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1

Bennett, Deb, and Robert S. Hoffmann. "Equus caballus." Mammalian Species, no. 628 (December 3, 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504442.

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2

Smith-Funk, E. Denise, and S. L. Crowell-Davis. "Maternal behavior of draft mares (Equus caballus) with mule foals (Equus asinus × Equus caballus)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 33, no. 2-3 (May 1992): 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80001-2.

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3

Srivastava, Amit, Rama Tripathi, Shikhar Verma, Nishi Srivastava, A. K. S. Rawat, and Desh Deepak. "A novel method for quantification of lactose in mammalian milk through HPTLC and determination by a mass spectrometric technique." Anal. Methods 6, no. 18 (2014): 7268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00625a.

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A novel HPTLC method was used to estimate the lactose concentration present in the milk of different mammaliansviz: Indian mare (Equus caballus), Cow (Bos primigenius indicus), Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Donkey (Equss asinus).
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4

Aguilar, Cruz Manuel, and Elizabeth F. Rangel. "Leishmaniose tegumentar em uma mula (Equus caballus x equus asinus) em área endêmica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81, no. 2 (June 1986): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761986000200017.

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É relatado o encontro de infecção por parasitos do gênero Leishmania, em lesão cutânea de uma mula (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) procedente de uma localidade endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
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5

Crowell-Davis, S. L., K. A. Houpt, and J. S. Burnham. "Snapping by Foals of Equus caballus." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 69, no. 1 (April 26, 2010): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00755.x.

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6

Hanggi, Evelyn B. "Categorization learning in horses (Equus caballus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 113, no. 3 (1999): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.113.3.243.

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7

Baragli, Paolo, Valentina Vitale, Elisa Paoletti, Claudio Sighieri, and Adam R. Reddon. "Detour behaviour in horses (Equus caballus)." Journal of Ethology 29, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-010-0246-9.

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8

Alvarenga, F. C. Landime, and J. Bortolozzi. "Ultrastructure of the Hinny (Equus asinus × Equus caballus) Seminiferous Epithelium." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 23, no. 4 (December 1994): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1994.tb00484.x.

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9

Yoshida, Elizaide Luzia de Alvarenga, Sílvio de Alencar Marques, Hamilton Ometto Stolf, Luiz Antonio Barsotti, Márcia Maria Fattori Bueno, and Roberto Sogayar. "Infecção natural de Equus caballus por Leishmania sp - São Paulo, Brasil (Breve comunicação científica)." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 30, no. 2 (April 1988): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651988000200004.

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10

Galindo, David, Hermelinda Rivera G., Mercy Ramírez V., Juan More B., Alberto Manchego S., Jorge Mantilla S., and William Valderrama B. "Seroprevalencia del Virus de la Rinoneumonitis en Caballos (Equus caballus) del Perú." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 26, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v26i2.11005.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia del virus Herpes Equino tipo 1 o Herpes Equino tipo 4 (VHE-1/VHE-4), causante de la rinoneumonitis viral en caballos. Se recolectaron muestras de suero (n=825) de caballos mayores a seis meses de edad, entre machos y hembras, identificados como caballos de crianza familiar, de carrera, Peruano de Paso y de equitación, clínicamente normales, provenientes de varias regiones del Perú, para la detección de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el VHE-1/VHE- 4 mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. El 48.9 ± 5.3% (403/825) de las muestras tuvieron anticuerpos contra el VHE-1/VHE-4. Los títulos de anticuerpos tuvieron un rango entre 2 a >256, siendo de 58.6% de títulos de 2 a 8, de 29.5% en títulos de 16 a 64, y de 11.9% en títulos de 128 a >256. La prueba de regresión logística indicó que las variables sexo y lugar de procedencia no constituyeron factores de riesgo para la presentación de anticuerpos contra el VHE-1/VHE-4.
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11

May-Davis, Sharon, Zefanja Vermeulen, and Wendy Y. Brown. "A Primitive Trait in Two Breeds of Equus Caballus Revealed by Comparative Anatomy of the Distal Limb." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060355.

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The 55-million-year history of equine phylogeny has been well-documented from the skeletal record; however, this is less true for the soft tissue structures that are now vestigial in modern horse. A recent study reported that two ligamentous structures resembling functional interosseous muscle II and IV were evident in Dutch Konik horses. The current study investigates this finding and compares it to members of the genus Equus to identify either a breed anomaly or functional primitive trait. Distal limbs (n = 574) were dissected from four species of Equus; E. caballus, E. asinus, E. przewalskii and E. quagga boehmi. E. caballus is represented by 18 breeds of horse, including the primitive Dutch Konik’. The interosseous muscle II and IV were evident in all four species, but only two breeds of E. caballus expressed this trait-the Dutch Konik and Bosnian Mountain Horse. These two breeds were the only close descendants of the extinct Equus ferus ferus (Tarpan) represented in this study. In conclusion, the interosseous muscle II and IV originated from the distal nodule of metacarpal II and IV, respectively, and inserted into the corresponding branches of interosseous muscle III proximal to the sesamoids. This suggests a functional role in medial and lateral joint stability and a primitive trait in modern equids.
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12

Ganguly, S. "Morphometrical Measurements of Thoroughbred Horses (Equus caballus)." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5, no. 3 (July 16, 2017): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.4033.

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13

Maier, Wolfgang, Adrian Tröscher, and Irina Ruf. "The entotympanic of Equus caballus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)." Mammalian Biology 78, no. 3 (April 2013): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.05.002.

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14

Arrighi, S., M. G. Romanello, and C. Domeneghini. "Ultrastructure of epididymal epithelium in Equus caballus." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 175, no. 1 (February 1993): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80229-3.

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15

Takehana, K., J. Masty, M. Abe, and M. Yamaguchi. "Duodenal Glands of the Pony (Equus caballus)." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C 20, no. 1 (March 1991): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1991.tb00285.x.

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16

Komárková, Martina, and Jitka Bartošová. "Lateralized suckling in domestic horses (Equus caballus)." Animal Cognition 16, no. 3 (November 2, 2012): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0575-x.

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17

Krüger, Konstanze, and Birgit Flauger. "Social feeding decisions in horses (Equus caballus)." Behavioural Processes 78, no. 1 (May 2008): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2008.01.009.

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18

Rifá, Héctor. "Social facilitation in the horse (Equus caballus)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90078-r.

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19

Barber, Jane A., and Sharon L. Crowell-Davis. "Maternal behavior of Belgian (Equus caballus) mares." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41, no. 3-4 (August 1994): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90021-3.

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20

Mamani-Linares, Willy, and Faustina Cayo. "Características fisicoquímicas de charque de bovinos (Bos taurus) y caballo (Equus caballus)." Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36610/j.jsaas.2014.010100002.

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21

FOZ FILHO, Roberto Pimenta de Pádua, Antônio FERNANDES FILHO, and Vicente BORELLI. "Características morfológicas do funículo espermático do burro (Equus asinus x Equus caballus)." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 36, no. 4 (1999): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-95961999000400003.

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22

Robins, Joseph G. "Breeding and Genetics of Forages for Semi-Arid and Arid Rangelands." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040718.

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Rangelands are the Earth’s largest land type and provide the feed source for the extensive grazing of beef and dairy cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), horse (Equus ferus caballus), camel (Camelus spp [...]
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23

Yepes, Wilson, Enrique Pardo Pérez, and Luis Alfonso Causil Vargas. "Diversidad Genética del Caballo Criollo (Equus caballus) mediante Genes Asociados al Pelaje en Valencia, Colombia." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 28, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v28i3.13353.

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la variabilidad genética de caballos criollos (Equus caballus) mediante genes asociados al pelaje. Se realizaron muestreos entre enero y mayo de 2016 en cinco poblaciones de la ciudad de Valencia. Se realizó la caracterización fenotípica de los animales adultos presentes en las fincas, atendiendo a los marcadores autosómicos de codificación morfológica Extension, Agouti, Cream, Gris, White, Tobiano, Overo y Roan. Los resultados mostraron ausencia de los marcadores White y Overo, mientras que los marcadores Extension y Agouti fueron los de mayores frecuencias, posiblemente favorecidas por selección artificial, debido a temperamento y astucia respectivamente. Las poblaciones se encontraron en equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg, exhibieron exceso de homocigotos y altos valores de flujo genético.
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24

Yeon, Seong C. "Acoustic communication in the domestic horse (Equus caballus)." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 7, no. 3 (May 2012): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2011.08.004.

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25

Hanggi, Evelyn B. "Interocular transfer of learning in horses (Equus caballus)." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 19, no. 8 (August 1999): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(99)80232-9.

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26

Rho, Jeong R., and Jae C. Choe. "Diurnal activity patterns of Jeju ponies (equus caballus)." Korean Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 4 (January 2002): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265071.2002.9647666.

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27

Wagner, Bettina, Irene Greiser-Wilke, and Douglas F. Antczak. "Characterization of the horse ( Equus caballus ) IGHA gene." Immunogenetics 55, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-003-0617-2.

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28

RICHER, C. L., M. M. POWER, L. R. KLUNDER, R. A. McFEELY, and M. G. KENT. "Standard karyotype of the domestic horse (Equus caballus)." Hereditas 112, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1990.tb00069.x.

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29

Watson, T. D. G., C. J. Packard, and J. Shepherd. "Plasma lipid transport in the horse (Equus caballus)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 106, no. 1 (September 1993): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(93)90003-n.

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30

Gabor, Vivian, Sophie Wall, Martina Gerken, and Lea Brinkmann. "Does inattentional blindness exist in horses (Equus caballus)?" Applied Animal Behaviour Science 215 (June 2019): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.04.002.

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31

Briefer Freymond, Sabrina, Alice Ruet, Maurine Grivaz, Camille Fuentes, Klaus Zuberbühler, Iris Bachmann, and Elodie F. Briefer. "Stereotypic horses (Equus caballus) are not cognitively impaired." Animal Cognition 22, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1217-8.

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32

Yamamoto, Munehiko, Iwahiko Yamamoto, Yukio Tanaka, and Michihiro Suganot. "Purification of horse (Equus caballus) serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 88, no. 1 (January 1987): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(87)90128-3.

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33

Araba, B. D., and S. L. Crowell-Davis. "Dominance relationships and aggression of foals (Equus caballus)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41, no. 1-2 (July 1994): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90048-5.

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34

Crowell-Davis, S. L., K. A. Houpt, and L. Kane. "Play development in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) foals." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18, no. 2 (August 1987): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(87)90186-9.

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35

Guo, Xian, Jie Pei, Pengjia Bao, Yuqing Zhou, Xiaoyun Wu, Chunnian Liang, Xuezhi Ding, and Ping Yan. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Equus caballus (Datong horse)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 1223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1591217.

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36

Garafutdinov, R. R., K. P. Gainullina, O. Yu Kiryanova, I. Yu Dolmatova, O. N. Loginov, and A. V. Chemeris. "DNA polymorphism of horse Equus caballus and methods of its detection." Biomics 12, no. 2 (2020): 272–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2020-16.

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37

Sari, I. P., N. D. Hanafi, Hamdan Hamdan, and F. Hasan. "Kualitas Semen Segar Kuda (Equus caballus) di Kabupaten Deli Serdang." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.5.2.61-64.

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38

Cozzi, Bruno, Giovanni Morei, Jean-Paul Ravault, Didier Chesneau, and Russel J. Reiter. "Circadian and seasonal rhythms of melatonin production in mules (Equus asinus × Equus caballus)." Journal of Pineal Research 10, no. 3 (April 1991): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1991.tb00829.x.

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39

Lodi, L. D., M. Henry, and M. J. R. Paranhos da Costa. "Behavior of Donkey Jacks (Equus asinus) Breeding Horse Mares (Equus caballus) at Pasture1." Biology of Reproduction 52, monograph_series1 (January 1, 1995): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/52.monograph_series1.591.

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40

Elwishy, A. B. "Morphology of epididymal spermatozoa in the ass (Equus asinus) and stallion (Equus caballus)." Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 92, no. 1-4 (April 26, 2010): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1975.tb00515.x.

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41

Luz, Marina P. F., Caroline M. Maia, and José Nicolau P. Puoli Filho. "Preliminary findings in the rolling behavior of Mules (Equus caballus x Equus asinus)." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 50 (April 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.11.006.

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42

CEDROLA, FRANCIANE, SUYANE BORDIM, MARTA D’AGOSTO, and ROBERTO JÚNIO PEDROSO DIAS. "Intestinal ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) in Brazilian domestic horses (Equus caballus L.) and a review on the ciliate communities associated with horses around the world." Zootaxa 4585, no. 3 (April 15, 2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4585.3.4.

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The aims of this study were to identify and quantify the gastrointestinal ciliates from Brazilian domestic horses, to compare the data obtained with previous studies and to review data on ciliate communities associated with horses around the world. We used eight domestic horses, kept under extensive management. Fecal samples were obtained immediately after defecation of animals and fixed in 18.5% formaldehyde. We identify 24 species of endosymbiotic ciliates, distributed in two subclasses, two orders, five families and 13 genera. The ciliate composition was similar among the animals analyzed. The family Blepharocorythidae presented the higher prevalence and the family Buetschliidae was observed in greater abundance and density. Among the species identified, Cycloposthium dentiferum was observed for the first time in Central and South America and Bundleia elongata, B. inflata, B. piriformis, B. vorax and Cycloposthium psicauda, were observed for the first time in the American continent. In addition, the species Buissonella tapiri, which was originally discovered in fecal contents of the American tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in Brazil was observed for the first time associated to Equus caballus. The review on the ciliate communities associated with horses around the world demonstrated that the equine ciliates are a very diversified group with representatives in two subclasses, Suctoria and Trichostomatia, totaling 78 species distributed in three orders and six families, having been registered in different equine hosts (Equus asinus, Equus caballus and Equus quagga) and geographic locations (USA, China, Russia, Taiwan, Mexico, Cyprus, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Brazil).
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43

Silva, Paula C. A., Jhonnatha P. Oliveira, Gabriel A. Dutra, Sávio O. Paiva, Diogo F. Caram, Renato G. C. Junqueira, and Julio C. F. Jacob. "Taxa de recuperação e características morfológicas de embriões muares (Equus caballus x Equus asinus)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 7 (July 2018): 1453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4651.

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RESUMO: A Transferência de Embrião (TE) contribuiu efetivamente para a produção de equinos e outras espécies. O mercado de muares tem apresentado um contínuo crescimento, entretanto, a aplicação das biotecnologias para a produção desses animais ainda é escassa. O presente estudo avaliou a taxa de recuperação embrionária e as características dos embriões provenientes do cruzamento de éguas com jumentos. Os embriões foram recuperados entre os dias 6 e 9 após a ovulação, dessa forma foi realizada a avaliação da taxa de recuperação embrionária e avaliação das características relacionadas com a idade, morfologia e diâmetro embrionário. A taxa de recuperação embrionária total foi de 55,9% (71/127), e não apresentou diferença para as colheitas realizadas em diferentes dias (D6-D9). Foram recuperados embriões nos estágios de mórula, blastocisto inicial, blastocisto e blastocisto expandido. O tamanho dos embriões variou entre 147-1688μm e a média do diâmetro de todos os embriões recuperados foi de 438,04μm. A recuperação de embriões muares pode ser realizada entre os dias 6 e 9 após a ovulação, e propicia a recuperação de embriões nos primeiros estágios de desenvolvimento.
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44

Cortés-Gutiérrez, Elva I., Martha I. Dávila-Rodríguez, Carmen López-Fernández, José Luis Fernández, Francisco Crespo, and Jaime Gosálvez. "Localization of alkali-labile sites in donkey (Equus asinus) and stallion (Equus caballus) spermatozoa." Theriogenology 81, no. 2 (January 2014): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.001.

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45

Wishy, A. B. "Testicular and epididymal sperm reserves in the ass (Equus asinus) and stallion (Equus caballus)." Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 91, no. 1-4 (April 26, 2010): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1974.tb01160.x.

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46

Батмагнай, Э., Б. Гантуяа, Б. Даваасүрэн, Б. Баттөр, and Б. Батцэцэг. "МИКРОСАТИЛЛЕТ ДАРААЛЛЫГ АШИГЛАН АДУУНЫ (Equus caballus) ЭЦЭГ ТОДОРХОЙЛСОН ДҮН." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.288.

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Манай оронд адууны хулгайг илрүүлэх болон цэвэр угшлын адууны үр төлийн худалдаа наймаанд жинхэнэ гарвалыг шалгах зэргээр адууны эцэг, үр төлийн хамаарлыг тогтоох шаардлага сүүлийн жилүүдэд эрс нэмэгдсэн. Өндөр полиморф чанартай ДНХ дараалал дахь давталтат элементүүд нь бодгаль хоорондын ялгаа, адууны удмын хамаарлыг тогтооход хамгийн тохиромжтой бөгөөд өртөг зардлын хувьд хямд арга юм. Энэхүү судалгааны нь адууны үр төлийг генетикийн хамаарлаар тогтоож адууны эцэг тодорхойлох арга зүйг боловсруулах зорилгоор хиийгдлээ.Нийт шилэн сонголот хиййж шалгарсан 8 микросаттеллит маркерүүдийг ашиглан 4 азарга, 6 гүү, 9 үрээ нийт 19 адууны эцэг үр төлийн харьцааг тодорхойллоо. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс үзэхэд адууны эцэг тодорхойлох арга зүй нь цаашид манай оронд хэрэглэгдэх бүрэн боломжтой нь харагдаж байна.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.288
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47

Spasskaya, N. "Inherited dental anomalies in the horse (Equidae, Equus caballus)." Russian Journal of Theriology 13, no. 1 (June 23, 2014): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/rusjtheriol.13.1.03.

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48

Baba, Chihiro, Masahito Kawai, and Ayaka Takimoto-Inose. "Are Horses (Equus caballus) Sensitive to Human Emotional Cues?" Animals 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090630.

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Emotions are important for social animals because animals’ emotions function as beneficial cues to identify valuable resources such as food or to avoid danger by providing environmental information. Emotions also enable animals to predict individuals’ behavior and determine how to behave in a specific context. Recently, several studies have reported that dogs are highly sensitive to not only conspecific but also human emotional cues. These studies suggest that domestication may have affected such sensitivity. However, there are still few studies that examine whether other domesticated animals, in addition to dogs, exhibit sensitivity to human emotional cues. In this study, we used a gaze-following task to investigate whether horses (Equus caballus) are sensitive to human emotional cues (happy, neutral, disgust) and if they adjust their behavior accordingly. In the study, the experimenter suddenly turned her head to either right or left and showed emotional cues. The results revealed that horses significantly decreased the frequency with which they followed the experimenter’s gaze and the total looking time during the gaze-emotional cue presentation in the Disgust condition compared to the Neutral condition. These results suggest the possibility that horses are sensitive to human emotional cues and behave on the basis of the meaning implied by negative human emotional cues.
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49

Macuda, Todd, and Brian Timney. "Luminance and chromatic discrimination in the horse (Equus caballus)." Behavioural Processes 44, no. 3 (March 1999): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(98)00039-4.

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50

Caetano, A. R. "A Comparative Gene Map of the Horse (Equus caballus)." Genome Research 9, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 1239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.9.12.1239.

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