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1
Aula, Mercy, and Ken Silver. "Evaluation of Tomato Farmworker Ergonomics using Electromyography." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/150.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE. Various studies have identified physical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) associated with hand harvesting of crops, due to repetitive motions, lifting or carrying of heavy loads, and working in flexed trunk postures. A paucity of research exists on ergonomic risks to tomato farmworkers. The available studies have estimated risk based on self-reports of injury and semi-quantitative measures.
METHODS. A partnership between East Tennessee State University (ETSU) and a migrant health center (Rural Medical Services) has identified some of the occupational health needs of this population. With the aid of surface electromyography (sEMG), an objective-quantitative tool, a more refined understanding of ergonomic health risks for this population will be developed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the muscle load and fatigue induced on the anterior deltoid and upper trapezius muscles during three tasks: driving stakes into the ground, tying of tomatoes to stakes, and hoisting of a 35-pound bucket full of tomatoes. Space for a mock test plot, where the study will be conducted, is available at the ETSU’s Valleybrook facility. Muscle activity recordings will be obtained from 15 tomato farmworkers. Spectral analysis and the amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) will be used to assess fatigue and muscle load respectively. A repeated measures ANOVA will be employed in the study.
ANTICIPATED RESULTS. Findings of this study should show that localized muscle loading increases muscle fatigue. Neuromuscular demand should vary, depending on the type of task performed. Stake pounding may show a higher neuromuscular demand than the other tasks.
AIM 1. Evaluate the magnitude of muscle activity during three simulated tomato-field tasks and measure the intensity of movement during the stake pounding task.
AIM 2. Compare estimates of muscle fatigue and muscle load induced on the anterior deltoid and upper trapezius muscles during three simulated tomato-field tasks.
2
Mazaheri, Ava. "Ergonomic Evaluation of Power Tool Use at Different Task and Tool Related Conditions Using a Mechanical Test Rig, Electromyography and Subjective Evaluations." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235384.
Abstract:
Workers within production and assembly lines are often exposed to ergonomically unfavorable tasksand conditions. Reaction forces and reaction torques generated by industrial power tools may causenot only discomfort but also health issues and injury. The forceful tasks in combination with highlyrepetitive hand-arm motions and prolonged tool use paves the way for loss in workforce capacitywhich in turn can lead to great losses in productivity and product quality. An umbrella term for themany injuries and diseases that may arise from the use of such tools is Cumulative Trauma Disorders(CTD).This study aimed to investigate the ergonomic effect of power tool use for various tool and taskrelated conditions. The study required the setup of a test rig with a simulated handle of the tool. Theergonomic impact was assessed by measuring the torques associated with different tighteningstrategies, as well as measuring the angular displacement of the tool handle. By varying the jointstiffness and workplace orientation, the complexity of the task was varied and thus quantified.Measurements of muscle activity during each tightening procedure provided a quantification of thephysiological impact on the operator. By combining the measurements on the operator withsubjective assessment of perceived exertion and discomfort, a more holistic perspective on thetightening procedure was obtained.The results obtained from the study stressed the negative impact on the operator which the QuickStep tightening strategy on medium hard joints implies, regardless of workspace orientation. TheTurbo Tight and Tensor Pulse tightening strategies turned out to generate the lowest reactiontorques and handle deflections, regardless of joint stiffness and workspace orientation. The findingsfrom the muscle activity measurements in combination with the subjective evaluation methodsfurther confirmed the mildness of the Turbo Tight and Tensor Pulse strategies. Moreover, horizontalworkspace resulted in lower tool handle deflection compared to vertical workspace for all tighteningstrategies and joint stiffnesses.Många antällda på monteringsband exponeras ofta för ergonomiskt ofördelaktiga arbetsuppgifter och arbetsförhållanden. De handhållna monteringsverktyg som används genrerar ofta reaktionskrafter som i många fall kan orsaka en känsla av obehag eller ge upphov till mer bestående hälsobesvär. De kraftfulla och repetetiva arbetsuppgifterna som montering många gånger innebär kan bana väg för förluster i arbetskraftskapacitet, vilket i sin tur kan leda till stora förluster i produktivitet och produktkvalitet. En paraplyterm för de många åkommor och besvär som kan uppstå som ett resultat av användandet av handhållna monteringsverktyg är ’förslitningsskador’ (Cumulative Trauma Disorders på engelska). Målsättningen för denhär studien har varit att undersöka de ergonomiska effekter som användandet av handhållna monteringsverktyg innebär vid olika vektygs- och arbetsuppgiftsrelaterade parametrar. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en test rig där ett simulerat verktygshandtag utnyttjades. Den ergonomiska effekten på användaren undersöktes genom mätningar av uppnådda reaktions moment och handtags vinklar associerade med olika åtdragningsstrategier, styvhet av förband samt orientering av arbetsyta. Genom att mäta muskelaktiviteten i underarmen hos testpersonerna erhölls en kvantifiering av den fysiologiska effekten på testpersonerna. Mätningarna av vinkel, moment och muskelaktivitet kombinerades med subjektiva skattningsmetoder för att på så sätt kunna erhålla ett mer holistiskt perspektiv på åtdragningarna och deras effekt på människan. Resultaten från studien underströk de negativa effekterna av åtdragning med Quick Step strategin på medium hårda förband, oavsett orientering av arbetsytan. Turbo Tight och Tensor Pulse strategierna genererade de lägsta reaktions momenten och handtags deflektionerna. Resultaten från muskelsaktivitetsmätningarna och de subjektiva skattningsmetoderna bekräftade den relativa mildheten hos Tensor Pulse och Turbo Tight strategierna. Dessutom påvisades att åtdragningar som sker på en horisontell arbetsyta resulterade i lägre handtagsdeflektion jämfört med åtdragningar på en vertikal arbetsyta, oavsett åtdragningsstrategi och styvhet hos förband.
3
Melk, Miranda Rechinah. "Evaluation of ergonomics in a base metal refinery / Miranda Rechinah Melk." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/616.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to evaluate ergonomics in a Base Metal Refinery (BMR). The hypothesis
tested was that the machinery and equipment used and the postures of the workers and the load
handled are not in line with good ergonomic standards and practices.
Anthropometrical measurements were taken from 11 1 workers and the loads they handled, their
posture while performing the work and the heights of different workstations. Self administered
questionnaires were completed by all the workers so as to determine how the feel about their work
and an observational data was recorded in order to observe the way the work was performed.
Different anthropometrical measurements taken included stature, weight, vertical grip reach,
forward grip reach, shoulder grip length, shoulder height/hip height. Different variables including
height of the workstation, weight handled, type of work done and frequency of handling were also
measured. Evaluation of medical records and incident reports were also carried out to determine
whether these records support the hypothesis to be tested or not.
Most of the workstations were not ergonomically designed and the work performed in the Base
Metal Refinery was done in a standing position and repeated for most of the work shifts.
Anthropometrical data was collected so as it can be compared with the type of work performed the
duration of the work and whether the workstations were designed to fit the workers. Workers in the
BMR were exposed to handling loads which were higher than the NIOSH recommended weight of
23kg, the work was highly repetitive and the workers had to bend awkwardly while performing the
work. Therefore this disagrees with the hypothesis which states that the machinery and equipment
used and the postures of the workers and the load handled was not in line with good ergonomic
standards and practices.
This statement was also supported by the incidents reports and the medical records which showed
that most workers were booked for a long time due to lower back pain, and more incidents
occurred due to handling loads. In BMR most incidents, injuries and illnesses were common
amongst cell workers than any occupation within the industry. High incidents and absenteeism due
to lower back related illnesses can be directly associated to the type of work performed and the
amount of load handled.
Most of the workstations were either too high or too low therefore forcing the workers to bend at
the waist or his neck so as to properly observe the task, and this proves that BMR was not designed
to fit the workers, the way the work was performed, the posture of the worker, the repetitive nature
of the work and the weight handled were exceeding the ergonomic standards and practices.Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
4
Manz, LeaAnn Nichole. "Tomato worker ergonomics: REBA panel evaluation of job tasks using video." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/116.
Abstract:
This project tested the hypothesis that non-experts' rankings of ergonomic stressors differ from those of health professionals. Tennessee ranks fifth in the production of tomatoes, an industry in which stoop labor, hand harvesting, and packing predominate. Specific parts of tomato workers' bodies are at risk of ergonomic injury such as, shoulders (loads), backs (stoop labor), lower extremities (posture), and upper extremities (repetitive motion). Of equal importance is our expectation that the scores assigned by non-experts will correlate with those of experts, leading to a community consensus for action and practical intervention research. Video footage of harvesting and sorting was analyzed using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment method, revealing movements and postures likely to be injurious. A panel of 13 health professionals (“experts”) and industry personnel (“non-experts”) were assembled to rate job task video segments in tomato harvesting and packing using the REBA method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the extent to which raters agree on the major body parts at risk of cumulative trauma disorders. Agreement and variation among professional groups, as well as intra-rater variability, were assessed . The possibility of achieving consensus among various professional groups with respect to the most dangerous tasks is discussed.
5
Tegbrant, Kerstin. "Cost-effectiveness of ergonomic interventions - Evaluation of a calculation model." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262006.
Abstract:
Several studies have shown that the work environment affects company performance. The managers are seldom aware to which extent work environment problems affect productivity, quality of delivery and sick-leave in their organisation. The present literature study showed that improvements regarding physical ergonomics generally are shown to be cost-effective. The most beneficial way of working is through proactive measures interactively with employees. An efficient, systematic way of performing risk assessments and interventions reduce the need for a calculation method. This study identified propositions for properties of calculation methods. These propositions were : “Simplicity, high usability”, “Right content for the target group”, “High ability to measure risk”, “Focus on staff”, “Correct standardised values”, “Right focus” and “Optimal design”. Scania CV, a producer of trucks and buses, has developed a calculation model for cost-effectiveness of ergonomic interventions. Evaluation of this model with semi-structured interviews showed agreement regarding the need of a simplified calculation method, based on systematic risk assessments.Ett flertal studier har visat att arbetsmiljön påverkar företags effektivitet. Företagsledningen är sällan medveten om till vilken grad arbetsmiljö-problem påverkar produktivitet, kvalitet och sjukfrånvaro. Litteraturstudien i detta projekt visade att förbättringar inom ergonomi generellt sett är kostnadseffektiva. Det är mest gynnsamt att arbeta proaktivt samt participativt, det vill säga i samarbete med medarbetarna på den lokala avdelningen. Ett effektivt, systematiskt arbete med riskbedömningar och interventioner minskar behovet av att göra en beräkning av lönsamheten. Propositioner för egenskaper hos kostnadseffektiva beräkningsmetoder togs fram i denna studie. Dessa propositioner var; ” Enkelhet och god användbarhet”, ”rätt innehåll för målgruppen”, ”hög förmåga att bedöma risk”, ”personalfokus”, ”korrekta standardiserade värden”, ”rätt fokus” och ”optimal design”. Scania CV, producent av lastbilar och bussar, har tagit fram en beräkningsmodell för kostnadseffektivitet hos ergonomiska interventioner. Utvärderingen av denna modell med semistrukturerade intervjuer visar god samstämmighet i att det behövs enkla kalkylmetoder som grundar sig på systematiska riskbedömningar.
6
Juntti, Lars. "Evaluation of ordering systems for multi-echelon inventory control." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18246.
7
MacFarlane, Stuart John. "Hazards in the use of formal controlled experiments for human-computerinterface evaluation." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1492.
8
Galvan, Tatiana Cecagno. "Carga de trabalho : definição, fatores influentes e identificação de causas raiz." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/118871.
Abstract:
Um dos principais objetivos da ergonomia é ter uma carga de trabalho adequada, buscando a melhoria dos níveis de conforto, satisfação, eficiência e segurança no trabalho, caso contrário, sua inadequação pode influenciar a saúde e segurança do trabalhador, além de afetar a organização. O objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar as causas raiz de uma carga de trabalho inadequada com intuito de compreender os fatores influentes e suas interligações visando melhorar a condição de saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores. Os objetivos específicos são: (i) entender e definir as dimensões da carga de trabalho através de uma revisão sistemática de literatura; (ii) identificar os fatores influentes centrais, ou seja, causas raiz, da inadequação da carga de trabalho através da análise de uma revisão sistemática utilizando ferramentas do Processo de Pensamento; (iii) avaliar a carga de trabalho e suas inadequações de forma participativa, através da mensuração desta e da identificação de suas causas raiz em uma empresa de manufatura. Para alcançar cada um dos objetivos o presente trabalho foi estruturado na forma de três artigos, associados a cada um dos objetivos específicos. Assim, o trabalho foi composto por uma revisão sistemática de literatura (Artigo 1), análise de uma revisão sistemática (Artigo 2) e um estudo de caso aplicado (Artigo 3). O primeiro artigo entendeu e definiu as dimensões da carga de trabalho. No segundo, identificou-se os fatores influentes centrais da inadequação da carga de trabalho através de uma revisão sistemática. Já no terceiro artigo, foi realizado um estudo de caso, composto pela avaliação da carga de trabalho através da NASA TLX, demonstrando a carga de trabalho de máximo risco (carga de trabalho geral). Neste também mensurou-se, de forma participativa, os fatores centrais desta inadequação através de ferramentas do processo de pensamento. O resultado final permitiu perceber poucos estudos definindo carga de trabalho entre artigos empíricos, não havendo uma definição padrão. Percebeu-se que o foco dos artigos não são na abordagem da adequação desta carga de trabalho. Permitiu-se identificar as causas raiz de uma carga de trabalho inadequada, propiciando uma análise profunda das relações gerais do problema, através da lógica causa e efeito, incluindo os fatores influentes e suas interligações.A major goal of ergonomics consists in having an adequate workload in order to improve levels of comfort, satisfaction, efficiency and safety. Otherwise, its inadequacy can influence health and worker’s safety and affect the organization. The aim of this study is to identify the root causes of inadequate workload in spite of understanding the influencing factors and their interconnections to improve the workers health and safety. The specific objectives are: (i) understand and define the dimensions of the workload through a systematic literature review; (ii) identify the substantial influencing factors (root causes) of the inadequacy of the workload by analyzing a systematic review using Thinking Process tools; (iii) evaluate the workload and its inadequacies in a participatory manner, by measuring and identifying their root causes in a manufacturing company. To achieve each objective, this study was structured with three articles associated with each of the specific objectives. Therefore, the work is consisted of a systematic review of the literature (Article 1), analysis of a systematic review (Article 2) and an applied case study (Article 3). The first article understood and defined the dimensions of workload. In the second, we identified the major influencing factors of inadequate workload through a systematic review. In the third article, we conducted a case study, comprising the assessment of workload through the NASA TLX, demonstrating the maximum risk workload (overall workload). The end result allowed us to perceive few studies defining workload between empirical articles, there is no standard definition. It was felt that the focus of the articles are not in addressing the appropriateness of this workload. Allowed to identify the root causes of inadequate workload, providing a thorough analysis of the general relations of the problem, by logical cause and effect, including the influential factors and their interconnections.
9
Wallström, Peter. "Evaluation of forecasting techniques and forecast errors : with focus on intermittent demand." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell Ekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17514.
Abstract:
To decide in advance the amount of resources that is required next week or next month can be both a complicated and hazardous task depending on the situation, despite the known time frame when the resources are needed. Intermittent demand, or slow-moving demand, that is when there are time periods without demand and then suddenly a time period with demand, becomes even more difficult to forecast. If the demand is underestimated it will lead to lost sales and therefore lost revenues. If the demand is overestimated, in the best case the stock is increased or in worst case, the items lie unsold until they become obsolete. The items with intermittent demand can have a value of up to 60% of the total stock value for all items.This thesis addresses the topic of forecasting intermittent demand and how to measure the accuracy of the chosen forecast method or methods. Four forecasting methods are tested on almost 18 months of empirical demand data from a manufacturing company. The tested forecasting method are single exponential smoothing, Croston and two modification of the Croston method, one by Syntetos and Boylan the other by Segerstedt (modified Croston). Four start values and eight smoothing constants are tested. The methods are evaluated with different accuracy measures; variance (MSE and MAD), bias (CFE, the maximum and minimum value of CFE) and sMAPE. In addition with a new complementary measure of bias; Periods in Stock (PIS), PIS considers the time aspect, when the forecast error occurred not just the error size. Also two variants of MAD and MSE are tested. To improve the evaluation of the bias measures, the percentages of demand occasions that can not be fulfilled are used. The relationship between the different errors for a certain method is examined with principal component analysis (PCA). The errors are also examined with logistic regression to find out if a certain forecasting method is favoured by certain accuracy measures. The logistic regression is based on descriptive statistics for time series plus the mean absolute change that considers the sequence of the time series as well as the variation. Ranking and error quotients between different methods are other applied methods. The results of the research both confirm and contradict earlier findings. Among the confirming research results are the bias among the different methods. Croston and Modified Croston are overestimating the demand, Syntetos and Boylan's Croston variant has a tendency to underestimate the demand. Single exponential smoothing is relatively biasfree when low smoothing constants are concerned. The contradictive results are that CFE is not a suitable measure of bias at least when the number of forecasting periods is limited. The value of CFE can indicate a nonbiased forecast when both PIS and the percentage of unmet demands indicate a biased forecast. PIS is also less sensitive to transient demand events that can distort CFE. PIS is recommended as a bias measure for limited time series, especially considering intermittent demand, along with the percentage of unmet demand. Another result is that MAD is not reliable since the method in certain circumstances favours methods that underestimate the demand.Att på förhand bestämma vilken mängd resurser som krävs nästa vecka eller nästa månad kan vara både en komplicerat och riskfylld uppgift beroende av situation, trots att man känner till när resurserna behövs. Intermittent efterfrågan, eller lågrörlig efterfrågan, är när många perioder saknar efterfrågan och plötsligt sker en efterfrågan en period. Detta gör det svårare att prognostisera. Om efterfrågan underskattas kommer det att leda till förlorad försäljning och därmed förlorade intäkter. Om efterfrågan är överskattad kommer det i bästa fall att bara leda till ökat lager eller, i värsta fall, leda till osålda produkter och till slut inkurans. Artiklar med intermittent efterfrågan kan utgöra upp till 60 % av det totala lagervärdet för samtliga artiklar.Denna uppsats avhandlar prognoser av intermittent efterfrågan samt hur prognosfelen ska mätas för den valda eller de valda prognosmetoderna. Fyra prognosmetoder utvärderas med nästan 18 månaders empirisk efterfrågedata från ett tillverkande företag. De utvärderade metoderna är exponentiell utjämning, Croston och två modifierade varianter av Croston; Syntetos och Boylans metod samt modifierad Croston av Segerstedt. Fyra olika startvärden och åtta utjämningskonstanter används. Prognosmetoderna utvärderas med olika typer av prognosfel; varians (MSE och MAD), bias (CFE samt max- och minvärde av CFE) och sMAPE. Vidare sker utvärdering med ett komplimenterande mått för bias, Lagerperioder (Periods in Stock, PIS). PIS tar tidsaspekten i beaktande och inte bara storleken på prognosfelen. Dessutom undersöks två varianter av MAD och MSE. För att förbättra utvärderingen av biasmåtten undersöks procentantalet av de efterfrågetillfällen som en prognosmetod inte kan uppfylla.Förhållandet mellan de olika prognosfelen undersöks med hjälp av principal component analysis (PCA). Prognosfelen undersöks även med binär logistisk regression för att utröna huruvida vissa prognosmetoder gynnas av vissa prognosfel. Den logistiska regressionen baseras på deskriptiv statistik för tidsserierna samt medelabsolutförändringen som tar ordningen för tidserien i beaktande såväl som variationen. Rankning och kvoter mellan olika prognosfel från olika metoder är andra tillämpade metoder. Resultatet av forskningen både bekräftar och motsäger tidigare forskning. Bland de bekräftande resultaten är den bias olika prognosmetoder har. Croston och modifierad Croston överskattar efterfrågan, Syntetos och Boylans metod underskattar efterfrågan. Exponentiell utjämning är förhållandevis fri från bias när utjämningskonstanterna har låga värden. De avvikande resultaten är att CFE inte är lämpligt att använda när antal prognosperioder är begränsat. Värdet för CFE kan indikera att prognosen är fri från bias när både PIS och procentandelen icke mött efterfrågan. PIS är dessutom mindre känslig för transienta efterfrågehändelser som kan förvränga CFE. PIS rekommenderas som ett biasmått när tidsserien är ändlig, särskilt när det gäller intermittent efterfrågan, tillsammans med måttet procentandelen icke mött efterfrågan. Andra resultat är att MAD inte är pålitlig eftersom måttet, under vissa förhållanden, gynnar prognosmetoder som underskattar efterfrågan
Godkänd; 2009; 20090520 (petwal); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Industriell logistik/Industrial Logistics Examinator: Professor Anders Segerstedt, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Onsdag den 17 juni 2009 kl 10.00 Plats: A 3120, Luleå tekniska universitet
10
Gao, Chuansi. "Identification and evaluation of slip and fall risk on ice and snow." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18474.
Abstract:
Roads and pavements covered with ice and snow during winter in the Nordic and other cold regions are slippery, which result in the prevalence of slip and fall accidents among not only the public, but also outdoor workers. Literature and injury statistics revealed that the most frequently specified contributory factor for occupational slip, trip and fall accidents in Sweden is snow and ice. Road accident research showed that the largest numbers of traffic casualties occurred during walking, followed by cycling and vehicle transporting. The cost to the community of providing medical treatment to victims of pedestrian injuries resulting from slipping is far greater than that of keeping walking surfaces free from ice and snow. However, in comparison with the size of the problem, little research has been carried out to identify and evaluate slip and fall risk on icy surfaces. Objectives are to present a systems perspective of slip and fall accident, to measure, evaluate and compare the coefficient of friction (COF) of footwear on ice and lubricated floor, to identify advantages of walking experience on icy surface and participating in winter sport in preventing slip and fall accidents, to develop subjective evaluation method for slipperiness measurement and usability assessment of footwear product, to systematically assess the integration of slip resistance, thermal insulation, and usability of footwear, to ascertain the anti-slip effect of materials spread on ice by user trials, and to explore the incorporated approach towards the design of footwear for use on icy surfaces. The following methods of collecting data were used in studies of this thesis: 1) direct observation, 2) videotaping, 3) human perception rating scale, 4) objective COF measurements, 5) retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study by questionnaire. a systems model involving potential factors was proposed based on a comprehensive literature review (study I). Comparison of objective evaluation of footwear slipperiness on ice and oily floor was used to examine the frictional performance on different underfoot surfaces (study II). Epidemiological survey of slip and fall accidents was carried out focusing on individual experience, winter participation, severity of injuries, footwear, and underfoot surface conditions (study III). Subjective rating scale was developed and used to assess the perception of slip and fall risk and the usability of footwear used on various icy surfaces including anti slip materials spread on ice (study IV). The integration of multiple protection function and usability into winter footwear was also assessed (study IV). A systematic analysis of the slips and falls on icy and snowy surfaces showed that the etiology of slips and falls is multi-faceted. The COF on ice by objective measurements at 0ºC is much lower than that at -12ºC and that on stainless steel. Polyurethane soling material did not provide sufficient friction on wet ice at least when new (without abrasion), although superior on lubricated floors. The footwear tested including winter footwear, professional footwear, safety footwear, and footwear deemed to be slip resistant by users and manufacturers did not provide sufficient protection against slips and falls on wet ice at around 0ºC. Accordingly, slip and fall risk is higher on wet ice than on dry ice and lubricated floor. Slip and fall events reduced with increased living experience in cold environments and winter sport participation. Newcomers with no or less experience were prone to falling, and therefore they should be well informed of potential slip and fall hazards upon arrival in cold region. Slip resistance, thermal insulation and usability of footwear tested were not properly integrated. In addition to thermal insulation, prevention of slip and fall hazard by improving anti-slip property and usability must also be priorities for development of footwear for use in cold environments. Based on the findings, anti-slip footwear, measurement methods for slipperiness on ice and snow, related standards, the role of gait biomechanics and task-related factors should be further developed and studied.Godkänd; 2001; 20070314 (ysko)
11
Trevelyan, Fiona Catherine. "The implementation and evaluation of an ergonomics intervention in a health care setting." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326894.
12
Tokovenko, Igor, and Martínez Pablo Zaguirre. "Evaluation of effects on muscle activity levels when wearing an exoskeleton during overhead assembly operations." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19930.
13
Rene, Amandine. "Conception d'une méthodologie d'évaluation et de validation cliniques d'un dispositif médical logiciel d'aide au diagnostic en imagerie : application au suivi lésionnel en oncologie." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T009.
Abstract:
Les logiciels d'aide au diagnostic sont, aujourd'hui, intégrés dans la pratique quotidienne. Ils sont également des éléments clefs de la recherche médicale. Définis comme dispositifs médicaux, une évolution récente de la règlementation impose des évaluations cliniques aux fabricants. L'industrie pharmaceutique bénéficie d'une méthode éprouvée pour l'évaluation des médicaments. Elle n'est pas totalement transposable aux dispositifs médicaux, encore moins pour les logiciels. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthodologie d'évaluation et de validation cliniques de ces dispositifs. Dans un premier temps, le cadre règlementaire et normatif est présenté ainsi que des méthodologies émanant de différents domaines. La synthèse de ces données permet la présentation d'un premier item de la méthode permettant l'évaluation clinique des performances logicielles. Afin d'aller plus loin dans l'analyse, une seconde partie de la méthode est consacrée à l'évaluation/validation de l'ergonomie logicielle, sujet sensible pour les logiciels médicaux. Enfin, et afin de rendre à ces dispositifs leur vraie place dans le parcours de soins, le dernier item propose de mettre en évidence leur intérêt dans la pratique clinique, ainsi que dans la prise en charge du patient, via leur implication dans la recherche de nouveaux biomarqueurs en imagerie. Ces différentes méthodes respectent et dépassent le cadre règlementaire afin de répondre aux attentes de tous les acteurs du cycle de vie des logiciels d'aide au diagnostic en imagerie. Un exemple d'application est finalement présenté via la démonstration de l'impact d'un logiciel dédié sur l'évaluation de la réponse oncologique en imagerieAided-diagnosis software in imaging are now integrated to radiological workflow but they are also key elements in medical research. Defined as medical devices, recent regulatory changes now impose clinical evaluations on manufacturers. The pharmaceutical industry benefits from a proven method in drug evaluation. Yet, transposition to medical devices is not fully effective and even more complex in the case of software. The aim of this thesis is to propose a clinical evaluation and validation methodology for these devices. The first part introduces the normative and regulatory framework as well as methodologies from various areas. The synthesis of these data allows the presentation of the first methodology item enabling the clinical evaluation of software performance. In order to further the analysis, the second part of the methodology is dedicated to evaluation/validation of software ergonomics, a sensitive issue in medical software. Finally, to restore these devices to their true place in health care, the last item proposes to highlight their impact in clinical practice and in patient management, through their implication in the search for new biomarkers in imaging. These various methods comply with and go beyond the regulatory framework in order to meet the expectations of all the stakeholders involved in the life cycle of aided-diagnosis software in imaging. To conclude, an example of its application is presented showing the impact of a dedicated software in the evaluation of oncology response in imaging
14
Walther, Mario. "Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines systematischen Vorgehens zur Erfassung von Aktionskräften in der Automobilproduktion." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-199247.
Abstract:
Aktionskräfte stellen wesentliche Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung von Erkrankungen im Finger-, Hand- und Armbereich dar. Daher ist die Erfassung und Analyse von Aktionskräften ein wichtiger Bestandteil der ergonomischen Bewertung von Arbeitsplätzen. Zur Erfassung von Aktionskräften, insbesondere in der Automobilproduktion, existiert bisher jedoch weder eine einheitliche noch eine systematische Vorgehensweise. Es mangelt an konkreten Forschungserkenntnissen über den Messaufbau, die Messdurchführung und die Messauswertung von Kraftfällen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird deshalb ein erster Schritt unternommen, um die Erfassung von Aktionskräften auf Basis wissenschaftlich gestützter Erkenntnisse zu standardisieren. Hierzu werden insgesamt vier empirische Untersuchungen (zwei Vorstudien und zwei empirische Laborstudien) durchgeführt. In der ersten Studie (Kapitel 4) erfolgt eine Identifizierung der vorhandenen Arten von Kraftaufwendungen in verschiedenen Fertigungsbereichen der Automobilproduktion im Rahmen einer Dokumentenanalyse. In der zweiten Studie (Kapitel 5) wird der bedeutendste Fertigungsbereich ausgewählt, um darin eine Auszählung der Kraftaufwendungen anhand einer standardisierten Beobachtung definierter Arbeitsprozesse durchzuführen. Die dritte Untersuchung (Kapitel 6) ist als empirische Laborstudie konzipiert. Darin wird die technische Erfassung von Aktionskräften unter idealisierten Bedingungen ohne menschlichen Einfluss erprobt. In der vierten Untersuchung (Kapitel 7), ebenfalls als empirische Laborstudie konzipiert, werden spezifische Kraftaufwendungen im Labor systematisch durch Probanden nachgestellt und gemessen. Dabei wird das Vorgehen zur Durchführung und Auswertung von praxisnahen Kraftmessungen unter menschlichem Einfluss evaluiert. Die Erkenntnisse der Arbeit helfen dabei, bestehende Forschungsdefizite aufzuarbeiten und zu beheben. Sie stellen ferner eine Handlungshilfe für betriebliche Kraftanalysen sowie eine Orientierung für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten darAction forces have been identified as risk factors. Therefore, the collection and analysis of action forces is an essential part of the ergonomic evaluation. Up to now, there was a lack of a standardized and systematic approach to evaluate action forces, especially in the automotive production. Thus, in the present thesis a methodical approach is described to evaluate action forces systematically. The thesis is divided into four studies. The first study contains the identification of the variety of action forces in the different manufacturing areas of automotive production. The second study describes the detailed analysis of action forces in the assembly shop, which is the manufacturing area with the highest count of action forces in the automotive production. The third study describes the direct measurement of action forces in laboratory conditions. The action forces are applied by a testing machine. The fourth study consists of the direct measurement of action forces, which are applied by subjects. Thereby, the methodical approach to perform direct measurements has been evaluated. The findings of the thesis can be used as a guideline, to evaluate action forces in the automotive production. Also the findings highlight the potential for further research projects
15
Gomes, Junior Waldez Azevedo. "Improving Ergonomics Through Physical Human-Robot Collaboration." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0208.
Abstract:
Cette thèse vise à fournir des outils pour améliorer l'ergonomie dans les environnements de travail. Certaines activités dans l'industrie sont couramment exécutées par les travailleurs de manière non ergonomique, ce qui peut entraîner des troubles musculo-squelettiques à court ou à long terme. Les troubles musculo-squelettiques (TMS) liés au travail constituent un problème de santé majeur dans le monde entier, qui représente également des coûts importants pour la société et les entreprises. On sait que les TMS sont causées par de multiples facteurs, tels que des mouvements répétitifs, une force excessive et des postures corporelles non ergonomiques. Il n'est pas surprenant que les environnements de travail présentant de tels facteurs puissent présenter une incidence de TMS jusqu'à 3 ou 4 fois plus élevée que dans la population générale. Notre approche consiste à évaluer le mouvement humain, à l'optimiser et à intervenir sur la tâche en fonction du mouvement optimisé. Pour évaluer l'ergonomie de la posture du corps, nous avons développé une simulation de modèle humain numérique (DHM en anglais) capable de reproduire les mouvements du corps entier. Dans la simulation, le mouvement initial peut être amélioré de manière itérative, jusqu'à l'obtention d'un mouvement ergonomique optimal du corps entier. Nous pensons qu'un robot en interaction physique avec un humain pourrait conduire ce dernier vers des mouvements plus ergonomiques du corps entier, voire vers un mouvement ergonomiquement optimal. Pour concevoir un contrôleur de robot qui influence la posture du corps, nous étudions d'abord le comportement moteur de l'homme dans une étude de co-manipulation entre humains. Dans cette étude, nous avons observé des modèles de comportement moteur qui ont été utilisés pour concevoir un contrôleur de collaboration pour l'interaction physique homme-robot (pHRI en anglais). L'étude de co-manipulation a ensuite été exécutée par un humain collaborant avec un robot Franka PandaThis thesis aims to provide tools for improving ergonomics at work environments. Some work activities in industry are commonly executed by workers in a non-ergonomic fashion, which may lead to musculoskeletal disorders in the short or in the long term.Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) are a major health issue worldwide, that also represents important costs both for society and companies. WMSDs are known to be caused by multiple factors, such as repetitive motion, excessive force, and awkward, non-ergonomic body postures. Not surprisingly, work environments with such factors may present an incidence of WMSDs of up to 3 or 4 times higher than in the overall population.Here, our approach is to evaluate the human motion with respect to ergonomics indexes, optimize the motion, and intervene on the task based on the optimized motion.To evaluate the body posture ergonomics, we developed a Digital Human Model (DHM) simulation capable of replaying whole-body motions.In simulation, the initial movement can be iteratively improved, until an optimal ergonomic whole-body motion is obtained.We make the case that a robot in physical interaction with a human could drive the human towards more ergonomic whole-body motions, possibly to an ergonomically optimal motion. To design a robot controller that influences the body posture, we first investigate the human motor behavior in a human-human co-manipulation study. In this human dyad study, we observed motor behavior patterns that were used to design a collaboration controller for physical human-robot interaction (pHRI). In a new study, the same co-manipulation task was then executed by humans collaborating with a Franka Emika Panda robot
16
Rucker, Nathan Paul. "Efficacy of office ergonomics training: an evaluation and comparison of instructor and web-based training." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/187.
Abstract:
Due to a variety of reasons, one of the most common types of training found at companies is safety and health training. As part of a comprehensive health and safety training program there is usually an ergonomics training course. These courses are used to empower the employees to identify hazards and set up their workstations with the goal of injury prevention and increasing employee efficiency. Even with their usage, little data exist on the effectiveness of ergonomics training. In addition, no published research is available on the effectiveness of office ergonomics delivered via the web.
This research project investigated the effectiveness of office ergonomics training delivered by both an instructor and a web-based program. Using a methodology popularized by Kirkpatrick, this investigation focused on the effects of both training delivery methods for knowledge, behavior, and reaction to training. As a method for comparing results, data was collected for both the knowledge and the behavior prior to and post-training delivery. Data for reaction to training was collected post training. This investigation used multiple methods of comparisons between base pre and post-training data and between the two training delivery methods. These methods include intra-group, inter-group, gain-score, and normalized-scores comparisons.
The result form these comparisons showed that for both delivery methods there was a significant increase for knowledge and behavioral changes. Additionally, the group that received web-based training had a significantly greater increase for both behaviors and knowledge. However, there was no difference between the two training methods for reaction to training.
For the study population assessed, this investigation shows evidence that both instructor and web-based office ergonomics training is effective at generating behavior change and knowledge gain. However, this study shows that web-based training was more effective at generating a greater change than the instructor delivered course. Additionally, this study provides evidence that the common method of assessing participate reaction to training is not effective at determining the true effectiveness of the training.
17
Nikov, Alexander. "Neuro-fuzzy methods and systems for evaluation and design in ergonomics and human-computer interaction /." Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/529520214.pdf.
18
Garbutt, Gerard. "An ergonomics evaluation of the load on the spine during distance running and circuit training." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1992. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4939/.
19
Bensaoula, Salah. "Modèle et dispositifs pour l'évaluation de la charge mentale par la méthode de double tache." Saint-Etienne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STET4009.
20
Dutta, Subrata. "Evaluation of health hazards during classroom activities and an ergonomic approach for designing a writing desk for the children of rural primary school." Thesis, Vidyasagar University Midnapore INDIA, 2014. http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1098.
Abstract:
Thesis: Ph.D.,Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, Department of Physiology, 2014Evaluation of health hazards during classroom activities and an ergonomic approach for designing a writing desk for the children of rural primary school
Department of Physiology Vidyasagar University Midnapore INDIA
21
Chen, Chun Ching. "Embedding ergonomics in the in-car interface design : the dvelopment of a simulation based evaluation method." Thesis, Coventry University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396405.
22
Perry, Gabriela Trindade. "Proposta de uma metodologia participativa para o desenvolvimento de software educacional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8212.
Abstract:
Este trabalho visa agilizar e sistematizar o desenvolvimento de softwares educacionais, maximizando suas chances de favorecer a aprendizagem, através da descrição de cada uma de suas etapas, desde a primeira coleta de requisitos até a avaliação da aprendizagem, compondo, desta forma, uma metodologia. Para atingir essa meta, é importante favorecer a estruturação da integração da equipe de desenvolvimento com os professores e estudantes, durante o planejamento educacional, a implementação e a avaliação. Como produto desta metodologia, construiu-se um software educativo (cujo contexto é equilíbrio químico focado em ensino no nível médio), e sua eficiência em termos de aprendizagem foi avaliada experimentalmente, através de uma atividade educacional, em ambiente de ensino presencial. Ao final deste processo investigativo, constatou-se o fato de que a etapa de design da interface tem tanta importância quanto a etapa do planejamento educacional. Além disso, discute-se a necessidade de haver um especialista em educação no time, pois há indícios de que sua presença seja mais determinante para o sucesso do produto do que a dos demais profissionais (por exemplo: programadores, designers, roteiristas, etc). Assim, conclui-se que a proposta metodológica feita neste trabalho otimiza a participação dos integrantes da equipe, direcionando suas habilidades para as atividades necessárias, e que essa estratégia se reflete em bons produtos de software.The aim of this work is to systematize the development of an educational software, maximizing its capacity to support learning, through the description of each one of its phases, from the first requirement analysis to the evaluation of learning, putting a methodology together. To achieve this goal, it is important to supply a framework for the integration of the development team with teachers and students, during the educational project, the implementation and evaluation. As a product of this methodology, an educational software (whose context is chemical equilibrium, for high school) was built, and its efficiency (in terms of learning) was experimentally evaluated through an educational activity, on a presence teaching environment. In the end of this investigative process, it is verified that the interface’s design phase is as important as the educational planning phase. In the end of this work is discussed the need of an expert in education on the team, because there is an indication that his presence is more significant for the success of the product than the presence of other professionals (for instance: programmers, designers, writers, etc). Therefore, it follows that the methodological proposition made in this work optimizes the participation of the members of the team, routing their abilities to the required activities, and that this strategy reflects in good software products.
23
Procházka, Jan. "Vliv optimalizace uspořádání montážních pracovišť na ekonomické, logistické a procesní parametry výrobního systému ve firmě Automotive Lighting." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230552.
Abstract:
The master thesis deals with layout optimizing of pre-assembly workplaces in company Automotive Lighting Jihlava. Identification of actual status and analysis of defects was provided. Based of this investigation two versions of future ordering were compared. One of them was chosen by multi-criterion evaluation and detail plan was plotted. Ergonomic analysis by software simulation and economic balance were done too.
24
Stevens, Edward Martin. "Design guidelines and evaluation of an ergonomic chair feature capable of providing support to forward-leaning postures." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1374.
Abstract:
This research investigated the need, design, and evaluation of a product capable of providing support to forward-leaning postures. Due to the high occurrence of low-back pain in industry potentially due to workers performing their tasks while assuming forward-leaning postures, along with the biological plausibility of these postures causing low-back pain, the need was established for a product that provides forward-leaning support. An envelope was quantified, ranging from the 5th percentile female to the 95th percentile male, to establish the range of potential forward-leaning postures. The design of a Support-Arm for use with current ergonomic chairs was discussed and design feature specifications were then provided. A Latin Square statistical design was employed to evaluate a Support-Arm model alongside 8 other commonly used chairs over 3 different postures. Subjects, overall, had lower peak pressures for the buttock-thigh region, increased productivity, higher comfort levels, and higher buttock-thigh contact areas when seated in the Support-Arm model chair as compared to the other chairs. Subjects, overall, also ranked this chair first over the other chairs for preferred use after having sitting experience in all 9 chairs. In an additional part of the evaluation, subjects chose their own set-up of the Support-Arm model chair. Eleven of the 18 subjects chose to use the Support-Arm when their workstation was located 36 above the floor. Subjects confirmed the need to design a Support-Arm capable of providing forward leaning support to the entire envelope of forward-leaning postures. Statistical evaluation revealed several significant differences between the chairs. The results gave no indication that the use of a Support-Arm for forward-leaning support may cause detrimental effects to users or overall chair ergonomics. Future research could track workers use of a Support-Arm in industry and compare their occurrence of low-back pain to a control group.
25
Nikov, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Neuro-Fuzzy Methods and Systems for Evaluation and Design in Ergonomics and Human-Computer Interaction / Alexander Nikov." Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1166510093/34.
26
OLIVEIRA, GILBERTO RANGEL DE. "METHOD EVALUATION AND PERCEPTION OF ATTRIBUTES FOR PROJECTS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ERGONOMICS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21739@1.
Abstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROAs atuais pesquisas em Ergonomia do Ambiente Construído investigam os usuários e sua relação com o ambiente através de métodos específicos com foco na Ergonomia física e na percepção do usuário. Pretende-se nessa pesquisa analisar o Método Constelação de Atributos orientada para a percepção do usuário e a partir desta, propor um novo método. O estudo do método, bem como sua aplicação será exemplificado através de pesquisa realizada utilizando as cozinhas residenciais como aplicação prática da pesquisa. A cozinha é um dos ambientes que mais tem sofrido sensíveis mudanças nos aspectos sociais, econômicos, tecnológicos, ergonômicos, entre outros. Faz-se um resgate histórico desde espaço desde a Idade Média até as atuais cozinhas utilizadas pela sociedade brasileira. Realiza-se uma busca pelas legislações e normas técnicas que definem os espaços de cozinhas em apartamentos multifamiliares, através dos Códigos de Obra e Edificações de seis capitais brasileiras e avalia-se a Norma NBR 14033 que trata de mobiliário de cozinhas residenciais. Durante a realização desta pesquisa avaliou-se o Método Constelação de Atributos sua aplicação e resultados em uma pesquisa aplicada e ainda, em outras duas dissertações de mestrado onde o método também foi utilizado. A partir de análises realizadas propõe-se uma nova metodologia como forma de aprimorar e qualificar os atributos atribuídos a um ambiente construído por parte de especialistas e usuários, fundamentado na metodologia já existente. A nova metodologia é aplicada a um grupo de especialistas e usuários na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Conclui-se o trabalho com a definição detalhada de uma nova metodologia de investigação da percepção do usuário frente ao ambiente construído.
The current research in the Built Environment Ergonomics investigate users and their relation ship to the environment through specific methods with focus on ergonomics physical and perception of the user. It is intended that research examine the existing methodologies for user perception and propose a new method. The target system used in this study are the home kitchens, this environment has been more sensitive to changes in social, economic, technological, ergonomic, and others. It is a historical review from space since the Middle Ages to today s kitchens used by Brazilian society. Held a search for the laws and technical standards that define the spaces of kitchens in apartments multifamily, through the Building Codes Work and in six Brazilian cities and assesses the technical standard NBR 14033 of furniture that comes from home kitchens. During this research evaluated the Constellation Method Attributes its application and results in experimental research and two dissertations where the method was also applied. From the analysis carried out and some pre-tests performed developed a new methodology as a way to enhance and qualify the attributes assigned to an environment built by experts and users. So, we propose a new method based on existing methodology. The new methodology is applied to a group of experts and users in Rio de Janeiro. It is working with the detailed definition of a new methodology for the investigation of perception of the user facing the built environment.
27
Ames, Zegarra Carolina, and Ananthan Indukaladharan. "Simulation of Assembly cell : Simulation based evaluation of automation solutions in an assembly cell." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industriell produktutveckling, produktion och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53862.
Abstract:
Purpose:The primary purpose of the current thesis is to develop a virtual model using discrete event simulation (DES), which aims at supporting the decision-making process regarding automation solution proposals for SMEs. Method:The research approach is positivism, and it considers quantitative and empirical information. A literature search is conducted to generate a base for obtaining the theory required for the current report to answer the research questions. This search included the trace of relevant and reviewed topics regarding automation, discrete event simulation, and production lines. Then, a scenario simulation is designed and studied based on empiric knowledge and how automation would affect it, followed by a collection of information from the simulation iterations. Findings& Analysis: Two scenarios are presented. One with a fully manually operated assembly line consisting of only human operators and a second scenario, a semi-automated assembly line that includes some robots in specific areas doing specific operations. The two scenarios are simulated to check to what extend the KPI’s and parameters improved between each scenario. The experiment result concludes that by introducing automation elements in the production line, there is an increase in the overall efficiency, throughput rate, and a considerable gap against humans in WIP. Conclusions and recommendations: The results obtained from the experimentation in discrete event simulation software and study from previous research show that discrete event simulation has a significant contribution when considering a decision-making tool's role. Since it allows to understand and study the specific scenario by imitation and try different solutions in the same production system, it also allows studying several indicators from the scenarios to be checked to what extent they could be improved. Delimitations: The current thesis includes several delimitations. First, it focuses only on an operational level. Also, this study consists of a specific type of product with many variants, and finally, there are only two scenarios studied: a fully manual scenario and a semi-automated scenario with the presence of robots.
28
Callison, Myrna. "Identification, Evaluation and Control of Physically Demanding Patient-Handling Tasks in an Acute Care Facility." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26561.
Abstract:
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are prevalent among health care workers worldwide and underreporting among nurses may mask the true impact of these injuries. Nursing staff are consistently among the top 10 occupations at risk for experiencing WMSDs and patient-handling tasks are the precipitating event in the majority of back injuries experienced among nursing staff.
Existing research has focused on patient-handling issues within long-term care facilities, and identifying physically demanding patient-handling tasks. The first study in this dissertation (Chapter 3) was conducted to determine whether nurses in acute care facilities are exposed to the same hazards as their cohorts in long-term care. The aim was to identify the top 10 patient-handling tasks being conducted and to rank these tasks by perceived physical demand. This two-phase study consisted of a procedural task analysis of patient-handling activities, and a questionnaire to identify the characteristics of the study population and obtain a ranking of physically demanding patient-handling tasks. All nurses providing direct inpatient care were recruited to participate in both phases of this study. Compared to long-term care facilities, in which the majority of tasks have been shown to be associated with performance of ADL tasks, the most frequently observed tasks in the acute care facility were repositioning tasks. Therefore, it is important to determine the patient-handling demands and needs that are unique to each type of healthcare facility. Generalizing across facilities or units may lead to incorrect assumptions and conclusions about physical demands being placed on nurses.
A laboratory simulation was used for the second study (Chapter 4). The top four physically demanding patient-handling tasks (taken from Chapter 3) were simulated to determine the effect of an assistive device and assistance from another person. Sixteen nurse volunteers were recruited and provided perceptual responses regarding exertion and injury risk. Nurses perceived that assistance decreased their physical exertion and injury risk; however they consistently perceived exertion to be relatively higher than their injury risk.
The aim of the third study (Chapter 5) was to determine the level of agreement between and within different expert groups. Three groups of participants were involved, with different levels of ergonomics expertise (i.e. researchers, consultants, and graduate students). These groups viewed digitized video clips from the laboratory simulation (Chapter 4) and provided ratings of perceived exertion, perceived injury risk and common WMSD risk factors (effort, posture, and speed). The major finding from this study was that poor agreement existed between nurses and the other expert groups (researchers, consultants and students).
The current research laid the groundwork for measuring the magnitude of physical exposure to injury risk in the patient-handling environment. The research supports earlier evidence that suggests nurses underreport their discomfort and injury, which, in turn, contributes to increased exposure and risk. This knowledge will enable practitioners to focus interventions and designs on those factors in the work environment that contribute significantly to increased exposure and thereby more effectively reduce WMSD risk.Ph. D.
29
Laspas, Theodoros. "Closed Force Loop Evaluation of Machining Systems." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Maskin- och processteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-227664.
Abstract:
Machine tools accuracy has been a cornerstone in defining machining system capability and directly affecting dimensional and geometrical tolerance of machined parts. The effort for achieving higher precision and accuracy can be distinguished in two general ideas. One is to improve performance of machine tools by designing better, stiffer and more accurate machine tools. The other is to develop tools and methods for evaluating and measuring their behaviour and gain knowledge of their performance. In order to properly control the machine tool characteristics that can affect and improve their accuracy such as static stiffness and static accuracy.This thesis is aiming at establishing and further advancing the idea of loaded testing of machining systems and the concept of Elastically Linked Systems as a framework for measuring, identifying and characterising quasi-static stiffness of machine tools under loaded conditions. This will allow the creation of an improved capability profile of machining system accuracy. The focus is on the implementation of Elastically Linked Systems concept (ELS) through the Loaded Double Bar system, a measurement method that can partly simulate the process-machine interaction by reproducing forces exerted on the machine tool structure for the evaluation of system characteristics under loaded condition. This allows the qualitative and quantitative evaluation and comparison of machine tools for the purpose of accuracy enhancement, identification of weak directions with potential utilization in process planning, machine procurement and maintenance.Through two case studies, the capability to identify the effect of machine components and structure behaviour is shown.QC 20180514
30
Donati, Marco. "Lean and sustainability evaluation of the flow of material in internal logistics." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75897.
Abstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to study how the interaction between lean and sustainability theories works in the logistics department of a manufacturing company. The research has been developed by applying a Value Stream Map with adjusted factors to help to map the flow of materials throughout the department. Literature review have shown connections between lean and sustainability, but it has yet to be evaluated focusing on the logistics department. After the analysis of the current state of the factory under the two methodologies, an improved layout has been proposed. The results have concluded that Value Stream Map is a valuable tool to understand the performance of a company under both theories. The addition of the sustainability perspective to the lean tool has created the opportunity to evaluate more factors, which lead to more opportunities in the proposition of future state for the flow of material. It gives also the possibility to extend the “continuous improvement” (Kaizen) principle of lean to the sustainability areas in an efficient way.
31
Khan, Mohammad Ali, and Majid Nasir. "Human Errors and Learnability Evaluation of Authentication System." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4054.
Abstract:
Usability studies are important in today’s context. However, the increased security level of authentication systems is reducing the usability level. Thus, to provide secured but yet usable authentication systems is a challenge for researchers to solve till now. Learnability and human errors are influential factors of the usability of authentication systems. There are not many specific studies on the learnability and human errors concentrating on authentication systems. The authors’ aim of this study is to explore the human errors and the learnability situation of authentication systems to contribute to the development of more usable authentication systems. The authors investigated through observations and interviews to achieve the aim of this study. A minimalist portable test lab was developed in order to conduct the observation process in a controlled environment. At the end of the study, the authors showed the list of identified human errors and learnability issues, and provided recommendations, which the authors believe will help researchers to improve the overall usability of authentication systems. To achieve the aim of the study, the authors started with a systematic literature review to gain knowledge on the state of art. For the user study, a direct investigation, in form of observations and interviews was then applied to gather more data. The collected data was then analyzed and interpreted to identify and assess the human errors and the learnability issues.This study addressed the usability experiences of users by exploring the human errors and the learnability situation of the authentication systems. Authors conducted a case study to explore the situation of human errors and learnability of authentication systems. Observation and interviews were adapted to gather data. Then analysis through SHERPA (to evaluate human errors) and Grossman et al. learnability metric (to evaluate learnability) had been conducted. First, the authors identified the human errors and learnability issues on the authentication systems from user’s perspective, from the gathered raw data. Then further analysis had been conducted on the summary of the data to identify the features of the authentication systems which are affecting the human errors and learnability issues. The authors then compared the two different categories of authentication systems, such as the 1-factor and the multi-factor authentication systems, from the gathered information through analysis. Finally, the authors argued the possible updates of the SHERPA’s human error metric and additional measurable learnability issues comparing to Grossman et al. learnability metrics. The studied authentication systems are not human errors free. The authors identified eight human errors associated with the studied authentication systems and three features of the authentication systems which are influencing the human errors. These errors occurred while the participants in this study took too long time locating the login menu or button or selecting the correct login method, and eventually took too long time to login. Errors also occurred when the participants failed to operate the code generating devices, or failed to retrieve information from errors messages or supporting documents, and/or eventually failed to login. As these human errors are identifiable and predictable through the SHERPA, they can be solved as well. The authors also found the studied authentication systems have learnability issues and identified nine learnability issues associated with them. These issues were identified when very few users could complete the task optimally, or completed without any help from the documentation. Issues were also identified while analyzing the participants’ task completion time after reviewing documentations, operations on code generating devices, and average errors while performing the task. These learnability issues were identified through Grossman et al. learnability metric, and the authors believe more study on the identified learnability issues can improve the learnability of the authentication systems. Overall, the authors believe more studies should be conducted on the identified human errors and learnability issues to improve the overall human errors and learnability situation of the studied authentication systems at presence. Moreover, these issues also should be taken into consideration while developing future authentication systems. The authors believe, in future, the outcome of this study will also help researchers to propose more usable, but yet secured authentication systems for future growth. Finally, authors proposed some potential research ares, which they believe will have important contribution to the current knowledge. In this study, the authors used the SHERPA to identify the human errors. Though the SHERPA (and its metrics) is arguably one of the best methods to evaluate human errors, the authors believe there are scopes of improvements in the SHERPA’s metrics. Human’s perception and knowledge is getting changed, and to meet the challenge, the SHERPA’s human error metrics can be updated as well. Grossman et al. learnability metrics had been used in this study to identify learnability issues. The authors believe improving the current and adding new metrics may identify more learnability issues. Evaluation of learnability issues may have improved if researchers could have agreed upon a single learnability definition. The authors believe more studies should be conducted on the definition of learnability in order to achieve more acceptable definition of the learnability for further research. Finally, more studies should be conducted on the remedial strategies of the identified human errors, and improvement on the identified learnability issues, which the authors believe will help researchers to propose more usable, but yet secured authentication systems for the future growth.
30/1, Shideshwari Lane, Shantinagar, Ramna, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Post Code 1217. Contact: +88017130 16973
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Sequeira, Movin. "Developing decision-support tools for evaluation of manufacturing reshoring decisions." Licentiate thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Industriell produktutveckling, produktion och design, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48263.
Abstract:
During last three decades, companies have offshored their manufacturing activities across international borders in order to pursue lower manufacturing costs. Despite having accomplished their purpose, companies have also suffered from issues, especially poor quality of products and a poor response to customer demand. Therefore, companies consider relocating some of the manufacturing activities back to the home country, a process that is known as manufacturing reshoring. There is paucity of scholarly attention on how manufacturing reshoring decisions are evaluated and supported. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to develop decision-support tools to evaluate manufacturing reshoring decisions. In order to fulfil this, it is important to know how industry experts reason while making manufacturing reshoring decisions (RQ1), and how their reasoning can be modeled into decision-support tools (RQ2). Therefore, three studies were conducted including a multiple case study and two modeling studies. The multiple case study addressed the criteria that are considered by the industry experts in these decisions, while the two modeling studies, based on fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), used a part of these criteria to develop decision-support tools. The findings indicate that a holistic set of criteria were considered by industry experts in arriving at a manufacturing reshoring decision. A large portion of these criteria occur within competitive priority category and among them, high importance is given to quality, while low importance to sustainability. Fuzzy logic modeling was used to model the criteria from the perspective of competitive priority at an overall level. Three fuzzy logic concepts were developed to capture industry experts’ reasoning and facilitate modeling of manufacturing reshoring decisions. Furthermore, two configurations and sixteen settings were developed, of which, the best ones were identified. AHP-based tools were used to capture experts’ reasoning of the competitive priority criteria by comparing the criteria. It was observed that fuzzy logic-based tools are able to better emulate industry experts’ reasoning of manufacturing reshoring. This research contributes to theory with a holistic framework of reshoring decision criteria, and to practice with decision-support tools for evaluation of manufacturing reshoring decisions.Under de tre senaste decennierna har många företag flyttat sin produktion till lågkostnadsländer för att kunna utnyttja lägre lönekostnader. Många gånger har företagen genom denna åtgärd lyckats sänka sin tillverkningskostnad men samtidigt drabbats av oförutsedda problem kopplat till exempelvis produkt-kvalitet och möjligheten att kundanpassa produkter. Hanteringen av problemen har lett till ytterligare kostnader som många gånger överstigit besparingen i tillverkningskostnad. Detta har lett till att allt fler företag börjat flytta tillbaka sin produktion till hemlandet, så kallad reshoring. Reshoring är ett ungt område där det saknas forskning gällande bland annat hur den här typen av beslut på bästa sätt kan utvärderas och vilken typ av beslutstöd som kan underlätta den här typen av beslut. Därför är syftet med den här avhandlingen är att utveckla beslutsstödverktyg för utvärdering av reshoring beslut. För att uppfylla syftet har två forskningsfrågor formulerats. Den första frågan handlar om hur industriexperter resonerar kring reshoring beslut (RQ1) medan den andra frågan handlar om hur deras resonemang kan modelleras i beslutsstödverktyg (RQ2). Tre studier har genomförts för att besvara forskningsfrågorna, en fallstudie och två modelleringsstudier. Fallstudien fokuserar på att identifiera vilka kriterier som industriexperter beaktar medan modelleringsstudierna fokuserar på att utveckla beslutstödsverktyg där en del av dessa kriterier beaktas, med hjälp av fuzzy logic och analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Resultaten från forskningen visar att industriexperter bedömer reshoring beslut utifrån ett holistiskt perspektiv. En stor del av dessa beslutskriterier finns inom konkurrenskraft kategorin och inom dessa, har industriexperterna lagt högst vikt på kvalitet och lägst vikt på hållbarhet. Genom fuzzy logic modellering modellerades kriterierna på en övergripande nivå. Tre nya fuzzy logic koncept utvecklades för att fånga experternas resonemang. Dessutom utvecklades två konfigurationer med sexton olika inställningar, och de bästa identifierades. AHP-baserade verktyg utvecklades för att fånga experternas resonemang om kriterierna för konkurrenskraft prioriteringar. Fuzzy logic-baserade verktyg kan bättre fånga experternas resonemang kring reshoring beslut. Denna forskning bidrar till teori med en holistisk lista över beslutskriterier för reshoring beslut, och till praktik med beslutsstöd verktyg för utvärdering av reshoring beslut.
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Persad, Umesh. "Exploring a capability-demand interaction model for inclusive design evaluation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/242183.
Abstract:
Designers are required to evaluate their designs against the needs and capabilities of their target user groups in order to achieve successful, inclusive products. This dissertation presents exploratory research into the specific problem of supporting analytical design evaluation for Inclusive Design. The analytical evaluation process involves evaluating products with user data rather than testing with actual users. The work focuses on the exploration of a capability-demand model of product interaction as the basis for analytical inclusive evaluation. This model suggests that by comparing the measured sensory, cognitive and motor capabilities of a user population to the corresponding product demands, the degree of fit between users and products can be assessed. The research problem was addressed by firstly examining theories of human function and performance together with existing sources of user capability data. It was found that user capability data was fragmented and lacking in terms of predicting design exclusion and difficulty at the population level. More fundamentally, however, it was found that the relationships between measured capability in populations with low functional capacity and real world task performance with products (such as errors, times and difficulty) were not well understood. Given that an understanding of these relationships are necessary to guide capability data collection and to drive valid and robust analytical evaluation methods, the research effort focused on exploring these relationships via empirical and analytical studies. The research process culminated in an experimental study with nineteen users of various functional capability profiles performing tasks with four consumer products (a clock radio, a mobile phone, a blender and a vacuum cleaner). Measures of user capability were related to corresponding product demands (on those capabilities) and task outcome measures. A complex picture emerged, where linear relationships did not generally account for significant variance in task outcome measures. Further, it appeared that multiple capabilities were possibly interacting in unknown ways to support real world interaction. These indicative results point to the further investigation of multivariate and non-linear models for describing capability-demand relationships, and also the replication of similar studies with larger sample sizes to confirm the relationships observed. The resulting overall recommendation, therefore, is that there is a need to direct research efforts in this critical but largely unexplored area of capability-demand model building for Inclusive Design evaluation.
34
Kotowski, Susan E. "A survey of ergonomic injuries in youth working on farms and an evaluation of several potential interventions." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1212091342.
Abstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.Advisor: Kermit G. Davis. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 3, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: ergonomics; agriculture; biomechanics; farming; youth; equipment; low back. Includes bibliographical references.
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Newman, M. "Post occupancy evaluation of primary schools : a multi-stakeholder perspective." Thesis, Coventry University, 2010. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/63752b3c-45f7-d6ff-b065-a80705279f0f/1.
Abstract:
The UK government, under the Primary Capital Programme, is planning to rebuild or refurbish approximately half of all primary schools by 2022/23. The aim is to create primary schools that are equipped for 21st century teaching and learning. Around £7 billion will be invested in the scheme with £1.9 billion of the budget being spent 2008-11, £650 million for all local authorities in 2009-10 and £1.1 billion in 2010-11. However, this substantial investment will only meet the target of providing a 21st century educational environment, with opportunities for exemplary teaching and learning, if the design of new and refurbished schools is fit for this purpose. The research set out to answer the question ‘How can all user groups be involved in the evaluation of newly built primary schools?’ This question was addressed by achieving the aim of developing a post-occupancy evaluation toolkit specifically for primary schools which accounted for the views of all stakeholders. The research focussed on primary schools in the city of Coventry in the UK West Midlands and was conducted in two phases: an examination of schools built before the introduction of a model brief in 1996 and an evaluation of schools that were built using its guidance. The findings from the initial case studies indicated issues to be addressed in the design of the toolkit. Following the initial case studies in pre-1996 schools, the research focussed on five recently built primary schools that were constructed according to the guidelines contained in Coventry’s model brief. At the time of commencing the research, six primary schools had been built using this framework. However, there had been no attempt to evaluate the schools to establish whether they met the needs of all stakeholders. The post-occupancy evaluation toolkit that was developed took a multi-stakeholder perspective on primary school builds and resulted in findings which indicate the variability in responses between different stakeholder groups and schools. The research concluded that the post-occupancy toolkit can provide information on school buildings, from a multi-stakeholder perspective, which may be useful architects and designers. It also proposes an approach to primary school design which accounts for the variability in the needs of diverse stakeholder groups and the individuality of each school, including their geographical location.
36
Gonzalez, Victoria, and Castro Pamela Ruiz. "Evaluation of a human-robot collaboration in an industrial workstation." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37153.
Abstract:
The fast changes in the industry require improved production workstations which ensure the workers' safety and improve the efficiency of the production. Technology developments and revised legislation have increased the possibility of using collaborative robots. This allows for new types of industry workstations where robots and humans cooperate in performing tasks. In addition to safety, the design of collaborative workstations needs to consider the areas of ergonomics and task allocation to ensure appropriate work conditions for the operators, while providing overall system efficiency. By facilitating the design development process of such workstations, the use of software simulations can help in gaining quality, save time and money by supporting decision making and testing concepts before creating a physical workstation, in turn, aimed to lead to better final solutions and a faster process of implementation or reconfiguration. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of having a human-robot collaboration in a workstation that is based on a use-case from the industry. The concept designs will be simulated and verified through a physical prototype, with which ergonomic analysis, time analysis, and risk assessments will be compared to validate the resultant collaborative workstation.
37
Martinson, Tiina, and Johanna Åkesson. "Designing with only second hand information- An evaluation of the filters and formatters in the Billing Gateway GUI." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för arbetsvetenskap och medieteknik, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1595.
Abstract:
This Bachelor´s Thesis concerns 20 points at the MDA-program (People, Computers and Work) at Blekinge Institute of Technology in Ronneby. The MDA-program focuses on how people use Information Technology and its design and development. In this Bachelor?s Thesis we describe a study process at the Billing Gateway Department at Ericsson Software Technology in Ronneby in which we investigate how to design for destined users without direct contact with them. Our aim of the study was to evaluate and bring out a design suggestion of a graphical representation of the filters and formatters for the end-users. With only second hand information about them we found the task to be impossible to accomplish. Instead this Bachelor?s Thesis is an investigation of how a design process is developed without direct contact with the end-users. The results are based on second hand information about the needs of the end-users. We give Ericsson suggestions of how to involve the end-users in the design process. ----------------------- Tiina Martinson Johanna Åkesson
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Perez, Luque Estela. "Evaluation of the Use of Exoskeletons in the Range of Motion of Workers." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17277.
Abstract:
Although the automation level is high within the automotive industry, there is still a high number of manual labour tasks such as in assembly areas. Taking ergonomics programs into account is essential to improve the workstation designs and conditions, which should result in increases in worker output and reductions of discomfort. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders continue to be one of the main problems in the industry today. Exoskeletons are a new technology becoming increasingly important due to its potential reducing loads, they suppose a possible promising solution to advantage in manufacturing environments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare how the use of three different models of exoskeletons affects the range of motion of workers at overhead assembly operations. EksoVest from EksoBionics, Paexo from Ottobock and MATE from Comau have been the passive upper body exoskeletons involved in the present project. To develop the comparison analysis an experiment was designed in which seventeen subjects participated including factory operators and students. The experiment consists of performing three different tasks (drilling operation and stretching) four times, one with each of the exoskeleton models and another without them. Observations, interviews and video and motion capture (Xsens equipment) recordings have been the elements involved in collecting the data. The results have shown that all the subjects agree that exoskeletons help in this specific overhead task, on the contrary, for tasks requiring a larger range of motion the performance decreases. Paexo was the preferred model followed by EksoVest and MATE respectively. However, none of the models got a complete positive valuation. In addition, statistical analysis of the motion capture recorded data have described a trend of keeping the arms raised when using the exoskeletons during the tasks than performing it without them. Positive and negative aspect, activation zone and uses of each of the exoskeleton models are also discussed. To conclude, the results of this thesis highlight the need for design improvements in order to allow a full range of movement to workers and increase user performance in a broader number of applications or tasks as well as to assure a more suitable implementation.
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Lind, Carl. "Assessment and design of industrial manual handling to reduce physical ergonomics hazards : – use and development of assessment tools." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206951.
Abstract:
Despite efforts of reducing harmful physical ergonomics exposures related to manual handling, the occurrence of heavy or repetitive manual handling, and non-neutral postures is high in many occupational sectors. To reduce these exposures, interventions and job design strategies can utilize risk assessment. A need was identified of an observation-based tool which supported occupational health and safety practitioners for assessments of risk factors related to manual handling. The aim of this thesis was to explore the use and important usability-related aspects of observation-based assessment tools among professional ergonomists, and to develop new research based assessment and screening tools, to present their scientific basis and to evaluate their reliability and usability. A web-based questionnaire was employed to gain knowledge on the use and usability aspects of risk assessment tools among ergonomists in Sweden. The assessment tools RAMP I and RAMP II were developed in an iterative process, including literature searches, expert group judgments, and with input from more than 80 practitioners. The reliability and usability evaluations included assessments and ratings by practitioners. The thesis points to a low use of several internationally spread assessment tools among Swedish ergonomists, and a relatively higher use of tools promoted by the Swedish Work Environment Authority. Several usability-related aspects were identified as important, such as being easy and quick to use, its ability to communicate and visualize the results, and its ability to facilitate improvement measures. The developed tools support assessment of a broad range of risk factors related to manual handling. The thesis supports that assessments with acceptable reliability can be achieved for the majority of items of the two developed tools. The thesis supports that the tools are usable in supporting risk assessments targeting risk factors related to industrial manual handling.Trots ansträngningar för att minska belastningsergonomiska exponeringar relaterade till manuell hantering är förekomsten av exponering av riskkällor såsom tung eller repetitiv manuell hantering, obekväma arbetsställningar, hand–armvibrationer och helkroppsvibration omfattande inom flera sektorer. Dessa belastningsergonomiska exponeringar tros i betydande utsträckning bidra till en stor andel av arbetsrelaterade muskuloskeletala besvär och arbetssjukdomar inom flera sektorer som exempelvis tillverkningsindustrin. Riskbedömningar kan användas inom det förebyggande arbetet kopplat till interventioner eller arbetsutformning för att minska dessa skadliga exponeringar (risk faktorer), vilket även är ett krav om arbetet innefattar manuell hantering eller andra riskkällor. Trots det stora antalet observationsbaserade bedömningsverktyg utvecklade för att stödja riskbedömningar av arbete som innefattar manuell hantering identifierades ett behov av ett nytt observationsbaserat bedömningsverktyg som stödjer praktiker i utförliga bedömningar av flertalet riskfaktorer relaterade till manuell hantering och som ger stöd i det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska användningen av, och viktiga användbarhetsrelaterade aspekter av observationsbaserade bedömningsverktyg bland professionella ergonomer som arbetar i Sverige. Dessutom är syftet även att utveckla nya forskningsbaserade screeningverktyg och bedömningsverktyg, presentera deras forskningsbas samt att utvärdera deras reliabilitet och användbarhet. En webbaserad enkät användes för att inhämta kunskap om i vilken omfattning dessa verktyg används av professionella ergonomer och vilka användbarhetsrelaterade aspekter som ansågs särskilt betydelsefulla för dessa verktyg. För att utveckla de nya verktygen (dvs. RAMP I och RAMP II) genomfördes litteratursökningar för att identifiera kvantitativt beskrivna riskfaktorer relaterade till manuell hantering och betydelsefulla faktorer som påverkar arbetstagares kapacitet vid manuell hantering. Verktygen utvecklades i en iterativ process med input från mer 80 praktiker, varav mer än 30 professionella ergonomer, samt expertgruppsbedömning. De två verktygen utvärderades med avseende deras interbedömarreliabilitet utifrån bedömningar genomförda av ergonomer och ingenjörer/tekniker utifrån videofilmade arbeten inom industriell manuell hantering. Verktygens användbarhet utvärderas av 20 praktiker med en pappersenkät och verktygens ’användarvänlighet’ av 22 ergonomer. Avhandlingen pekar på en relativt låg proportionell användning av flera internationellt spridda bedömningsverktyg bland professionella ergonomer som arbetar i Sverige, och en relativt hög proportionell användning av bedömningsverktyg som stöds av Arbetsmiljöverket. Flera användbarhetsrelaterade aspekter identifierades som betydelsefulla bland ergonomerna, i synnerhet betydelsen av att bedömningsverktygen är enkla och snabba att använda, deras förmåga att kommunicera och visualisera resultatet av bedömningar, och deras förmåga att stödja åtgärdsarbetet. Det utvecklade screeningverktyget och bedömningsverktyget stödjer bedömning av flertalet riskfaktorer relaterade till industriell manual hantering. Avhandling ger stöd att majoriteten av verktygens bedömningspunkter har acceptabel interbedömarreliabilitet och förbättringsområden för verktygen har identifierats. Avhandling ger stöd att de två utvecklade verktygen är användbara vid riskbedömningar av belastningsergonomiska riskfaktorer relaterade till industriell manual hantering.
QC 20170510
40
Brambila-Macias, Sergio. "Early stages of designing resource-efficient offerings : An initial view of their analysis and evaluation." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-144371.
Abstract:
The increasing use of natural resources and the pollution it causes calls for new ways of addressing customer needs. Additionally, a more uncertain and complex world also presents new challenges. In this thesis, these new challenges are tackled through inter and transdisciplinary research, which require more interaction across disciplines to tackle complex phenomena. The manner in which companies address customer needs starts from the designing (a multiplestakeholder perspective) of offerings where companies rely on different types of support (guidelines, standards, methods and tools). In this thesis, these offerings, include products, services, systems, and solutions. This plays an important role in the use of natural resources and its impact on the environment. In this Licentiate, I present results to show initial cues on how to design resource-efficient offerings, and more specifically their analysis and evaluation in the early stages of the design process. This type of offerings is suggested to be crucial for the circular economy, which can be understood as a paradigm shift towards sustainability. In this paradigm shift, designing is carried out by taking into account reuse, remanufacture and recycling of products as strategies by multiple stakeholders and companies. Other strategies include providing services, a function or a solution through dematerialization and transmaterialization. The methods used in this research are narrative and systematic literature reviews, thematic analysis and a case study. The results show a lack of interdisciplinary research in the academic literature in subjects relevant to the design of resource-efficient offerings. The results also show a need to clarify what transdisciplinary research entails. Moreover, current practice shows that support used by companies needs to consider several factors for it to be useful, for example, the vision of the company, participation of potential users of the support and everyday operations, among other characteristics. Finally, more practical support coming from academia is necessary to improve its use in industry.Information om opponent och seminarium saknas
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Barge, Roland A. "The feasibility of using virtual prototyping technologies for product evaluation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16390.
Abstract:
With the continuous development in computer and communications technology the use of computer aided design in design processes is becoming more commonplace. A wide range of virtual prototyping technologies are currently in development, some of which are commercially viable for use within a product design process. These virtual prototyping technologies range from graphics tablets to haptic devices. With the compression of design cycles the feasibility of using these technologies for product evaluation is becoming an ever more important consideration. This thesis begins by presenting the findings of a comprehensive literature review defining product design with a focus on product evaluation and a discussion of current virtual prototyping technologies. From the literature review it was clear that user involvement in the product evaluation process is critical. The literature review was followed by a series of interconnected studies starting with an investigation into design consultancies' access and use of prototyping technologies and their evaluation methods. Although design consultancies are already using photo-realistic renderings, animations and sometimes 3600 view CAD models for their virtual product evaluations, current virtual prototyping hardware and software is often unsatisfactory for their needs. Some emergent technologies such as haptic interfaces are currently not commonly used in industry. This study was followed by an investigation into users' psychological acceptance and physiological discomfort when using a variety of virtual prototyping tools for product evaluation compared with using physical prototypes, ranging from on-screen photo-realistic renderings to 3D 3600 view models developed using a range of design software. The third study then went on to explore the feasibility of using these virtual prototyping tools and the effect on product preference when compared to using physical prototypes. The forth study looked at the designer's requirements for current and future virtual prototyping tools, design tools and evaluation methods. In the final chapters of the thesis the relative strengths and weaknesses of these technologies were re-evaluated and a definitive set of user requirements based on the documentary evidence of the previous studies was produced. This was followed by the development of a speculative series of scenarios for the next generation of virtual prototyping technologies ranging from improvements to existing technologies through to blue sky concepts. These scenarios were then evaluated by designers and consumers to produce documentary evidence and recommendations for preferred and suitable combinations of virtual prototyping technologies. Such hardware and software will require a user interface that is intuitive, simple, easy to use and suitable for both the designers who create the virtual prototypes and the consumers who evaluate them.
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Whitehead, Carson Jr. "Evaluation of the Impact of Process Design and Anthropometric Differences on the Chemical Exposure and Ergonomic Stress of Workers in the Petroleum Industry." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613741803799256.
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Shupp, Lauren Marcy. "The Effects of Curving Large, High-Resolution Displays on User Performance." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34294.
Abstract:
Tiling multiple monitors to increase the amount of screen space has become an area of great interest to researchers. While previous research has shown user performance benefits when tiling multiple monitors, little research has analyzed whether much larger high-resolution displays result in better user performance. The work in this paper evaluates user performance on an even larger, twenty-four monitor, high-resolution (96 DPI), high pixel-count (approximately 32 million pixels) display for single-users in both flat and curved forms. The first experiment compares user performance time, accuracy, and mental workload on multi-scale geospatial search, route tracing, and comparison tasks across one, twelve (4x3), and twenty-four (8x3) tiled monitor configurations. Using the same tasks, we evaluated conditions that uniformly curve the twelve and twenty-four monitor displays. Results show that, depending on the task, larger viewport sizes improve performance time with less user frustration. Findings also reveal that curving large displays improves performance time as users interacted with less strenuous physical navigation on the curved conditions.
A second study sought to understand why curving the display, effectively bringing all pixels into visible range, improved performance so as to provide guidelines for using such large displays. The study tested for region biases, performance gaps in comparing virtually distant objects, and degree of detail of user insights while measuring the physical navigation required. Results clearly show that significantly less movement is required when physically navigating the curved display. Performance measures reveal that users favor the left regions of the flat display, while there appears to be no region bias on the curved display. Furthermore, user performance time increased as the virtual distance between objects increased, and there is a tradeoff in insight detail between the two forms. In conclusion, larger, high-resolution displays improve user performance, and curving such displays further improves performance, removing any biases towards regions of the display, potentially reducing the performance drop of virtually far apart objects, reducing the amount of physical navigation necessary, and enabling more detailed insights. Based on these findings, one should always curve multiple monitor displays for single users, and if space is an issue, start curving once the display reaches four or five monitors wide.Master of Science
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Gallasch, Cristiane Helena 1981. "Adaptação cultural do instrumento Work Role Functioning Questionnaire." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311472.
Abstract:
Orientador: Neusa Maria Costa AlexandreDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Afecções osteomusculares representam um sério problema de saúde pública, causando absenteísmo, afastamentos e incapacidade funcional nas diversas categorias de trabalhadores. Questionários são considerados úteis para investigar os sintomas osteomusculares, sendo possível identificar fatores do ambiente trabalho associados com o desenvolvimento desses distúrbios. Os objetivos deste estudo foram traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o instrumento Work Role Functioning Questionnaire para o português falado no Brasil, assim como avaliar sua confiabilidade para aplicação em indivíduos com distúrbios osteomusculares. A adaptação cultural foi realizada conforme as recomendações da literatura internacional, obedecendo as etapas de tradução, retro-tradução, e revisão por um comitê de especialistas. Foi realizado pré-teste com a participação de 30 indivíduos com sintomas osteomusculares. As propriedades psicométricas foram avaliadas após a participação de 105 sujeitos portadores de sintomas osteomusculares e 105 indivíduos sem sintomas. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio da consistência interna e estabilidade, com resultados satisfatórios para o instrumento como um todo (alfa de Cronbach = 0,95). Na avaliação de cada sub-escala, o alfa de Cronbach foi maior que 0,85, exceto para aquela que avalia a demanda social. O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse, que avaliou a estabilidade teste-reteste, foi satisfatório para a demanda mental (0,68) e excelente para as demais (0,82 ¿ 0,91). Na avaliação da validade de constructo, por meio da comparação entre os grupos, a pontuação média obtida foi menor para as demandas física, de plano de trabalho, e de produção para o grupo de indivíduos com sintomas osteomusculares. Houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos na comparação dessas demandas (p<0,001). Os dados demonstram que o processo de adaptação cultural foi realizado com sucesso e que a versão do instrumento obtida apresenta propriedades psicométircas confiáveis para utilização na população brasileira. Palavras-chave: Ergonomia. Enfermagem Ocupacional. Doenças Musculoesqueléticas. Avaliação da Capacidade de Trabalho. Comparação Transcultural
Abstracts: Musculoskeletal disorders represent a serious problem in public health, resulting in absenteeism, loss of work and disabilities. Questionnaires have been considered useful to identify musculoskeletal symptoms and to investigate correlated factors in workplace. The study objectives were to translate and adapt the Work Role Functioning Questionnaire into the Brazilian Portuguese language and evaluate its reliability in patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders. The cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to the internationally recommended methodology, using the following guidelines: translation, back-translation, revision by a committee and pretest. The pretest was carried out with 30 patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders. Psychometric properties were evaluated by administering the questionnaire to 105 subjects with musculoskeletal disorders and receiving physical therapy treatment. The reliability was estimated through stability and homogeneity assessment. The construct validity was tested comparing the 105 subjects suffering from musculoskeletal disorders to 105 healthy workers. The results indicated good content validity and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha= 0,95). Cronbach alpha for each scale was > 0,85, except for the social demand scale. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for the test-retest reliability was satisfactory for mental demands (ICC= 0,68) and excellent for the others (0,82 ¿ 0,91). In relation to the construct validity, the mean score obtained for each scale was lower for physical, work scheduling, and output demands in the subjects with musculoskeletal disorders. There was a significant difference (p<0,001) between the groups in comparison to work scheduling, physical and output demands. The data showed that the cross-cultural adaptation process was successful and the adapted instrument demonstrated psychometric properties making it reliable to use in the Brazilian culture. Key-words: Ergonomics. Occupational Health Nursing. Musculoskeletal Diseases. Work Capacity Evaluation. Cross-cultural Comparison
Mestrado
Enfermagem e Trabalho
Mestre em Enfermagem
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Mendes, Luciane Frizo. "O processo de mudanças ergonômicas e as relações entre saúde e trabalho: um estudo de caso." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3523.
Abstract:
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Previous issue date: 2003-01-01Ergonomics changes in the work place interfere in the relation between over operators work and health. This case study had as its objective to analyze the repercussions of a process of changes technical and organizational due to ergonomic projects in a school material plant. Two company sectors were selected which are responsible for the main product external completion. One of the sectors received the full ergonomic intervention and the other had only little adjustments. In order to develop this study, the following procedures were executed: questionnaire applications, observations in order to understand the work activity in both sectors and interviews with the objective of comprehending different actors perception of changes in the in the company. The results indicated that, after the ergonomic intervention, there was a reduction in absenteeism due to RSI/WRMD, changes in physical and cognitive task requests, a differentiated interpretation of results for each social group in the company and na appropriation, by the company, of the results and transformation process started by the ergonomic project for other purposes. This case study revealed the importance of the evaluation process of an ergonomic intervention, because it confirms that a positive result in relation to the demand that originated the intervention, will not always grant future improvements. The analyzed situation points to new problems, whose repercussions are not yet known, but need to be discussed.
As modificações ergonômicas no ambiente de trabalho interferem na relação entre saúde e trabalho. Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo analisar as repercussões do processo de mudanças técnicas e organizacionais decorrentes dos projetos de ergonomia de uma empresa do setor de material escolar sobre o trabalho e a saúde dos operadores. Foram selecionados dois setores responsáveis pela etapa de acabamento externo do principal produto da empresa. Um setor recebeu a intervenção ergonômica e o outro sofreu pequenas modificações. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: aplicação de questionários, observações para compreender a atividade de trabalho nos dois setores e entrevistas para percepção das mudanças nos diferentes atores da empresa. Os resultados apontaram que após a intervenção ergonômica houve diminuição dos afastamentos por LER/DORT, modificações nas exigências físicas e cognitivas das tarefas, uma interpretação dos resultados da intervenção diferenciada para cada grupo social da empresa e apropriação pela empresa dos resultados e do processo de transformação do projeto de ergonomia para outros fins. O estudo deste caso revelou a importância do processo de avaliação de uma intervenção ergonômica, porque confirma que um resultado positivo em relação à demanda da intervenção nem sempre irá garantir condições de trabalho satisfatórias. A situação estudada aponta novos problemas cujas repercussões ainda são desconhecidas, mas que necessitam ser discutidas.
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Balbo, Sandrine. "Evaluation ergonomique des interfaces utilisateur : un pas vers l'automatisation." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005077.
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L'ingenierie des Interfaces Homme-Machine s'est manifestee jusqu'ici par le developpement de modeles et d'outils d'aide a la construction d'interfaces utilisateur. Dans le processus iteratif de developpement des interfaces, l'evaluation est souvent negligee par les developpeurs ou reste le produit d'une demarche artisanale. Notre but est de fournir une aide automatique en vue d'une evaluation plus performante. Apres une revue de l'etat de l'art, nous proposons deux espaces taxonomiques qui permettent de situer les techniques d'evaluation actuelles et les modeles de taches possibles. Nous proposons ensuite EMA, un mecanisme d'analyse automatique pour l'evaluation ergonomique des interfaces utilisateur. L'analyse utilise trois sources d'information : une base de profils de comportement modelises sous forme de regles, une representation formelle de l'espace des taches realisables avec le logiciel teste, ainsi que les donnees comportementales enregistrees au cours des sessions d'utilisation du logiciel teste. EMA est aujourd'hui un detecteur d'anomalies. Il conviendra dans nos perspectives d'extension, d'en faire un critique explicatif, voire correctif.
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Ayas, Ebru. "Engineering Quality Feelings : Applications in products, service environments and work systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-43388.
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Contemporary quality issues in product design are moving from materialistic to emotional user fulfillment; comprehensive research is needed to examine quality product feelings. This research is directed toward a deeper understanding of user and customer quality feelings for different product types, including services. The quality feelings concept includes dimensions of product quality, especially functionality, ergonomics and aesthetics. The first objective of this thesis is to identify, prioritize and synthesize quality feelings into product attributes in product development applications. The second objective is to explore, test and propose methodological approaches for designing quality feelings into products. Several methods from psychology, ergonomics, statistics and probabilistic methods and heuristics were applied to achieve the objectives. From a methodological viewpoint, Likert scales, free elicitation technique and Just About Right scales were applied for data collection. Multiple Regression, Factor Analysis, Correspondence Analysis, Genetic algorithms, Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Rough Sets (RS) were applied for data analyses. For ergonomic product evaluations, direct observations, 3D workload simulations, time and frequency analyses were conducted. Five product applications are included in this thesis: operator driver cabin design of reach trucks, steering wheel design trigger switch design in right-angled nutrunners, bed-making systemsproducts and waiting room environments. Heuristic methods were found effective when there is a high number of product attributes that interact to provide quality feelings. RS results are consistent with PLS attribute predictions. When the number of product attributes is large in comparison to the number of observations, PLS extracts informative results for quality feelings. The RS method is effective in identifying interactions among design attributes. Quality feelings are associated with both tangible (tactile characteristics) and intangible (quick and easy to use) product characteristics. Words such as safety, functionality, ergonomics, comfort, reliability, supportiveness, usability, feedback, pleasantness, attractiveness, durability and distinctiveness describe quality feelings from tangible products and services. Based on product type, the quality dimensions represented by these words possess different interactions and dependencies. In work environments, products act as prostheses between workers for social interaction, which need to be considered as important quality feelings dimensions.QC 20111017
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Berglund, Anders. "Criteria for Machinability Evaluation of Compacted Graphite Iron Materials : Design and Production Planning Perspective on Cylinder Block Manufacturing." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48430.
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The Swedish truck industry is looking for new material solutions to achieve lighter engines with increased strength to meet customer demands and to fulfil the new regulations for more environmentally friendly trucks. This could be achieved by increasing the peak pressure in the cylinders. Consequently, a more efficient combustion is obtained and the exhaust lowered. This, however, exposes the engine to higher loads and material physical properties must therefore be enhanced. One material that could meet these demands is Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI). Its mechanical and physical properties make it ideal as cylinder block material, though there are drawbacks concerning its machinability as compared to other materials that are commonly used for the same purpose. Knowledge about machining of the material and its machinability is consequently inadequate. The main goal of this thesis is to identify and investigate the effect of the major factors and their individual contributions on CGI machining process behaviour. When the relationship between the fundamental features; machinability, material microstructure, and material physical properties, are revealed, the CGI material can be optimized, both regarding the manufacturing process and design requirements. The basic understanding of this is developed mainly through experimental analysis as, e.g., machining experiments and material characterization. The machining model presented in this thesis demonstrates the influence of material and process parameters on CGI machinability. It highlights machinability from both design and production planning perspectives. Another important objective of the thesis is an inverse thermo−mechanical FE model for intermittent machining of CGI. Here, experimental results obtained from a developed simulated milling method are used as input data, both to calibrate and validate the model. With these models, a deeper understanding is obtained regarding the way to achieve a stable process, which is the basis for future optimization procedures. The models can therefore be used as a foundation for the optimization of CGI component manufacturing.QC 20111121
MERA - OPTIMA CGI
FFI - OPTIMA phase two
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Foltran, Fabiana Almeida. "Organização do trabalho : ferramentas disponíveis para avaliação e análise." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7712.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Work organization aspects has become increasingly important in the field of ergonomics, since they can affect both the health of workers as productivity, profitability and product quality. Therefore, this thesis has as main objectives to investigate the organization of work in a more conceptual perspective and in a more applied and for that two studies were conducted; one of them being a systematic review and the other a study a application of two different approaches to assessment of the organization. Study 1. Work organization, although currently very studied, does not present a consensus on the concept and also on the tool to be used to evaluate this aspect. This makes it difficult to compare results and to provide scientific evidence. Thus, the aim of the first study was identify the tools available in the literature to assess the organizational aspects of the work environment. Methods: We performed searches in major databases. Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies. We included studies that evaluated the organization of work and reporting tool used for this purpose. The psychometric properties of the tools used in the studies were checked and content of the tools was analyzed in the light of NIOSH concept of work organization. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results and Conclusions: The electronic search yielded 4431 references. At the end of the selection process, 43 studies were included and 15 tools were identified to evaluate the organization of work. The tool used for the most os the studies was the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) (49%). Considering the definition of organization of the NIOSH study, only two tools included 50% of items of that definition. The external context of work was neglected in studies, have been evaluated in a single item by the tool proposed by Howard et al. Few psychometric properties were reported in the studies reviewed. Thus, studies are needed to evaluate more organizational aspects systematically and methodological quality to contribute to the conceptual and operational understanding of this construct. Study 2. After identifying these tools, analysis of its contents and considering that for a more accurate assessment of work organization, it might be necessary to consider both the worker's perspective, as the observer, a second study was proposed with the objective of assess the organizational aspects of nursing staff in both perspectives. Methods: A total of 163 nurses of three sectors of the were analysed. Work organization was evaluated using two tools, the JCQ and the checklist proposed by Howard et al. Data were analyzed descriptively and by statistical tests (Chi-square). Results and Conclusions: There was a significant difference between the three sectors for control (p = 0.050) and social support (p = 0.030). The sectors had common aspects related to the general functioning of the hospital. The different aspects related to the task performed, the content of the work, female predominance in the sectors and the possibility of informal break. Few items of the two instruments correlated with each other, suggesting that they contemplate different aspects of the organization. Therefore, it is suggested that these instruments are used in addition. These results confirm the great variety of instruments identified in Study 1 and therefore the lack of consensus on the definition.
Os aspectos da organização do trabalho tem se tornado cada vez mais importantes no campo da ergonomia, uma vez que podem afetar tanto a saúde do trabalhador quanto a produtividade, rentabilidade e qualidade do produto. Diante disso, a presente tese tem como objetivos principais investigar a organização do trabalho tanto sob uma perspectiva mais conceitual, quanto mais aplicada e, para tal foram realizados dois estudos; um deles sendo uma revisão sistemática e o outro um estudo de aplicação de duas abordagens diferentes de avaliação da organização. Estudo 1. A organização do trabalho, apesar de atualmente, muito estudada, não apresenta um consenso sobre o seu conceito e também sobre a ferramenta a ser utilizada para avaliação desse aspecto. Isso dificulta a comparação dos resultados e o fornecimento de evidências científicas. Assim, foi proposto o estudo 1 com o objetivo de identificar as ferramentas disponíveis na literatura para avaliar os aspectos organizacionais do ambiente de trabalho. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas nas principais bases de dados. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os estudos pertinentes. Foram incluídos estudos que avaliaram a organização do trabalho e que relataram a ferramenta utilizada para esse propósito. As propriedades psicométricas das ferramentas utilizadas pelos estudos foram checadas e o conteúdo das ferramentas foi analisado à luz do conceito da NIOSH sobre organização do trabalho. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. Resultados e Conclusões: A busca eletrônica resultou em 4431 referências. Ao final do processo de seleção, 43 estudos foram incluídos Foram identificadas 15 ferramentas utilizadas para avaliar a organização do trabalho. A ferramenta mais utilizada pelos estudos foi o Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) (49%). Considerando a definição de organização do trabalho do NIOSH, apenas duas ferramentas incluíram 50% dos itens constituintes dessa definição. O contexto externo do trabalho foi negligenciado nos estudos, tendo sido avaliado em um único item pela ferramenta proposta por Howard et al. Poucas propriedades psicométricas tiveram avaliação relatada nos estudos. Assim, são necessários estudos avaliando maior número de aspectos organizacionais, de forma sistemática e com qualidade metodológica para contribuir com a compreensão conceitual e operacional deste construto. Estudo 2. A partir da identificação dessas ferramentas, análise de seus conteúdos e considerando que para uma avaliação mais precisa da organização do trabalho, poderia ser necessário considerar tanto a perspectiva do trabalhador, como do observador, foi proposto um segundo estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos organizacionais de trabalhadores de enfermagem sob ambas perspectivas. Métodos: Foram avaliados 163 profissionais de enfermagem de três setores de um hospital. A organização do trabalho foi avaliada por meio de duas ferramentas, o JCQ e o checklist proposto por Howard et al. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e por meio de testes estatísticos (Chi-square). Resultados e Conclusões: Houve diferença significativa entre os três setores para os domínios controle (p=0.050) e apoio social (p=0.030). Os setores apresentaram aspectos comuns relacionados ao funcionamento geral do hospital. Os aspectos divergentes relacionaram-se à tarefa realizada, ao conteúdo do trabalho, predomínio de gênero feminino nos setores e possibilidade de pausa informal. Poucos itens dos dois instrumentos apresentaram correlação entre si, sugerindo que estes contemplem aspectos diferentes da organização. Portanto, sugere-se que esses instrumentos sejam utilizados complementarmente. Esses resultados corroboram a grande diversidade de instrumentos identificados no Estudo 1 e, consequentemente, a ausência de consenso na definição.
CNPq: 158634/2013-6
CNPq: 301772- 2010-0
CAPES: 23038006938/2011-72
CAPES: 501731/2010-5
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Gerhardt, Tom. "Assistenzsysteme in der intelligenten, digitalisierten Fabrik: Erstellung einer Marktübersicht mit anschließender Evaluation." Bachelor's thesis, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:520-qucosa-235182.
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Das weite Feld der Digitalisierung findet in Deutschland unter dem Begriff "Industrie 4.0" erste Anwendungen in der Arbeitswelt. Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit untersucht industrielle Assistenzsysteme. Diese können in ganz unterschiedler Art und Weise dem Mitarbeiter zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Unterstützung bei der Verrichtung von Arbeitsaufgaben ist das Ziel. Dabei können die Systeme als tragbare Kleinstcomputer am Körper eingesetzt werden, oder als umfassendes Verarbeitungssystem von Produktionsdaten im Unternehmen implementiert werden. Betrachtet werden zwei prägnante Beispiele aus diesem Bereich der Assistenz für den Mitarbeiter im produzierenden Unternehmen. Eine ständig wachsende Menge von Assistenzsystemen am Markt lässt sich bislang nur anhand von Werbung und Produktvorstellungen charakterisieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die beiden Beispielsysteme nach Gesichtspunkten der Arbeitswissenschaft zu untersuchen. Tauglichkeit für das Tagesgeschäft, ergonomische und mitarbeiterfreundliche Bedienung werden betrachtet. In den theoretischen Grundlagen wird ein allgemeines Verständnis der Begriffe aus dem Bereich der Digitalisierung aufgebaut. Weiterhin wird ein Überblick über die verwendeten Beispielsysteme ausgehend von deren Produktvorstellungen gegeben. Diese Systeme werden mit qualitativen Forschungsmethoden durch einen Experten der Branche evaluiert. Kernaussagen aus verschiedenen Bereichen, wie beispielsweise Ergonomie und Einsetzbarkeit werden abgeleitetThe broad field of digitalisation finds its first applications in the German working environment under the term "Industry 4.0". This bachelor thesis examines industrial assistance systems that can be made available to employees in many different ways, with the goal to support the performance of work tasks. The systems can be used as portable microcomputers on the body or implemented as a comprehensive processing system for company production data. The thesis examines two concise examples from this area of employee assistance in manufacturing companies. To date, a constantly growing number of assistance systems on the market can only be characterised by advertising and product concepts. The aim of this thesis is to analyize the two example systems from an ergonomics point of view as well as suitability for day-to-day business and employee-friendly operations. In the theoretical basics, a general understanding of terms from the field of digitalisation is developed. Furthermore, an overview of the example systems utilized is provided based on their product presentations. These systems are evaluated by an industry expert using qualitative research method to determine core statements from various areas, such as ergonomics and usability