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Journal articles on the topic 'Equivalence'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Huynh, Dung T., and Lu Tian. "On Some Equivalence Relations for Probabilistic Processes1." Fundamenta Informaticae 17, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1992-17304.

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In this paper, we investigate several equivalence relations for probabilistic labeled transition systems: bisimulation equivalence, readiness equivalence, failure equivalence, trace equivalence, maximal trace equivalence and finite trace equivalence. We formally prove the inclusions (equalities) among these equivalences. We also show that readiness, failure, trace, maximum trace and finite trace equivalences for finite probabilistic labeled transition systems are decidable in polynomial time. This should be contrasted with the PSPACE completeness of the same equivalences for classical labeled transition systems. Moreover, we derive an efficient polynomial time algorithm for deciding bisimulation equivalence for finite probabilistic labeled transition systems. The special case of initiated probabilistic transition systems will be considered. We show that the isomorphism problem for finite initiated labeled probabilistic transition systems is NC(1) equivalent to graph isomorphism.

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2

Zhang, Yunong, Min Yang, Binbin Qiu, Jian Li, and Mingjie Zhu. "From mathematical equivalence such as Ma equivalence to generalized Zhang equivalency including gradient equivalency." Theoretical Computer Science 817 (May 2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2019.07.027.

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3

Hu, Wei, and Changchang Xi. "Derived equivalences and stable equivalences of Morita type, I." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 200 (December 2010): 107–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00277630-2010-014.

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AbstractFor self-injective algebras, Rickard proved that each derived equivalence induces a stable equivalence of Morita type. For general algebras, it is unknown when a derived equivalence implies a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this article, we first show that each derived equivalence F between the derived categories of Artin algebras A and B arises naturally as a functor between their stable module categories, which can be used to compare certain homological dimensions of A with that of B. We then give a sufficient condition for the functor to be an equivalence. Moreover, if we work with finite-dimensional algebras over a field, then the sufficient condition guarantees the existence of a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this way, we extend the classical result of Rickard. Furthermore, we provide several inductive methods for constructing those derived equivalences that induce stable equivalences of Morita type. It turns out that we may produce a lot of (usually not self-injective) finite-dimensional algebras that are both derived-equivalent and stably equivalent of Morita type; thus, they share many common invariants.

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4

Hu, Wei, and Changchang Xi. "Derived equivalences and stable equivalences of Morita type, I." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 200 (December 2010): 107–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000010199.

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AbstractFor self-injective algebras, Rickard proved that each derived equivalence induces a stable equivalence of Morita type. For general algebras, it is unknown when a derived equivalence implies a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this article, we first show that each derived equivalenceFbetween the derived categories of Artin algebrasAandBarises naturally as a functorbetween their stable module categories, which can be used to compare certain homological dimensions ofAwith that ofB. We then give a sufficient condition for the functorto be an equivalence. Moreover, if we work with finite-dimensional algebras over a field, then the sufficient condition guarantees the existence of a stable equivalence of Morita type. In this way, we extend the classical result of Rickard. Furthermore, we provide several inductive methods for constructing those derived equivalences that induce stable equivalences of Morita type. It turns out that we may produce a lot of (usually not self-injective) finite-dimensional algebras that are both derived-equivalent and stably equivalent of Morita type; thus, they share many common invariants.

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5

Park, K. K. "Even Kakutani Equivalence via α-Equivalences and β-Equivalences." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 195, no. 2 (October 1995): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmaa.1995.1359.

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6

SIPKA, D. M. "EQUIVALENCE AND LEXICAL ANISOMORPHISM IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES." Lomonosov Journal of Philology, no. 1, 2024 (February 17, 2024): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0075-9-2024-47-01-5.

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The present paper addresses types of lexical anisomorphism and its treatment in bilingual dictionaries. The most difficult problem in coordinating the source language lexical units with those of the target language is linguistic anisomorphism. Full equivalence is a rare occurrence, found as a rule in terminologies. A vast majority of other cases includes lexical anisomorphism, which requires lexicographic treatment. One should differentiate between lexicological and lexicographic anisomorphism. The former type is much broader and it fully encompasses the latter type. Lexicological anisomorphism is found in the cases where equivalents exhibit differences of any kind. Lexicographic anisomorphism involves only those cases where the difference is relevant in lexicographic treatment. If we exclude rare cases of full equivalence, which do not constitute a problem in lexicographic treatment, the simplest way to classify lexical anisomorphism is to count the number of equivalents in the target language. If no equivalents exist, that is zero equivalence. The second type is multiple equivalence, where the target language has two or more equivalents. Finally, the third type is partial equivalence, where there is one equivalent in the target language, but there are some relevant differences between it and the source language headword. Multiple equivalence can include zero and partial equivalence. There are also cases of pure multiple equivalence. The following types of multiple equivalence based on partial equivalence can be differentiated: connotation, application, organization, syntagmatic, frequency, network, and image. There is a direct connection between the three main types of lexical equivalence and their lexicographic treatment. Zero equivalence should be explained, multiple equivalents should be separated, and with partial equivalents, one should alert the user to the difference. There is no such direct link between subtypes of multiple equivalence and their treatment. However, there are some tendencies: exemplification is common with operators, cotextualization is common in the treatment of application splits, and contextualization is common in the treatment of connotation splits.

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7

Pedersen, Pernille Ladegaard, and Mette Bjerre. "Two conceptions of fraction equivalence." Educational Studies in Mathematics 107, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-021-10030-7.

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AbstractIn this study, we present a mathematical analysis distinguishing two conceptions of equivalence: proportional equivalence and unit equivalence. These two conceptions have distinct meanings in relation to equivalent fractions: one is grounded in proportionality, while the other is grounded in equal wholes. We argue that (a) the distinction of equivalence gives a unified framework of equal fractions that has not previously been described in the literature; (b) a conceptual understanding of both fraction equivalences is integral to understanding rational numbers; and (c) knowledge of both conceptions of equivalence is important for developing a conceptual understanding of fraction arithmetic. Past research has largely overlooked the distinction between the two types of equivalence. However, this may provide an important foundation for central topics that build on equivalence, and a better understanding of these two types of equivalence may support a more flexible understanding of fractions. Last, we propose future directions for teaching equivalence in mathematics.

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8

Parent, T. "Halverson’s non-equivalent concepts of equivalence." Metascience 30, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-021-00606-7.

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9

Laan, Valdis, and Ülo Reimaa. "Morita equivalence of factorizable semigroups." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 29, no. 04 (June 2019): 723–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196719500243.

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A semigroup is called factorizable if each of its elements can be written as a product. We study equivalences and adjunctions between various categories of acts over a fixed factorizable semigroup. We prove that two factorizable semigroups are Morita equivalent if and only if they are strongly Morita equivalent. We also show that Morita equivalence of finite factorizable semigroups is algorithmically decidable in finite time.

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10

Trzaskawka, Paula. "Investigating Copyright Terminology and Collocations in Polish, English, Japanese and German." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0014.

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Abstract The article deals with the comparison of key terminology in the field of copyright in the Polish, English, Japanese and German languages. The research material consists of copyright acts binding in Poland, Great Britain, the United States of America, Japan and Germany. The terminology has been compared in order to reveal similarities and differences in the meaning. Firstly, statutory terms from the Polish, English (British and American), German and Japanese acts will be presented and discussed. Also, a list of functional equivalents (Polish, English, German and Japanese) will be presented. The task was to search for functional equivalents, and if there is partial equivalence or no equivalence, an equivalent was provided according to techniques of providing equivalents for non-equivalent terms (c.f. Kłos, Matulewska, Nowak-Korcz 2007). They were made in such a way that equivalents will correspond with the reality of the laws in the above mentioned languages. The terms have been extracted with the usage of AntConc (corpus linguistics software). The method of analysis of comparable texts has been applied as well as the one based on three categories of equivalence by Šarčević (1997): “near equivalence”, “partial equivalence” and “non-equivalence”. Special attention has been paid to system-bound terminology existing in those five legal systems. To sum up, it should be borne in mind that the copyright law has been unified almost world-wide. As a result many countries have adopted similar or almost identical principles in this respect. Therefore, there is a significant convergence of meanings of analysed copyright terms with only slight differences resulting from deeply ingrained local and national legal traditions.

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11

Dymarz, Tullia. "Bilipschitz equivalence is not equivalent to quasi-isometric equivalence for finitely generated groups." Duke Mathematical Journal 154, no. 3 (September 2010): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00127094-2010-044.

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12

Kurniawan, Wahyu, Edwar Kemal, and Suharni Suharni. "TRANSLATING LEXICAL EQUIVALENCE FROM INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH AT WEST INDONESIAN." Journal of Asian Studies: Culture, Language, Art and Communications 1, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51817/jas.v1i1.4.

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This study was to find out how the translation of an equivalent word from Indonesian into English. Source of this research was the answer sheet from the final exam for students in the Indonesian-English Translation class 2017/2018 STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. The design of the research was a qualitative approach. The instrument used by the researcher was a document. The document was used to see the translation of an equivalent word from Indonesian into English by students of the class Indonesia-English Translation STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. The data were collected through the document results by asking the student final examination answer sheet by asking permission from the lecturer teaching at the class. The data shows that some of the students translate an equivalent word that does not fit the context of a text. Students show several types of lexical equivalence such as total and partial equivalence. From the two types of equivalences, most students use the equivalent word that does not fit the context in translating lexical equivalence, especially in that partial equivalence is more dominant than total equivalence. From the data, it also shows that the equivalent word translated by students has a type that makes students use equivalent words that are not in accordance with the context, from the translated words in the final semester exams.

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13

Simoes da Silva, J., and A. Tsurkov. "Geometrical equivalence and action type geometrical equivalence of group representations." Algebra and Discrete Mathematics 30, no. 2 (2020): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/adm1127.

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In this paper we construct an example of two representations (V1,G1) and (V2,G2) which are action type geometrically equivalent and groups G1 and G2 are geometrically equivalent, but the representations (V1,G1) and (V2,G2) are not geometrically equivalent.

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14

Dwianasari, Anita. "TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF PROMISING AND OFFERING UTTERANCES IN FORREST GUMP MOVIE." Journal of Language and Literature 6, no. 1 (2018): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/jll.2018.v6i1.2479.

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The purpose of the paper is to analyze the promising and offering utterances in commissive of speech act, translation techniques and its equivalences in Forrest Gump movie subtitles. The method used is qualitative method. The results showed several techniques employed, such as adaptation, borrowing, established equivalent, linguistic compression, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, transposition, and variation. The translation technique mostly used is established equivalence. For the shift rendering in source text and target text in Forrest Gump movie subtitles, it is concluded that mostly the data do not occur any shift in promising or offering utterances. Also, in terms of translation equivalence, the dominant kind of translation equivalence in this research is dynamic equivalence.

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15

Esti Ekarini Rahayu, Ni Wayan, I. Nyoman Sedeng, and Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati. "The Syntactic Strategies and Equivalence of English Non Finite Verbs Which Translated into Indonesian with Reference to National Geographic Magazine." Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ling.2020.v27.i01.p05.

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In dealing with problems while translating, translators need to apply translation strategies. It involves finding equivalents which are similar in meaning. The aims of this study are investigating and analyzing the syntactic strategies and equivalents of English non finite verbs which are translated into Indonesian. This study employed descriptive qualitative method. The data are 130 complex sentences taken from two feature articles in National Geographic Magazines pulished in English and Indonesian on December 2018. The result of study shows that the syntactic strategies found are loan calque, transposition, phrase structure change, clause structure change, unit shift. and sentence structure change. In addition, formal equivalences are mostly found in translation, in comparison with the dynamic equivalences. It can be concluded that the syntactic strategy is applied by the translators to get natural translated text in TL by selecting linguistic equivalences without changing the meaning. The formal equivalence is used when translators maintain the message by focusing on form and content. While dynamic equivalence is applied when the translator does not maintain the form and content but focus more on sense of translation by using natural equivalence which is closest in meaning and shows similar concept in TL.

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16

LAM, VITUS S. W., and JULIAN PADGET. "EQUIVALENCE CHECKING OF COMMUNICATING UML STATECHART DIAGRAMS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 22, no. 02 (March 2012): 265–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194012500076.

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We demonstrate how a subset of UML statechart diagrams (SCDs) as distinct from statecharts is encoded in the π-calculus as a number of processes which communicate via a channel-passing interaction paradigm. An extension to the original UML semantics for communicating statechart diagrams is presented. Different sorts of equivalences of UML SCDs encompassing isomorphism, strong behavioural equivalence and weak behavioural equivalence are defined. Determining equivalence of any two UML SCDs is transformed to a problem of checking whether their respective π-calculus process expressions are equivalent. The practicality of the approach is exemplified using an industry level case study.

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17

Nishimura, Takashi. "Topological Equivalence of K -Equivalent Map Germs." Journal of the London Mathematical Society 60, no. 1 (August 1999): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0024610799007425.

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18

Kawauchi, Akio. "Faithful equivalence of equivalent ribbon surface-links." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 27, no. 11 (October 2018): 1843003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216518430034.

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A chord graph in [Formula: see text]-space is constructed from a ribbon surface-link in [Formula: see text]-space. In earlier papers, the three moves on the diagrams of chord graphs (namely, the chord diagrams) were introduced to describe the faithful equivalence of a ribbon surface-link. In this paper, it is shown that any two equivalent ribbon surface-links are faithfully equivalent, so that any chord diagrams of any two equivalent ribbon surface-links are connected by a finite number of these three moves. By combining it with an earlier result, it is shown that any two TOP-equivalent ribbon surface-links are equivalent. In other words, there is no exotic ribbon surface-link, generalizing an earlier result on the trivial ribbon surface-knot. In another earlier result, the three moves on the chord diagrams were modified into the 16 moves on the chord diagrams without base crossing. In this paper, further modified moves of the 16 moves on the chord diagrams without base crossing are also introduced to describe how the set of ribbon torus-links is produced from the set of welded virtual links.

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19

Rejali, Ali, and Meisam Soleimani Malekan. "Configuration equivalence is not equivalent to isomorphism." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 27, no. 08 (December 2017): 1073–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196717500503.

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Giving a condition for the amenability of groups, Rosenblatt and Willis first introduced the concept of configuration. From the beginning of the theory, the question whether the concept of configuration equivalence coincides with the concept of group isomorphism was posed. We negatively answer this question by introducing two non-isomorphic, solvable and hence amenable groups which are configuration equivalent. Also, we will prove this conjecture, due to Rosenblatt and Willis, whether the configuration equivalent groups include the free non-Abelian group of the same rank or not. We show that two-sided equivalent groups have same class numbers.

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20

Wulzer, Andrea. "An Equivalent Gauge and the Equivalence Theorem." Nuclear Physics B 885 (August 2014): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2014.05.021.

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21

Amiot, Claire. "A derived equivalence between cluster equivalent algebras." Journal of Algebra 351, no. 1 (February 2012): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2011.11.009.

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22

Meyners, Michael. "Least equivalent allowable differences in equivalence testing." Food Quality and Preference 18, no. 3 (April 2007): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2006.07.005.

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23

Alamayrekh, Yekaterina Yu. "Model of the decryption and model of the abbreviation formal diversity in the abbreviation group “auto-”." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2(2020) (June 25, 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2020-2-91-102.

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The article deals with the principles of the analyses of the formal structure of the equivalence in the families of the equivalence of the compound abbreviations by the example of the abbreviation group “auto”. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that on the basis of the synchronic equivalent approach to the description of the compound abbreviations a new interpretation of the characteristics of the formal equivalence of the word and correlated word-combination is described systematically. The results of this study provide a means of predicting the equivalence relations for the adjacent abbreviation clusters that is important while composing the techniques of making the dictionaries of a new type – explanatory dictionaries of abbreviations, the distinctive feature of which is the presentation of all equivalent word-combinations detected in the texts. The material for the study is formed by 252 families of equivalence which form the abbreviation group “auto” and contains 1621 abbreviation doubles: “compound abbreviation” – “equivalent word-combination”. The research was carried out on the basis of descriptive and quantitative methods as well as descriptive analyses and formalization. The author defines such notions as “compound abbreviation”, “decryption inducement”, “family of equivalence” as the basic categories of the synchronic approach to the abbreviation. The methods of synchronic analysis of the formal equivalence devised in the Laboratory are described: the analyses technique of the decryption inducement that designates the structural peculiarities of the decryption inducement – the stereotype of the decryption of compound abbreviation, and the analyses technique of the formal diversity of the equivalency that is a detached scheme of the combination of the components of the equivalent word-combination in the abbreviation. While development of the models of the decryption inducements the part of speech characteristics of the words forming the decryption inducements and their order in the equivalent word-combination are taken into account. While designing the models of formal equivalence that include the model of the equivalent word collocations and the abbreviation model, the correlation of the constructs of the correlated units, their peculiar grammatical features and the representation status in in words and word collocations are designated

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24

Coffey, Kevin. "Theoretical Equivalence as Interpretative Equivalence." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 821–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axt034.

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25

Chigogidze, A. "UVn-equivalence and n-equivalence." Topology and its Applications 45, no. 3 (June 1992): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-8641(92)90010-w.

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26

Kawamata, Yujiro. "D-Equivalence and K-Equivalence." Journal of Differential Geometry 61, no. 1 (May 2002): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/jdg/1090351323.

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27

Engelfriet, Joost. "Determinancy → (observation equivalence = trace equivalence)." Theoretical Computer Science 36 (1985): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(85)90028-3.

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28

Donaldson, David, and Krishna Pendakur. "Corrigendum to “Equivalent-expenditure functions and equivalent-dependent equivalence scales”." Journal of Public Economics 89, no. 9-10 (September 2005): 1977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.02.001.

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29

Švec, Alois. "Equivalence problem for Lagrangians." Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 38, no. 3 (1988): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/cmj.1988.102245.

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30

Govinder, K. S. "On the equivalence of ‘non-equivalent’ algebraic realizations." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 40, no. 29 (July 3, 2007): 8363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/40/29/011.

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31

Donaldson, David, and Krishna Pendakur. "Equivalent-expenditure functions and expenditure-dependent equivalence scales." Journal of Public Economics 88, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 175–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(02)00134-2.

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32

Poovanandran, Ghajendran, and Wen Chean Teh. "On M-Equivalence and Strong M-Equivalence for Parikh Matrices." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 29, no. 01 (January 2018): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054118500065.

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The notion of strong [Formula: see text]-equivalence was introduced as an order-independent alternative to [Formula: see text]-equivalence for Parikh matrices. This paper further studies the notions of [Formula: see text]-equivalence and strong [Formula: see text]-equivalence. Certain structural properties of [Formula: see text]-equivalent ternary words are presented and then employed to (partially) characterize pairs of ternary words that are ME-equivalent (i.e. obtainable from one another by certain elementary transformations). Finally, a sound rewriting system in determining strong [Formula: see text]-equivalence is obtained for the ternary alphabet.

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33

Cleaveland, Rance, and Matthew Hennessy. "Testing equivalence as a bisimulation equivalence." Formal Aspects of Computing 5, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01211314.

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34

Amiot, Claire, and Steffen Oppermann. "Cluster equivalence and graded derived equivalence." Documenta Mathematica 19 (2014): 1155–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/dm/478.

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35

Abramsky, Samson. "Observation equivalence as a testing equivalence." Theoretical Computer Science 53, no. 2-3 (1987): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(87)90065-x.

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36

Du, Qingyan. "On ?-equivalence and ?-equivalence of graphs." Journal of Graph Theory 21, no. 2 (February 1996): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0118(199602)21:2<211::aid-jgt11>3.0.co;2-m.

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37

Korbozerova, N. M. "Equivalence/No Equivalence Structural Sentence Scope (Typologycal Analyses)." Science and Education a New Dimension VI(149), no. 42 (February 20, 2018): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-ph2018-149vi42-06.

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38

Zheng, Wenzhe, Jing Bu, Ningyu Zhang, Qian Zhou, and Jiankun Liu. "Dynamic Equivalence of Wind Farms Considering Complex Terrain." MATEC Web of Conferences 260 (2019): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926002013.

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The dynamic equivalence of wind farms is widely used for model simplification. While, the accuracy will be lower without considering the influence of wind speed correlation caused by topography and wake effect. In order to improve the accuracy, this paper proposes a dynamic cluster equivalence method of coherent generators based on hierarchical clustering analysis. Firstly, it analyses the impacts of equivalence’s accuracy such as wind speed distribution, wake effect and control strategy of turbine. Then, it uses hierarchical clustering method to correlate the disturbed trajectory of rotor current of the intra-site turbines and obtains the dynamic clustering results. Finally, it uses power loss method to obtain the equivalent parameters of multi-machine equivalent model. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of this method.

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39

Li, Run, Jinzhao Wu, and Wujie Hu. "Investigating Trace Equivalences in Information Networks." Electronics 12, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040865.

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Equivalences are widely used and have achieved much success in concurrent systems. Meanwhile, information networks are ubiquitous for representing many complex systems and have similar characteristics and properties to concurrent systems such that they both can be described by graphs. In order to simplify information networks, we introduce equivalence to information networks, specifically leveraging the trace equivalence to reduce the complexity of these networks. In this paper, we first define the concept of trace and trace equivalence in information networks, drawing on the similar concept of concurrent systems. We then propose a computational method for determining whether two nodes are trace equivalent in an information network. With the help of this method, we derive trace-equivalent networks from original networks. Experiments show that we are able to reduce the number of nodes in the ACM and DBLP datasets by at most 65.21% and 46.68%, respectively. Running the PathSim algorithm on the original and derived networks, the mean error is 0.0728 in ACM and 0.0446 in DBLP. Overall, the results indicate that the derived networks have fewer nodes and edges than the original networks, yet still capture the same or similar information. By using trace equivalence, we are able to simplify information networks and improve their efficiency while preserving most of their informational content.

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40

Wijayanti, Gustini. "NON-EQUIVALENCE TRANSLATION AT WORD LEVEL FROM MANDARIN TO INDONESIAN IN HIGHSCHOOL/MA MANDARIN TEXTBOOK." Bambuti 2, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53744/bambuti.v2i1.9.

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This research aimed to analyze the non-equivalence translation at the word level, including translation strategy to solve the non-equivalence translation result from Mandarin to Indonesian in the Highschool/MA Mandarin textbook published Depdikbud. This research used the qualitative research method. This research proves 24 non-equivalence translation data from the source language (Mandarin) to the target language (Indonesian) at the word level. Non-equivalencies in the translation from Mandarin to Indonesian are caused by the misunderstanding word, phrases, or expressions in the source language. The translator can use the strategy to get the equivalent translation at the word level primarily by using the more familiar word and closer to the level from the source language (Mandarin) and using paraphrase.

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41

DOUCHA, MICHAL. "Fσ EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS AND LAVER FORCING." Journal of Symbolic Logic 79, no. 2 (June 2014): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsl.2013.32.

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AbstractFollowing the topic of the book Canonical Ramsey Theory on Polish Spaces by V. Kanovei, M. Sabok, and J. Zapletal we study Borel equivalences on Laver trees. We prove that equivalence relations Borel reducible to an equivalence relation on 2ω given by some FσP-ideal on ω can be canonized to the full equivalence relation or to the identity relation.This has several consequences, e.g., Silver type dichotomy for the Laver ideal and equivalences Borel reducible to equivalence relations given by FσP-ideals.

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Fieldsteel, Adam, Andrés Del Junco, and Daniel J. Rudolph. "α-equivalence: a refinement of Kakutani equivalence." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 14, no. 1 (March 1994): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385700007732.

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AbstractFor a fixed irrational α > 0 we say that probability measure-preserving transformationsSandTare α-equivalent if they can be realized as cross-sections in a common flow such that the return time functions on the cross-sections both take values in {1, 1 +α} and have equal integrals. Similarly we call two flowsFandGα-equivalent ifFhas a cross-sectionSandGhas a cross-sectionTisomorphic toSand again both the return time functions take values in {1, 1 + α} and have equal integrals. The integer kα(S), equal to the least positivesuchsuch that exp2πikα-1belongs to the point spectrum ofS, is an invariant of α-equivalence.We obtain a characterization of a-equivalence as a particular type of restricted orbit equivalence and use this to prove that within the class of loosely Bernoulli mapska(S) together with the entropyh(S) are complete invariants of α-equivalence. There is a corresponding a-equivalence theorem for flows which has as a consequence, for example, that up to an obvious entropy restriction, any weakly mixing cross-section of a loosely Bernoulli flow can also be realized as a cross-section with a {1,1 + α}-valued return time function.For the proof of the α-equivalence theorem we develop a relative Kakutani equivalence theorem for compact group extensions which is of interest in its own right. Finally, an example of Fieldsteel and Rudolph is used to show that in generalkα(S) is not a complete invariant of α-equivalence within a given even Kakutani equivalence class.

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Fata, Ika Apriani, and Suci Aroh Syahiman. "Syukuran and Anniversary Celebration: Exposing Translation Non-Equivalency in Indonesian Novel." English LAnguage Study and TEaching 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32672/elaste.v2i2.3691.

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Achieving equivalence is a significant issue in translation work. However, since one language is different in many aspects from other languages, non-equivalence is inevitable in the process of translation. Non-equivalence arises when the target language cannot provide equal meaning to the source-language text. By applying the framework proposed by Baker (2011), this research was designed using descriptive qualitative method to find out the cases of non-equivalence at word level in the translation of Negeri 5 Menara. The results showed 55 cases of non-equivalence at the word level were found. The cases were classified into seven out of eleven categories; (1) culture-specific concept with eight cases, (2) non-lexicalized source language concept with three cases, (3) different distinction in meaning with nine cases, (4) target language lacks superordinate with one case, (5) target language lacks hyponym with 15 cases, (6) differences in expressive meaning with eight cases, and (7) the use of loan word in the source text with 11 cases. Additionally, the findings also exposed 21 cases that were not categorized into Baker’s (2011) types of non-equivalences at the word level. It was suggested that future researches discuss the topic of non-equivalence words by applying other translation theories aside from Baker’s in order to cover the issue of uncategorized cases found in this study. It is important for translators to understand the contribution of equivalency in both source and target language so that the potential of misinterpretation was avoidable.

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Gancher, Joshua, Kristina Sojakova, Xiong Fan, Elaine Shi, and Greg Morrisett. "A Core Calculus for Equational Proofs of Cryptographic Protocols." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, POPL (January 9, 2023): 866–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3571223.

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Many proofs of interactive cryptographic protocols (e.g., as in Universal Composability) operate by proving the protocol at hand to be observationally equivalent to an idealized specification. While pervasive, formal tool support for observational equivalence of cryptographic protocols is still a nascent area of research. Current mechanization efforts tend to either focus on diff-equivalence, which establishes observational equivalence between protocols with identical control structures, or require an explicit witness for the observational equivalence in the form of a bisimulation relation. Our goal is to simplify proofs for cryptographic protocols by introducing a core calculus, IPDL, for cryptographic observational equivalences. Via IPDL, we aim to address a number of theoretical issues for cryptographic proofs in a simple manner, including probabilistic behaviors, distributed message-passing, and resource-bounded adversaries and simulators. We demonstrate IPDL on a number of case studies, including a distributed coin toss protocol, Oblivious Transfer, and the GMW multi-party computation protocol. All proofs of case studies are mechanized via an embedding of IPDL into the Coq proof assistant.

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Violita, Violita, and Hayatul Cholsy. "Speech Acts Equivalence of Audiovisual Translation on Enola Holmes Netflix Movie Subtitle." IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature 10, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v10i1.2589.

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This research discusses the speech act equivalence involves in audiovisual translation of English-Indonesian subtitle on Enola Holmes Netflix movie. Since pragmatic equivalence is consider as to be the suitable one to be analyzed in Audiovisual Translation (AVT), this research look closely in case of translating the subtitle especially the movie with genre of adventure and mystery. This audiovisual translation research employs qualitative descriptive with the research design of content analysis. Also, there is involvement of analysis contrastive to be able to figure out the speech act equivalency. The data is taken from the subtitle Netflix movie of Enola Holmes. According to the result of this research, it shows some circumstances firstly the ST that is translated equivalent according to the speech act type can present the message equivalent with the context of the story. Secondly, the translation that cannot reach the speech act equivalency is less able to bring the context of the story into the TT translation. In addition, the implication exists in utterances present in ST can be conveyed in the TT if the speech act equivalency is achieved. Otherwise, there are also found that implication which exists in utterances present in ST cannot be portrayed in TT if the speech act equivalency cannot be achieved.

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Li, Yaxin, Jie Yang, Bainian Yi, Rengcun Fang, and Dongyin Zhang. "Dynamic equivalence of doubly-fed wind turbines based on parameter identification and optimization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2113, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2113/1/012046.

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Abstract The dynamic equivalence and modeling of large-scale wind farms is the basis for studying the problem of multi-temporal and spatial scale wind farms grid connection, and the establishment of a high-precision equivalence model is a key issue among them. This paper takes doubly-fed wind turbines as the research object. Aiming at the problem of large dynamic errors in direct aggregation of equivalents into a single unit, an equivalent model combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm is established to improve the accuracy of dynamic equivalents. The electrical parameters, reactive power reference values, active power controller parameters, and active DC voltage controller parameters are optimized using particle swarm optimization. The research results show that the equivalent model after optimizing the parameters of the active power and DC bus voltage controller is the closest to the detailed model in describing the dynamic characteristics of multiple machines.

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Matta, Hilda. "A contrastive study of German and Egyptian-Arabic phraseological units with somatic components." Proverbium 39, no. 1 (July 10, 2022): 142–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29162/pv.39.1.61.

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The aim of this study is to find Egyptian-Arabic phraseologicalunits with somatic components which are equivalent to the German phraseologicalunits. The study also aims at finding the degrees of equivalencebetween the pairs of the phraseological units in this study. Based on analysingthe semantic, syntactical, lexical aspects and also the aspect of imageryof the phraseological units with somatic components as such and intheir relations among each other the phraseological units of the underlyingcorpus are divided according to the following degrees of equivalence,namely full and partial equivalence. On the basis of the findings two typesof equivalence are added namely the phraseological units with asymmetricidiomatic meanings and others considered as “false friends”. The result ofthis study is that only 8,5% of the German phraseological units with somaticcomponents have Egyptian-Arabic phraseological units with somatic componentsas equivalents. Phraseological units with full equivalence appear in32 Egyptian-Arabic phraseological units (nearly 3%), partial equivalence in19 Egyptian-Arabic phraseological units (nearly 1,8%) and phraseologicalunits with asymmetric idiomatic meanings in 38 Egyptian-Arabic phraseologicalunits (nearly 3,6%). The number of the “false friends” among thephraseological units is 10 (nearly 1% of the German corpus).

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SHIBUYA, TETSUO, and AKIRA YASUHARA. "SELF Ck-MOVE, QUASI SELF Ck-MOVE AND THE CONWAY POTENTIAL FUNCTION FOR LINKS." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 13, no. 07 (November 2004): 877–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216504003500.

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Nakanishi and Shibuya gave a relation between link homotopy and quasi self delta-equivalence. And they also gave a necessary condition for two links to be self delta-equivalent by using the multivariable Alexander polynomial. Link homotopy and quasi self delta-equivalence are also called self C1-equivalence and quasi self C2-equivalence respectively. In this paper, we generalize their results. In Sec. 1, we give a relation between self Ck-equivalence and quasi self Ck+1-equivalence. In Secs. 2 and 3, we give necessary conditions for two links to be self Ck-equivalent by using the multivariable Conway potential function and the Conway polynomial respectively.

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Vujović, Marija. "KONTRASTIVNA ANALIZA SOMATSKIH FRAZEOLOGIZAMA SA KOMPONENTOM „OKO” U ITALIJANSKOM, ŠPANSKOM I SRPSKOM JEZIKU (SEMANTIČKO POLjE PAŽNjA/OPREZ)." Lipar XXIV, no. 82 (2023): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lipar82.065v.

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This paper deals with the analysis of idioms containing the lexeme “eye” in the Italian, Spanish and Serbian languages. Since somatic idioms, especially those with the lexeme “eye”, represent a large part of the phraseological fund of three languages, only those idioms that express attention/caution were analyzed. Italian was the source language, whereas Spanish and Serbian are the target languages. The initial hypothesis was that two typologically related languages (Italian and Spanish) would share more common phraseological characteristics in comparison to typologi- cally unrelated language (Serbian). In order to prove the hypothesis from general and phraseological dictionaries, as well as from electronic sources, a research corpus was excerpted. Using the method of contrastive analysis, similarities and differences were identified from lexical, semantic and morphosyntactic aspects in order to establish the type of equivalence between the idioms at the interlingual level. The type of equivalence was determined for 22 idioms containing the lexeme “eye” in Italian, 19 in Spanish and 17 in Serbian. By contrasting the Italian and Spanish idioms, it can be concluded that there is absolute equivalence between 10 idioms, 5 of them form a relationship of partial equivalence with morphosyntactic differences, 2 a relationship of partial equivalence with lexical differences, 1 a relationship of partial equivalence with morphosyntactic and lexi- cal differences, zero equivalence is established between 3 idioms, and 1 false friend isidentified. On the other hand, the comparison of Italian and Serbian idioms gave the following results: 7 absolute equivalents, 4 partial equivalents with morphosyn- tactic differences, 5 partial equivalents with lexical differences, 1 partial equivalent with morphosyntactic and lexical differences, while zero equivalence was recorded in 5 cases, and there were no false friends. It can be seen that in both Spanish and Serbian, the highest percentage of idioms are absolute equivalents with their Italian correspondent, although that percentage is lower in Serbian than in Spanish. Therefore, it can be concluded that the initial hypothesis has been proven, ie. that typologically related languages share more common phraseological characteristics. However, the number of partial equivalents between Italian and Serbian is very high. This can be explained by the fact that somatic idioms, due to the universality of bod- ily experience, reveal similarities between languages that do not belong to the same language family. The existence of universal human knowledge and associations about body parts explains the existence of somatisms that have the same or similar structure and meaning in different languages. On the other hand, although the human body has the same functions in all languages, their symbolism is culturally determined (Kovačević, 2012: 16-17), and that could explain the existence of zero equivalence and false friends at the interlingual level.

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Violita, Violita, and Hayatul Cholsy. "SPEECH ACTS EQUIVALENCE OF AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION ON ENOLA HOLMES NETFLIX MOVIE SUBTITLE." Journal of English Teaching, Applied Linguistics and Literatures (JETALL) 5, no. 2 (October 5, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jetall.v5i2.12695.

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this research discusses the speech act equivalence involving translation of English-Indonesian subtitle of Enola Holmes Netflix movie. Since pragmatic equivalence is consider as to be the suitable one to be analyzed in Audiovisual Translation (AVT), this research look closely in case of translating the subtitle especially the movie with genre of adventure and mystery. This audiovisual translation research employs qualitative descriptive with the research design of content analysis. The data is taken from the subtitle Netflix movie of Enola Holmes. According to the result of this research, it shows some circumstances firstly the ST that is translated equivalent in its speech act can present the message equivalent with the context of the story. Secondly, the translation that cannot reach the speech act equivalency is less able to bring the context of the story into the TT translation. In addition, the implication exists in utterances present in ST can be conveyed in the TT if the speech act equivalency is achieved. Otherwise, the implication that exists in utterances present in ST cannot be portrayed in TT if the speech act equivalency cannot be achieved.

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