Academic literature on the topic 'Erosion and mitigation measure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Erosion and mitigation measure"
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J., Otieno,, Otieno, A. C., and Tonui, K. W. "Land Use Activities and Their Effects on Soil Erosion on the Slopes of Kajulu Hills, Kisumu County, Kenya." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n2p68.
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Soil erosion is a natural phenomenon, but human activities accelerate it between ten to forty times the natural occurrences. It therefore calls for mitigating measure to curb the effects of erosion since soils form at a slower rate than they are destroyed. A study on land use activities and their effects on soil erosion was conducted in the upland ecosystem in Kenya, Kajulu hills. The study assessed the effectiveness of the mitigation measures adopted by the residents to ease the effects erosion on the hill slopes. A sample size of 295 households out of 1600 households engaged in various mitigating practices was used. The study collected data on the magnitude of soil (kg) lost from the arable lands using collector ditch technique. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and Man U-test. The result showed a double amount (1.198kg/m2) of soil lost on the arable land without mitigation measures as compared to plots under cut off ditches (0,615kg/m2) and vegetative strips (0.904kg/m2) with Man U=7. These findings were above the world wide estimation of soil erosion on arable mountainous regions which range between 1.3-40.kg/m2/year (13-40T/Ha/year) as it was based on one rainy season.
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Rulli, M. C., L. Offeddu, and M. Santini. "Modeling post-fire water erosion mitigation strategies." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 6 (June 27, 2013): 2323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2323-2013.
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Abstract. Severe wildfires are often followed by significant increase in runoff and erosion, due to vegetation damage and changes in physical and chemical soil properties. Peak flows and sediment yields can increase up to two orders of magnitude, becoming dangerous for human lives and the ecosystem, especially in the wildland–urban interface. Watershed post-fire rehabilitation measures are usually used to mitigate the effects of fire on runoff and erosion, by protecting soil from splash and shear stress detachment and enhancing its infiltration capacity. Modeling post-fire erosion and erosion mitigation strategies can be useful in selecting the effectiveness of a rehabilitation method. In this paper a distributed model based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), properly parameterized for a Mediterranean basin located in Sardinia, is used to determine soil losses for six different scenarios describing both natural and post-fire basin condition, the last also accounting for the single and combined effect of different erosion mitigation measures. Fire effect on vegetation and soil properties have been mimed by changing soil drainage capacity and organic matter content, and RUSLE factors related to soil cover and protection measures. Model results, validated using measured data on erosion rates from the literature and in situ field campaigns, show the effect of the analyzed rehabilitation treatments in reducing the amount of soil losses with the peculiar characteristics of the spatial distribution of such changes. In particular, the mulching treatment substantially decreases erosion both in its mean value (−75%) and in the spatially distribution of the erosion levels over the burned area . On the contrary, the breaking up of the hydrophobic layer decreases post-fire mean soil losses of about the 14%, although it strongly influences the spatial distribution of the erosion levels.
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Rulli, M. C., L. Offeddu, and M. Santini. "Modeling postfire water erosion mitigation strategies." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (September 27, 2012): 10877–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-10877-2012.
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Abstract. Severe wildfires are often followed by significant increase in runoff and erosion, due to vegetation damages and changes in physical and chemical soil properties. Peak flows and sediment yields can increase up to two orders of magnitude becoming dangerous for human lives and ecosystem, especially in the wildland-urban interface. Watershed post fire rehabilitation measures are usually used to mitigate the effects of fire on runoff and erosion, by protecting soil from splash and shear stress detachment and enhancing its infiltration capacity. Modeling post fire erosion and erosion mitigation strategies can be useful in selecting the effectiveness of rehabilitation method. In this paper a distributed model based on Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), properly parameterized for a Mediterranean basin located in Sardinia, is used to determine soil losses for six different scenarios describing both natural and post-fire basin condition, the last accounting also for the single and combined effect of different erosion mitigation measures. Fire effect on vegetation and soil properties have been mimed by changing soil drainage capacity and organic matter content, and RUSLE factors related to soil cover and protection measures. Model results show for the analyzed rehabilitation treatments their effect in reducing the amount of soil losses with the peculiar characteristics of the spatial distribution of such changes.
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Ruol, Piero, Luca Martinelli, and Chiara Favaretto. "Vulnerability Analysis of the Venetian Littoral and Adopted Mitigation Strategy." Water 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080984.
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This paper discusses the key aspects of the recent Coastal Plan of the Veneto Region (IT). Its aim is to propose a single mitigation strategy for coastal erosion that is valid for the whole Veneto Region, and possibly elsewhere, as well as a method to assign a priority level to any action. The suggested mitigation action against erosion depends on urbanization level, beach width, as well as cross-shore and long-shore sediment transport. The criterion used to give a priority level to mitigation actions is based on a vulnerability index that takes into account erosive tendency, existing coastal flooding hazards, coast value, environmental relevance, tourist pressure, urbanization level, the presence of production activities, and cultural heritage. A sample case featuring the littoral of Rosolina is also provided and includes a site description, the sediment budget, critical issues and possible mitigation measures.
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Kim, Kyu-Han, Sungwon Shin, and Agnes Y. W. Widayati. "Mitigation Measures for Beach Erosion and Rip Current." Journal of Coastal Research 65 (January 2, 2013): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si65-050.1.
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Stanchi, Silvia, Odoardo Zecca, Csilla Hudek, Emanuele Pintaldi, Davide Viglietti, Michele E. D’Amico, Nicola Colombo, Davide Goslino, Marilisa Letey, and Michele Freppaz. "Effect of Soil Management on Erosion in Mountain Vineyards (N-W Italy)." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041991.
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We studied the effects of three soil management approaches (permanent grassing, chemical weeding, and buffer strips), and the additional impact of tractor passage on soil erosion in a sloping vineyard located in the inner part of Aosta Valley (N-W Italian Alps). The vineyard rows were equipped with a sediment collection system with channels and barrel tanks. A total of 12 events with sediment production were observed across 6 years, and the collected sediments were weighted and analyzed. Average erosion rates ranged from negligible (mainly in grassed rows) to 1.1 t ha−1 per event (after weeding). The most erosive event occurred in July 2015, with a total rainfall of 32.2 mm, of which 20.1 were recorded in 1 h. Despite the limited number of erosive events observed, and the low measured erosion rates, permanent grassing reduced soil erosion considerably with respect to weeding; buffering had a comparable effect to grassing. The tractor passage, independent of the soil management approaches adopted, visibly accelerated the erosion process. The collected sediments were highly enriched in organic C, total N, and fine size fractions, indicating a potential loss of fertility over time. Despite the measured erosion rates being low over the experiment’s duration, more severe events are well documented in the recent past, and the number of intense storms is likely to increase due to climate change. Thus, the potential effects of erosion in the medium and long term need to be limited to a minimum rate of soil loss. Our experiment helped to compare soil losses by erosion under different soil management practices, including permanent grassing, i.e., a nature-based erosion mitigation measure. The results of the research can provide useful indications for planners and practitioners in similar regions, for sustainable, cross-sectoral soil management, and the enhancement of soil ecosystem services.
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Woode, Anthony, and David Kwame Amoah. "Geological Evidence of Shoreline Erosion and Mitigation Challenges." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i2.17.
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A survey was carried out along parts of the coastal stretch of Accra, the capital of Ghana, to determine the existence andthe extent of erosion. The survey was also to determine the effectiveness of the engineering solutions that have been put inplace. Coastal land forms as evidence of erosion were identified during the field survey. These include landslides of steepcoastal cliffs, coastal caves and arches, retreat of coastal cliffs, headlands, stacks and sand dunes. These pieces of evidenceconfirm earlier findings that the coastal shoreline of Accra is being eroded. The extent of erosion, however, is high in soft rocks and low in hard rocks. Several coastal protection measures have been put in place to address the effects of erosion by the sea waves and currents. These include revetments, jetties, ripraps and beach nourishment. Some of the mitigation measures however have shown signs of failure. The signs include rusted metal basket supporting cobbles of gabions, jetties causing down-current erosion of shoreline cliffs, and reduction in coconut population along the shoreline owing to human activities, such as sand winning and diseases attacks. Sand winning along the shore is lowering shoreline morphology and enhancing sea transgression and the destruction of coastal structures.
Keywords: Erosion; Coastal landform; Coastal protection; Revetments; Shoreline morphology
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Díaz-Rodríguez, Alondra María, Claire Kelly, Alfredo del Valle, Claudio Bravo-Linares, William Blake, Hugo Velasco, Roberto Meigikos dos Anjos, Laura Fernanda Barrera-Hernández, and Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos. "Exploring Relationship between Perception Indicators and Mitigation Behaviors of Soil Erosion in Undergraduate Students in Sonora, Mexico." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 9282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169282.
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Soil erosion represents a critical socio-economic and environmental hazard for Mexico and the world. Given that soil erosion is a phenomenon influenced by human activities, it is essential to know the level of cultural perspectives on this matter. An instrument with eight scales was applied to 275 university students from a northwestern Mexican city, which measured the knowledge about soil erosion, self-efficacy in solving the problem, future perspectives, perceived consequences, obstacles to addressing soil erosion, and mitigation intentions and behaviors. To analyze the relationship between the scales and the intentions and behaviors of soil erosion mitigation, a model of structural equations was tested. In summary, the participants know the problem of soil erosion, its impacts, and recognize risks to human and environmental health. They also know their important role within soil conservation; however, they identified significant obstacles to action. This study determined that each indicator has a correlation with soil erosion mitigation intentions except for the obstacles. The indicators that had the greatest positive relationship in mitigation intentions were knowledge, self-efficacy, and the perspective of the future. The implications of these results open the landscape to the creation of efficient strategies to mitigate soil erosion in this region and Mexico.
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Vanacker, Veerle, Armando Molina, Miluska Rosas-Barturen, Vivien Bonnesoeur, Francisco Román-Dañobeytia, Boris F. Ochoa-Tocachi, and Wouter Buytaert. "The effect of natural infrastructure on water erosion mitigation in the Andes." SOIL 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-133-2022.
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Abstract. To expand the knowledge base on natural infrastructure for erosion mitigation in the Andes, it is necessary to move beyond case by case empirical studies to comprehensive assessments. This study reviews the state of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to mitigate soil erosion by water and is based on Andean case studies published in gray and peer-reviewed literature. Based on a systematic review of 118 case studies from the Andes, this study addressed the following research questions. (1) Which erosion indicators allow us to assess the effectiveness of natural infrastructure? (2) What is the overall impact of working with natural infrastructure on on-site and off-site erosion mitigation? (3) Which locations and types of studies are needed to fill critical gaps in knowledge and research? Three major categories of natural infrastructure were considered: restoration and protection of natural vegetation, such as forest or native grasslands, forestation with native or exotic species and implementation of soil and water conservation measures for erosion mitigation. From the suite of physical, chemical and biological indicators commonly used in soil erosion research, two indicators were particularly relevant: soil organic carbon of topsoil and soil loss rates at plot scale. The protection and conservation of natural vegetation has the strongest effect on soil quality, with 3.01±0.893 times higher soil organic carbon content in the topsoil compared to control sites. Soil quality improvements are significant but lower for forestation and soil and water conservation measures. Soil and water conservation measures reduce soil erosion to 62.1 % ± 9.2 %, even though erosion mitigation is highest when natural vegetation is maintained. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the reported effectiveness holds during extreme events related to, for example, El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
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Johnson, Emma. "Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies in Australia." European Journal of Physical Sciences 6, no. 1 (May 3, 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejps.1446.
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Purpose: This study examines the impact of climate change on coastal erosion and sustainable mitigation strategies in Australia.
Materials and Methods: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
Results: The literature review and research findings reveal that climate change is causing significant impacts on Australia's coastal areas, including increased erosion rates, loss of beaches and dunes, damage to infrastructure and property, and loss of habitat for coastal ecosystems. The impacts are projected to intensify in the future due to rising sea levels, changing storm patterns, and other climate-related factors. The study identifies a range of sustainable mitigation measures to address coastal erosion, including coastal protection structures (e.g., seawalls, breakwaters), beach nourishment, dune restoration, setback policies, ecosystem-based approaches, and community engagement. The research also emphasizes the importance of integrated coastal management, adaptive planning, and stakeholder involvement in developing and implementing effective mitigation strategies.
Recommendations: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of climate change on coastal erosion in Australia and identifies sustainable mitigation strategies to address the issue. The research offers valuable insights into the interactions between climate change, coastal erosion, and human activities in the Australian context. The findings contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of coastal management, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development. The study has practical implications for policymakers, coastal managers, and communities in Australia and other coastal regions, providing evidence-based recommendations for mitigating the impacts of climate change on coastal erosion and fostering sustainable coastal development
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Erosion and mitigation measure"
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SHRESTHA, Badri Bhakta. "Study on Mitigation Measures against Debris Flow Disasters with Driftwood." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/85379.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14913号
工博第3140号
新制||工||1471(附属図書館)
27351
UT51-2009-M827
京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻
(主査)教授 中川 一, 教授 関口 秀雄, 教授 藤田 正治
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Chun, Wang. "Erosion-corrosion mitigation using chemicals." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/747/.
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The presence of entrained sand in oil and gas production is becoming increasingly prevalent as wells age and this is leading to erosion-corrosion in C02-saturated conditions becoming a major mechanism of material attack. Its understanding, prediction and control are key challenges to sound facilities design. The use of carbon steel in conjunction with corrosion inhibitors in preventing erosioncorrosion has been observed as an economically viable solution for oil and gas piping systems. In order to produce highly effective corrosion inhibitors, it is important to understand how inhibitors act on each of the components of erosion-corrosion. Although research into corrosion inhibition has been extensively conducted, there is less documentation of inhibitors in retarding erosion-corrosion. This thesis has attempted to construct a quantitative structure relationship between erosion, corrosion and their synergistic effects to investigate erosion-corrosion and inhibition mechanisms with four fully formulated CO2 inhibitors (CGO, CRO, CRW8 and CRW9) along with some mechanistic studies involving single components from inhibitor formulations. Two experimental set-ups were used: a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) and a submerged impinging jet (SIJ). In both experimental methodologies, gravimetric measurement, cathodic polarisation, Linear Polarisation and AC impedance techniques were used to ascertain the extent of corrosion as a function of conditions and inhibitor dosing/type. Both RCE and SIJ test samples were studied using surface analysis techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Light microscope, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In this thesis, through integration of electrochemical analysis and gravimetric measurements the damage has been identified as being associated with mechanical erosion, electrochemical corrosion or interactive electrochemical/mechanical processes. The role that inhibitors can play in reducing damage in addition to that caused by corrosion, namely by erosion and their synergistic action has been shown. Under both configurations. erosion-corrosion interactions play a major role in damage with corrosion being a controlling parameter. The thesis has made substantial advances in the understanding of the extent to which corrosion inhibitors could be used to control erosion-corrosion damage and in understanding the mechanisms of how this can be achieved.
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Song, Layheang. "Usage des terres, ruissellement de surface, érosion des sols : analyse multi-échelles de l'impact des plantations de teck dans un agro-écosystème montagneux tropical humide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30188.
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L'érosion des sols est pourtant connue comme l'un des problèmes environnementaux les plus préoccupants au monde. L'érosion des sols est particulièrement et de plus en plus entraînée par les activités anthropiques dans le cadre du changement climatique. En RDP lao, un pays tropical, l'érosion des sols est due de manière significative à une gestion inappropriée des terres sur les terrains en pente. Le Houay Pano, un bassin versant cultivé du nord de la RDP lao, est exposé à l'érosion des sols, en particulier après la conversion de la culture itinérante en plantation de teck. La mauvaise gestion des terres en défrichant le sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck est considérée comme une cause sous-jacente du coefficient de ruissellement (Rc) plus élevé et de l'érosion des sols. Certaines mesures d'atténuation telles que le sous couvert végétal et la végétation rivulaire sont suggérées pour atténuer l'érosion des sols. Cependant, la mesure d'atténuation de l'érosion des sols et l'effet de la gestion de l'utilisation des terres sur le ruissellement de surface (SR) et la perte en sols/rendement de sédiments (Sl) à plusieurs échelles dans la plantation de teck ne sont pas entièrement évalués. Dans ce contexte, nous émettons l'hypothèse que le sous couvert végétal et l'herbe rivulaire atténuent l'érosion du sol dans la plantation d'arbres à teck et que les plantations d'arbres à teck ont ??des impacts sur SR et Sl entraînés par des processus dominants (l'érosion en nappe, l'érosion linéaire et le dépôt de sédiment) sur diverses échelles spatiales. Par conséquent, les objectifs fixés pour ce travail sont : (1) d'évaluer l'effet de la gestion du sous couvert végétal sur le ruissellement de surface et la perte en sols dans la plantation de teck à l'échelle de la micro-parcelle ; (2) d'évaluer la capacité des zones tampons d'herbes rivulaires à atténuer SR et Sl, et d'évaluer leur efficacité de piégeage de l'eau et des sédiments dans les plantations de teck sans sous couvert végétal à l'échelle du versant ; et (3) d'évaluer l'effet de la plantation de teck sur SR et Sl à diverses échelles spatiales (échelles de micro-parcelle, de versant incluant micro-bassin versant, et de bassin versant) dans un bassin versant tropical montagneux à utilisations mixtes de terre. Dans cette étude, le village de Ban Kokngew et le bassin versant d'Houay Pano ont été sélectionnés comme zones d'étude expérimentale pendant la saison des pluies. Des micro-parcelles, des pièges Gerlach et des déversoirs ont été utilisés pour estimer SR et Sl à chaque échelle. Nous avons suivi le modèle TEST développé pour l'érosion en nappe, qui nécessite quelques paramètres, pour évaluer Sl sur la micro-parcelle et le mettre en hautes échelles spatiales pour prédire Sl à l'échelle du versant et du bassin versant. Dans une étude réalisée en 2017 dans les plantations de teck de Ban Kokngew à l'échelle micro-parcelle, nous avons montré que Rc et Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectivement) sous teck avec sous couvert végétal étaient inférieurs à ceux sous teck sans sous couvert végétal (60 % et 5455 Mg·km-2, respectivement). Par conséquent, l'atténuation de l'érosion des sols par le maintien du sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck réduit Sl de 14 fois. [...]Soil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]
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Cnossen, Peter D. "Streambank erosion: mechanisms and mitigation techniques." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101370.
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This report presents a study of the various mechanisms that may cause erosion of streambanks and the corresponding mitigation techniques used to combat them. The determination of each may depend upon a number of considerations. The source of the information comes from a variety of reports and papers, which are referenced in the text.
Of all the mitigation techniques available to prevent streambank erosion, fabrics will generally offer the most cost effective method. Fabrics have had a good service record since their inception approximately 20 years ago. Further, as the technology continues to advance, it seems likely that fabric applications in this area will only increase. However, there are some concerns that need to be addressed. These include, assessment of geotextile performance in long term use under the different forces it will be subjected to, clogging potential of fabrics for various soil distributions, and the type of fabrics, woven or nonwoven, used in these applications. These factors should become more clearly defined as long term case study data becomes available.M. Eng.
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Alegre, Sergio Prats. "Soil erosion mitigation following forest wildfires." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11925.
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Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente - Planeamento e Gestão AmbientalThis study aims to measure the effectiveness of four post-fire emergency techniques for reducing overland flow and soil erosion on the central-Portugal typical forest. The selection and development of these techniques was based on the review of the scientific background, but specially after checking throughout field rainfall simulation experiments which factors were the key for runoff and soil erosion on the specific case of high repellent soils. The forest residue mulch, a new treatment never tested before, was highly effective in reducing runoff and soil erosion in recently burnt eucalypt forest. The logging slash mulch had no obvious effect, but it was attributed to the small amounts of runoff and sediments that the untreated plots produced due to the extensive needle cast following a low severity fire. The hydromulch, a mixture of water, organic fibres, seeds, nutrients and a surfactant used in cutted slopes rehabilitation was also highly successful and was specially indicated for especially sensible areas. The utilization of polyacrylamides, a chemical agent with good performance in agricultural erosion, was not successful in post-fire runoff and soil erosion control, once that did not alter the most important key factor for soil erosion: the ground cover. The development of a new fibre optic turbidity sensor was a successful development on the soil erosion determination methodology, and its patent is being processed in the mean time.
O presente trabalho centra-se na avaliação da efetividade de quatro técnicas de controlo da escorrência e da erosão após incêndios florestais, adaptadas para o caso de povoamentos florestais no centro norte de Portugal. A seleção e desenvolvimento das técnicas foi efetuada após revisão bibliográfica alargada, mas sobre tudo após a comprovação no campo, efetuando simulações de chuva, de quais os fatores determinantes da erosão nos solos típicos do centro norte do País, caracterizados por serem altamente repelentes ainda antes dos incêndios. O “mulch” com restos de casca de eucalipto triturada foi um tratamento pioneiro nunca antes testado e deu bons resultados no controlo da escorrência e da erosão em eucaliptais ardidos. O “mulch” com restos florestais não triturados (ramos, paus e folhas) aplicados em um pinhal recentemente ardido não pode ser bem testado devido à protecção natural que forneceram as agulhas do pinheiro que caíram das árvores. No entanto, a sua alta taxa de aplicação desaconselham a sua utilização. O “hidromulch”, uma variante do “mulch” composto por água, fibras orgânicas e sementes utilizadona restauração de taludes e pedreiras, também deu resultados altamente efetivos e foi indicado para o tratamento de áreas especialmente sensíveis. Por outro lado, a utilização de poliacrilamidas (PAM), um agente aglutinante com bastante êxito na redução da erosão em terrenos agrícolas e com alto potencial devido ao seu baixo custo, não obteve resultados satisfatórios, uma vez que não alterou o principal fator envolvido na geração da erosão: o coberto do solo. No decorrer destas experiências, foi ainda desenvolvido um sensor óptico de turvação que permite facilitar a determinação da concentração de sedimentos nas amostras de escorrência das parcelas de erosão. Atualmente, foi realizado o pedido de patente de um novo protótipo de sensor de turvação da água mais desenvolvido.
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Dubey, Anant Aishwarya. "Erosion Mitigation via Bio-Mediated Soil Improvement." Thesis, Curtin University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/89779.
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In the present study, the biocementation potent bacteria were isolated from the soil of the Brahmaputra River basin based on the hypothesis that soils are rich in microbial biodiversity. A novel biopolymer-biocement composite was also proposed. The efficacy of biocementation to mitigate soil erosion was studied via lab-scale simulation of aeolian, riverbank and coastal erosion. This study provides solid evidence for substantial improvement in soil erodibility resistance with biocementation.
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Gurhan, Ozkan. "A methodology to measure the metal erosion on recovered armatures." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401404.
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Thesis (M.S. in Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2001.Thesis advisors, William B. Maier II, Francis Stefani. "December 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 93). Also available in print.
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Petersen, Paul A. "Mitigation, Monitoring, and Geomorphology Related to Gully Erosion of Archaeological sites in Grand Canyon." DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6730.
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Gully erosion has been damaging archaeological sites in Grand Canyon during the last several decades, and there is a need to protect these features through mitigation, monitoring, and better geomorphic understanding. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of erosion-control structures , determine the accuracy and utility of aerial photogrammetry for monitoring gullies , and understand the geomorphology of the erosion . We performed total-station surveys and other data collection during February and October , 2002, at nine study sites in eastern and western Grand Canyon.
Erosion-control structures are more prone to be damaged by flow when they are placed in reaches of very high local gradient. Treatments are generally successful in slowing erosion or causing deposition of sediment, but damaged erosion-control structures were shown to be less effective than intact structures, and actually increase local erosion in cases.
Aerial photogrammetry was performed on four eroding archaeological sites in western Grand Canyon in March and October 2002 in order to assess the accuracy and change-detection utility of this tool. Accuracy was assessed on several different levels by comparing photogrammetry data to ground-survey data, and mean absolute vertical error ranged from 6-10 cm.
Error of manual photogrammetry digital terrain models (DTMs) increased with topographic ruggedness and decreased with greater photogrammetric point density. Mean error reached a minimum of 5 cm for March and 6.5 cm for October when the ratio of point density to topographic ruggedness was ~40. Ground surveys and repeat photography indicated that two study gullies eroded or aggraded during the study period by 10-20 cm, but these changes were mostly undetected in the photogrammetry DTMs.
Repeat ground surveys showed that gullies erode most at knickpoints and in steep reaches , and that new knickpoints tend to form in relatively steep reaches of a given channel. An area-slope erosion threshold was identified for the study sites and applied in a GIS-based model at four sites to show areas that exceed the threshold and are sensitive to gully erosion . Overall results show an upcatchment control of gully erosion and suggest that baselevel changes due to Glen Canyon Dam operation are subordinate controls.
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Anderson, Dylan Rory. "A hybrid approach to beach erosion mitigation and amenity enhancement, St Francis Bay, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008192.
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The St Francis Bay beach has experienced chronic erosion over the past three decades. This erosion can largely be attributed to the stabilisation of a large coastal dunefield which contributed +/- 80 percent of the sand supply to St Francis Bay. Stabilisation began in 1975 initially using plant cuttings and followed by the development of the Santareme holiday suburb resulting in complete stabilisation by 1985. Effects were felt from the late 1970‟s and since then the beach has retreated at between 0.5 - 3 m.yr-1. Erosion has encroached on beachfront properties since the early 1990‟s, leading to the placement of 3-4 m high unsightly rock revetments along much of the beach. Where properly maintained these structures have proved successful in protecting the properties behind, however exacerbated erosion of areas in front and adjacent to these structures is evident. Currently no dry beach is present at high tide for most of the year, leading to a significant reduction in beach amenity value. Several technical studies to investigate remediation of this beach erosion problem have been conducted since the early 1990‟s. This study includes investigations into the processes and dynamics of the existing environment and evaluation of the effectiveness and impacts of several elements of a hybrid approach to coastal protection and amenity enhancement for St Francis Bay beach. This proposal incorporated: Multi-Purpose Reefs (MPR‟s) offshore, for coastal protection and amenity enhancement in terms of surfing; beach nourishment with sand from the Kromme Estuary and dune rehabilitation with appropriate native sand binding species. Extensive fieldwork and data collection were conducted, this included: a series of bathymetric surveys; diving surveys and a helicopter flight; sediment sampling; beach profiling and deployment of a wave/current meter. Analysis of these data provided a greater understanding of the existing environment and dynamics of St Francis Bay and provided reliable inputs for numerical modelling. Numerical and physical modelling was conducted to assess the existing processes and conduct MPR design testing. In addition calibrated hydrodynamic modelling of the Kromme Estuary was conducted in order to assess the impacts of sand extraction from the large sand banks within the mouth of the Kromme Estuary for use as beach nourishment. Comparison of bathymetric survey data collected by the author in 2005/06 with survey data collected by the South African Navy Hydrographic Office (SANHO) in 1952 suggest a major loss of sand from the bay, with a volume difference of some 8.8 X 106 m3 calculated. Greater losses were measured between 10-15 m water depths, with shallow areas of +/- 5 m water depth, remaining more stable. This can be attributed to the presence of shallow reef and rocky substrate through much of the bay at this depth range. Monthly RTK GPS survey data from September 2006 to September 2007 indicates a total loss of 40 000 m3 over this period with the greatest losses measured along the northern part of the beach. The greatest losses were measured after large long period waves from a southerly to south-easterly direction occurred in conjunction with equinox tides in mid March 2007. Sediment sampling at over 100 locations within the bay indicated a high percentage of reef (26 percent) and fairly consistent grain size in the fine to medium size class throughout much of the beach, bay and large sand bank within the estuary. While the majority of the South African Coast is exposed to the predominant south westerly winds and waves, St Francis Bay‟s orientation means that waves from a south easterly to easterly direction dominate. The results of the detailed numerical modelling of the hydrodynamics agree with previous calculations and modelling results which concluded that strong unidirectional longshore currents occur along the headland due to the oblique angle of wave incidence and the close to parallel angle of wave incidence along the beach leads to weak longshore currents of variable direction. Erosion along St Francis Bay beach is a result of cross-shore erosion due to large waves from a southerly to easterly direction. Detached breakwaters are the most effective form of coastal protection in these environments and MPR‟s offer additional benefits over traditional breakwater structures. Results of empirical calculations and numerical modelling indicate that the MPR‟s will provide effective coastal protection through the processes of wave dissipation, wave rotation, salient formation and alteration of nearshore circulation. Physical modelling results allowed the MPR design to be assessed and refined in terms of surfing amenity enhancement and construction constraints. In addition numerical modelling results indicate that impacts due to the extraction of up to 600 000 m3 of sand from the lower Kromme Estuary result in highly localised velocity reduction, mainly limited to the extraction areas. The calculated rate of sediment influx into the lower Kromme Estuary indicates that limited extraction, in the order of 20 000 – 40 000 m3 per year, should be sustainable in the long term. Sedimentation of the lower estuary over recent years has had negative recreational and ecological impacts, through reduced navigability and water exchange respectively. Therefore both the estuary and beach systems prove to benefit from this approach. Although not investigated in detail as part of this study, evidence from numerous projects worldwide indicates that foredunes help to trap wind-blown sand on the beach and form a buffer to storm erosion, therefore dune rehabilitation with native sand-binding plant species was recommended as the third element of the proposed remediation of St Francis Bay beach.
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Shoemaker, Alexander Lee Zech Wesley C. "Evaluation of anionic polyacrylamide as an erosion control measure using intermediate-scale experimental procedures." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1725.
Full textBooks on the topic "Erosion and mitigation measure"
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1931-, Chen Cheng Lung, American Society of Civil Engineers. Subcommittee on Mechanics of Non-Newtonian Fluids Applied to Debris Flows and Mudflows., American Society of Civil Engineers. Sedimentation Committee., and International Conference on "Debris Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment" (1st : 1997 : San Francisco, Calif.), eds. Debris-flow hazards mitigation: Mechanics, prediction, and assessment : proceedings of first international conference : sponsored by the Technical Committee on Hydromechanics, Subcommittee on Mechanics of Non-Newtonian Fluids Applied to Debris Flows and Mudflows and the Technical Committee on Sedimentation of the Water Resources Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers, in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, International Association for Hydraulic Research, International Erosion Control Association, and the U.S. Geological Survey : Hyatt Regency San Francisco, San Francisco, California, August 7-9, 1997. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1997.
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Bangladesh. Bāstabāẏana Paribīkshaṇa o Mulyāẏana Bibhāga. Evaluation Wing and Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project, eds. Impact evaluation study of Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project (JMREMP). [Dhaka]: Evaluation Sector, Implementation Monitoring & Evaluation Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2013.
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Kikin, Kokusai Kōryū. Climate change measure in Asia: A review of daily life and social/economic structure. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation, 2011.
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United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Mitigation Directorate and United States. Federal Insurance Administration, eds. Mitigation of flood and erosion damage to residential buildings in coastal areas. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Administration, 1994.
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Perryman, H. C. The relocation of fauna as a mitigation measure in environmental impact assessment. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1997.
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Wihersaari, Margareta. Aspects on bioenergy as a technical measure to reduce energy related greenhouse gas emissions. [Espoo, Finland]: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2005.
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Robichaud, Peter R. Production and aerial application of wood shreds as a post-fire hillslope erosion mitigation treatment. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2013.
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United States. Soil Conservation Service. Anaconda erosion control and stabilization: Critical area treatment RC&D measure plan and environmental assessment. Bozeman, Mont.]: [U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service], 1986.
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United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works). Shoreline erosion and storm damages at Lake Worth Inlet, Palm Beach Harbor, Florida: Communication frrom the Acting Assistant Secretary (Civil Works), the Department of the Army, transmitting a report on a project for mitigation of shoreline erosion and storm damages caused by existing federal navigation improvements at Lake Worth Inlet, Palm Beach Harbor, Florida, pursuant to Pub. L. 104-303, sec. 101(b)(8). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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Lassa, Jonatan Anderias, 1975- author and Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change (Indonesia), eds. Linking food security, climate adaptation, and carbon management: A case study from Indonesia. [Kupang, NTT, Indonesia]: IRGSC, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Erosion and mitigation measure"
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Hao, Zhengzheng. "Identification of Mitigation Measures." In An Integrated Modelling Approach to Design Cost-Effective AES for Agricultural Soil Erosion and Water Pollution, 47–60. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-41340-8_5.
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Kalsnes, Bjørn, and Vittoria Capobianco. "Use of Vegetation for Landslide Risk Mitigation." In Springer Climate, 77–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_10.
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AbstractLandslide risk management involves several activities, modelling being a required premise for most of them. Modelling of climate-induced landslides include both the analysis of the triggering process, i.e. static slope stability analysis and dynamic propagation (run-out) analysis. These analyses are vital for mapping purposes, as well as for selection of effective means to reduce the landslide risk when this exceeds a certain value of tolerance. With the prospect of increasing rainfall duration and intensity in parts of Europe, the need for further development of modelling tools is evident. In recent years, the use of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) for mitigation of natural hazards has further demonstrated the need for developing the modelling tools. The use of vegetation as NBS is increasingly being used for erosion protection and shallow landslide mitigation. For slope stability analyses, the use of vegetation makes the modelling more complex for a number of reasons, mostly linked to the influence of vegetation on both the soil–atmosphere interaction (i.e. rainfall interception, evapotranspiration) and the soil hydro-mechanical properties. All effects that are difficult to model due to lack of knowledge and to large variations in time and space. Even though there is an increasing activity in the geotechnical environment to incorporate the effects of vegetation in the modelling for quantifying the change in slope stability (i.e. calculate slope safety factor), the status is far from being at the level of traditional landslide modelling tools. More efforts are therefore needed in the years to come to demonstrate that the use of vegetation as a viable and effective measure in landslide risk mitigation management can be verified in a more quantifiable manner.
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Li, Y., and M. L. Nguyen. "Effectiveness of Soil Conservation Measures in Reducing Soil Erosion and Improving Soil Quality in China Assessed by Using Fallout Radionuclides." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Assessment, Mitigation and Remediation, 207–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8657-0_16.
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Holzbecher, Ekkehard, and Ahmed Hadidi. "Sediment Transport in Shallow Waters as a Multiphysics Approach." In Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI reports, 423–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_16.
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AbstractSuspended particle and bed-load transport are usually high during flooding events. For that reason, sediment transport is an important feature to be taken into account when studying floods. Measures that aim to mitigate the negative impacts of floods depend on such studies. Sediment transport phenomena are complex due to their coupling behavior with fluid flow. Due to the erosion and sedimentation of particulate matter, the ground surface changes during the passing of a flood. The courses of unregulated rivers and wadis after floods are different than those before floods. Flowing water transports sediments, and vice versa; sediment redistribution affects the flow of water due to changes in the ground surface and other factors. Computer simulations of sediment transport must take the coupling between water flow and transport processes into account. Here, a multiphysics approach in such a coupled model is presented. Shallow water equations (SWE) representing water height and velocity are coupled with equations for suspended particulate matter and bed loads. Using COMSOL Multiphysics software, an implementation is presented that demonstrates the capability and feasibility of the proposed approach. The approach is applied to the problems of scouring and sedimentation at obstacles, which are particularly important for ensuring the stability of bridges across rivers and wadis.
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Górriz-Mifsud, Elena, Aitor Ameztegui, Jose Ramón González, and Antoni Trasobares. "Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Spain." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 211–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_13.
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AbstractIn Spain, 55% of land area is covered by forests and other woodlands. Broadleaves occupy a predominant position (56%), followed by conifers (37%) and mixed stands (7%). Forest are distributed among the Atlantic (north-western Iberian rim), Mediterranean (rest of the peninsula including the Balearic Islands) and Macaronesian (Canary Islands) climate zones. Spanish woodlands provide a multiplicity of provisioning ecosystem services, such as, wood, cork, pine nuts, mushrooms and truffles. In terms of habitat services, biodiversity is highly relevant. Cultural services are mainly recreational and tourism, the latter being a crucial economic sector in Spain (including rural and ecotourism). Regulatory services, such as erosion control, water availability, flood and wildfire risk reduction, are of such great importance that related forest zoning and consequent legislation were established already in the eighteenth century. Climate change in Southern Europe is forecast to involve an increase in temperature, reduction in precipitation and increase in aridity. As a result, the risks for natural disturbances are expected to increase. Of these, forest fires usually have the greatest impact on ecosystems in Spain. In 2010–2019, the average annual forest surface area affected by fire was 95,065 ha. The combination of extreme climatic conditions (drought, wind) and the large proportion of unmanaged forests presents a big challenge for the future. Erosion is another relevant risk. In the case of fire, mitigation strategies should combine modification of the land use at the landscape level, in order to generate mosaics that will create barriers to the spread of large fires, along with stand-level prevention measures to either slow the spread of surface fires or, more importantly, impede the possibility of fire crowning or disrupt its spread. Similarly, forest management can play a major role in mitigating the impact of drought on a forest. According to the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) accounting, Spanish forests absorbed 11% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2019. Investments in climate-smart forestry provide opportunities for using all the different parts of the Spanish forest-based sector for climate mitigation––forest sinks, the substitution of wood raw materials and products for fossil materials, and the storage of carbon in wood products. Moreover, this approach simultaneously helps to advance the adaptation of the forest to changing climate and to build forest resilience.
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Arbanas, Željko, Josip Peranić, Vedran Jagodnik, Martina Vivoda Prodan, and Nina Čeh. "Remedial Measures Impact on Slope Stability and Landslide Occurrence in Small-Scale Slope Physical Model in 1 g Conditions." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, 197–220. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44296-4_9.
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AbstractPhysical modelling of landslides by analysing the behaviour of small-scale landslide models subjected to artificial rainfall can be divided into modelling under 1 g conditions and under increased acceleration (n times gravity) in a centrifuge. Physical modelling of landslide initiation began in 1970s in Japan on scaled natural slope models and after initial experiences with field and laboratory research, the small-scale landslide modelling has found a wide application around the world in different aspects of landslide investigations, analysing different types of landslides, different types of slope materials and landslide movements. The main task of landslide physical modelling is research of initiation, motion and accumulation of fast flow-like slides caused by infiltration of surface water or by shaking on a shaking table. Studies that have included landslide mitigation measures into small-scale physical models are rare and have not established correlations with a behaviour of on-site mitigation constructions. This paper discusses the behaviour of small-scale slope models supported by remedial measures under artificial rain in 1 g loading conditions. Models of slope built of different materials, with and without applied remedial measures (gravity retaining wall, gabion wall, pile wall) were exposed to identical intensities of artificial rainfall. The results of the simulations indicated that the slopes supported by remedial measures retained stability of the slope in the same conditions in which the sandy slope collapsed, as well as under significantly prolonged precipitations. At the end of the simulations, significantly higher rainfall intensities were applied to the supported slopes, exceeding the infiltration capacity of the slope material and affecting surface runout. The combination of surface erosion and saturation of superficial layer of a slope caused initiations of flow processes, while complete saturation of a slope when ground water level reached slope surface caused forming of a surface of rupture and consequently movements of the formed landslide body. The data obtained from the geodetic and geotechnical monitoring system enabled understanding of the overall process of rainfall infiltration and soil strength reduction to the development of the surface of rupture in a slope.
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Hao, Zhengzheng. "Mitigation Effect Assessment." In An Integrated Modelling Approach to Design Cost-Effective AES for Agricultural Soil Erosion and Water Pollution, 61–99. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-41340-8_6.
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Bergillos, Rafael J., Cristobal Rodriguez-Delgado, and Gregorio Iglesias. "Wave Energy Converter Configuration for Coastal Erosion Mitigation." In SpringerBriefs in Energy, 29–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31318-0_3.
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Zaimes, G. N., V. Iakovoglou, I. Kosmadakis, K. Ioannou, P. Koutalakis, G. Ranis, T. Laopoulos, and P. Tsardaklis. "A New Innovative Tool to Measure Soil Erosion." In Water Resources in Arid Areas: The Way Forward, 267–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51856-5_15.
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Cotler, Helena, and Sergio Martínez-Trinidad. "An Assessment of Soil Erosion Costs in Mexico." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Assessment, Mitigation and Remediation, 639–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8657-0_48.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Erosion and mitigation measure"
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Muttiah, Ranjan S. "Flood and Erosion Warning as Mitigation Measures for Urban Floods." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484258.074.
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Putra, I. Wayan Eka, Tan Chin Chien, M. Fauzi Badaruddin, M. Hilmi Isa, Cheong Xiang Hou, Liu Dongjie, and Sun Dalin. "Sand Erosion Mitigation for Offshore Pipeline and Riser – Erosion Prediction by Computational Fluid Dynamic CFD Analysis and Experimental Testing." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31451-ms.
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Abstract Late life production of oil & gas facilities are faced with significant challenge especially when sand is produced along with the production fluid. It can cause premature failure of the equipment, for example piping and pipeline. Mitigation by adding sand removal facility is limited by space, available load, and handling at satellite wellhead platform. It also introduced additional pressure drop which limit the production that already in low pressure. One of the measures to mitigate sand erosion issue for the offshore pipeline and riser is by flow assurance, to reduce the flow velocity so that the sand velocity will be less than the erosional velocity. This mitigation comes with drawback where reducing velocity will require bigger size pipeline, higher cost, and introduce higher liquid dropout along the pipeline which will create severe slugging issue in the pipeline. Next mitigation can be done by increasing bend radius along the pipeline, to reduce impact angle of the sand to the internal surface of the pipeline. Last mitigation will be increasing resistance of the material to the sand erosion. Combination of those methodology is required to achieve the most optimum solution to mitigate sand erosion. This paper present sand erosion mitigation on one of the existing pipeline replacement projects in PETRONAS by application of unbonded flexible pipe. Modeling of the of the erosion due to sand particle solution in the pipeline was done using computational fluid dynamic finite element analysis simulation. Experimental test with samples positioned at various orientation of the riser bend location were also investigated. Concerning the exceptional balance between results efficiency and simulation time, a grid sensitivity test has also been included. Various parameters were used to verify the sensitivity of the simulation including materials properties for various fluid composition data obtained from production forecast and fluid velocity as modeled in the pipeline steady state hydraulic analysis and transient flow assurance analysis. As result, the thickness of internal carcass is found sufficient to withstand the erosion threat generated by sand particles for the entire design life of the pipeline. The results obtained from finite element analysis and erosion experimental test were then correlated, and the comparison were illustrated in graph of velocity against erosion rate for each of sand concentration. The result of the modeling and experimental testing may improve prediction model of the sand erosion in the offshore pipeline especially for flexible pipeline and riser application.
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Bashir, I. A., S. Inam, M. Sana-ul-Hussnain, I. Shafee, M. Aijaz, R. Ullah, M. Haider, et al. "Erosion Mitigation During Testing of High Deliverability Gas Well - A Case Study." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23511-ms.
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Abstract The paper details the case history of a highly challenging, high deliverability exploratory gas well that was successfully drilled and completed in the frontier region. The 4,900 m well encountered multiple reservoirs during drilling with severe losses in the topmost prospective limestone reservoir formation. Subsequently, well was cased and Drill Stem Test (DST) was performed to test reservoir deliverability. During testing, severe leakages were encountered at the Surface Well Test (SWT) equipment due to high flow velocities, coupled with Loss Control Material (LCM) and formation cuttings flowback. This led to internal erosion in the equipment, resulting in frequent uncontrolled hydrocarbon release into the atmosphere, posing a high risk for personnel. Consequently, frequent shut-ins for maintenance were necessary. Steps taken to mitigate this issue are discussed and recommendations are proposed for future encounters. A systematic approach was adopted to offset the effects of erosion and consequential leakages. Points were identified which were prone to leakages, and successively, steps were taken to minimize bends. Non-intrusive thickness monitoring was carried out regularly to detect reduction(s) in the pipe schedule preemptively and take appropriate measures. Erosional velocities were computed for different pipe sections and sufficient back pressure was applied to reduce flow velocity. Other measures such as reducing flowing times at higher chokes and acid stimulation were also carried out to minimize the impact of, and dissolve, the particles eroding the equipment. Significant improvements were observed after taking preventive measures – Non-Productive Time (NPT) was reduced, and the remaining job was carried out safely without any impact on the personnel, equipment, environment and the Company reputation. Accuracy of the collected data also improved, as particles had inadvertent effects on flow measurements. An extensive study was carried out followed by on site actions to reduce the erosional impacts on a high pressure, high deliverability gas well. Important conclusions were drawn. Safe practices were developed to avoid future occurrences in high volume wells. A combination of steps such as re-arrangement of SWT setup to minimize bends, monitoring pipeline thickness using ultrasonic thickness meter, minimizing flow duration at high chokes, calculating downstream pressures required to limit erosion and applying back pressure, and performing acid stimulation can all help future operations to be carried out safely without any untoward downtime. In addition, dissolvable / degradable LCM could be opted in future wells, and wellbore hydraulics could be further studied to ensure optimum hole cleaning for effective cuttings removal.
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Chilikova-Lubomirova, Mila, Georgi Belev, and Elena Nikolova. "ANTHROPOGENIC WORKS INFLUENCE CONCERNING THE EROSION PROCESS IN THE BULGARIAN BLATO RIVER WATERSHED." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.004.
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The Blato River watershed was determined as especially vulnerable to flood hazards zone regarding the developed Bulgarian Flood Risk Management Plans. With regard to the climate change the number of such hazards increases. To prevent and mitigate the consequences various measures are applied in practice. Some of them are connected to the implementation of already existing engineering solutions. But in case of emergency some untypical temporary solutions are also introduced. In line with the detected severe climate pressure the need of new or additional flood mitigation measures increases. This requires a properly consideration of the state of the Blato River watershed, accounting the existing structures, their current state and potential for further use considering floods and climate change. As a step in this direction this material is briefly presenting the results of a study observing the anthropogenic works influence concerning the water erosion processes of the Blato River watershed. The examination is provided considering the erosion vulnerability concerning the detected flood processes. For the purpose in a geographic information system mapping environment, it is provided an analysis considering the Blato River watershed specifics, accounting the existing flood mitigation anthropogenic works. Obtained results clarify the effect of such implementation in case of floods and can be a good starting point in the process of future additional floods mitigation measures investigation.
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Russo, Wanderley Camargo, Alcindo Pereira dos Santos Filho, Celso Rodrigues da Silveira Filho, Cláudio dos Santos Amaral, Maurício Martines Sales, Carlos Alberto Lauro Vargas, Patrícia de Araújo Romão, and Diego Tarley Ferreira Nascimento. "Susceptibility to Erosion of Pipeline Rights-of-Way in Tropical Soils: Case of a Brazilian Pipeline." In ASME 2013 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2013-1935.
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TRANSPETRO is responsible, among other activities, by operation and maintenance of pipelines throughout Brazil. Particularly in the Midwest region the company operates the OSBRA pipeline, which moves about 8.7 Mm3/years of fuel and covers approximately 1,000 km long, predominantly in tropical soils. Erosive processes are significant and constitute the main geotechnical occurrence in OSBRA pipelines rights-of-way. In order to identify the susceptibility to erosion of the area close to the pipelines were developed basic thematic maps, that overlaid will help in identifying homogeneous zones in terms of existing material susceptibility. The mapping is being accompanied by an extensive endeavor of field inspections along the pipeline rights-of-way, that comprised geotechnical investigations, verifying the conditions of use and soil management, the conservation status of existing drainage works and geotechnical characterization of soil samples of major geological formations, including erodibility tests. The methodology is being developed in ArcGIS frame, starting from the morphometric analysis and the use of Digital Elevation Models (DEM), aiming to understanding superficial flow conditions (acceleration and concentration) and consequent soil loss. The modeling results will be compared with historical occurrences erosive 15 (fifteen) years of pipeline operation, seeking for an adherence on various geological, topographical and meteorological tested. The methodology will improve further procedures for identifying potential erosions in tropical soils and will allow to anticipating preventive maintenance in the most susceptible locals the pipeline rights-of-way, suggesting mitigation measures best suited for each type of potential erosive mechanism.
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Kane, Prasad Laxman, and Dominic Pliszka. "Novel Erosion Control Technology for Production Debottlenecking." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78033.
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Erosion of piping systems is a significant issue for many operators of Hydrocarbon infrastructure. Until now mitigation measures have been limited to detection / measurement and reducing production. For many operators this can be a significant loss in revenue and an increase in IMR costs. A novel Erosion Control Technology (ECT) is being developed that can significantly reduce the impact of erosion on piping infrastructure. This technology has the potential of adding immense value when it is used to debottleneck and optimize flow rates. The patented ECT has been designed to control sand erosion in real-time by deflecting and redistributing sand in the product flow stream. Preliminary laboratory testing of the ECT has been very successful. The ECT inserts designed for the ambient test conditions have shown substantial reduction in erosion (both global and local). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been the key enabling factor allowing the critical breakthrough in this technology. Experimental results have shown very good correlation with the CFD sand erosion model results. A roadmap in line with industry practices and standards has been developed for project implementation of the ECT solution in the near future.
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Millar, Richard C. "Turbo-Machinery Monitoring Measures for Propulsion Safety and Affordable Readiness." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45741.
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The US Department of Defense initiative for propulsion safety and affordable readiness (P-SAR) has been engaged by all three services as a means to mitigate the operational and environmental hazards to aircraft propulsion system integrity, dependability and life cycle cost in military service. This paper focuses on the turbo-machinery of military propulsion systems and addresses the options available to manage turbo-machinery health and life cycle cost. Three primary turbo-machinery integrity and performance degraders are identified: foreign object damage, erosion and corrosion, and high cycle fatigue due to aero-elastic response of turbo-machine blades & vanes. A variety of sensors have been proposed as measures to monitor and mitigate the hazards created by such degradation. Many of these were developed as tools for use in component models & design verification, such as non-intrusive stress measurement systems [NSMS] — an indirect means to supplement direct on-blade strain measurements. Others tools have been defined specifically for in service monitoring, such as the use of miniature radar to detect blade motion. This paper follows a systems engineering analysis identifying alternative functional hazard mitigations and a qualitative reliability centered maintenance (RCM) view to assess alternative approaches to mitigation of each hazard. Finally, synergies across the three priority degraders are considered to recommended topics for research.
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Alvarez, Fabian Rene, Angela Tatiana Torres, Camilo Marulanda Escobar, and Jaime Hernan Aristizabal. "Geotechnical Guidelines for the Assessment and Design of Mitigation Measurements for Operating Oil Pipelines." In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8543.
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The Colombian petroleum pipelines go through different types of geomorphologies and geological settings; so that the pipeline system is exposed to a variety of processes such as landslides, erosion, scour, sedimentation, and karstification. In order to prevent some of the effects caused by these processes, geotechnical remedial works have been designed and implemented over time. However, in some cases the remedial actions have not exhibited a proper behavior. For this reason, a better understanding of local conditions is required in order to conceive more effective solutions. This paper provides an overview of a methodological framework for geotechnical assessment and design of mitigation measures based on the evaluation of geological and geomorphological aspects, computational tools, and data processing. Finally, the characteristics of an existing and unsuccessful mitigation civil work are described, and a brief summary of the relevant geotechnical aspects of the proposed design are presented.
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Plevkova, Miroslava. "EVALUATION OF CRITICAL POINTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTING AREAS ACCORDING TO CURRENT LAND USE AS MAIN INPUT FOR DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURE-FRIENDLY MEASURES." In 22nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/3.2/s12.08.
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Hydrological extremes (drought-flood) are a phenomenon that is occurring more and more frequently because of climate change. The human-altered landscape cannot sufficiently withstand these extreme phenomena. For this reason, society feels pressure on the design, and assessment, but especially the implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures in the landscape. For best-designed measures, it is crucial to determine where the given problem arises and what are the possibilities of its solution with subsequent quantification of effectiveness. In the Czech Republic, this problem is solved in the long term by processing flood maps and determining flood areas. In 2009, a methodology was created for the identification of places that are potentially threatened by flash floods [1]. In the interest area of the Dyje basin, 1356 critical points were determined by this methodology. The work's main goal was to evaluate these points and their contributing areas based on current data, and the summary and evaluation of the accessible data that will be used for proposals for measures. All analyses were made by using geographic information systems. It was specifically about evaluating the percentage representation of arable land, as one of the main criteria for determining the critical point. It was found that in almost 42 % of the critical points (or in their contributing areas) there was a decrease in arable land by more than 10 %. Furthermore, the occurrence of recorded erosion events was addressed. According to information from the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, there were 622 erosion events in the Dyje basin area, and 43 % were in catchment areas of critical points. One of the crucial topics that are currently resonating in society in terms of proposals for measures in the landscape is drainage areas. According to vectorized documents from the Agricultural Water Management Company, these areas are in 57 % of the collection areas of critical points. The evaluation will further enter a multi-criteria analysis for the selection of a priority area, as the Dyje basin is quite extensive for more detailed analyses. Subsequently, protective measures close to nature will be designed and evaluated in the priority area using mathematical modelling.
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Carnicero, Martín, and Manuel Ponce. "River Crossings: Lessons Learned From Lowering Pipelines by Natural Flexion." In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8512.
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When a buried pipeline is exposed in the middle of a river, the need of a mitigation action immediately arises. Lowering the pipeline by natural flexion is sometimes chosen after competing in magnitude, complexity and cost with other alternatives such as river bank and bed erosion control protections. Although simple in its conceptual design, its implementation requires taking into consideration several factors that can affect its successful outcome in terms of the final position of the pipeline and the remediation measures needed to restore the terrain and environment to its original situation. Five different field cases are presented: Río Colorado, Río Santa María, Río Negro and Río Suquía, all of them located at northern Argentina, and a fifth one placed at the Patagonian desert. For each of them references are made regarding the following issues: reasons for the selection of this option, in or out of service movement operation, depth of burial, design of the lowering curve based on pipe allowable tensions, topographic reference system, ditch design, drainage and stabilization, need for river diversion, lowering equipment, ditch interceptors design, ditch filling and soil compaction procedure, and ROW remediation. Finally, a set of recommendations are included as a way to share this experience and provide a guideline for future works.
Reports on the topic "Erosion and mitigation measure"
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Altman, Safra, Matthew Balazik, and Catherine Thomas. Eelgrass functions, services, and considerations for compensatory mitigation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46833.
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Coastal-marine eelgrass habitat is a critical resource within New England and throughout the world. Eelgrass habitat provides functions and services including providing structure, biogeochemical cycling, erosion reduction, habitation provision, and water quality improvement. Declines in eelgrass distribution are often due to anthropogenic processes impacting temperature and water quality. Declines in distribution and abundance highlight the importance of protecting the existing eelgrass, improving environmental conditions allowing for ecosystem restoration, and identifying viable in-kind and out-of-kind compensatory mitigation measures. Considering the limited availability of New England sites for in-kind compensatory mitigation, additional approaches for out-of-kind compensatory mitigation should be considered. These include (1) creation of alternative plant or kelp habitat, (2) using a multi-pronged, multi-habitat and structure approach, (3) contributing to the development of water quality improvement initiatives to encourage current eelgrass bed expansion over time, (4) reduce physical impacts to eelgrass habitat, (5) and identifying locations for future eelgrass habitat suitability based on climate predictions and investing to create future compensatory mitigation habitat in these locations.
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Budzich, Jeffrey. PR-685-184506-R01 Development of Risk Assessment Procedures and Tools. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011668.
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Evaluating risks for hydrotechnical threats at pipeline waterway crossings is important to maintaining pipeline integrity. Establishing standards and best practices for evaluating the risks associated with scour, bank erosion, and channel avulsion is essential to developing a consistent process that can be applied across a network of pipeline crossings and provide data to make decisions about prioritizing mitigation and monitoring. A multi-step process including inventory, screening, desktop analysis, and site visit can be applied to compile regional and local data from existing sources as well as site-specific information that informs risk assessment and identification of mitigation measures and monitoring approach.
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Budzich, Jeffrey. PR-685-184506-R09 Improve Upon Existing Tools to Estimate Hydrotechnical Concerns. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012249.
Full textAbstract:
Evaluating risks for hydrotechnical threats at pipeline waterway crossings is important to maintaining pipeline integrity. Establishing standards and best practices for evaluating the risks associated with scour, bank erosion, and channel avulsion is essential to developing a consistent process that can be applied across a network of pipeline crossings and provide data to make decisions about prioritizing mitigation and monitoring. A specific detailed multi-step process with support from improved evaluation tools, including a pilot platform, that incorporates inventory, screening, desktop analysis, and site inspections can be applied to compile regional and local data from existing sources as well as site-specific information that informs risk assessment and identification of appropriate monitoring approaches and mitigation measures
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Shepherd, Andrew. Measures to Mitigate Pandemic Restrictions. Institute of Development Studies, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cpan.2023.008.
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Policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in the global South were dominated by movement restrictions and lockdowns imposed in the global North, and not always relevant to the countries or geographical areas where they were imposed. Countries must be free to decide how to manage a global crisis, so their governments can take decisions that are in the best interests of their citizens, with specific reference to the poorest people, whose lives are already challenging. Many countries’ political and public finance systems could not support mitigating measures to compensate the effects of the lockdowns and restrictions. Such measures rarely made up for the job losses, income reduction and erosion of social capital caused by closing economies. They also rarely reached some of the groups most affected – including those in the urban informal economy, poor migrants and poor women.
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Williams, Adam, Shannon Abbott, and William Charlton. Phase I Closeout Report: Invoking Artificial Neural Networks to Measure Insider Threat Mitigation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1650238.
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Miller, Julianne, Steven Bacon, and Jenny Chapman. Update of Erosion Conditions and Assessment of Mitigation Options for the L-Bar Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1818224.
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Robichaud, Peter R., Louise E. Ashmun, Randy B. Foltz, Charles G. Showers, J. Scott Groenier, Jennifer Kesler, Claire DeLeo, and Mary Moore. Production and aerial application of wood shreds as a post-fire hillslope erosion mitigation treatment. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-307.
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Dixon, John A. Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of Project Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures: Implementation Guideline. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009128.
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This paper provides guidance to Bank staff on how to conduct an expanded, comprehensive economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in order to measure net benefits from a project taking both project and environmental factors into account, as required under Directives B.5 and B.9 in the Bank's operational policy OP-703.
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Robb, Kevin R. External Cooling of the BWR Mark I and II Drywell Head as a Potential Accident Mitigation Measure – Scoping Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1394355.
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timmons, shane, and pete lunn. Public understanding of climate change and support for mitigation. ESRI, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs135.
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In this study, a large, representative sample of the Irish population undertook a multiple-choice quiz about climate change. The 10-minute quiz was designed to engage participants and to measure their understanding, not of facts and figures, but of the scientific relationships behind climate change – of what causes what, and how. The study was conducted in mid-October 2021. As well as revealing how well the population understands climate change, the central focus of the study was the relationship between understanding and willingness to act. To investigate this, the study contained an experiment that tested whether exposing people to the answers to the quiz questions altered their attitudes to climate policy and individual behaviour. Half the sample was randomly assigned to see the answers to the quiz questions, while the other half was not.We then measured support for climate mitigation policy (in particular, a carbon tax) and judgements of individual behaviour. In this way, we conducted an experimental test of whether engaging with accurate scientific information about climate change has an impact on willingness to tackle it.