Academic literature on the topic 'Equivalent operation line'
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Journal articles on the topic "Equivalent operation line"
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Dong, Yuan Yuan, Fei Wang, Yong Gang Lei, and Guo Wei Wang. "Equivalent Stress Cycles Based on District Heating Operation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.295.
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We investigated supply water temperature of the district boiler between 2006 and 2014.And calculated the design life cycles of heating pipeline based on the district boiler as the heat source. Then superposed the number of the design life cycles caused by pipelines accidents and district boiler of the main trunk lines, distribution lines and subscriber connection line, we obtained the design life cycles of different heating pipes. This result can provide a basis for fatigue damage analysis of heating pipe fittings.
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Pană, Adrian, Alexandru Băloi, and Florin Molnar-Matei. "Mathematical Explanations of a Paradox Observed in a HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) Untransposed Overhead Line." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040734.
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The constructive asymmetry of the untransposed overhead lines of a high voltage alternating current is the cause of a great number of difficulties in their operation and modeling. In order to model the operating regimes of such lines, the symmetrical component method, based on constructive symmetry and thus the symmetry of the equivalent phase parameters, is inappropriate, which is why many research papers have been dedicated to either setting up improved modeling methods or to returning to phase coordinate modeling. This paper intends to justify a paradox found on some untransposed overhead lines of a high voltage alternating current during the no-load operating conditions by performing phase coordinate modeling. In such a situation, the transmission or distribution operators measured significant negative values for the active powers on one or two phases at the beginning of the lines. Considering the case of a real untransposed overhead line operating under no-load conditions, the paper starts from presenting the recorded electrical values. Then, the paper moves on to outlining the Carson’s simplified computing relations for calculating the series and shunt primitive equivalent parameters and Kron’s transformation relationships for calculating the phase equivalent parameters. After applying them to the real line, the calculation of the power flow for the no-load operating conditions, which is applied to an equivalent scheme of the line consisting of nine identical octopoles, is performed. Both the untransposed line and its transposed variant are studied here. The values of the electrical amounts obtained by the calculation for the untransposed line are basically similar to those obtained by measuring on the real line, which gives a mathematical confirmation of the so-called paradox. Its occurrence represents the effect of the asymmetry of the equivalent phase capacities, which causes a redistribution of the active powers between the phases of the network to which the overhead line operating in no-load conditions is connected.
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Doberkat, Ernst-Erich. "A stochastic interpretation of propositional dynamic logic: expressivity." Journal of Symbolic Logic 77, no. 2 (June 2012): 687–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1333566646.
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AbstractWe propose a probabilistic interpretation of Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL). We show that logical and behavioral equivalence are equivalent over general measurable spaces. This is done first for the fragment of straight line programs and then extended to cater for the nondeterministic nature of choice and iteration, expanded to PDL as a whole. Bisimilarity is also discussed and shown to be equivalent to logical and behavioral equivalence, provided the base spaces are Polish spaces. We adapt techniques from coalgebraic stochastic logic and point out some connections to Souslin's operation from descriptive set theory. This leads to a discussion of complete stochastic Kripke models and model completion, which permits an adequate treatment of the test operator.
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Xu, Zai De, Guo Cheng Sun, Ben Ren Pan, Ning Xu, Chao Qun Li, and Hong Zhong Ma. "An Equivalent Modeling for Synthesis Load of Distributed Network with Small Hydropower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 666 (October 2014): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.666.119.
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A distributed network with small hydropower is taken as research subject, and in PSASP environment a simulation network is constructed, which is based on the network’s connection mode and operation data. At first, this paper give a description of 3rd mode of small hydropower generator, and generalize common analysis methods of synthesis load, and on this basis lists three means that used for aggregating parameters, then choose weighted average method to aggregate necessary parameters of Small hydropower generators. Secondly, the operation data is fully used to determine the equivalent impedance of the network. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the method raised by the paper, the author make a comparison of small hydropower generators’ relative rocking curve before and after equivalence, meanwhile, analyzes change regulation of active power in contact line before and after the equivalence.
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Xian, Wenyuan, Ran Ding, Ying Qiao, Zongxiang Lu, Shangqiang Li, and Hong Lin. "Steady-state Operation Area of VSC-HVDC Converter Station Connecting Renewable Energy Cluster by Isolated Network." E3S Web of Conferences 182 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018202003.
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When the large-scale renewable power island is connected to VSC-HVDC transmission system, we should figure out the steady-state operation area of VSC-HVDC converter station. Based on the equivalent model of renewable energy island, the constraints of VSC-HVDC converter station are analyzed, and a fast method for calculating steady-state operation area of converter station is presented in this paper. The influence of equivalent line impedance of renewable energy island, transformer ratio of converter station and voltage setting value of grid-connected point on steady-state operation area of converter station is analyzed. And the three-dimensional view of the steady-state operation area of the converter station under different grid-connected voltage is depicted.
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Adak, M., and N. R. Mandal. "Thermomechanical analysis through a pseudolinear equivalent constant stiffness system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 217, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/147509003321623103.
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A non-uniform heating and cooling cycle caused by a welding or line heating operation leads to deformation. To ascertain the extent of deformation calls for solving a complex thermal elastoplastic problem. In this investigation the concept of a pseudolinear constant stiffness system has been effectively implemented to solve this non-linear problem. The concept has been tested by solving a case of angular deformation of a beam model caused by bead-on-plate welding. The theoretical results compared well with those of the experimental ones.
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Lian, Shuai, Bintang Li, Jianbo Wang, and Rui Jiang. "On-line Update Method for the Sensitivity Consistency Model of Interconnected Power Grid Based on Electric Power Big Data." E3S Web of Conferences 256 (2021): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125601014.
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Real-time fast calculation of the power flow of the interconnected power grid is an important guarantee for the reliable operation of the interconnected power grid. The topology of the interconnected power grid is complex, and the calculation of the power flow of the whole network is large and timeconsuming. The sensitivity equivalent model can effectively simplify the interconnected power grid and shorten the time of the power flow calculation of the whole network. The operating state of the power grid is constantly changing. In order to ensure the accuracy of the power flow calculation results, it is necessary to update the uniform sensitivity equivalent model in real time. Due to factors such as the vertical management system between the interconnected power grids and the principle of commercial confidentiality, it is difficult to share information between interconnected power grids in real time, and the sensitivity equivalent model cannot be updated in real time, resulting in too much error in the calculation results and no reference value. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an online update method for the sensitivity equivalent model of the interconnected power grid based on power big data to solve the problem of excessive power flow calculation errors caused by the untimely update of the equivalent model parameters, and to ensure the operational reliability of the interconnected power grid.
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Yan, Gangui, Dan Wang, Qi Jia, and Wenbo Hu. "Equivalent Modeling of Dfig-Based Wind Farms for Sub-Synchronous Resonance Analysis." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 5426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205426.
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The order of the detailed model of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind farms are too high and the simulation is difficult. Most of the existing research has used a single-machine equivalent model and clustering aggregation model for equivalence and few papers have explored the principles and equivalent conditions of the single-machine equivalent model under sub-synchronous resonance (SSR). Due to this reason, this paper equates DFIG wind farms connected with series compensated transmission network to two separate units based on the principle of matrix similarity transformation and the mathematical model and physical model of each unit has been studied. Then, the DFIG wind farm equivalent model’s validity is analyzed in number difference and collecting line difference based on linearization analysis. Finally, the system model is built in EMTDC/PSCAD, the damping analysis method is used to test the equivalent model’s validity and further reveal the mechanism of the system’s unstable operation. The results show that: the equivalent model can effectively reduce the system dimension and accurately reflect the dominant oscillation characteristics of DFIG wind farm under SSR; when SSR occurs, the damping coefficient of DFIG wind farm is negative under the oscillation frequency.
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Gaevskii, A., V. Bodnyak, and A. Gaevskaya. "ANALYSIS OF MONITORING DATA ON THE OPERATION OF PV-INVERTERS CONNECTED TO DISTRIBUTION NETWORK." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 31-36 (January 6, 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.31-36.012-022.
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The article deals with the problems of the PV plants operation in the low voltage network (LVN), namely the influence of PV generation on bus voltages and stability of network, as well as disconnecting the inverters from network in order to avoid overvoltages. The operating of PV inverter tied to LVN is considered on the framework of the reduced two-bus equivalent circuit. One bus of this circuit describes the inverter which is connected to the step-up transformer via short line and second one is the equivalent representation of LVN. The reduced two-bus circuit in contrast to the multi-bus schemes has exact solutions for power flows between PV plant and network. The analytical solutions obtained for this model allows us to determine the voltage stability region, the disconnecting conditions from the network (islanding), the dependence of the bus voltages on the levels of generation and load. On the base of this model, the monitoring data for power and output voltages of three-phase Growatt 30 kW inverter were analyzed. The inverter is tied to LVN by a relatively short line segment with known parameters which is typical for private and small industrial photovoltaic systems. The stable operation of PV plant in the network depends on the ratio of generation and consumption levels at the bus on the plant side, as well as on the capacity of the connecting line. Under analyzing of an overvoltage in the inverter bus appearing due to large solar radiation, one should take into account the limited inverter’s possibility to reduce the output power by changing the operating point on the curve “voltagepower”. The article performs the optimization calculations which determine the parameters characterizing the inverter and line capacity. The developed method for analyzing monitoring data of modern inverters can be a useful tool in solving problems of PV plant equipment diagnostics, as well as of predicting the electricity amount supplied to the network.
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Liu, Gao, Li Hui Wu, Bao Qiang Liu, Hu Zhang, Jin Bei Zheng, and Hong Shen. "Optical Fiber Sensor Salt Dense On-Line Monitoring Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.708.
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To detect the pollution level of insulators in operation, based on light energy loss theory of medium optical wave guide and mathematical modeling of least squares supporting vector machine, by a lot of contrast tests, this paper designed and developed monitoring terminal of optical sensor. Collecting live temperature, humidity luminous flux attenuation etc. and sending the collected data to data monitoring centre through GSM data communication module, the workstation of data monitoring centre could calculate to get equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) using mathematical model, so that insulators pollution level can be detected on-line automatically and continuously.
Books on the topic "Equivalent operation line"
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Cohan, Steven. Virtual Hollywood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865788.003.0008.
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This chapter looks at two rather recent ways that backstudios have moved the virtual world of moviemaking off the screen. “Immersive Hollywood” occurs when fictional characters interact with real-life actors or spectators. As this occurs in the story, they cross the boundary separating the reel from the real as epitomized by the screen, raising questions about the value of Hollywood escapism. By comparison, “appropriated Hollywood” happens when a state apparatus—the police, the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, the White House—fabricates a film production as its cover story for a covert sting operation. Here the analogy of Hollywood and the actions of corrupt or unethical (or at least highly secret) state agents draws out the unsettling equivalence of the film industry’s practices of simulation and those of the national security state.
Book chapters on the topic "Equivalent operation line"
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Thévenot, Laurent. "A New Calculable Global World in the Making: Governing Through Transnational Certification Standards." In The New Politics of Numbers, 197–252. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78201-6_7.
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AbstractGoverning with quantification rests on preliminary processes of transforming the world to make it quantifiable through conventions of formatting and equivalence-making. This chapter investigates a new globalized mode of governing, operating, away from states, through voluntary certification standards. Considering the case of sustainable palm oil certification, it follows the most vulnerable “stakeholders”, from their daily life in remote rural areas to the governing public roundtables and private confidential negotiations. Fostering the dialogue between the extended convention theory framework and governmentality studies, the chapter shows that in a new kind of “standardizing liberalism” [libéralisme normalisateur], “governing by standards” shifts the political debate about power, legitimacy and the common good onto measurable certifiable characteristics of goods and services to be chosen by autonomous opting individuals.
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Cimatti, Alessandro, Luca Geatti, Nicola Gigante, Angelo Montanari, and Stefano Tonetta. "A first-order logic characterisation of safety and co-safety languages." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 244–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99253-8_13.
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AbstractLinear Temporal Logic ($$\mathsf {LTL}$$ LTL ) is one of the most popular temporal logics, that comes into play in a variety of branches of computer science. Its widespread use is also due to its strong foundational properties. One of them is Kamp’s theorem, showing that $$\mathsf {LTL}$$ LTL and the first-order theory of one successor ($$\mathsf {S1S}[\mathsf {FO}]$$ S 1 S [ FO ] ) are expressively equivalent. Safety and co-safety languages, where a finite prefix suffices to establish whether a word does not or does belong to the language, respectively, play a crucial role in lowering the complexity of problems like model checking and reactive synthesis for $$\mathsf {LTL}$$ LTL . $$\mathsf {Safety\text {-} \mathsf {LTL}}$$ Safety - LTL (resp., $$\mathsf {coSafety\text {-} \mathsf {LTL}}$$ coSafety - LTL ) is a fragment of $$\mathsf {LTL}$$ LTL where only universal (resp., existential) temporal modalities are allowed, that recognises safety (resp., co-safety) languages only. In this paper, we introduce a fragment of $$\mathsf {S1S}[\mathsf {FO}]$$ S 1 S [ FO ] , called $$\mathsf {Safety\text {-} FO}$$ Safety - FO , and its dual $$\mathsf {coSafety\text {-} FO}$$ coSafety - FO , which are expressively complete with regards to the $$\mathsf {LTL}$$ LTL -definable safety languages. In particular, we prove that they respectively characterise exactly $$\mathsf {Safety\text {-} \mathsf {LTL}}$$ Safety - LTL and $$\mathsf {coSafety\text {-} \mathsf {LTL}}$$ coSafety - LTL , a result that joins Kamp’s theorem, and provides a clearer view of the charactisations of (fragments of) $$\mathsf {LTL}$$ LTL in terms of first-order languages. In addition, it gives a direct, compact, and self-contained proof that any safety language definable in $$\mathsf {LTL}$$ LTL is definable in $$\mathsf {Safety\text {-} \mathsf {LTL}}$$ Safety - LTL as well. As a by-product, we obtain some interesting results on the expressive power of the weak tomorrow operator of $$\mathsf {Safety\text {-} \mathsf {LTL}}$$ Safety - LTL interpreted over finite and infinite traces.
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Chattopadhyay, Krishnendu, and Sekhar Ranjan Bhadra Chaudhuri. "Investigations on the Microstripline-Fed Wide-Slot Antennas for Wideband Applications." In Contemporary Developments in High-Frequency Photonic Devices, 56–102. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8531-2.ch004.
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Microstrip patch antennas are printed antennas that find suitability because they are lightweight, low volume, thin in profile, dual frequency, and dual polarization operation, and compatible with MMIC. The objective of chapter is to exhibit the investigations on the bandwidth enhancement of microstrip antennas with special reference to microstrip-line-fed wide-slot antennas. Performances are realized and validated through experimental studies on the impedance properties by VNA and radiation properties by pattern measurement setup. An innovative method for the design of hexagonal wide-slot antenna has been proposed considering it as an equivalent magnetic surface of monopole antenna. Impedance bandwidth of the above slot antenna is enhanced through various tuning stubs. In case of forklike tuning stub, the obtained bandwidth is about 900MHz, for hexagonal stub the available bandwidth is 1751MHz. Further improvement in bandwidth is proposed through rotation of hexagonal wide slot, results in wide bandwidth of 5165 MHz covering all the WLAN and WiMAX applications.
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Schokkaert, Erik. "Equivalent Income and the Well-Being Burden of Disease." In Measuring the Global Burden of Disease, edited by Nir Eyal, Samia A. Hurst, Christopher J. L. Murray, S. Andrew Schroeder, and Daniel Wikler, 107–25. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0008.
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Economic evaluation of health policy has to go beyond health to focus on a broader concept of individual well-being if it aims at contributing to the debate about the optimal size of the health budget while taking into account economic inequality. The definition of well-being for policy purposes is neither a psychological nor a metaphysical issue, but a normative one. Happiness or subjective satisfaction are not attractive for this purpose, and this chapter proposes an alternative, the so-called equivalent income measure. Equivalent income does respect individual considered opinions about what is a good life. The author shows that the concept can be made operational through an analysis of the well-being burden of disease in various European countries.
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Soni, Hardik N., and Shivangi Suthar. "EPQ Inventory Models under mλ-Measure." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, 152–75. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9888-8.ch008.
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This chapter considers an EPQ model with and without shortages under linear combination of Possibility measure and Necessity measure. Based on the possibility measure and necessity measure, m? -measure is introduced and some important properties are discussed. To capture the real life situation, various EPQ model parameters for instance, demand, setup cost, holding cost and backorder cost are characterized as Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number. Two fuzzy chance-constrained programming models are constructed under m?-measure. The objective is to determine optimistic and pessimistic values of the fuzzy objective function with some predefined degree of m?-measure. Using fuzzy arithmetical operations under Function Principle, the fuzzy problem is first transferred to an equivalent crisp problem. An analytical approach is developed to resolve the reduced models. To investigate the characteristics of the proposed model and to obtain the optimal decision under different situations, numerical illustrations are presented along with a sensitivity analysis.
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Apostolico, A. "On-line String Searching." In Pattern Matching Algorithms. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113679.003.0006.
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In the previous two chapters, we have examined various serial and parallel methods to perform exact string searching in a number of operations proportional to the total length of the input. Even though such a performance is optimal, our treatment of exact searches cannot be considered exhausted yet: in many applications, searches for different, a-priorily unknown patterns are performed on a same text or group of texts. It seems natural to ask whether these cases can be handled better than by plain reiteration of the procedures studied so far. As an analogy, consider the classical problem of searching for a given item in a table with n entries. In general, n comparisons are both necessary and sufficient for this task. If we wanted to perform k such searches, however, it is no longer clear that we need kn comparisons. Our table can be sorted once and for all at a cost of O(n log n) comparisons, after which binary search can be used. For sufficiently large k, this approach outperforms that of the k independent searches. In this chapter, we shall see that the philosophy subtending binary search can be fruitfully applied to string searching. Specifically, the text can be pre-processed once and for all in such a way that any query concerning whether or not a pattern occurs in the text can be answered in time proportional to the length of the pattern. It will also be possible to locate all the occurrences of the pattern in the text at an additional cost proportional to the total number of such occurrences. We call this type of search on-line, to refer to the fact that as soon as we finish reading the pattern we can decide whether or not it occurs in our text. As it turns out, the auxiliary structures used to achieve this goal are well suited to a host of other applications. There are several, essentially equivalent digital structures supporting efficient on-line string searching. Here, we base our discussion on a variant known as suffix tree. It is instructive to discuss first a simplified version of suffix trees, which we call expanded suffix tree.
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Blaha, Jaroslav. "A Standards-Based Common Operational Environment." In Information Technology Standards and Standardization, 152–67. IGI Global, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-70-4.ch010.
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NATO as an international organization consists of representatives from 19 nations and has to satisfy the political, operational and technical requirements of all members. In addition to the development of specific NATO information systems, it has to consider and support means for interoperability with national systems. Taking into account the life-cycle-cost aspects, it becomes clear that a standardization policy must consider the cost-effective maintenance, upgrade and replacement of system components and their interfaces. Standardization of NATO specific interfaces is a well-established process, which results in ‘Standardization Agreements’ (STANAGs). Those are specifications of proprietary standards or of adaptations of international (e.g. ITU, ISO) standards. STANAGs have two major disadvantages: First, the process to develop a new or to modify an existing standard is lengthy; the process to get the specification ratified by the relevant nations is even longer. This can result in STANAGs, which do not reflect the state-of-the-art of standards. Second, as STANAGs often specify standards that are different from international or commercial standards, there is very little market and product support. This leads naturally to increased development and procurement costs. In military terms a Command, Control and Information System (CCIS) is the equivalent to a Management Support and Information System (MSS/MIS) in the commercial domain.
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Chen, Lei, Shaoen Wu, Yiming Ji, and Ming Yang. "Mobile and Handheld Security." In Handheld Computing for Mobile Commerce, 313–27. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-761-9.ch016.
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Mobile and handheld devices are becoming an integral part of people’s work, life and entertainment. These lightweight pocket-sized devices offer great mobility, acceptable computation power and friendly user interfaces. As people are making business transactions and managing their online bank accounts via handheld devices, they are concerned with the security level that mobile devices and systems provide. In this chapter we will discuss whether these devices, equipped with very limited computation power compared to full-sized computers, can make equivalent security services available to users. We focus on the security designs and technologies of hardware, operating systems and applications for mobile and handheld devices.
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Toporowski, Jan. "The Transfer Theory of Government Debt." In Interest and Capital, 113–30. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816232.003.0010.
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Keynes was impressed by Kalecki’s proposal for financing full employment by means of long-term government debt serviced by a capital levy or taxes on profits. This transfer theory of debt presents liquidity rather than income as a precondition for debt payment. This way of analysing debt had been put forward in 1917 by Hartley Withers. Regarding debt as a transfer problem highlights the logical flaw in current thinking along lines of ‘Ricardian Equivalence’, confusing ‘inside’ or domestic debt with ‘outside’ debt. The transfer approach to debt also highlights the need for central open market operations to ensure the financial circulation of money.
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Ellis, Katharine. "Opera Inside and Out." In French Musical Life, 227–68. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197600160.003.0008.
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In three main sections, the discussion takes the reader from standard municipal opera in town theaters to the new phenomenon of open-air opera that started fitfully in the late 1860s but which became fashionable and important for decentralist and regionalist reasons from around 1900 onward. In the first case study, Wagner’s Lohengrin is detoxified in 1891 via seven municipal French stages, in advance of its successful appearance at the Paris Opéra. This provincial coup nevertheless indicates the stranglehold of French repertorial centralization, since it was possible only because Wagner was already embarrassingly famous and the violent history of his reception in Paris had paralyzed the capital’s ability to function as normal. Lohengrin was acclaimed in Lille as “local” but contained no audible couleur locale. It was through such “marked” music that opera acted as a vector for the “picturesque” presentation of the French provinces. Changing critical and audience attitudes to couleur locale from the 1830s onward prepared the conditions necessary for the development of regionalist operatic commentary, especially in Brittany and Provence. Identity, whether local and/or national, could also be enacted by audiences attending festival and commemorative performances of opera and stage spectacle in open-air venues. Catalyzed by performances at Orange, a tradition of open-air opera presented a distillation of meridional musical identity from around 1900 in ancient classical venues and their modern equivalents, while the new music it spawned remained stubbornly difficult to transplant to Paris.
Conference papers on the topic "Equivalent operation line"
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Changchun, Cai, Deng Lihua, Deng Zhixiang, and Jiang Bing. "DC microgrid dynamic equivalent modeling based on the measured data." In 2016 IEEE PES 13th International Conference on Transmission & Distribution Construction, Operation & Live-Line Maintenance (ESMO). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdcllm.2016.8013238.
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Shicong Ma, Bingyin Xu, Zhiqian Bo, and A. Klimek. "The research on lumped parameter equivalent circuit of transmission line." In 8th International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM 2009). IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.1820.
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Yañez Gonzalez, A., C. C. Pilgrim, J. P. Feist, P. Y. Sollazzo, F. Beyrau, and A. L. Heyes. "On-Line Temperature Measurement Inside a Thermal Barrier Sensor Coating During Engine Operation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25936.
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Existing thermal barrier coatings (TBC) can be adapted enhancing their functionalities such that they not only protect critical components from hot gases, but also can sense their own material temperature or other physical properties. The self-sensing capability is introduced by embedding optically active rare earth ions into the thermal barrier ceramic. When illuminated by light the material starts to phosphoresce and the phosphorescence can provide in-situ information on temperature, phase changes, corrosion or erosion of the coating subject to the coating design. The integration of an on-line temperature detection system enables the full potential of TBCs to be realised due to improved accuracy in temperature measurement and early warning of degradation. This in turn will increase fuel efficiency and will reduce CO2 emissions. This paper reviews the previous implementation of such a measurement system into a Rolls-Royce jet engine using dysprosium doped yttrium-stabilised-zirconia as a single layer and a dual layer sensor coating material. The temperature measurements were carried out on cooled and uncooled components on a combustion chamber liner and on nozzle guide vanes respectively. The paper investigates the interpretation of those results looking at coating thickness effects and temperature gradients across the TBC. For the study a specialised cyclic thermal gradient burner test rig was operated and instrumented using equivalent instrumentation to that used for the engine test. This unique rig enables the controlled heating of the coatings at different temperature regimes. A long-wavelength pyrometer was employed detecting the surface temperature of the coating in combination with the phosphorescence detector. A correction was applied to compensate for changes in emissivity using two methods. A thermocouple was used continuously measuring the substrate temperature of the sample. Typical gradients across the coating are less than 1K/μm. As the excitation laser penetrates the coating it generates phosphorescence from several locations throughout the coating and hence provides an integrated signal. The study successfully proved that the temperature indication from the phosphorescence coating remains between the surface and substrate temperature for all operating conditions. This demonstrates the possibility to measure inside the coating closer to the bond coat. The knowledge of the bond coat temperature is relevant to the growth of the thermally grown oxide which is linked to the delamination of the coating and hence determines its life. Further, the data is related to a one dimensional phosphorescence model determining the penetration depth of the laser and the emission. Note: a video of the measurement system can be watched under: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6uXN1__Z7I].
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Ewans, Kevin, Clemens van der Valk, Christopher Shaw, Joost den Haan, Peter Tromans, and Luc Vanderschuren. "Oceanographic and Motion Response Statistics for the Operation of a Weathervaning LNG FPSO." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37394.
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An oceanographic database is used to estimate the operability of a weathervaning LNG FPSO (FLNG) in multidirectional seas with swells. The oceanographic data consist of directional wave data, current profile measurements, and a wind dataset. Response functions are used to convert the oceanographic data into an equivalent dataset of vessel motion response parameters and turret mooring line tensions. The resulting response data have enabled operational type statistics to be computed, as well as the environmental conditions that induce responses with a one-year return period. In addition to the analysis of the responses of the FLNG alone, the method has been applied to a system where a LNG shuttle carrier is moored alongside the FLNG for offloading of the products. In this case, important responses are the combined roll and pitch of the two vessels and tension in the mooring lines between the shuttle carrier and the FLNG. The same method can be applied for a stern-to-bow offloading system, where the shuttle carrier is moored with a hawser or soft yoke. The diversity of the directionality of the oceanographic variables makes this a particularly interesting exercise. The analysis included significant inertial currents, a high level of background swell and frequent local-wind seas that act at an angle to the prevailing swell direction. A method for separating a sea state into a sea and swell component has been derived and is reported, along with a programme for visualising the oceanographic conditions together with the induced responses corresponding to the existing conditions.
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Pham, T. H., P. P. J. van den Bosch, J. T. B. A. Kessels, and R. G. M. Huisman. "Cost-Effective Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Heavy-Duty Truck Including Battery Aging." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3729.
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Battery temperature has large impact on battery power capability and battery life time. In Hybrid Electric Heavy-duty trucks (HEVs), the high-voltage battery is normally equipped with an active Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) guaranteeing a desired battery life time. Since the BTMS can consume a substantial amount of energy, this paper aims at integrating the Energy Management Strategy (EMS) and BTMS to minimize the overall operational cost of the truck (considering diesel fuel cost and battery life time cost). The proposed on-line strategy makes use of the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) along with a physics-based approach to optimize both the power split (between the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the Motor Generator (MG)) and the BTMS’s operation. The strategy also utilizes a quasi-static battery cycle-life model taking into account the effects of battery power and battery temperature on the battery capacity loss. Simulation results present an appropriate strategy for EMS and BTMS integration, and demonstrate the trade-off between the total vehicle fuel consumption and the battery life time.
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Peet, William J. "Balancing Pulverizer-Burner Coal Flows: The Complete Solution." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98013.
Full textAbstract:
Since the introduction of direct firing pulverizers to power generation in the 1920’s, the inability to balance the coal flows among the multiple burner lines has eluded the industry. Many believed that the problem lay in unequal burner line equivalent lengths and sought to remedy the situation by inserting additional bends, orifices etc. to the shorter lines. Current practice by the supplier is to achieve a maximum deviation of +/− 5% air flow in a clean air test but coal flow deviations are typically +/− 35%, or higher, when tested. The impact of uneven coal flows on the side to side imbalance within the furnace and boiler is detrimental to the unit operation from emissions to thermodynamic performance and maintenance costs. This paper will derive the governing equation for the two phase flow in the burner lines. From this equation a simple method for on-line measurement will be developed and a robust control solution for coal flow balancing described.
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Yang, Chan K., D. H. Lee, M. H. Kim, B. N. Park, Y. T. Yang, and K. Y. Yoon. "Float-Off Operation of a Land-Built COT on Dual Transportation Barges: Time- vs. Frequency-Domain Analysis." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67553.
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In this paper, the float-off operation of a land-built crude oil tank (COT) loaded out and towed on launching dual-submersible barges is numerically simulated by a time-domain vessel-mooring-riser coupled dynamic analysis program with multiple floating bodies. The study is particularly focused on the maximum load prediction on connectors and the minimum gap prediction between barges and the COT. In case of simpler modeling, the time-domain simulation results are compared with frequency-domain results. Then, the time-domain model is run for more realistic situation with hawsers and mooring line. In hydrodynamic analysis, the interactions among the 3 floating bodies are fully taken into consideration. In the frequency-domain analysis, the connectors between barges are modeled by equivalent translational and rotational springs, the stiffness of which is estimated using Euler’s beam theory. In order to assess the possible occurrence of contact between COT and barges, the relative motions between barges and the COT at several points of interest were investigated.
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Ruter, Matthew D., Daniel B. Olsen, Mark V. Scotto, and Mark A. Perna. "Performance of a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine With Reformed Natural Gas Prechamber Fueling." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35162.
Full textAbstract:
Lean combustion is a standard approach used to reduce NOx emissions in large bore natural gas engines. However, at lean operating points, combustion instabilities and misfires give rise to high total hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. To counteract this effect, precombustion chamber (PCC) technology is employed to allow engine operation at an overall lean equivalence ratio while mitigating the rise of THC and CO caused by combustion instability and misfires. A PCC is a small chamber, typically 1–2% of the clearance volume. A separate fuel line supplies gaseous fuel to the PCC and a standard spark plug ignites the slightly rich mixture (equivalence ratio 1.1 to 1.2) in the PCC. The ignited PCC mixture enters the main combustion chamber as a high energy flame jet, igniting the lean mixture in the main chamber. Typically, natural gas fuels both the main cylinder and the PCC. In the current research, a mixture of reformed natural gas (syngas) and natural gas fuels the PCC. Syngas is a broad term that refers to a synthetic gaseous fuel. In this case, syngas specifically denotes a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and methane generated in a natural gas reformer. Syngas has a faster flame speed and a wider equivalence ratio range of operation. Fueling the PCC with Syngas reduces combustion instabilities and misfires. This extends the overall engine lean limit, enabling further NOx reductions. Research results presented are aimed at quantifying the benefits of syngas PCC fueling. A model is developed to predict equivalence ratio in the PCC for different mixtures and flowrates of fuel. An electronic injection valve is used to supply the PCC with syngas. The delivery pressure, injection timing, and flow rate are varied to optimize PCC equivalence ratio. The experimental results show that supplying the PCC with syngas improves combustion stability by 16% compared to natural gas PCC fueling. Comparing equivalent combustion stability operating points between syngas mixtures and natural gas shows a 40% reduction in NOx emissions when fueling the PCC with syngas mixtures compared to natural gas fueling.
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LeRoy, Marcus, Rogelio Guajardo, Miguel Santiago Urrea, and Thomas Hennig. "In Line Inspection in Lieu of Hydrotesting for Low Frequency ERW Pipelines: Developments and Experiences in 12 - and - 22 Inches Pipelines." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9393.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pipeline operators use different approaches, often in combination, to ensure the safe operation of an asset. Historically, hydrostatic testing is the most accepted methodology for assessing critical flaws in a pipeline system, achieved by stressing the pipeline above the standard operating limits. By design, a release during this test removes a critical flaw from the system. There are significant drawbacks to this type of assessment. Such drawbacks include high costs of implementation, feature growth, previously blunt defects sharpening and system downtime. Driven by the operator (Marathon Pipe Line) to investigate alternative approaches, a consortium of (4) parties formed to develop and validate an alternative and enhanced solution. The research and execution of the project was structured in (4) phases. • Phase I — Determine which crack morphologies are challenging to ILI technology in terms of detection and depth determination and test initial improvements to ILI technology. This included loop testing improved crack detection ILI robots and destructive assessment with pipe samples to identify gaps in ILI technology and analysis techniques. • Phase II — Assess vendor improved ILI technology on the operating pipelines using advanced in the ditch non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods and destructive testing of pipe samples from the pipelines. Identify the additional improvements if necessary. • Phase III — Implement specific improvements to ILI technology that are completed based on Phase I and II results. Validate the new ILI platform on the specific pipeline. • Phase IV — Determination whether the new ILI platform can provide equivalent pipe seam system reliability to hydrostatic testing. A probabilistic approach will be used that would account for the expected statistical distribution of pipe properties, fatigue crack growth rates, position along the pipeline, and flaw sizes. This paper is a summary of the research and work for this ILI In Lieu of a Hydrostatic Testing initiative.
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Miley, George H., Hiromu Momota, Hugo Leon, Ben Ulmen, Guilherme Amadio, Atanu Khan, George Chen, William Matisiak, Ali Azeem, and Paul Keutelian. "Cylindrical IEC Fusion Neutron Source for Broad Area NAA." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30368.
Full textAbstract:
The development of a unique long cylindrical neutron source for broad area neutron activation analysis (NAA) is presented. This source uses inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) to produce 2.54 MeV D-D or 14.1 MeV D-T fusion neutrons for applications ranging from security inspection stations to driven-subcritical research assemblies. This design uses a biased grid to initial in a unique “star” mode plasma discharge forming beam-background gas (target) fusion. In spherical geometry it routinely produces ∼108 2.54-MeV D-D fusion neutrons/s at steady-state. Pulsed operation has achieved up to 109 neutrons/sec. (equivalent to 1011 n/s using D-T fill). Indeed, a version of the spherical IEC has been produced commercially as a portable neutron source for industrial NAA applications. Recently a cylindrical (2-dimensional version) design based on the spherical unit has been developed. This provides a unique long “line-like” neutron source for use in broad area NAA. This IEC forms ion beams in the volume between the grounded wall and the concentric cylindrical grid. Those beams converge in the center, much like in the star mode spherical IEC. To date, neutron yields of up to 108 D-D neutrons/sec have been achieved with the cylindrical device. A sealed-off unit using getters for gas storage-control has been developed to simplify use in practical applications such as a luggage inspection station. Such units would be filled with deuterium at a central fueling facility, and sent out to the field. After extended operation, they would be returned to this facility for refilling.