta Valley (N-W Italian Alps). The vineyard rows were equipped with a sediment collection system with channels and barrel tanks. A total of 12 events with sediment production were observed across 6 years, and the collected sediments were weighted and analyzed. Average erosion rates ranged from negligible (mainly in grassed rows) to 1.1 t ha−1 per event (after weeding). The most erosive event occurred in July 2015, with a total rainfall of 32.2 mm, of which 20.1 were recorded in 1 h. Despite the limited number of erosive events observed, and the low measured erosion rates, permanent grassing reduced soil erosion considerably with respect to weeding; buffering had a comparable effect to grassing. The tractor passage, independent of the soil management approaches adopted, visibly accelerated the erosion process. The collected sediments were highly enriched in organic C, total N, and fine size fractions, indicating a potential loss of fertility over time. Despite the measured erosion rates being low over the experiment’s duration, more severe events are well documented in the recent past, and the number of intense storms is likely to increase due to climate change. Thus, the potential effects of erosion in the medium and long term need to be limited to a minimum rate of soil loss. Our experiment helped to compare soil losses by erosion under different soil management practices, including permanent grassing, i.e., a nature-based erosion mitigation measure. The results of the research can provide useful indications for planners and practitioners in similar regions, for sustainable, cross-sectoral soil management, and the enhancement of soil ecosystem services.
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Woode, Anthony, and David Kwame Amoah. "Geological Evidence of Shoreline Erosion and Mitigation Challenges." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i2.17.
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A survey was carried out along parts of the coastal stretch of Accra, the capital of Ghana, to determine the existence andthe extent of erosion. The survey was also to determine the effectiveness of the engineering solutions that have been put inplace. Coastal land forms as evidence of erosion were identified during the field survey. These include landslides of steepcoastal cliffs, coastal caves and arches, retreat of coastal cliffs, headlands, stacks and sand dunes. These pieces of evidenceconfirm earlier findings that the coastal shoreline of Accra is being eroded. The extent of erosion, however, is high in soft rocks and low in hard rocks. Several coastal protection measures have been put in place to address the effects of erosion by the sea waves and currents. These include revetments, jetties, ripraps and beach nourishment. Some of the mitigation measures however have shown signs of failure. The signs include rusted metal basket supporting cobbles of gabions, jetties causing down-current erosion of shoreline cliffs, and reduction in coconut population along the shoreline owing to human activities, such as sand winning and diseases attacks. Sand winning along the shore is lowering shoreline morphology and enhancing sea transgression and the destruction of coastal structures.
Keywords: Erosion; Coastal landform; Coastal protection; Revetments; Shoreline morphology
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Díaz-Rodríguez, Alondra María, Claire Kelly, Alfredo del Valle, Claudio Bravo-Linares, William Blake, Hugo Velasco, Roberto Meigikos dos Anjos, Laura Fernanda Barrera-Hernández, and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Exploring Relationship between Perception Indicators and Mitigation Behaviors of Soil Erosion in Undergraduate Students in Sonora, Mexico." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 9282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169282.
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Soil erosion represents a critical socio-economic and environmental hazard for Mexico and the world. Given that soil erosion is a phenomenon influenced by human activities, it is essential to know the level of cultural perspectives on this matter. An instrument with eight scales was applied to 275 university students from a northwestern Mexican city, which measured the knowledge about soil erosion, self-efficacy in solving the problem, future perspectives, perceived consequences, obstacles to addressing soil erosion, and mitigation intentions and behaviors. To analyze the relationship between the scales and the intentions and behaviors of soil erosion mitigation, a model of structural equations was tested. In summary, the participants know the problem of soil erosion, its impacts, and recognize risks to human and environmental health. They also know their important role within soil conservation; however, they identified significant obstacles to action. This study determined that each indicator has a correlation with soil erosion mitigation intentions except for the obstacles. The indicators that had the greatest positive relationship in mitigation intentions were knowledge, self-efficacy, and the perspective of the future. The implications of these results open the landscape to the creation of efficient strategies to mitigate soil erosion in this region and Mexico.
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Vanacker, Veerle, Armando Molina, Miluska Rosas-Barturen, Vivien Bonnesoeur, Francisco Román-Dañobeytia, Boris F. Ochoa-Tocachi, and Wouter Buytaert. "The effect of natural infrastructure on water erosion mitigation in the Andes." SOIL 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-133-2022.
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Abstract. To expand the knowledge base on natural infrastructure for erosion mitigation in the Andes, it is necessary to move beyond case by case empirical studies to comprehensive assessments. This study reviews the state of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to mitigate soil erosion by water and is based on Andean case studies published in gray and peer-reviewed literature. Based on a systematic review of 118 case studies from the Andes, this study addressed the following research questions. (1) Which erosion indicators allow us to assess the effectiveness of natural infrastructure? (2) What is the overall impact of working with natural infrastructure on on-site and off-site erosion mitigation? (3) Which locations and types of studies are needed to fill critical gaps in knowledge and research? Three major categories of natural infrastructure were considered: restoration and protection of natural vegetation, such as forest or native grasslands, forestation with native or exotic species and implementation of soil and water conservation measures for erosion mitigation. From the suite of physical, chemical and biological indicators commonly used in soil erosion research, two indicators were particularly relevant: soil organic carbon of topsoil and soil loss rates at plot scale. The protection and conservation of natural vegetation has the strongest effect on soil quality, with 3.01±0.893 times higher soil organic carbon content in the topsoil compared to control sites. Soil quality improvements are significant but lower for forestation and soil and water conservation measures. Soil and water conservation measures reduce soil erosion to 62.1 % ± 9.2 %, even though erosion mitigation is highest when natural vegetation is maintained. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the reported effectiveness holds during extreme events related to, for example, El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
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Johnson, Emma. "Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies in Australia." European Journal of Physical Sciences 6, no. 1 (May 3, 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejps.1446.
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Purpose: This study examines the impact of climate change on coastal erosion and sustainable mitigation strategies in Australia.
Materials and Methods: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
Results: The literature review and research findings reveal that climate change is causing significant impacts on Australia's coastal areas, including increased erosion rates, loss of beaches and dunes, damage to infrastructure and property, and loss of habitat for coastal ecosystems. The impacts are projected to intensify in the future due to rising sea levels, changing storm patterns, and other climate-related factors. The study identifies a range of sustainable mitigation measures to address coastal erosion, including coastal protection structures (e.g., seawalls, breakwaters), beach nourishment, dune restoration, setback policies, ecosystem-based approaches, and community engagement. The research also emphasizes the importance of integrated coastal management, adaptive planning, and stakeholder involvement in developing and implementing effective mitigation strategies.
Recommendations: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of climate change on coastal erosion in Australia and identifies sustainable mitigation strategies to address the issue. The research offers valuable insights into the interactions between climate change, coastal erosion, and human activities in the Australian context. The findings contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of coastal management, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development. The study has practical implications for policymakers, coastal managers, and communities in Australia and other coastal regions, providing evidence-based recommendations for mitigating the impacts of climate change on coastal erosion and fostering sustainable coastal development
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Zhu, Yi, Jianqi Zhuang, and Yong Zhao. "Failure Process of High-Loess-Filled-Slopes (HLFSs) during Precipitation under Different Mitigation Measures." Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14010419.
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The problems of gully and soil erosion caused by large-scale urban construction and agricultural development in China have become more and more serious in recent years. In an effort to solve this problem, a series of gully stabilization and highland protection projects have been carried out on the Loess Plateau, and this has resulted in a large number of high-loess-filled-slopes (HLFSs). Although these filled slopes uses several different mitigation measures, the HLFSs have been eroded and destroyed under the action of water. In order to study the influence of different mitigation measures on the stability of HLFSs and their failure process, this paper uses a flume test of the effects of various mitigation measures on this failure process. The results show that: (1) the failure processes of slopes with different mitigation measures are obviously different. Slope deformation u with a declining gradient mitigation mainly occurs on the surface of the slope body, and although slope erosion is quite serious, the slope does not fail as a whole. Slopes with a stepwise drainage channel mitigation show little erosion, but material can easily slide along the horizontal drainage channels. (2) The slope deformation process is correlated with changes in pore-water pressure. When local instability occurs, there is always a pre-process of continuously rising pore-water pressure. When a failure occurs, the pore-water pressure of the soil at each position of the slope body suddenly fluctuates under instantaneous excitation. (3) The response of soil pore pressure and the development characteristics of tension cracks affect the deformation of the slopes, which is also the cause of the differences slope instability caused by different mitigation measures. These research results provide reference for the protection of HLFS engineering projects from heavy rains.
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Eberhardt, E., L. Bonzanigo, and S. Loew. "Long-term investigation of a deep-seated creeping landslide in crystalline rock. Part II. Mitigation measures and numerical modelling of deep drainage at Campo Vallemaggia." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 10 (October 2007): 1181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-044.
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For more than 200 years, the villages of Campo Vallemaggia and Cimalmotto have been slowly moving on top of a deep-seated landslide in the southern Swiss Alps. Numerous mitigation measures have been carried out during this time to stabilize the landslide but with limited to no success. Those attempts largely focussed on minimizing erosion at the toe of the landslide. More recently, the need to stabilize the slope began to intensify, as with each passing year the two villages were being pushed closer to the edge of a 100 m high erosion front at the foot of the landslide. This led to an extensive investigation and monitoring campaign to better understand the factors controlling the landslide movements, which as reported in Part I (see companion paper, this issue), pointed to high artesian pore pressures as being the primary destabilizing mechanism. Here in Part II, the arguments supporting the need for a deep drainage solution are reported, as is the history, implementation, and measured response of the Campo Vallemaggia landslide to the various mitigative measures taken. Numerical modelling results are also presented, based on hydromechanically coupled distinct-element models, to help demonstrate why deep drainage succeeded where other mitigation measures failed.
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Costa, Giuseppe Pio, Massimiliano Marino, Iván Cáceres, and Rosaria Ester Musumeci. "Effectiveness of Dune Reconstruction and Beach Nourishment to Mitigate Coastal Erosion of the Ebro Delta (Spain)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2023): 1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101908.
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Coastal areas facing increasing erosion are resorting to sand displacement strategies to mitigate the erosive impact, which is exacerbated by climate change. In the face of climate change, coastal managers are more frequently resorting to sand displacement strategies to recover eroding coastlines. These vulnerable coastal zones require innovative approaches to minimize the need for frequent sand replenishment, extend their effectiveness and lower their maintenance expenses. This study undertakes a comparison of four primary nourishment strategies—a conventional uniform nourishment technique and the placement of a single sand dune evaluated at three different positions—in contrast to a scenario where no intervention is carried out. The investigation employs the XBeach numerical model to assess the outcomes of these diverse strategies under both low- and high-energetic storm conditions. The case study is a degraded coastal beach in the Ebro Delta (Spain). The results reveal a significant decrease in erosion when the dune is positioned closest to the shoreline. However, this erosion mitigation effect diminishes as the dune is situated further inland. Conversely, the sand nourishment measure exhibits minimal fluctuations in the volume of eroded sand when compared to the scenario with no intervention.
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Karydas, Christos, Ouiza Bouarour, and Pandi Zdruli. "Mapping Spatio-Temporal Soil Erosion Patterns in the Candelaro River Basin, Italy, Using the G2 Model with Sentinel2 Imagery." Geosciences 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030089.
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This study aims at mapping soil erosion caused by water in the Candelaro river basin, Apulia region, Italy, using the G2 erosion model. The G2 model can provide erosion maps and statistical figures at month-time intervals, by applying non data-demanding alternatives for the estimation of all the erosion factors. In the current research, G2 is taking a step further with the introduction of Sentinel2 satellite images for mapping vegetation retention factor on a fine scale; Sentinel2 is a ready-to-use, image product of high quality, freely available by the European Space Agency. Although only three recent cloud-free Sentinel2 images covering Candelaro were found in the archive, new solutions were elaborated to overcome time-gaps. The study in Candelaro resulted in a mean annual erosion rate of 0.87 t ha−1 y−1, while the autumn months were indicated to be the most erosive ones, with average erosion rates reaching a maximum of 0.12 t ha−1 in September. The mixed agricultural-natural patterns revealed to be the riskiest surfaces for most months of the year, while arable land was the most extensive erosive land cover category. The erosion maps will allow competent authorities to support relevant mitigation measures. Furthermore, the study in Candelaro can play the role of a pilot study for the whole Apulia region, where erosion studies are rather limited.
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Lima, Márcia, Carlos Coelho, Filipe Alves, and André Vizinho. "PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO ASSESS COASTAL EROSION MITIGATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION MEASURES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.145.
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The economic and social importance of coastal areas combined with their growing erosion problems and climate change impacts allows anticipating an increase in investments in these areas. In the past, strategies to mitigate territorial losses or property damage have been mainly reactive, non-inclusive, non-participatory, and locked-in technical solutions. Moreover, cost-benefit assessments of Coastal and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) plans are still scarce, underused and poorly understood. So, the goal of this work is to contribute to a complete characterization of coastal erosion mitigation and climate change adaptation strategies and their implementation measures by considering a participatory approach that integrates medium to long-term perspectives, combining, simultaneously, social, environmental, economic and engineering dimensions, to help decision-makers implementing sustainable future-proof CCA strategies.
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Mohamad, N. A., A. Nainar, K. V. Annammala, D. Sugumaran, M. H. Jamal, and Z. Yusop. "Soil erosion in disturbed forests and agricultural plantations in tropical undulating terrain: in situ measurement using a laser erosion bridge method." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): 1032–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.063.
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Abstract The rapid growth of agricultural plantations and climatic extremes has raised concerns pertaining to enhanced soil erosion. Soil erosion studies are still relatively limited in Malaysia. In this study, soil erosion in four sites such as high conservation value forests (HCVFs), logged forest (LF), mature oil palm (MOP), and mature rubber (MR) within the Kelantan River Basin was measured. A total of 3,207 measurements were conducted via the Modified Laser Erosion Bridge in all sites over 1 year. Results of soil erosion are 87.63, 25.45, 8.44, and 5.90 t ha−1 yr−1 for the HCVF, LF, MOP and MR, respectively – classified as very severe (HCVF), very high (LF), moderate (MP) and slight (MR) according to the Indian condition classification. Steep slope gradient (significant positive correlation to erosion) and logging are the main factors attributed to the high erosion rates. This is to be further explored in the future and more detailed studies should be conducted on the HCVF and LF areas, respectively. Mitigation measures and sustainable agricultural practices should be planned to control and reduce soil erosion.
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Elliot, William J., and Laurie M. Tysdal. "Understanding and Reducing Erosion from Insloping Roads." Journal of Forestry 97, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/97.8.30.
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Abstract A computer program can help managers anticipate erosion and sediment delivery attributable to forest roads. The watershed version of the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) predicts road erosion rates within the observed range but overestimates sediment plume lengths. The predicted sources of sediment from an insloping road are mainly from the road ditch and the downslope channel; less sediment comes from the traveled way and the cutslope. Mitigation measures to minimize ditch erosion and channel flow rates will have the greatest effects on reducing sediment delivered from insloped forest roads.
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Onyeke, Brian O. "Effects of Climate Change on Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) Production in Itu District, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." Global Academic Journal of Economics and Business 4, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2022.v04i02.003.
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This study assessed the effects of climate change on fluted pumpkin production and mitigation/adaptation measures used by farmers in Itu District, Itu LGA of Akwa Ibom State in Southern Nigeria. Random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were adopted for the selection of respondents comprising 100 fluted pumpkin farmers; 10 from each of the 10 communities that make up Itu District. FGD was used to elicit data on effects of climate change on fluted pumpkin production and climate change mitigation/adaptation measures. The study found the farmers perceived low yield of fluted pumpkin, loss of soil fertility, erosion, and declining family income as the major effects of climate change on fluted pumpkin production. Combination of fluted pumpkin production with other income generating activities was also found to be the most widely used mitigation/adaptation measure. The study recommended government effort through agricultural extension services and agricultural development programmes to mitigate/adapt climate change impacts by adopting improved varieties of fluted pumpkin seedlings, agricultural diversification, accurate and timely weather forecasting, use of cover crops, and disseminating up-to-date climate change information. Formation of co-operative societies among farmers to pool resources to fight the effects of climate change was also encouraged.
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Song, Gaofeng, Xiaoruan Song, Shiqin He, Dezhong Kong, and Shuai Zhang. "Soil Reinforcement with Geocells and Vegetation for Ecological Mitigation of Shallow Slope Failure." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911911.
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Soil reinforcement using geocells and vegetation is one of the best forms of soil protection for shallow slope failure control. The geocell supports the vegetation growth and the vegetation cover provides protection against the surface erosion. This work proposed a soil treatment method using geocells for supporting the vegetation growth and stabilizing the shallow slope. A step-by-step installation of the geocells in the field and the development of vegetation growth were also described. The authors developed nine physical models that were reinforced with different sized geocell structures (no reinforcement and small and large geocell reinforcement). The models were placed under three rainfall intensities (50, 75, and 100 mm/h). The stability of the slope under the rainfall and the performance of the geocell reinforcement were assessed from the the development of slope failures, the soil erosion and the slope displacement. The results showed that the stability of geocell reinforced slopes were better off than the unsupported slope. The small geocell-reinforced slopes showed less measured soil erosion and also smaller slope displacement. In general, small geocells outperformed large geocells in terms of the erosion control and slope stabilization. The rainfall intensity dramatically increased the soil erosion on slopes. The geocell- and vegetation-treated slope in the field showed good resistance against the surface erosion.
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Valikchali, Saeed, Patrick Joynt, Mohammad Dibajnia, and Jarrod Dent. "WAVE TRANSMISSION OVER A WIDE NEARSHORE REEF." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.waves.34.
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As a shoreline erosion mitigation measure, nearshore reefs have attracted increasing attention. Nearshore reefs are wide submerged porous structures with mild natural slopes constructed in shallow nearshore waters. These reefs mitigate shoreline erosion by managing wave energy through a variety of wave transformation processes (e.g., refraction and energy dissipation through breaking and internal turbulence and friction). Wave attenuation over solid impermeable structures have been widely studied (e.g., Gurley 1994; Chella et al., 2015; Lowe et al., 2022). On the other hand, details of wave transformation over wide porous reef structures and the corresponding rate of wave energy dissipation are yet to be understood. The goal of this study is to develop a better understanding of how waves interact with porous nearshore reefs using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
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Kusimi, John Manyimadin, and James Lawer Dika. "Sea erosion at Ada Foah: assessment of impacts and proposed mitigation measures." Natural Hazards 64, no. 2 (September 16, 2012): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0216-3.
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Tshering, Jigme, Jimba Rabgyal, and Tashi Wangdi. "FARMERS’ PERCEPTION ON SOIL EROSION, ITS CAUSES AND ADOPTION OF ITS MITIGATION MEASURES IN TWO GEWOGS OF EASTERN BHUTAN." International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 08, no. 03 (2022): 476–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2022.8307.
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This study was conducted in two gewogs (blocks) of Jarey and Thangrong under Lhuentse and Mongar districts in Eastern Bhutan to assess the farmer’s perception on the soil erosion, its causes, and adoption of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices. A total of 47 and 90 respondents from Jarey and Thangrong respectively who participated in the implementation of SLM measures were interviewed. Field observations were made where necessary. Data was analyzed using descriptive and chi-square test at significance level of p<0.05 and presented in tabular or graphical representations. The study revealed that farmers have a good knowledge on identifying the indicators, causes, severity of soil erosion including positive impact from implementation of SLM measures. A significantly high proportion of farmers in Jarey (97.87%) and Thangrong (92.22%) perceived washing down of soil during rainy season as main indicator of soil erosion. Similarly, significant proportion of the respondents (95.74% and 93.33%) from two gewogs indicated heavy rain as main cause of soil erosion besides cultivation on the steep slope (91.49% and 90%). Further, 76% and 56% of the respondents in Jarey and Thangrong respectively perceived high soil erosion, whereas only 15.89% and 15.56% have witnessed low rate of soil erosion. Significantly higher proportion of respondents in Jarey (85.11%) and Thangrong (90%) observed reduced soil erosion after implementing the SLM measures. About 29.79% of farmers in Jarey faced labor shortage while 38.89% of farmers in Thangrong perceived no immediate benefit from SLM measures. High proportion of farmers in Jarey (96.25%) indicated the need of financial support from government and 95.64% of respondents in Thangrong expressed the financial and short-term interventions (seed and seedlings) assistance for scaling out SLM in future. This study recommends community consultation through participatory approach to raise awareness and design appropriate SLM interventions based on local context and also taking into account incentive package to address short term livelihood needs of the farmers, which otherwise is difficult to achieve due to long gestation period of SLM interventions.
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Dorairaj, Deivaseeno, and Normaniza Osman. "Present practices and emerging opportunities in bioengineering for slope stabilization in Malaysia: An overview." PeerJ 9 (January 12, 2021): e10477. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10477.
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Population increase and the demand for infrastructure development such as construction of highways and road widening are intangible, leading up to mass land clearing. As flat terrains become scarce, infrastructure expansions have moved on to hilly terrains, cutting through slopes and forests. Unvegetated or bare slopes are prone to erosion due to the lack of or insufficient surface cover. The combination of exposed slope, uncontrolled slope management practices, poor slope planning and high rainfall as in Malaysia could steer towards slope failures which then results in landslides under acute situation. Moreover, due to the tropical weather, the soils undergo intense chemical weathering and leaching that elevates soil erosion and surface runoff. Mitigation measures are vital to address slope failures as they lead to economic loss and loss of lives. Since there is minimal or limited information and investigations on slope stabilization methods in Malaysia, this review deciphers into the current slope management practices such as geotextiles, brush layering, live poles, rock buttress and concrete structures. However, these methods have their drawbacks. Thus, as a way forward, we highlight the potential application of soil bioengineering methods especially on the use of whole plants. Here, we discuss the general attributions of a plant in slope stabilization including its mechanical, hydrological and hydraulic effects. Subsequently, we focus on species selection, and engineering properties of vegetation especially rooting structures and architecture. Finally, the review will dissect and assess the ecological principles for vegetation establishment with an emphasis on adopting the mix-culture approach as a slope failure mitigation measure. Nevertheless, the use of soil bioengineering is limited to low to moderate risk slopes only, while in high-risk slopes, the use of traditional engineering measure is deemed more appropriate and remain to be the solution for slope stabilization.
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Xu, Yue, Xiankun Yang, Guoliang Xu, Jiafang Fu, Shirong Cai, Xiaolin Mu, Tao Zhou, et al. "Assessment of Integrated Soil and Water Conservation Practices on Soil Erosion Risk in a Typical Red-Beds Watershed in South China." Water 15, no. 14 (July 19, 2023): 2613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142613.
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Soil erosion is the primary factor inducing soil deterioration in large river basins. Management and conservation of the soil erosion of the red bed desert, a unique gully landform shaped by intensive weathering and hydraulic erosion under the humid climate in south-eastern China, is crucial for its long-term sustainable development. This study, focusing on the Nanxiong Basin, a representative area with red beds, applied Gaofen(Gf)-2 satellite images to the RUSLE Model to analyze soil erosion modulus before and after implementing treatment for soil erosion control. We qualified the volume of soil erosion and mapped the spatial erosion variability in the basin. The results exhibited a decrease in the average erosion modulus from 3943.56 t·km−2·yr−1 to 2023.1 t·km−2·yr−1, which caused a reduction in total soil loss from 4.64 million tons to 2.38 million tons after treatment, with a reduction of about 48.7%. The mitigation reduced soil erosion from a moderate level to a light level. The areas that integrated soil and water conservation practices (SWCP) with management measures showed evident improvement in soil erosion, with a dramatic reduction in areas with annual erosion of a strong level (5000~8000 t·km−2·yr−1), extremely strong level (8000~15,000 t·km−2·yr−1), and severe level (>15,000 t·km−2·yr−1). Despite spatial heterogeneity in soil erosion intensity in the basin, this study demonstrates the great performance of SWCP in mitigating red bed degradation. The study provides a solid scientific basis for soil erosion control using ecological engineering in the Nanxiong Basin. It can also serve as an illustrative case study for further applications on soil erosion assessment in similar small basins.
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Coelho, Carlos, Márcia Lima, Filipe M. Alves, Peter Roebeling, Joaquim Pais-Barbosa, and Marco Marto. "Assessing Coastal Erosion and Climate Change Adaptation Measures: A Novel Participatory Approach." Environments 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2023): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10070110.
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This work aims to provide a more complete characterization of coastal erosion mitigation and climate change adaptation measures by presenting a participatory approach that integrates medium- to long-term perspectives, considering simultaneously social, environmental, economic and engineering dimensions to help decision makers implement sustainable climate change adaptation (CCA) strategies. The work lists, explains and characterizes existing climate change mitigation and adaptation measures as well as their costs and positive and negative social, environmental and economic impacts, in three distinct databases. These databases are discussed, complemented and validated in participatory moments with local stakeholders of the Ovar Municipality, Portugal, which represents the case study to support the proposed methodology. Although Ovar is a pilot case, the integrated framework for resilient CCA has a global application with respect to methodologies and concepts. The proposed approach is useful to help coastal management entities to engage in more efficient, effective and beneficial planned action to mitigate coastal erosion and adapt to future climate change effects. The open-source databases and the participatory approach facilitate decision makers and coastal communities to navigate the complexity of solutions and build consensus around collective actions for coastal areas.
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Wan Khairuddin, Wan Norshuhada, and Shuib Rambat. "COASTAL EROSION INDEX USING AHP AND ANN FOR COASTAL MANAGER." Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v34.17992.
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Coastal erosion can be found on almost all of Malaysia's beaches, but it is particularly prevalent on the country's east coast. The problem of coastal erosion has been resolved through the use of a variety of methods and treatments that are tailored to the severity of the erosion. It is critical for coastal managers and responsible agencies to have an index of erosion that can be used as a guide in determining the level of erosion in a given area in order to design the appropriate mitigation and treatment measures. It is necessary to identify and categorize the factors contributing to coastal erosion. This study employed a literature review and expert feedback questionnaires to identify the primary factors contributing to coastal erosion. This paper put forward the combining method of the AHP and neural network for evaluating the weights of each influential parameter to coastal erosion. As a result of the analysis, AHP discovered that coastal structure was the most influential factor influencing coastal erosion, followed by human activity, waves, and wind with weights of 0.5333, 0.2404, 0.1804, and 0.0459, respectively, whereas ANN analysis also discovered that coastal structure was the most influential factor influencing erosion, followed by human activity, wind, and waves with weights of 0.612, 0.232, 0.082, and 0.074, respectively. Despite the fact that the results of the two analyses were quite different in terms of weights values, the results of both analyses allowed us to determine which factors are the most important in terms of erosion. The weighted application of these factors will be an additional guide to existing guidelines such as NCES and ISMP in evaluating appropriate coastal mitigation and planning strategies. The outcome of this study also able to enhance the coastal management in terms of being the early reference of coastal manager and stakeholders in developing or managing coastal areas.
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Boutsougame, A., M. Khaffou, H. Aassine, H. Ouazzani, and M. Alaoui. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the quarries on Grou River: Khenifra region- Morocco." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1090, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012018.
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Abstract Khenifra region is rich in geological resources, which attracted a lot of investment, especially the quarrying. The Grou River watershed contains a lot of quarries of alluvial material extraction which causes negative impacts on its environment such as landscape modification, water quality degradation, dust emission and, soil erosion. The evaluation of water quality by measuring physicochemical parameters showed a deterioration of its quality in the downstream area compared to the upstream area. To respond to this situation, we suggest a set of mitigation measure and propose the respect of monitoring and surveillance plans.
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Aliyev, RANS Z. H. "THE CONSEQUENCES OF EROSION ON THE SLOPE LANDS OF AZERBAIJAN AND MEASURES TO COMBAT IT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.703.
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The article considers the probability of the intensity of the erosion process and the prerequisites for its mitigation and control. The results of the research prove that soil erosion is based on natural and anthropogenic factors. The main objectives of the study were to determine the amount and level of development of worn and erosion-prone soils in the foothills of the country, where it is very difficult to develop on the slope soils of Upper Shirvani. Therefore, in this connection, the tasks are solved, taking into account the requirements of preserving the ecological situation in the example of the Shamakhi district of the Upper Shirvan zone of the Republic of Azerbaijan, where the areas of its potential danger are identified and the preconditions for its prevention are given.
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Francisca, O. Oshim, C. Ayajuru Nelson, C. Anumaka Collins, and S. Olayemi Opeyemi. "Review of Gully Erosion in Anambra State: Geology, Causes, Effects, Control Measures and Challenges Associated with Its Mitigation." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 27, no. 9 (August 14, 2023): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2023/v27i9709.
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In South-Eastern Nigeria, particularly in Anambra State, gully erosion presents a serious environmental challenge. With over 100 gully sites in the state, only about 30 have received measures of control but are still not fully under control. Observations have shown clearly that the underlying geology exerts major control over the development of gully erosion in the study area. Progressive gullies in certain areas of Anambra State are caused by various factors, including topography, soil and water pH, lithology type, deforestation, hydrogeology, and geotechnical rock properties. This erosion activity has resulted in the loss of productive lands, water pollution, sedimentation of waterways, and the loss of lives and properties almost every year. However, several government agencies have attempted to manage it using concrete structures, stabilization work such as planting bamboo and cashew trees to increase water intake, and pipe structures to channel the water directly to nearby surface waters through the construction of check dams, embankments, and retention ponds to control the flow of water and sediments. Despite these control efforts, several challenges persist in effectively managing gully erosion in Anambra State. Majority of the concrete structures used to control these gullies have collapsed, leading to the incessant spreading of the site. Inadequate funding, failure of engineering structures, flooding, the geologic setting of the area, limited technical expertise, population growth, urbanisation, a lack of public awareness, and a lack of proper coordination among stakeholders hinder the implementation of comprehensive erosion control measures. It is recommended that concrete drainage channels should not only be used in controlling these gullies but also be integrated with other measures to yield a positive result.
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Tsukahara, Kenichi, and Toshimitsu Komatsu. "Special Issue on the International Symposium on River Technologies for Innovations and Social Systems at the WECC2015 and the Special Session on Disaster Risk Management at the 11th I3R2." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1211.
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The Standing Technical Committees on Disaster Risk Management (CDRM) of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) play an important role in collecting and disseminating DRM-related information and knowledge that will conceivably help engineering society members take effective disaster mitigation measures. As part of achieving this mission, the CDRM conducted two important 2015 events – the WFEO-CDRM Special Session on Disaster Risk Management at the 11th International Conference of the International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) (I3R2 session) held in Seoul, Korea, and the 9th Joint International Symposium on Disaster Risk Management conducted in conjunction with the International Symposium on River Technologies for Innovations and Social Systems held in the 2015 World Engineering Conference and Convention (WECC2015) in Kyoto, Japan (WECC2015 symposium). The I3R2 session featured seven presentations. During the first half, disaster-cause papers covered high typhoon tides, earthquakes, and rain-induced soil erosion. The second half focused on mitigation-measure presentations such as recovery/reconstruction and regional support for mothers and children in the event of disasters. The WECC2015 symposium featured ten presentations by ten speakers with widely varied backgrounds in disaster mitigation, river engineering, international cooperation, UNESCO regional centers, NPO management, science and technology sections at embassies, and ferry and resort complex management. These informative, meaningful presentations close with active and informative Q&A sessions. In this special issue, five presentations that were revised as a form of academic paper were selected and published. I hope that these papers will be utilized for further advancement of disaster mitigation measures.
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Wiśniewski, Paweł, and Michael Märker. "Comparison of Topsoil Organic Carbon Stocks on Slopes under Soil-Protecting Forests in Relation to the Adjacent Agricultural Slopes." Forests 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040390.
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Soil erosion is one of the major processes degrading the natural environment but also agricultural production areas. Soil erosion may lead to soil organic carbon (SOC) loss, especially from sloping agricultural terrain units. The use of phytomelioration in environmental management, particularly long-term, permanent forest vegetation, is widely recognized as a possible measure for soil erosion protection and mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration. The aim of this study was to compare of the topsoil organic carbon stocks on the slopes under soil-protecting forests in relation to the adjacent agricultural slopes. The research was conducted in the young glacial landscape of North-Central Poland. The study indicated the significant role of forest management on the increase of soil organic matter content and SOC stock. The results show that land use and slope gradients are important factors controlling soil organic carbon pools in topsoil in young glacial areas. This topic is extremely important particularly as the effects of climate change become more and more visible, and society faces new challenges in preventing these changes.
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Da Silva, Thiago Fernandes, Arthur dos Santos Souza, Maria Orlanilda Sousa De Araujo, and Daniel Batista da Silva França. "Urban Erosion in The Amazon Region: Mitigation and Control Strategies in The Municipality of Buriticupu (MA)." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 2 (March 4, 2024): e05184. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n2-089.
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Purpose: this work aims to analyze the factors that contributed to the intensification of erosion in the Amazon region of Buriticupu (MA) and discuss possible forms of mitigation and control.
Methods: urban area of the municipality was characterized and data on soil, pedology, relief, slope, use and occupation, economic activities developed, as well as satellite images, were collected. This information was used to analyze indicators of natural erosion processes, as well as the influence of human activities. Possible mitigation and control solutions were discussed.
Results and discussion: it was found that several aspects contribute to the development of erosion phenomena in the region, such as soil type, slope and hydrology. In the case of the municipality under study, geoenvironmental factors favor the development of gullies. However, the main force has been the action of man in modifying the landscape and weakening the soil. It is understood that it is necessary to implement articulated biogeoengineering strategies, such as controlling the slope and stability of slopes, the water flow regime, plant restoration and environmental education strategies. With this, we can be successful in mitigating the phenomenon and preserving the landscape.
Implications of the research: it is urgent to develop shared management measures between federated entities, organized civil society and the local population to map and regulate sustainable development, especially in Amazonian regions.
Originality/value: in some Amazonian regions, as in the case of the municipality of Buriticupu (MA), the advancement of agricultural activities and urban development, associated with climate change, have significantly influenced the emergence and advancement of gullies, which can promote the disappearance of the built environment. These gullies are treated as more advanced soil erosion phenomena, serious and difficult to control and remediate. Although erosion is a problem that affects many regions in Brazil, there are still few studies that aim to investigate the causes of its appearance and the discussion about possible solutions applied to gullies in the Amazon region is unprecedented. Agricultural development has accelerated soil degradation and is an urgent problem to be debated.
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Robichaud, P. R., J. W. Wagenbrenner, R. E. Brown, P. M. Wohlgemuth, and J. L. Beyers. "Evaluating the effectiveness of contour-felled log erosion barriers as a post-fire runoff and erosion mitigation treatment in the western United States." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 2 (2008): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07032.
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Between 1998 and 2002, six sites were established immediately after large wildfires in the western United States to determine the effectiveness of contour-felled log erosion barriers in mitigating post-wildfire runoff and erosion. In each pair of matched, burned, and small watersheds (1–13 ha), one was treated with contour-felled log erosion barriers and one was left untreated as a control. For 4 to 6 post-fire years, runoff and sediment yields were measured and correlated with rain properties. High-intensity rainfall produced most of the measured runoff and sediment yields except in the southern California site, where long-duration rain events produced most of the runoff and erosion. For small rain events (less than the 2-year return period for the 10-min duration), the runoff, peak flows, and sediment yields were lower in the treated watersheds than in the control watersheds, but there was no treatment effect for rain events with larger return periods. Improper installation and degradation over time reduced the effectiveness of contour-felled log erosion barriers. Rainfall characteristics and installation procedures should be carefully considered before choosing contour-felled log erosion barriers for post-fire hillslope stabilisation.
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Churu, Harrison, Solomon Kamau, Wilson Ng’etich, Keziah Magiroi, Bonface Alkamoi, Syphyline Kebeney, Fred Wamalwa, and James Mumo. "Drivers of Gully Erosion and its Socio-economic and Environmental Effects in a Tropical Semi-arid Environment." Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 10, no. 2 (March 29, 2024): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2024/v10i2256.
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Gully erosion is a form of severe land degradation, which is more pronounced in semi-arid and arid environments due to their vulnerable ecosystems. Establishing the causes and effects of gully erosion is therefore fundamental in policy formulation and resource allocation for up-scaling context-specific gully mitigation and rehabilitation measures. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the causes and effects of gully erosion in semi-arid region, in the North-West part of Kenya. A cross-sectional survey, field measurements, laboratory analysis, focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews were used to collect data on drivers and effects of gully erosion. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the data. From the findings, 60 % of the respondents reported deforestation as the main driver of gully erosion. Further, 37 and 34 % of the respondents reported surface runoff and steep slopes, respectively, as major drivers of gully erosion. Soils in the region had a high dispersion ratio, with values of between 0.3 and 0.9, making them highly erodible. About 66 and 55 % of the respondents reported that the major effects of gully erosion were reduction in arable land size and death of livestock due to fatal falls, respectively. Approximately 14 ha of arable land and 1,483,600 Mg of sediment have been lost to gully erosion at the rate of about 2,410 Mg ha-1 over a period of 45 years. The average growth rate and density of gullies in the study site stood at 154 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and 0.7 km km-2, respectively. Four people and about 100 cattle had died due to fatal falls into the deep gullies. Thus, there is an urgent need to rehabilitate existing gullies while mitigating occurrence of new gullies in the study area. This would convert existing badlands into hotspots of biodiversity.
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Pastor, Amandine Valérie, Joao Pedro Nunes, Rossano Ciampalini, Myke Koopmans, Jantiene Baartman, Frédéric Huard, Tomas Calheiros, Yves Le-Bissonnais, Jan Jacob Keizer, and Damien Raclot. "Projecting Future Impacts of Global Change Including Fires on Soil Erosion to Anticipate Better Land Management in the Forests of NW Portugal." Water 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 2617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122617.
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Wildfire is known to create the pre-conditions leading to accelerated soil erosion. Unfortunately, its occurrence is expected to increase with climate change. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of fire on runoff and soil erosion in a context of global change, and to evaluate the effectiveness of mulching as a post-fire erosion mitigation measure. For this, the long-term soil erosion model LandSoil was calibrated for a Mediterranean catchment in north-central Portugal that burnt in 2011. LandSoil was then applied for a 20-year period to quantify the separate and combined hydrological and erosion impacts of fire frequency and of post-fire mulching using four plausible site-specific land use and management scenarios (S1. business-as-usual, S2. market-oriented, S3. environmental protection and S4. sustainable trade-off) and an intermediate climate change scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 by 2050. The obtained results showed that: (i) fire had a reduced impact on runoff generation in the studied catchment (<5%) but a marked impact on sediment yield (SY) by about 30%; (ii) eucalypt intensification combined with climate change and fires can increase SY by threefold and (iii) post-fire mulching, combined with riparian vegetation maintenance/restoration and reduced tillage at the landscape level, was highly effective to mitigate soil erosion under global change and associated, increased fire frequency (up to 50% reduction). This study shows how field monitoring data can be combined with numerical erosion modeling to segregate the prominent processes occurring in post forest fire conditions and find the best management pathways to meet international goals on achieving land degradation neutrality (LDN).
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El-Mahdy, Mohamed El-Sayed, Ali Saber, Fawzia Ebrahim Moursy, Abbas Sharaky, and Naglaa Saleh. "Coastal erosion risk assessment and applied mitigation measures at Ezbet Elborg village, Egyptian delta." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 13, no. 3 (May 2022): 101621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.10.016.
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Shelar, Rahul, Sachin B. Nandgude, Atul A. Atre, Sunil D. Gorantiwar, Anil G. Durgude, and Mahesh R. Patil. "Assessment of carbon loss related to Soil loss in the tropical watershed of Maharashtra, India." Environment Conservation Journal 24, no. 4 (August 16, 2023): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.15142478.
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Soil carbon pools have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle and soil erosion caused by natural or human activities is one of the main drivers of changes in soil carbon sequestration. The present study aimed to estimate the carbon loss associated with soil loss in the watershed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The study was carried out at the Central MPKV Campus Watershed, Rahuri, located in the rain shadow region of the Maharashtra state, India. The soil loss from the watershed was estimated using USLE model. The soil loss and carbon loss from the watershed were estimated before the implementation of conservation measures and after the implementation of conservation measures. It was found that the average annual soil loss from the watershed before and after conservation measures was 18.68 t/ha/yr and 9.41 t/ha/yr, respectively. Carbon loss was determined by soil loss rate, organic carbon content and the carbon enrichment ratio. The carbon loss from the watershed before and after conservation measures was 348.71 kgC/ha/yr and 205.52 kgC/ha/yr. The findings revealed that soil and carbon erosion was very severe on steep slopes without conservation measures and with limited vegetation cover. It was found that by reducing the carbon loss associated with soil loss, soil conservation measures not only aid in the conservation of natural resources but also serve as a climate change mitigation measure.
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Zhang, Hanbing, Yang Gao, Danfeng Sun, Lulu Liu, Yanzhi Cui, and Wenjie Zhu. "Wind Erosion Changes in a Semi-Arid Sandy Area, Inner Mongolia, China." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010188.
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Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in drylands. Identifying the dominant natural factors of wind erosion and using targeted treatment measures are the key steps in wind erosion control. Using Horqin Left Back Banner in China as a case study, we applied the revised wind erosion equation to simulate the spatial distribution of wind erosion in the semi-arid sandy area. Contribution assessment and constraint line analysis were used to investigate the contributions of driving forces to wind erosion changes. The results showed that the wind erosion in the whole area was reduced by 0.35 t/hm2·a from 2005 to 2016. The wind factor and vegetation coverage factor had dominant contributions to the wind erosion modulus and accounted for the erosion in 49.87% and 50.13% of the total area, respectively. In addition, the average wind speed exceeding the threshold and the number of occurrences exhibited significant correlations with the wind erosion severity. Meanwhile, the mitigation effects of vegetation coverage on wind erosion decreased with the increase in wind speed. The temporal mismatch between the wind speed and vegetation coverage was the main reason for the frequent severe wind erosion in spring. Reducing the spring wind speed through adding windbreaks would be an effective method for decreasing wind erosion in semi-arid areas.
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Plavšić, Jasna, Ranko Pudar, and Dragutin Pavlović. "Nature based solutions as the sustainable measures for hydrometeorological risk reduction: The Tamnava river case study." Годишњак Факултета безбедности, no. 1 (2022): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fb_godisnjak0-37341.
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This paper presents briefly a holistic approach to reducing flood risks using the nature-based solutions. This approach takes into account not only the reduced risk as the primary goal of flood mitigation, but also involves other goals such as the protection of the environment, human well-being, socio-economic goals etc. The Tamnava River basin is used as a pilot case to demonstrate the methodology of such an approach, resulting from the work within the RECONECT project from the EU Horizon 2020 programme. The paper presents preliminary results for the Tamnava River basin by considering several scenarios for flood mitigation measures and potential benefits from these measures in flood risk reduction and in improved ecosystem services in the basin. The methodology includes monetary valuation of the effects of the proposed flood mitigation measures in terms of the avoided damages, as well as of the secondary benefits from the erosion control by additional afforestation. The latter also provides basis for preliminary valuation of all relevant ecosystem services in the basin, thus indicating the value of the basin's natural capital. Such an evaluation is important for the decision-making process on possible flood mitigation strategies.
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Gebhart, Michal, Miroslav Dumbrovský, Bořivoj Šarapatka, Karel Drbal, Marek Bednář, Jiří Kapička, František Pavlík, Blanka Kottová, Vojtěch Zástěra, and Zlatica Muchová. "Evaluation of Monitored Erosion Events in the Context of Characteristics of Source Areas in Czech Conditions." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010256.
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Since the year 2012, nationwide monitoring of erosion on agricultural land has been carried out in the Czech Republic with more than 2,300 cases of erosion events recorded so far. The evaluation of the relationships between the actual manifestation of erosion and the characteristics of the 5600 erosion enclosed areas (EEAs), on which surface runoff develops after erosion-forming rainfall, are presented in this contribution. Most frequently grown crops during an erosion event include maize (49.8% of cases), rapeseed (13.7%), potatoes (8.1%) and sugar beets (2.1%). The distributions of affected erosion enclosed areas (EEAs) in terms of shares of soils with low susceptibility and medium susceptibility to compaction, drainage systems and contributing areas of critical points are bimodal; the low percentage (<10%) being more prominent than the high one (>90%). The percentage of hydrologic soil group B in EEA has the high share dominant over the low one. Unsurprisingly, erosion events have been recorded predominantly in EEAs with low forest cover and on arable land (share >90%). The distribution of EEAs across altitudes corresponds with the relief of the country. Obtained results will be used to validate the implementation of erosion-monitoring systems and for the adaptation of soil erosion prevention and mitigation measures in the sustainable land use policy.
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Mazigh, Nouhaila, Abdeslam Taleb, Ali El Bilali, and Abderrahmane Ballah. "The Effect of Erosion Control Practices on the Vulnerability of Soil Degradation in Oued EL Malleh Catchment using the USLE Model Integrated into GIS, Morocco." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.2059.
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Water erosion is a major problem in semi-arid region where decreases the dam reservoir design capacity, agricultural yield productivity, and increases other environmental impacts. This phenomenon is widely predominant in Morocco, particularly in the Oued El Malleh watershed in the Casablanca Settat region. Most soil erosion happens gradually which makes it challenging to notice. Hence, the monitoring of soil degradation under a modelling-based, such as Geographic Information System (GIS) can help the decision-makers to quantify the eroded soil and choose the best mitigation measures. Many erosion control practices have been implemented in The Oued El Malleh watershed in 2008, which covers a surface area of 3127 km2. Even though, the soil erosion still dramatic in the region. To date, no one has attempted to work on the impact of the soil conservation factor at the level of the Oued El Malleh watershed, as well as monitoring the sustainability and effectiveness of the water erosion control practices already implemented. Therefore, periodic monitoring and evaluating soil degradation is imposed. To achieve this purpose, we used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to spatially assess water erosion in the study area, to find out the most vulnerable area to erosion, to notice the efficiency of the actual erosion control practices and elaborate on new mitigation measures. The results of this study have been shown that the rate of soil loss in the Oued El Malleh, including the actual control erosion interventions, varies from 0 to 90 t. ha-1.year-1; with an average erosion rate of 0.65 t. ha-1.year-1. The study area characterized by a moderate to severe slopes, in some area, the Length and Steepness Factor LS exceeds 90 %. For this reason, we have been elaborated new soil loss map, including soil conservation measures according to the slope. The soil loss rate; following this approach; varies from 0 to 64 t.ha-1.year-1. Furthermore, the followed approach could be valuable for assessing the soil loss in similar area.
HIGHLIGHTS
Casablanca-Settat agricultural lands become progressively infertile and depleted soils
Soil degradation by water erosion is a tidal problem in the Oued El Malleh watershed
Soil loss was estimated at a watershed level using the USLE model and ArcGIS tool
The soil loss rate is estimated to be 0.65 t. ha-1.year-1, and the average sedimentary yield is found at 8.27 t. ha-1.year-1
Sustainable land management can limit soil degradation
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Ristic, Ratko, Boris Radic, Velisa Miljanovic, Goran Trivan, Milanko Ljujic, Ljubomir Letic, and Radovan Savic. "„Blue-green“ corridors as a tool for mitigation of natural hazards and restoration of urbanized areas: A case study of Belgrade city." Spatium, no. 30 (2013): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1330018r.
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Urbanized areas constantly need new surfaces for building of commercial, residental or infrastructure facilities. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and a big regional center, with 2,000,000 inhabitants, covers a territory of 3,500 km2. Decreasing of surfaces under forest vegetation, urbanization and inadequate agricultural measures have caused intensive erosion and more frequent torrential floods. Belgrade authorities have defined a new strategy for land use and urban planning in order to decrease the risk from destructive erosion processes and torrential floods and help the establishment of new recreational areas, preservation of biodiversity and mitigation of the ?heat island? effect. The strategy is based on the restoration of ?blue-green? corridors (residuals of open streams and fragments of forest vegetation). The restoration of ?blue-green? corridors is presented at the experimental watersheds of the Kaljavi and Jelezovac streams. The restoration works will be performed in the 2014-2020 period, on the basis of erosion and stream control demands, as well as environmental and social requests, including biological, soil-bioengineering activities and certain administrative measures. The forest surfaces will be increased by 1.38 km2 (18.11% of the total area). The restoration of ?blue-green? corridors in the experimental watersheds will decrease the values of maximal discharges (p = 1%) by about 50%, and the volumes of direct runoff by about 40%. Erosive material production and transport will be decreased by about 44% in the Kaljavi stream watershed, and 37% in the Jelezovac stream watershed. Ten kilometers of sealed walking and cycling paths, 1.7 km of unsealed forest paths, six open gyms and seven rest areas will strengthen the potential of this area for sports and recreation. The restoration will help the protection and controlled usage of the natural and cultural values in the area, and the connection of ?blue-green? corridors at different spatial levels. The final goal is the creation of a network of ?blue-green? corridors in the territory of Belgrade city, which provides both effective erosion and stream control and environmental and social services.
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Torres-Freyermuth, Alec, Gabriela MedellÃn, Tonatiuh Mendoza, Elena Ojeda, and Paulo Salles. "ON THE ASSESMENT OF DETACHED BREAKWATERS ON A SEA-BREEZE DOMINATED BEACH." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.36.
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Sandy beaches provide habitat and natural protection to coastal areas against extreme events. Beach erosion is ubiquitous of coastlines around the world and is very important given the implications in the loss of land and infrastructure in coastal areas. This problem is particularly relevant in low-lying coasts, with shallow and extended continental shelves, considering the increasing trends on the frequency, intensity of storms (waves, currents and surges), and the sea level rise due to climate change. Mitigation measures encompass different approaches including soft and hard engineering solutions. The Yucatan coast (Mexico) has experienced beach erosion over the past decades. More recently, detached breakwaters have been constructed to mitigate beach erosion. Thus, we investigate both permeable and impermeable structures performance in this area.
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McCormack, Valerie J., and Kary Stackelbeck. "Alternative Mitigation to Counter Resource Losses from the Lake Cumberland Drawdown, Kentucky." Advances in Archaeological Practice 8, no. 3 (August 2020): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2020.24.
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ABSTRACTThis article presents a case study of the process of developing and implementing mitigation as the result of adverse effects to cultural resources from the drawdown of Lake Cumberland, Kentucky. Signs of a dam failure in early 2007 triggered the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to implement the emergency drawdown. While the drawdown prevented a life safety catastrophe, it created a new erosion zone and exposed archaeological sites to looters. When it became clear that conventional Section 106 procedures to identify and evaluate these endangered archaeological resources were not an option, alternative and creative mitigation became a necessary approach for the Corps to meet its obligations under the National Historic Preservation Act. This article discusses the creative brainstorming among the Corps, Kentucky state historic preservation officer, and tribes that led to three alternative mitigation measures aimed at educational outreach, raising public awareness, and staff training. Furthermore, the article identifies challenges encountered during the implementation of the mitigation measures. Through the presentation of our mitigation journey, we share some of our lessons learned to improve awareness of the challenges and successes one may encounter during the execution of such alternative measures.
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Hossain, Md Faruk, and Shakib Al Fahad. "Livelihood Impact Due to Riverbank Erosion Among the Affected Households Along the River Jamuna of Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 49, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v49i2.70767.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examines the impacts of riverbank erosion on locals' lives and livelihoods in a particular area of the Jamuna River floodplain of Bangladesh. Riverbank erosion causes thousands of people to be affected, resulting in damage and loss of crops, cattle, housing structures, and farmland. It also erodes public infrastructures and communication networks significantly. This study undertakes empirical methods (including the open-ended questionnaire with a total of 155 households) to demonstrate the study's findings. The lack of adequate measures is the major factor associated with riverbank erosion in the study area. Land property loss becomes one of the major threats among the surveyed families. Some mitigation measures, such as using Geo bags and concrete blocks to protect the banks and operation of dredging machines to divert the water flow, are observed in the study area to reduce erosion. However, these measures are not bringing any effective solution to the local people’s livelihoods due to the slow ongoing work processes. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 49(2): 179-191, December 2023
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Ciampa, Francesca, Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Zahra Kalantari, and Carla Sofia Santos Ferreira. "Flood Mitigation in Mediterranean Coastal Regions: Problems, Solutions, and Stakeholder Involvement." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 10474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810474.
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Flooding affects Mediterranean coastal areas, with negative impacts on regional populations and ecosystems. This paper reviews the causes and consequences of coastal flooding in European Mediterranean countries, common and advanced solutions implemented to mitigate flood risk, and the importance of stakeholder involvement in developing these solutions. Climate change, intensive urbanization, tourism, deforestation, wildfires, and erosion are the main causes of coastal flooding, leading to social and economic losses, degradation of ecosystems, and water and soil contamination due to saltwater intrusion. Various measures for mitigating urban coastal flooding have been implemented, including coastal barriers, infrastructural drainage systems, wetlands, and mobile dams. Development and implementation of such solutions should be performed in close collaboration with stakeholders, but their current engagement at the coordination and/or decision-making level does not allow full integration of local knowledge in flood mitigation projects. Various processes are used to engage stakeholders in coastal flood mitigation, but participatory approaches are required to integrate their perspectives into performance analysis of potential solutions. Such approaches would allow a balance to be reached between nature conservation, market forces, stakeholder needs, and decision-makers’ priorities, resulting in development of innovative and sustainable mitigation solutions to enhance urban resilience to coastal flooding.
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Stefanidis, Stefanos, Vasileios Alexandridis, Chrysoula Chatzichristaki, and Panagiotis Stefanidis. "Assessing Soil Loss by Water Erosion in a Typical Mediterranean Ecosystem of Northern Greece under Current and Future Rainfall Erosivity." Water 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152002.
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Soil is a non-renewable resource essential for life existence. During the last decades it has been threatened by accelerating erosion with negative consequences for the environment and the economy. The aim of the current study was to assess soil loss changes in a typical Mediterranean ecosystem of Northern Greece, under climate change. To this end, freely available geospatial data was collected and processed using open-source software package. The widespread RUSLE empirical erosion model was applied to estimate soil loss. Current and future rainfall erosivity were derived from a national scale study considering average weather conditions and RCMs outputs for the medium Representative Concentration Pathway scenario (RCP4.5). Results showed that average rainfall erosivity (R-Factor) was 508.85 MJ mm ha h−1 y−1 while the K-factor ranged from 0.0008 to 0.05 t ha h ha−1 MJ−1 mm−1 and LS-factor reached 60.51. Respectively, C-factor ranged from 0.01 to 0.91 and P-factor ranged from 0.42 to 1. The estimated potential soil loss rates will remain stable for the near future period (2021–2050), while an increase of approximately 9% is expected by the end of the 21th century (2071–2100). The results suggest that appropriate erosion mitigation strategies should be applied to reduce erosion risk. Subsequently, appropriate mitigation measures per Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) categories are proposed. It is worth noting that the proposed methodology has a high degree of transferability as it is based on open-source data.
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Doriean, Nicholas J. C., William W. Bennett, John R. Spencer, Alexandra Garzon-Garcia, Joanne M. Burton, Peter R. Teasdale, David T. Welsh, and Andrew P. Brooks. "Intensive landscape-scale remediation improves water quality of an alluvial gully located in a Great Barrier Reef catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-867-2021.
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Abstract. Gully erosion can be a major disruptor to global fluvial sediment budgets. Gully erosion in the catchments of the Great Barrier Reef is attributed to ∼40 % of fine suspended sediment pollution to the freshwater and marine ecosystems downstream. Mitigating this source of erosion will have a lasting positive impact on the water quality of connected rivers and the receiving marine environment. Here we conduct a preliminary evaluation of the ability of intensive landscape-scale gully remediation to reduce suspended sediment and associated nutrient export from a catchment draining to the Great Barrier Reef. The gully remediation method was a first attempt, in the region, at investing a high level of financial (total cost of remediation AUD ∼90 000) and logistical effort (e.g. intensive earthworks, including the establishment of an on-site quarry) to develop long-lasting erosion mitigation measures (i.e. regraded, compacted, and battered gully walls, rock armouring of banks and channel, and installation of rock check dams). A novel suspended sediment monitoring network, comprised of a suite of new and established automated monitoring methods capable of operating in remote environments, was used to evaluate the water quality of a remediated gully, a control gully, and their respective catchments. The recently developed pumped active suspended sediment (PASS) sampler optimised to sample ephemeral water flows was deployed in gully outlets and catchment runoff flow paths. This study demonstrates how the combination of low- and high-cost water quality monitoring techniques can be deployed in a configuration that ensures sample collection redundancy and complementary data collection between methods. Monitoring was conducted during two consecutive wet seasons and, thus, can only provide preliminary information. Monitoring over longer timescales (i.e. 5–10 years) will need to be carried out in order to validate the findings discussed herein. Samples collected from the remediated gully had significantly lower suspended sediment concentrations compared to the control gully, providing preliminary evidence that the remediation works were successful in stabilising erosion within the gully. Dissolved and particulate nutrient concentrations were also significantly lower in the remediated gully samples, consistent with the decreased suspended sediment concentrations. The novel combination of suspended sediment measurements from both the gully channels and overland flows in the surrounding gully catchments suggests that sediment and nutrients at the remediated site are likely sourced from erosion processes occurring within the catchment of the gully (at relatively low concentrations). In contrast, the primary source of suspended sediment and associated nutrients at the control gully was erosion from within the gully itself. This study demonstrates the potential of landscape-scale remediation as an effective mitigation action for reducing suspended sediment and nutrient export from alluvial gullies. It also provides a useful case study for the monitoring effort required to appropriately assess the effectiveness of this type of erosion control.
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Rosen, Sergiu Dov. "ASSESSING PRESENT AND FUTURE MEDITERRANEAN SEA LEVEL RISE IMPACT ON ISRAEL’S COAST AND MITIGATION WAYS AGAINST BEACH AND CLIFF EROSION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 1, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.4.
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This paper presents the outcome of a coastal engineering hydro and morpho-dynamic model study using a number of
numerical models which was conducted by the author on the erosion state of the Mediterranean coast of Israel for a
time horizon of 100 years. The study assessed future sea levels, and compared wave setup and runup and beach
profile erosion at the coastal cliffs in order to determine the relative sensitivity of the various coastal sectors of the
Israeli shore. Finally it investigated measures and means for effective the mitigation of the forecasted beach and cliff
erosion. The study was carried out as part of a multi disciplinary work involving various additional disciplines, and
was used to establish a national policy document in regards to the coastal cliffs collapse and erosion by natural and
anthropogenic induced factors, including global warming induced sea level rise and reduced return period of extreme
events. The approach and outcomes are estimated to be useful for coasts of similar conditions elsewhere on the globe.
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Meselhy, Adil Abdelsamia, and Omnia Mohamed Wassif. "Manufacturing and assessing new samplers to measure wind soil erosion." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 1390–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.3099.
Full textAbstract:
Wind soil erosion is one of the most important causes of soil degradation that impede the process of sustainable agricultural development. The first step to mitigating wind erosion hazards is to find an effective and accurate way to assess its severity. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to raise and evaluate the efficiency of the new four traps to measure eroded soil, Fixed Distance trap (FD), Fixed Point trap (FP), Rotary Distance trap (RD) and Rotary Point trap (RP). The study traps RP and FP compared with the Big Spring Number Eight trap (BSNE) (traditional trap) and the traps RD and FD compared with the Bagnold trap (traditional trap). The results indicated that the order of study traps in terms of soil collection efficiency and soil retention efficiency were RD>FD>Bagnold>RP>FP>BSNE and FP>RP>RD>FD>Bagnold>BSNE, respectively. Results proved that the best traps in collecting eroded soil were RP trap followed by FP trap, compared to BSNE trap. Also, the best traps in collecting eroded soil were RD trap, followed by FD trap, compared to the Bagnold trap. The most important results showed that the relative efficiency of RP and FP traps were 181% and 159%, respectively, compared to BSNE and the relative efficiency of RD and FD traps were 186% and 172%, respectively, compared to the Bagnold trap. The study proved high accuracy of new traps in measuring soil eroded material, separating soil particles according to their size directly inside traps and determining the direction of the wind compared to traditional traps.